Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancy. Pregnancy. Signs and course of pregnancy. The body of a pregnant woman

It is hard not to notice that a woman waiting for the birth of an heir is changing. But these changes are not only external. What happens inside the body? How do individual organs and systems of a woman react to the birth of a new life? Is the load too big? Let's talk about this now.

"Strength test" and weight gain

From the first days, the fetus needs oxygen and nutrients. The mother's body itself begins to gradually prepare for childbirth and breastfeeding the baby. New tasks affect almost the entire body of the mother: the structure of organs during pregnancy changes somewhat, and their functionality expands. These changes are programmed by nature, but this does not make them less tangible. The load on the mother’s body increases significantly, becoming a kind of “strength test”. Those organs that used to work on the verge of normal may fail. Having supported the mother's body in time, we get a certain margin of safety for the fetus.

Not only the location of organs during pregnancy changes, but also body weight, an increase of 10-12 kg for all 9 months is considered the norm. But the initial indicators should also be taken into account, first of all, BMI - body mass index, that is, a harmonious ratio of weight and height.

Breasts and genitals during pregnancy

The most pronounced changes are noted in the system of the genital organs of the expectant mother. The genital organs during pregnancy are transformed according to the growth of the embryo. First of all, this is noticeable in the example of the uterus, which not only constantly increases in size, but also changes its shape from pear-shaped in the first weeks to rounded, and then ovoid. Mucus accumulates in the cervix, and it is no coincidence: later it will help the baby move more easily through the birth canal. The vascular system of the uterus is also undergoing changes, it is replenished with new large blood vessels, which significantly improves the process of supplying the placenta with nutrients and oxygen. The ovaries enlarge and change position.

Changes in the mammary glands are a response to the need to prepare for future lactation. They occur in parallel with hormonal changes, leading to an increase in the production of such significant hormones as progesterone, prolactin, and estrogen. By the end of the term, the mammary gland begins to produce colostrum.

Skeleton and muscular system

Not only the internal organs are rebuilt during pregnancy. The skeletal system of a pregnant woman is affected by an increase in the concentration of relaxin and progesterone in the blood, and these hormones, in turn, contribute to the process of calcium leaching. This microelement is not just taken from the mother's skeleton, calcium is used to form the bone tissue of the fetus. In this case, another physiological reaction occurs: the pelvic bones and their joints become more elastic, which contributes to the non-traumatic progress of the child through the birth canal. The danger is the leaching of calcium from the spine and bones of the foot. To avoid flat feet, it is important to choose the right shoes: with low heels, with arch support. And wearing a bandage and special gymnastics will help the spine.

The cardiovascular system

During the period of bearing a child, the volume of blood in the vessels of a woman increases significantly: by one and a half liters. Accordingly, the intensity of the cardiovascular system also increases. The pulse becomes faster, the contraction of the heart is forced to throw more blood into the aorta. The venous system is the most vulnerable in this period. Varicose veins become a frequent complication, and not only because of the increasing weight load on the lower limbs.

A significant role is played by the deformation of the inferior vena cava, which is responsible for collecting blood from the uterus, pelvic organs and legs. This vessel is located to the right of the spine, and when a woman sleeps on her back, it is compressed. The greater the body weight, the stronger the circulatory disturbance in the organs listed above. That is why expectant mothers are not recommended to sleep in the supine position, but the use of a pillow placed under the legs contributes to freer blood flow. In addition, the increase in the mass of erythrocytes somewhat lags behind the overall increase in blood volume, while blood viscosity decreases. To improve the composition of the blood, mothers are prescribed iron supplements.

Respiratory, digestive and other systems

The development of the fetus requires more and more oxygen, so the volume of air inhaled by a woman increases. Breathing quickens, but this is not critical for the mother's body, since progesterone relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchial walls, which causes the airways to become wider.

The location of the organs changes somewhat during pregnancy due to the pressure of the fetus on the abdominal cavity. But this is not the only reason for the ongoing changes. Progesterone, which reduces the level of intestinal motility, has a serious effect on the digestive organs. In parallel, the glands begin to secrete more saliva, and the concentration of hydrochloric acid decreases. This manifests itself in the appearance of heartburn and a tendency to constipation. Some malfunctions also occur in the functionality of the gallbladder, bladder, kidneys, but they are also temporary.

