Tattoos on the arm. How to make light tattoos with a pen on the arm, how long and simple sketches for beginners

People at all times wanted to stand out and be different from others. In many tribes, wearable drawings were considered a sign of the status of a man, so tattoos could be seen on almost every member of the stronger sex. Now the tattoo is one of the main ways of self-expression, but how to choose the right one and follow the fashion?

tattoos for men

If you decide to decorate yourself with some unusual pattern, then you should pay attention to tattoos for men on the arm. This part of the body is especially convenient for the task: the hands are not so painful for the procedure, and the image variations are impossible to list. Every year, tattoo trends for men change, new styles, masters, technologies appear, so you can’t just say what is especially fashionable at the moment. Tattoos on the arm of men are self-expression, and each guy has it in his own way.

Tattoo sleeve

The youth direction is the tattoo on the sleeve. This option involves the complete painting of the right and/or left arm from the shoulder to the wrist with the elbow even at the fold, thereby forming original sleeves with patterns or a plain background. Not separate fragments, inscriptions or figures will look beautiful, but a well-composed picture, consisting of patterns in different styles, images of people in different situations, animals, nature, and the like. Such work cannot be done in one day, you will have to visit the master several times, but the result will be impressive.

Tattoo on the forearm

The biceps in men are often used for underwear drawings, and in completely different styles. It can be small patterns, symbols, hieroglyphs, a portrait, an eagle, a skull. Stylish tattoos on the male arm, especially on the forearm, will always be visible in the warm season, so when choosing a brutal sketch, remember that you will attract attention. The picture may intersect with other tattoos if you already have them, or remain the only one. Here are some more subtleties:

  • Tattoos for men on the shoulder with meaning are chosen only by self-confident people.
  • If you decide to apply a portrait from a photo on your forearm, then carefully choose the master with whom you will work, otherwise you may not get exactly what you wanted.
  • Cost is often the main factor in choosing a studio: too low prices may not always guarantee quality.
  • Beware of novice masters: they can be entrusted with some cool, not complicated sketches, but not as difficult work as a tattoo on the forearm.

Tattoo on the wrist

The hand is that part of the body that you can never hide from prying eyes, so an artistic tattoo on the hand must necessarily echo your inner self. Carefully approach the development of a sketch, do not go to the first master you come across, because the quality of his work will determine how your image as a whole will look like in the future. The price will not be too high, because the work area is small.

Previously, only the military or people with a criminal past made tattoos on the brushes, but many men choose a cool sketch for themselves and decorate this part of the body with colored or one-color drawings:

  • round compass;
  • star;
  • muslim symbol;
  • inscription;
  • a heart pierced by an arrow;
  • diamond.

wrist tattoo

Tattoo on the palm

Another popular place for self-expression is the palm. Someone will say that it is difficult to find beautiful tattoos for men in the palm of your hand, and certainly they will not be so noticeable to others, however, the stronger sex is increasingly turning to masters with a request to decorate this place. As a picture, intertwining patterns, an eye, cultural symbols with a deep meaning are chosen. Choosing the edge of the palm, you can highlight such sketches as an inscription in a beautiful font, a flock of birds, a comet. Remember that tattoos in this place are erased faster than usual, because we constantly wash, three hands.

full arm tattoo

For those who are not afraid to experiment and are ready to completely surrender to the will of the master, colored hand tattoos are a great way to express themselves. Interesting sketches can be chosen endlessly, it all depends on your preferences and the skills of the artist to whom you entrusted your body. Recently, many men prefer black ornaments, sometimes white, to multi-colored patterns.

Sometimes work starts small: a person came for a small tattoo, and as a result, after a few years, his hand is completely clogged. If you like your master, then let him create. The price for such work can vary from 10,000 to 200,000 rubles. It all depends on which master you entrusted with this huge work, what the deadlines are and the technologies used to complete the drawings.

The meaning of tattoos for men

Tattoos on a man's arm, especially symbols, can have a direct designation in a particular subculture, so when choosing a sketch, try to find out all the possible meanings of a particular image. Before you go to the master, study this issue yourself, consult with experienced people, search for information on the Internet. If your body is dear to you, then you should not rush, because then you will live with a tattoo.