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During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes significant physiological changes that ensure the proper development of the fetus, prepare the body for the upcoming birth and feeding. During this difficult period, the load on all organs and systems of a woman's body increases significantly, which can lead to an exacerbation of chronic diseases and the development of complications. That is why you should register at the antenatal clinic as early as possible, go through all the necessary specialists and pass tests. This will allow you to take adequate preventive measures and prepare for childbirth.

Heart

The cardiovascular system during pregnancy performs more intense work, as an additional placental circle of blood circulation appears in the body. Here the blood flow is so great that every minute 500 ml of blood passes through the placenta. The heart of a healthy woman during pregnancy easily adapts to additional loads: the mass of the heart muscle and cardiac output of blood increase. To meet the growing needs of the fetus for nutrients, oxygen and building materials, the volume of blood in the mother's body begins to increase, reaching a maximum by the 7th month of pregnancy. Instead of 4000 ml of blood, 5300-5500 ml circulates in the body now. In pregnant women with heart disease, this load can cause complications; that is why at 27-28 weeks they are recommended to be hospitalized in a specialized maternity hospital.

Arterial pressure

Blood pressure during a normal pregnancy practically does not change. On the contrary, in women who have its increase before or in the early stages of pregnancy, in the middle of pregnancy it usually stabilizes and is in the range of 100/60-130/85 mm Hg. This is due to a decrease in the tone of peripheral blood vessels under the action of the hormone progesterone.

However, in the last trimester of pregnancy, blood pressure can rise, reaching very high values. High blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg and above) is one of the signs of late toxicosis of pregnant women. This condition is very dangerous and may require an emergency delivery.

Lungs

Due to the increase in the woman's body's need for oxygen during pregnancy, the activity of the lungs increases. Despite the fact that as pregnancy progresses, the diaphragm rises and restricts the respiratory movements of the lungs, their capacity increases. This is due to the expansion of the chest, as well as due to the expansion of the bronchi. Increasing the volume of inhaled air during pregnancy facilitates the removal of used oxygen by the fetus through the placenta. The respiratory rate does not change, remains 16-18 times per minute, slightly increasing towards the end of pregnancy. Therefore, if shortness of breath or other respiratory disorders occur, a pregnant woman should definitely consult a doctor.

kidneys

The kidneys during pregnancy function with great stress, as they remove the metabolic products of the pregnant woman herself and her growing fetus from the body. The amount of urine excreted varies depending on the amount of liquid drunk. A healthy pregnant woman excretes an average of 1200-1600 ml of urine per day, while 950-1200 ml of urine is excreted during the daytime, the rest at night.

Under the influence of the hormone progesterone, the tone of the bladder decreases, which can lead to stagnation of urine. Under these conditions, the introduction of infection into the urinary tract is facilitated, therefore, in pregnant women, an exacerbation of pyelonephritis often occurs. An infection of the urinary tract is indicated by the appearance of leukocytes in urine tests - more than 10-12 per field of view.

In addition, the pregnant uterus, turning slightly to the right, can cause difficulty in the outflow of urine from the right kidney. In this case, the risk of hydronephrosis increases, that is, the expansion of the pelvis and cups due to excessive accumulation of urine in them.

Digestive organs

In the first 3 months of pregnancy, many women experience changes in the digestive organs: nausea and often vomiting in the morning (signs of early toxicosis), taste sensations change, and an attraction to unusual substances (clay, chalk) appears. As a rule, these phenomena disappear by 3-4 months of pregnancy, sometimes at a later date. Under the influence of placental hormones, intestinal tone decreases, which often leads to constipation. The intestine is pushed up by the pregnant uterus, the stomach is also shifted upward and squeezed, while part of its contents can be thrown into the esophagus and cause heartburn (especially in the second half of pregnancy). In such cases, it is recommended to take antacids (for example, Maalox, Rennie), eat 2 hours before bedtime, and position in bed with a raised head end.

The liver during pregnancy works with a greater load, as it neutralizes the metabolic products of the woman herself and the fetus.

joints

During pregnancy, women experience some looseness in the joints. The joints of the pelvis become especially mobile, which facilitates the passage of the fetus through it during childbirth. Sometimes the softening of the pelvic joints is so pronounced that there is a slight divergence of the pubic bones. Then the pregnant woman has pain in the womb, a "duck" gait. This should be reported to the doctor and receive appropriate recommendations.

Mammary gland

During pregnancy, the mammary glands are prepared for the upcoming feeding. They increase the number of lobules, adipose tissue, improves blood circulation. The mammary glands increase in size, the nipples become rough.

Sex organs

The greatest changes during pregnancy occur in the genitals and concern mainly the uterus. The pregnant uterus is constantly increasing in size, by the end of pregnancy its height reaches 35 cm instead of 7-8 cm outside of pregnancy, the weight increases to 1000-1200 g (without a fetus) instead of 50-100 g. The volume of the uterine cavity by the end of pregnancy increases by about 500 once. The change in the size of the uterus occurs due to an increase in the size of muscle fibers under the influence of placental hormones. Blood vessels expand, their number increases, they seem to braid the uterus. Irregular contractions of the uterus are observed, which become more active towards the end of pregnancy and are felt as a "squeeze". These so-called Braxton Hicks contractions, which are normal from the 30th week of pregnancy, are considered as training before the real contractions in childbirth.

The position of the uterus changes according to its size. By the end of the 3rd month of pregnancy, it goes beyond the pelvis, and closer to the birth it reaches the hypochondrium. The uterus is held in position by ligaments that thicken and stretch during pregnancy. Pain that occurs on the sides of the abdomen, especially during a change in body position, is often caused by tension in the ligaments. The blood supply to the external genital organs increases, varicose veins may appear in the vagina and on the labia (the same varicose veins can also appear on the lower extremities and in the rectum).

Weight gain

The growth of the fetus and physiological changes in the body of a pregnant woman affect her body weight. In a healthy woman, by the end of pregnancy, body weight increases by an average of 12 kg with fluctuations from 8 to 18 kg. Usually in the first half of pregnancy, it increases by 4 kg, in the second half - 2 times more. Weekly weight gain up to 20 weeks is approximately 300 + 30 g, from 21 to 30 weeks - 330 + 40 g and after 30 weeks before delivery - 340 + 30 g. In women with underweight before pregnancy, weekly weight gain may be even more more.

Psychology of a woman

In addition to physiological changes in the body, a pregnant woman's mental state changes.

A woman's attitude to pregnancy and childbirth is influenced by various factors, including social, moral and ethical, economic, etc., as well as the characteristics of the personality of the pregnant woman herself.

In the first half of pregnancy, most women are more concerned about their own health, and in the second half, especially after the appearance of fetal movements, all the thoughts and concerns of the expectant mother are directed to the well-being of the fetus. A woman can address a child with affectionate words, she fantasizes, endowing him with individual characteristics. Along with this, many women deliberately give up certain attachments and habits for the sake of the upcoming motherhood.

Also, pregnant women may have various fears and fears. During this period, a woman may be concerned about changes in appearance, loss of attractiveness, relationships with her husband. Close relatives (especially the husband) should become a reliable support for the pregnant woman and try to provide the woman with psychological comfort. With severe anxiety, a depressed state of a pregnant woman, it is recommended to seek advice from a specialist.

Pregnancy this is a normal (physiological) process that occurs in a woman's body during fetal development. During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes profound transformations. With the normal development of pregnancy, all the changes that take place in the body of a woman are aimed at creating a harmonious relationship between the mother's body and the body of the developing fetus. Also, from the very first days of pregnancy, the body of a pregnant woman begins to prepare for future childbirth and breastfeeding.

Below we will consider in more detail the most important changes in a woman's body during pregnancy, as well as their significance for normal evolution of pregnancy itself, childbirth and the period of breastfeeding.

Body systems that undergo changes during pregnancy
From the very first days of pregnancy, the body of a pregnant woman undergoes profound transformations. These transformations are the result of the coordinated work of almost all body systems, as well as the result of the interaction of the mother's body with the child's body.

Changes in the nervous and endocrine systems
The nervous and endocrine systems play the main roles in the implementation of the transformations of the female body during pregnancy.

At the level central nervous system(brain and spinal cord), complex nervous mechanisms are launched aimed at maintaining the constancy of substances in the body of a pregnant woman necessary for the normal development of the fetus. For example, it has been noted that up to the 39th week of pregnancy, impulses coming from the sensitive receptors of the uterus are blocked at the level of the spinal cord, which allows the preservation of pregnancy and prevents premature birth. Changes in the central nervous system lead to some changes in the mood and behavior of a pregnant woman. Especially in the first weeks of pregnancy, a woman may notice increased irritability, fatigue, drowsiness - all these are defense mechanisms developed by the central nervous system to prevent excessive fatigue of a pregnant woman. Changes in smell (intolerance to certain odors), taste and gastronomic preferences, as well as incoming nausea, vomiting and dizziness are associated with a change in the tone of the vagus nerve (the nerve that regulates the functioning of most of the internal organs).