Tattoos for men - photo

In this gallery you can see the best male tattoos in the photo. If you particularly like something, then do not try to repeat it. It is better to download the image and consult your master, find out the price and terms. Explain why you liked this or that idea and ask to do something similar but original for you. Do not repeat yourself and choose a picture from the catalog of standard tattoos. Each work of the master is your self-expression, and if it is the same as someone else’s, then maybe you shouldn’t do it?

The price of tattoos on the arm

It is impossible to unequivocally answer the question of how much a full arm tattoo costs, because the price depends on many factors:

  • the complexity of the work;
  • color spectrum;
  • master's experience;
  • technologies used;
  • time spent.

How to choose a tattoo on the arm for men

The choice of a tattoo for men should be based not on who he wants to appear to the rest, but on who he is. Modern underwear is a very big step, no matter where you choose to place it, because it will be very difficult and painful to remove it. Approach the choice of drawing very seriously, think a few times, ask the master to make you several samples and choose the one that takes your breath away.

Remember that people change over time, and so do their tastes. Try to order the drawing that you will not regret in the future and try to get rid of it by any means. In addition, beautiful sketches of arm tattoos for men can be ordered and bought in the online store. Try to avoid offers labeled "inexpensive". Most likely, you will be offered running images that do not differ from each other.

Video: cool tattoos for men

Men's tattoos on the arm are considered the most popular group of tattoos. Male tattoos on the arm include tattoos on the shoulder, forearm, elbow and wrist. With the help of a tattoo on his arm, a man can emphasize the beauty and relief of the body, masculinity and show character. In this collection you will find many ideas for inspiration to help you create your own unique hand tattoo design.

Men's Tattoos on the Arm on the Forearm








Men's Tattoos on the Arm on the Elbow

Men's have their own history and even formed some stereotypes around themselves. Drawings on the elbows used to be considered a male theme. Most likely this is due to the fact that they had a connection with criminal tattoos, although this connection is rather mediocre. Today, the art of tattoo has stepped forward both in technical terms and in freedom of interpretation. Men's elbow tattoos are rarely chosen as their first tattoo. This is most often a continuation of the overall composition of the tattoo on the body. The most popular elbow tattoos for men are abstractions, or ornaments.








Men's Tattoos on the Arm on the Shoulder

Men's ones especially help to emphasize the dignity and character of a man. The large drawing on the embossed hand looks really courageous and harmonious. Men's tattoos on the arm are rarely small, as they can be invisible and simply get lost on a strong shoulder. Preference is given to large, detailed sketches that take up most of the shoulder.








Men's Tattoo Sleeve

Men's tattoos on the arm, which cover almost the entire area of ​​​​the arm, are called sleeve tattoos. A tattoo sleeve can be one holistic composition and include many different parts.

Today, one of the most popular places for tattooing is the arm. Perhaps it happened because of conservatism and unwillingness to change established traditions, or maybe the tattoo on the arm attracts with its simplicity and attractiveness. In any case, tattoos on the arm occupy the top positions in the ranking of body areas for tattooing.

The arm is one of the most mobile parts of the body and has many curves. Because of this, tattoos on the arm are divided into several types:

Each of the parts listed above implies a different type of sketch. So, tattoos with inscriptions are most often applied to the fingers, three-dimensional images of animals, birds, or any other are applied to the shoulder. The shoulder is generally considered one of the most versatile places for tattooing on the arm.

If we talk about a tattoo on the whole arm, then there is a special type of tattoo called a sleeve. This is a tattoo that occupies the area of ​​most of the surface of the arm and has three versions: long sleeve (from the shoulder to the wrist), half sleeve (from the shoulder to the elbow or from the elbow to the wrist) and a quarter (tattoo from the shoulder and not reaching the elbow). As a rule, such tattoos are some kind of drawing or pattern with the addition of inscriptions or significant dates.

Tattoos on the arm


You can make a tat on your arm inexpensively in Moscow in our Territory Tattoo salon. A huge selection of sketches, professional craftsmen and reasonable prices - this is what distinguishes our salon from other similar establishments. Of course, getting a tattoo in Moscow is not a problem, but if you want to get the highest quality result for the lowest price, then contact Territory tattoo parlor.

Tattoos on the arm are popular among both guys and girls. At the same time, it is tattoo inscriptions on the arm that are gaining more and more recognition.