It is well known that the nervous and endocrine systems are in close interaction. This interaction is especially clear during pregnancy, the normal course of which is the result of the interaction of these two systems. The inclusion of the endocrine system in the development of pregnancy takes place even before the moment of fertilization. The normal functioning of the hypothalamus (the center of the brain responsible for the transmission of nerve signals from the nervous system to the endocrine system), the pituitary gland (the central human endocrine gland) and the ovaries (the sex glands of the woman's body), make it possible for the development of the egg and prepare the female reproductive system for fertilization. From the first days of pregnancy until the 10th week, the development of pregnancy is supported by hormones secreted by the ovaries. During this period, there is an intensive growth of the placenta of the fetus. The placenta, as you know, in addition to the role of nutrition of the fetus, also carries out the synthesis of hormones necessary for the normal development of pregnancy. The main hormone of the placenta is estriol (it is also called the protector of pregnancy). This hormone stimulates the development of blood vessels and improves the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.

In smaller quantities, the placenta synthesizes estrone and estradiol. Under the influence of these hormones, the genital organs of a pregnant woman grow: the uterus, vagina, mammary glands, an increase in the volume of circulating blood in the mother's body (to improve the nutrition of the fetus). In case of violation of the functioning of the placenta (during various diseases of the mother or fetus), abortion or impaired fetal development (underdevelopment).

Also, the placenta synthesizes progesterone, which stimulates the development of the mammary glands and prepares them for lactation. Under the action of progesterone, the muscles of the uterus and intestines relax. Progesterone has an inhibitory effect on the nervous system, determining the drowsiness and fatigue described above. The effect of progesterone on the development of adipose tissue of a pregnant woman is important. The storage of nutrients in adipose tissue during pregnancy is necessary to ensure fetal nutrition and milk production in the postpartum period.

In addition to hormones synthesized in the placenta, various hormones produced by the endocrine system of the mother's body play an important role. It should be noted that at the initial stages of development, the fetal body is not able to synthesize many hormones, but they come to it from the mother's body. For example, thyroid hormones are an extremely important factor in fetal development. These hormones stimulate bone formation, brain growth and development, and energy production. To meet the needs of the fetus, the mother's body synthesizes large amounts of hormones.

Various incoming changes, such as skin pigmentation and an increase in the width of bones and facial contours, occur due to the action of the pituitary gland of a pregnant woman, which synthesizes melanotropin (a hormone that stimulates the production of skin pigment) and somatotropin (a hormone that stimulates body growth).

Changes in the metabolic process
Metabolic changes during pregnancy are aimed at meeting the needs of the developing fetus. It is clear that for the normal course of metabolism, and, consequently, the development of the fetus, the normal functioning of metabolic processes in the mother's body is necessary.

To increase the amount of assimilated food, the mother's body produces more digestive enzymes. At the level of the lungs, oxygen saturation increases. This is mainly due to an increase in the number of red blood cells, and an increase in the content of hemoglobin in them.

In the blood of a pregnant woman, there is an increase in the concentration of glucose and insulin, as well as fatty acids, proteins and amino acids. All these nutrients pass through the placenta into the blood of the fetus, thereby providing the developing organism with material for growth and development.

It is important to change the metabolism of minerals in the body of a pregnant woman. There is an increase in the concentration in the blood of many minerals: iron, calcium, phosphorus, copper, cobalt, magnesium. Like nutrients, these elements enter the blood of the fetus through the placenta and are used by the growing body for development.

During pregnancy, the woman's body's need for vitamins increases. This is due to the intensification of metabolic processes, both in the body of a pregnant woman, and with the fact that part of the vitamins from the mother's body passes into the body of the hearth and is used by them for their own development.

Changes in internal organs during pregnancy
During pregnancy, many internal organs undergo significant restructuring. These changes are adaptive in nature, and, in most cases, are short-lived and completely disappear after childbirth.