As for the pain of the procedure, I would like to note that the hand is not the most sensitive organ of the body, therefore, although the process of applying a tattoo on the arm will be somewhat unpleasant, it will not bring strong pain.

So, if you want to get tattoos on your arm inexpensively, while getting a lot of positive impressions, and at the end - a great result, then welcome to our Territory Tatu salon.

In this article, we would like to talk about the nuances of tattooing on men's hands. Such a decoration will not only draw attention to the hands - it will be able to tell a lot about its owner, and will also help in the implementation of plans.

Since time immemorial, men have decorated their hands with images designed to tell others about their status and occupation. And this is not surprising, because the hand is almost always in sight, mobile and attracts attention.

Especially the hand of a man who does not disdain physical activity, and the representatives of the stronger sex know this very well. However, it is not enough just to apply a beautiful picture - it is important to pay due attention to its content.

Places for tattoos in men on the hands and their meaning

Shoulder- the most common option both in antiquity and today. This choice can be explained by the fact that such a tattoo looks very courageously. Moreover, such a solution practical, because a tattoo on the shoulder can be completely hidden under clothes - this will come in handy with a dress code, and there will be no reason to fear burnout. The pronounced contours of the body will allow you to create a truly expressive and voluminous masterpieces.

Looks especially good on the shoulder medium sized paintings. However, they can be successfully combined with forearm tattoos.

Forearm- often in this place those images are applied that are called specifically decorate and not carry a sacred meaning. However, such a prominent part of the body is great for conveying an idea. The elongated shape of the forearm allows implement as many details as possible.

As far as sensations it is not necessary to have a high pain threshold You will hardly feel pain. But there will be an opportunity to show your originality, since not so many people choose the forearm.

Johnny Depp's forearm tattoos

Biceps- Another option for painless application tattoos. On inflated arms, the images will look great, and if you want to show them from time to time you can choose the inner part of the biceps. From here it is quite possible to start creating a sleeve.

IMPORTANT: The muscles on the biceps after the work of the tattoo artist sometimes hurt, but not much. For the most part, this procedure is also painless.



Elbows- good idea for lovers of everything original. Is it true, with a high pain threshold, since the skin on the elbow is thin, and the bone is in close proximity to it. Please note that the procedure will also be lengthy.

As for the plot, then it is recommended that one that implies mobility - the picture will constantly change. Accordingly, the master for such an idea should be selected exclusively highly qualified. A simple and geometrically correct drawing is what you need.



Wrist- this is a predominantly female choice, but men can decorate themselves well in this way. It is advisable to choose black or dark blue colors. In winter, such a tattoo is easily closed with a sleeve, and in summer with a bracelet or watch. True, the sun's rays and detergents affect the picture, so get ready for the fact that it will definitely need to be updated.

IMPORTANT: Do not be afraid that the master will touch the vessel - with good skills this is impossible. True, if the veins are convex, it is worth considering this when choosing a plot.

A tattoo on a male wrist in the form of a tree is a great option in the case of bulging veins

Brush- due to the lack of fat, a large number of nerve endings and thin skin, tattooing this place can be a real test. The image loses its original appearance quickly due to frequent contact with the external environment. All this makes a tattoo on the wrist impractical idea.

However, creative original personalities can easily afford such a choice. As for stories, there are no restrictions. One has only to remember that hands should always be well-groomed.



Palm- the first to put an image on this place were the inhabitants of India. And although their image was erased quickly enough, no one bothers to make a full-fledged small tattoo in the palm of your hand. This process is surprisingly painless. due to the density of the skin. It is recommended to give preference to weaving patterns, often choose the image of the eye.

Sometimes chosen as a place for a tattoo palm edge. It will look great there, for example, a flock of birds.

Fingers- some time ago, such tattoos were numbers of military units, female names. However, now images on this part of the body are applied not only by the military, largely due to practicality such a tattoo. If you apply it on the side of the finger, then you can show the decoration at will. Great option is the selection of such an image that would complement the tattoo on the body.

IMPORTANT: If you want to get a minimum of discomfort, it is still better to lower the option with the side of the finger.



Ideas for men's tattoos on the hands: sketches, drawings













Men's wrist tattoos: inscriptions, inscriptions in Latin, bracelet, cross and their meaning

Watch- in addition to the fact that such a tattoo imitates an accessory, it symbolizes accuracy, fidelity, fairness. At the same time, the application of such a pattern often indicates that a person strives for a harmonious life, which is devoid of extremes. No arrows- a sign of lack of aspirations.

IMPORTANT: Most often, watches embody time that should not be missed, they speak of the transience of being. Ideal for those people who want to perpetuate both positive and negative important events.



inscriptions- a short and sonorous motto will look great. For example, the Latin word Fecit("Did"). It will present a man from the most favorable side, because it is not in vain that they say that actions speak about the representatives of the stronger sex.



Cross- One of the oldest symbols, and universal for all countries and religions. Even before there was writing, the cross embodied reunion of opposites, change of day and night, seasons. Often such a tattoo reminds that each of us bears his own cross.

Bracelet- most often this motive is found in women, however, men also consider it quite stylish. Great for this kind of purpose. Celtic patterns, floral ornament, imitation of chains.

The so-called polynesian bracelet. It can start at the wrist, but also wrap around part of the forearm. A similar method of decoration was invented by the Maori tribe, which in this way maintained contact with the gods.



Anchor- embodies stability, hope, the desire to return somewhere. It is not difficult to guess that such an image often served a talisman for sailors. However, desire to perpetuate a beloved home, where they are always waiting, is inherent not only to representatives of this profession.

IMPORTANT: It is worth paying attention to such a tattoo for those people who are afraid to go astray, to give up under the influence of life circumstances.

Spider- is associated with practicality and prudence, because he knows how to create the thinnest and most beautiful webs. Since these insects are also quirky, their image can serve as an excellent emblem of creative people. Eight paws symbolized infinity, continuity of existence. Oddly enough, but spiders were perceived by our ancestors very positively.



Tattoos for men on the shoulder and forearm: dragon, patterns, wolf, abstractions, inscriptions, skulls, lion and their meaning

inscriptions- ideal for tattoos on the shoulder and forearm due to the large surface for creativity and a minimum of discomfort. For example, you can place an inscription Errare humanum est that everyone makes mistakes. The following inscriptions are also good options: “Life is not about living, but about feeling that you are living”, ODERO SI POTERO; SI NON, INVITUS AMABO»(“I will hate if I can; but if I can’t, I will love against my will”), "MOBILITATE VIGET VIRESQUE ACQUIRIT EUNDO"(“In movement, everything grows and gains strength”).

Abstraction- quite a popular option due to the simultaneous simplicity and complexity. Previously, even in such an image, information about the tribe or about the qualities of the owner of the tattoo as a warrior could be hidden. Abstraction is currently decorative element of the image.

IMPORTANT: When choosing a tattoo in the abstract style, it is especially important to listen to your feelings and intuition.



Celtic patterns- extremely popular, because there are a lot of their varieties, and they look chic. Often, Celtic images are amulets. Especially popular is celtic knot, which has no beginning and end - it symbolizes universe. It is possible to weave a variety of motifs into the knot.

Polynesian masks- Another common pattern that fits perfectly into the decor of a male hand. They were called tics, and were previously allowed to be worn exclusively by soldiers.

However, it was believed that tics not only protect against enemies on the battlefield, but also from evil spirits, the evil eye. Now the Polynesian mask is predominantly choose brave men with big ambitions who are always ready to defend what is close.



The Dragon- has always been considered one of the most respected creatures of mythology. He embodies mystery, nobility, indestructible strength, perseverance, devotion, beauty and the ability to overcome unthinkable obstacles.

Previously, the dragon was also applied as a symbol of imperial power, but now it may well indicate leadership skills person. This creature does not belong to either positive or negative characters - rather, it skillfully balances on the edge.

Scull- it can also be found quite often. Also, often such a tattoo causes mixed feelings. And no wonder, because it tells us about risk, danger, death. Most often, the skull is applied as a reminder that life is fleeting, that time changes everything.

IMPORTANT: This image can also be turned into a more positive symbol - wisdom. It is enough just to draw a snake crawling out of the eye socket. A similar picture also embodies immortality.



Shoulder tattoo Skull

Wolf is a rather ambiguous character. With the advent of Christianity, the wolf began to be perceived as the embodiment of aggression, anger, ruthlessness, dark forces, loneliness.