The cardiovascular system mothers during pregnancy are forced to pump more blood to ensure an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. In this regard, during pregnancy, the thickness and strength of the heart muscles increase, the pulse and the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute increase. In addition, the volume of circulating blood increases. In some cases, blood pressure increases. The tone of blood vessels during pregnancy decreases, which creates favorable conditions for increased supply of tissues with nutrients and oxygen.

All of the above changes in the cardiovascular system completely disappear after childbirth.

Respiratory system works hard during pregnancy. The respiratory rate increases. This is due to an increase in the need of the mother and fetus for oxygen, as well as in the limitation of the respiratory movements of the diaphragm due to an increase in the size of the uterus, which occupies a significant space of the abdominal cavity.

The most significant changes, however, occur in the genitals of a pregnant woman. These changes prepare the woman's reproductive system for childbirth and breastfeeding.

Uterus pregnant woman increases significantly in size. Its mass increases from 50 g - at the beginning of pregnancy to 1200 g - at the end of pregnancy. The volume of the uterine cavity by the end of pregnancy increases by more than 500 times! The blood supply to the uterus is greatly increased. In the walls of the uterus, the number of muscle fibers increases. Cervix filled with thick mucus that clogs the cavity of the cervical canal. Fallopian tubes and ovaries also increase in size. In one of the ovaries, there is a "corpus luteum of pregnancy" - a place for the synthesis of hormones that support pregnancy.

The walls of the vagina loosen, become more elastic.

external genitalia(small and large labia), also increase in size and become more elastic. The tissues of the perineum are loosened. In addition, there is an increase in mobility in the joints of the pelvis and a divergence of the pubic bones. The changes in the genital tract described above are of extremely important physiological significance for childbirth. Loosening the walls, increasing the mobility and elasticity of the genital tract increases their throughput and facilitates the movement of the fetus through them during childbirth.

Leather in the genital area and along the midline of the abdomen, it usually becomes darker in color. Sometimes "stretch marks" (striae gravidarum) form on the skin of the lateral parts of the abdomen, which turn into whitish stripes after childbirth.

Mammary gland increase in size, become more elastic, tense. When pressing on the nipple, colostrum (first milk) is released.

The body weight of a pregnant woman increases in size. Normal weight gain at the end of pregnancy is 10-12 kg. Or 12-14% of the body weight of a pregnant woman.

All the changes described above that occur during pregnancy should be distinguished from the signs of the so-called "imaginary" or "false pregnancy". A false pregnancy occurs when a non-pregnant woman is convinced that she is pregnant. This situation is observed in some cases in patients with mental or endocrine disorders. At the same time, the power of a woman's self-hypnosis is so great that some physiological changes characteristic of a real pregnancy occur: an increase in the mammary glands, the appearance of colostrum, the disappearance of menstruation. Examination of the patient helps to establish the diagnosis and recognize a false pregnancy. It is also important to recognize a false pregnancy from a simulated pregnancy, in which a woman knows that she is not pregnant, but based on some considerations, she tries to convince others of the opposite.

Bibliography:

Kokhanevich E.V. Topical issues of obstetrics, gynecology and reproduction, M Triada-X, 2006
Savelyeva G.M. Obstetrics, Medicine, M., 2000
Carr F. Obstetrics, gynecology and women's health, MEDpress-inform 2005

And everything in the complex mechanism of the female body is arranged in such a way as to ensure its normal functioning at a time when a little man is growing in it. In this regard, changes in all systems and organs of a woman after the conception of a child are inevitable - the body adapts to a new state, and its main task now is to preserve the fetus and ensure its normal development. That is why any pregnant woman already from the first months feels the "restructuring" of the organs, which before pregnancy worked in a completely different mode. This condition is considered normal, if not accompanied by any pathological conditions.

First of all, after the "settlement" in the body of a woman of a baby, the genitals of a pregnant woman undergo significant changes. The uterus, in which the fetus gradually grows, increases tenfold as it develops. So, if before the onset of pregnancy, the weight of the uterus averaged about 50 grams, by the end of pregnancy this figure can reach 1 thousand grams or more. In parallel, the volume of the uterine cavity also increases: by the time of delivery, its volume may be greater at once than before fertilization. The number of muscle fibers in the uterus also increases, the uterine ligaments lengthen, which ensures the normal development of the fetus. The ovaries also change in size, increasing in size. In addition, one of them contains the "yellow body" - here special hormones are produced that ensure the normal course of pregnancy. In the meantime, the mucous membrane of the vagina loosens, the walls of the vagina become more elastic - just like the external genitalia (labia minora and labia majora). The loosening of tissues in the future will contribute to an easier passage through the birth canal of the baby, and therefore all these changes are extremely important in physiological terms.