But more often men apply this animal as with a symbol of steadfastness, power, fidelity, fearlessness, endurance and wisdom. The Celts respected wolves for audacity and cunning, and the Indians even learned to hunt from them, boundlessly revering unity and mind animals.

a lion- it so happened from ancient times that the image of a lion was applied to domineering and strong people. Our ancestors have always admired a unique combination of strength and majesty with grace for which lions are famous.

Men who prefer such a tattoo are most often not alien straightforwardness, prudence, leadership qualities, courage, as well as nepotism.



Bear- Celtic warriors made it their emblem, appreciating massiveness, majesty, courage and ferocity animal.

Despite the fact that they were afraid of the bear, the warriors really wanted to be like him, appreciating the amazing combination of both physical and spiritual power. And the tendency of the brown predator to hibernate can serve the personification of rebirth.

Jesus Christ- oddly enough, it can also be found quite often, despite the negative attitude of Christianity towards tattoos. Interpreting such an image is simple: its owner believes in higher powers, seeks to help others, realizes the sinfulness of his life.



Jesus Christ tattoo on forearm

Anubis is an extremely interesting and controversial figure. Many researchers believe that the image of the patron of the underworld can be harmful.

However, their opponents recall that Anubis guarded medicines and poisons, which can be interpreted as opening the way to something new. It should not be surprising that some anesthesiologists, psychologists and psychiatrists consider this image to be their emblem.



Tattoo on the forearm in the form of the god Anubis

Rhinoceros- embodies irrepressible temper, power, strength. Since ancient times, people considered the horn of this animal good amulet.

If you observe the habits of this mammal, you can conclude that it extremely controversial nature- a calm and clumsy rhinoceros is able to turn into the embodiment of swiftness and power in the blink of an eye.



Owl- patron smart, erudite and wise of people. Next to it, it is quite organic to enter the key as a symbol of knowledge. Despite the fact that some people previously considered this bird to be the embodiment of the night, it serves as an excellent talisman against evil. But what attracts an owl is money.

Tattoos on the wrist for men: inscriptions and their meaning

inscriptions- given the pain of the procedure, it is best to choose a short phrase or even a word. For example, a great motivating phrase is suitable "Contra spent spero", saying that a hopeful and confident person will always be lucky. Also suitable "DEI GRATIA"("God's grace"), " PRO DOMO SUA"("In defense of your home"), TACEAMUS!("We will be silent!").



Eagle- embodiment swiftness, power and strength. For purposeful natures, such an image will be an excellent amulet. Representatives of ancient cultures considered this bird a creature that takes souls to heaven, that is, a messenger of the gods. Previously, drawing the image of an eagle was considered the prerogative of the rulers and other most revered families.

Tiger- ancient hunters sought to become like this predator, putting stripes on their bodies before hunting. Such a talisman can be considered a tattoo in the form of a tiger today - it gives masculinity, swiftness, strength, courage, observation. It is noteworthy that other representatives of the fauna respect this predator.

IMPORTANT: Despite the mass of positive qualities that the tiger personifies, it is better for irritable, quick-tempered and overly impulsive natures to refrain from drawing his image.



Dog- symbolizes sincerity, loyalty, courage. From time immemorial, men have acted as guardians, protectors - is it any wonder that the symbol of the dog has always been close to them? Noble men considered these animals, like lions, their emblem.



Eye- embodies the so-called "third Eye". He helps protect against the machinations of ill-wishers, look into the souls of others. In some cultures, it was even believed that the soul enters the body through the pupils. Eye can also show emotions that are usually inherent in a person: with a tear - sadness, next to a frowning eyebrow - doubt or anger, a clear look - hope.

Finger tattoos for men and their meaning

Fire- this image of the natural element embodies passion and destruction. The fire shows man is full of inner energy. Our ancestors perceived such an image as well as sign of rebirth.

IMPORTANT: In some cases, flames symbolize mental anguish that is hard to bear.

Scissors- of course, they can say that you have a hairdresser or fashion designer in front of you. However, it is likely that this picture also contains psychological overtones. Often scissors are applied as a tattoo when try to leave in the past any episode from life. By the way, like this Can you successfully hide scars?.



Hourglass- remind us of transience of life and express the desire of the owner of the image not to live life in vain. Every moment should be enjoyed- this is another thought that arises when looking at a similar picture. Sometimes the watch immortalizes on itself in honor of some important event.