As the genital organs change, significant changes are observed in the organs of digestion and urination. Many pregnant women are familiar with cardinal changes in taste preferences - in addition to increased appetite, they are also expressed in cravings for salty or sour foods, craving for unusual substances (chalk, soap, clay), perversion of olfactory sensations. This situation is explained by a change in the tone of the vagus nerve, which regulates the work of many internal organs. As for the digestive organs: the growing uterus greatly affects the state of the intestine - under the pressure of the uterus, it shifts up and to the sides, the intestinal tone decreases. This displacement, coupled with fetal pressure, causes frequent constipation in pregnant women. The stomach, in turn, reacts to squeezing by the growing uterus with heartburn. the prevention of such an unpleasant phenomenon should be the regular use of mineral water, as well as the rejection of a late dinner. The growing uterus presses on the bladder, which leads to increased urination. A big load during pregnancy lies on the liver: this natural filter provides cleansing of decay products not only from the body of the expectant mother, but also neutralizes toxins that can harm the baby. The location of the liver also changes - it is pushed up by the uterus and takes a lateral position. In this condition, the outflow of bile is often difficult, which can contribute to the appearance of hepatic colic. Just like the liver, the kidneys also work with double tension.

A significant load is provided to the cardiovascular system of the pregnant woman. Since the growing fetus needs to be provided with enough oxygen and nutrients, the heart has to work harder. In addition, the volume of circulating blood also increases, a new circle of blood circulation appears in the body - placental. All this entails an increase in the mass of the muscles of the heart, their rapid contraction. It is this fact that causes a rapid pulse during pregnancy - in the second half of pregnancy, the speed of heart beats reaches beats per minute. In parallel, changes in blood pressure indicators can be observed: in the first half of pregnancy, it can be lowered, and in the second half, slightly increase. The pressure of a pregnant woman will have to be carefully monitored: a significant increase or decrease in it may indicate the onset of any complications of pregnancy.

Pregnancy also brings changes to the functioning of the respiratory system. Since the body needs to be supplied with enough oxygen, and the enlarged uterus, meanwhile, restricts the movement of the diaphragm, the lungs have to work harder. Thus, the frequency of breathing increases, it becomes deeper. The volume of the lungs, on the contrary, even increases somewhat, the tissue becomes more juicy, the bronchial mucosa swells. In the last months of pregnancy, due to changes in the respiratory organs, as well as difficulties in gas exchange, the risk of inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract increases significantly. In order to avoid such situations, experts advise pregnant women, when carrying a baby, to resort to various breathing techniques that help to saturate the body with oxygen in sufficient quantities.

It should be noted that changes in the organs of a woman during pregnancy are considered a normal physiological phenomenon. Due to the fact that the body is able to change the rhythm of work, adapting to new conditions of functioning, the planned development and formation of the fetus is ensured. The restructuring of organs during the bearing of a baby is a temporary phenomenon, in most cases disappearing after the baby is born.

How are the internal organs located during pregnancy?

Pregnancy is a unique process, as a result of which the structure of all internal organs changes completely. The physiological changes that the internal organs undergo are natural and provided for by nature. In the body of a woman, everything is provided for the successful completion of pregnancy, but the body is subjected to a strong load. Almost every organ works in extreme conditions.

Physiological changes in a woman's body begin immediately after conception. The body is intensively rebuilt, trying to adapt to new conditions and loads as soon as possible, because the main task of the female body during pregnancy is the normal development of the fetus and the preservation of pregnancy.

Changes in the genitals

The very first changes are observed in the female genital organs.

The vagina becomes loose, elastic, increases in size. Thanks to this, it will be easier for the child to pass through the birth canal, and the woman will survive the birth process with less trauma.
The uterus increases significantly in size and increases its muscle mass (before pregnancy, the weight of the uterus is 50 g, before childbirth, more than 1 kg) and size. Thanks to this developing fetus, it is comfortable in the womb, and all the necessary conditions are created for its full development. The fibers of the uterus increase and stretch, muscle mass increases.
The ovaries enlarge and descend downward, adjacent to the uterus. In one of the ovaries, the corpus luteum begins to be produced, which is responsible for the production of the hormones progesterone and tarragon. Closer to the third month of pregnancy, the corpus luteum dies off, since the necessary amount of progesterone from that moment on will be produced in the placenta.
The labia minora and labia majora also increase in size and have a loose structure. A slightly bluish color is the norm for this period.

The process of restructuring the female genital organs is fully automated. After childbirth, the organs gradually return to their original size. An exception may be injuries received during childbirth.

Digestive organs

Completely changes. Because of this forced change, a woman experiences severe discomfort, the body works in a hard mode, all systems are overloaded.

Location of the gastrointestinal tract

With each new month, the fetus grows and gains its weight. Accordingly, the uterus increases and begins to put pressure on the gastrointestinal tract. The stomach itself rises up to the diaphragm. Under pressure from the fetus, the stomach spills gastric juice into the esophagus, which is why pregnant women often suffer from attacks of heartburn. Also in the last months of pregnancy, there are frequent cases of involuntary vomiting, which occurs because the baby jerked a leg or a pen and accidentally touched the stomach. After childbirth, the organ falls into place, and unpleasant sensations leave the woman in labor.

The intestine is subjected to strong compression, so it has no choice but to spread out and go up and a little to the sides. Due to the progesterone produced by the corpus luteum, all the muscles in the body relax. The same thing happens with the intestines. For this reason, processes such as flatulence, constipation appear. Peristalsis practically does not work. To help the gases and stools pass out, you need to regularly do a small massage of the abdomen, moving in a circular motion in a clockwise direction. It is also necessary to make small physical activity, light exercises (especially for pregnant women). All this will alleviate the condition of the expectant mother and help her wait for resolution from the burden with less discomfort.

Liver, kidneys, bladder

All major organs rise up during pregnancy, but the structure and location of the bladder does not allow it to rise above the fetus. Therefore, it is subjected to strong pressure from the uterus and the constantly moving fetus. Due to this, urination is greatly increased. For longer periods, there are cases of involuntary urination, which is caused by careless pressing of the baby on the bladder. During childbirth, the urinary tract is subjected to strong pressure, sometimes a special catheter must be inserted to restore the normal process of urination. Soon all processes are restored, and problems with the bladder disappear.

The kidneys also carry a double burden. They are busy filtering, cleansing, removing harmful substances from the body.

The cardiovascular system

In the body of a woman during pregnancy, another, third circulatory system appears - the placental. Now the mother's heart supplies blood and necessary substances not only to her body, but also to the baby's body. Thanks to all this, the amount of blood in a woman’s body increases, the muscles of the heart also increase - they need to pump blood with double force, the load increases, the mother’s heart performs up to 90 beats per minute!

In the first trimester of pregnancy, for this reason, there may be a breakdown, a decrease in pressure, dizziness, etc. From the second trimester until childbirth, another reaction appears - blood pressure increases. The attending physician should monitor the slightest changes in the condition of a pregnant woman, because his task is to save the fetus and the expectant mother.

Lungs

The task for the lungs is to saturate the body with oxygen. To cope with this task, the lungs increase their volume, the bronchi increase greatly, breathing becomes deep. Due to compression by the diaphragm, the load on the lungs increases.

At the end of pregnancy, all organs in the body fall into place and fully restore their functions.

Changes in female organs are temporary. After childbirth, in 90% they restore their previous condition.

The location of the internal organs during pregnancy

From about the 28th week of pregnancy, the baby in the mother's body becomes quite crowded.

He needs more and more space, and the internal organs are forced to retreat under the onslaught of the uterus. Naturally, this is not without consequences. Shortness of breath, heartburn and bladder weakness are typical companions of the last weeks of pregnancy. However, individual organs cope surprisingly well with an extraordinary load. After giving birth, they all quickly return to their rightful places.

The child and the uterus are gradually pushing the internal organs.

Bladder

The bladder begins to react very early to the changes caused by pregnancy - long before the belly is rounded. The sphincter of the bladder is especially sensitive to the increased release of progesterone into the blood. This hormone takes care of the relaxation of the muscles so that the child can grow without interference. Its action also affects the bladder: the sphincter ceases to function flawlessly. And if you add pressure from the uterus, then only one thing remains - do not lose sight of the nearest toilet. Try to raise your stomach a little while urinating - then the bladder will empty completely, and you will not need to run to the toilet so often.