Elephant- it can be quite interesting to place it on the arm so that the legs and trunk fall on the fingers. This animal embodies loyalty, wisdom. He enjoys special honor in India as the incarnation of Ganesha - the god of happiness. For men, such a tattoo is ideal, with uniting physical strength and mind.



Tattoos on the palm of a man and their meaning

Eye in a triangle- symbolizes insight, mind, vigilance, intuition. In ancient times, they illustrated eye of the gods that follows people. Also, the eye in the triangle symbolizes omnipresence.

IMPORTANT: Another meaning of such a symbol is not so positive - it speaks of the limitedness of the visible.

Shark- embodiment fearlessness, power, cunning. It is not for nothing that many books and films are devoted to these creatures - sailors and residents of coastal settlements respect predators. Shark is a kind of amulet in professional affairs. Worth wearing and freedom-loving individuals having an inflexible character.



Dice- This risk, excitement, perception of life as a game process. Gambling lovers believe that such a tattoo will become a happy talisman in their hobby. There is another interpretation: there is no single correct solution, each of them is correct in its own way.



Biceps tattoos for men: bracelets and their meaning

Bracelets- On the inflated hand, they look chic. Most often used as an ornament Celtic motifs. They embody infinity of being.



Inscription- often the name of a beloved woman or child is applied to the biceps.



Tattoo text on the bicep with a female name

Samurai- most associate samurai simply with excellent warriors who are able to skillfully defeat any enemy. But this is only partly true - let's not forget about the Bushido samurai code.

According to him, a real warrior must adhere to the following principles - independence, devotion without a hint of self-interest, respect for traditions, unshakable will, reckless adherence to the chosen path.

IMPORTANT: As for the life path and ideals, Bushido especially emphasized that they should be light in color.

Dagger- symbolizes since the Middle Ages last line of defense. For the dagger, that is, for close combat, the warrior was the last to be ready, when all other means had been exhausted.

If necessary, this weapon acted as a means to part with life in the name of ideals. Thus, such a tattoo will serve the embodiment of decisiveness, freedom of choice, perseverance, accuracy in actions.

Male tattoos on the elbow and their meaning

Web- if we ignore the use of such a tattoo in prison circles, then you can get quite an interesting and stylish decoration. The Indians hung cobwebs over cradles to protect babies from evil spirits. And it will be useful for adults as well. protection from evil forces. Also, the web is a symbol of what man sticks to his principles.

Star- This simple and versatile tattoo belongs to the ancient symbols. She was considered a harbinger of good luck, the embodiment of heaven, a source of inspiration.



Snowflake- talking about the sublimity of man, his uniqueness. All snowflakes seem similar, but upon closer examination, it becomes clear that there are no snowflakes absolutely similar to each other. The same can be said about the owner of the tattoo: he does not like to stick out himself, but at the same time he has a rather interesting inner world.

IMPORTANT: This image is a good and simple example of a rebirth symbol. Every time the snowflakes melt, but the snow goes on and on.

Sleeve tattoos for men and their meaning

Traditionally allocated several types of sleeves:

  • Long- from shoulder to wrist
  • Half- from the wrist to the elbow or from the elbow to the shoulder joint
  • Quarter half forearm or half upper arm

Armor- it is preferable to apply them harsh men who are fond of edged weapons or martial arts. Such a tattoo will give even more courage and dexterity. It is possible to regard such an ornament as protection from various adversity.



Forestsearch for a life path. As a rule, such a tattoo is chosen by people who constantly wander, look for themselves, doubt the correctness of the choice. Such a charm can help them find what they need.

Maple- Another option from the field of flora. The maple tree is considered very resistant, which would be an excellent allegory for human perseverance, the ability to endure any adversity. The Celts applied such a pattern to various objects, believing that it will give strength.

IMPORTANT: If you want to perpetuate feelings, then a maple tattoo is not the best solution. In Asia, this tree was indeed considered the patron saint of lovers, but the Slavs saw in its leaves a sign of parting with loved ones. In Poland, they generally symbolized the death of a loved one.



Previously, it was believed that the body of a good warrior should have many scars. Later, warriors began to decorate their bodies with tattoos, along the way using them as amulets, a way to tell about themselves.

And today, many men prefer to decorate their bodies, giving preference to images on their hands. The purpose of tattoos has not changed much - they can still tell a lot about the owner.