Heart

This hollow muscular organ now pumps about 1.5 liters more blood than it did before pregnancy. It is good that the heart is securely hidden in the depths of the chest - even by the end of pregnancy, the uterus cannot encroach on its usual position. However, palpitations and a feeling of tightness in the chest still appear quite often. This is due to the fact that oxygen coming from the lungs is sometimes not enough. Then the heart starts beating faster to provide your baby with oxygen no matter what.

With your physical activity, you can support the heart in its hard work. Particularly suitable for this are sports that require a certain amount of endurance, such as swimming or long walks.

With a strong heartbeat, it is best to lie down for a while. Make sure that the upper body is raised, try to place your legs higher too. In this position, the placenta is particularly well supplied with blood.

Stomach

From the 34th week of pregnancy, when the baby begins to gain weight by 200 g weekly, your stomach is not able to take in even half of the usual diet. And this despite the fact that you, in general, would not refuse to eat well.

The stomach is the organ that suffers the most from lack of space due to the growing uterus. Due to constant pressure from below, the esophageal sphincter opens slightly, stomach acid rises into the esophagus and causes heartburn. Improvement can be achieved by eating little and often, while trying to wear loose clothing.

Liver

The liver is the most important organ of metabolism. During pregnancy, she also has to work at full capacity. From food, she extracts all the nutrients you and your child need, and at the same time takes care of retaining and removing all harmful substances from the body. Because the liver is made of malleable tissue, it can soften. Help her: do not consume too many fats, the molecules of which are broken down with great difficulty. Be sure to consult a doctor if you feel severe itching all over your body. The reason may be liver problems. In this case, you will need special treatment.

Lungs

In the last third of pregnancy, the volume of the lungs is reduced by one quarter, since both of them are cramped by a large uterus. The result is shortness of breath. When you walk up the stairs or even just dry off with a towel after a shower, you may feel short of breath. Toward the end of pregnancy, after the 36th week, the pressure on the lungs suddenly weakens, which means that the baby's head has sunk into the small pelvis. If you find yourself panting and gasping for air, stop and concentrate fully on your breathing for a few minutes. Try to take at least every second breath through your nose. Exhale through your mouth, while letting all the air out of your lungs to the end. Continue breathing in this way until your breathing returns to normal.

The movement is of great benefit and easy. Walking or cycling for half an hour every day, or spending the same half an hour in the pool, improves the oxygen supply to both mother and child.

Intestines

The intestines are no easier than the bladder - the hormone progesterone and cramped conditions limit its functioning. Not surprisingly, many women suffer from constipation towards the end of their pregnancy. But now problems with the intestines are especially unpleasant, because the stomach makes itself felt with a constant feeling of fullness and heartburn. Drink more, find time for exercise every day and watch your diet - your menu should have as many dietary fiber as possible. These measures will help your digestion stay on top and prevent constipation.

But if the time for prevention has already been missed, eat prunes soaked in water and immediately after that drink the water in which they soaked. Flaxseed also has a mild laxative effect.

How organs move during pregnancy

Pregnancy is undoubtedly the most emotional and unforgettable period in the life of any woman. Expecting a child changes not only the perception of the expectant mother, but also her. The female body is being transformed to help new life emerge.

Internal organs during early pregnancy

What is the location of the internal organs during pregnancy by week? Already in the first days after the onset of conception, changes occur in the female body, often imperceptible to the woman herself. And with the course of pregnancy, almost all internal organs change in size and function in a new way. Some of them even move from their usual places under the pressure of the growing fetus.

First of all, the hormonal background changes, progesterone, the hormone responsible for strengthening the uterine mucosa, begins to be actively produced. Thanks to this, the fetus receives a normal blood supply. Progesterone helps the body fight external infections. At the same time, a large amount of this hormone provokes digestive disorders and can become a catalyst for toxicosis in the early stages.

Important transformations also take place in the genitals of a woman. At the very beginning of pregnancy, the color and structure of the cervix change. The mucous membranes gradually loosen, the walls of the uterus become elastic. This helps it grow as the fetus grows. Before conception, the weight of the uterus is equal to grams, and already before the very birth, it can reach a kilogram or more. At 4-5 weeks of gestation, the uterus reaches the size of a chicken egg, by about the fourth month it already goes beyond the pelvis, and closer to childbirth it will increase so much that it reaches the ribs. Its mass, size and volume increase tenfold. During the bearing of a child, the number of blood vessels supplying the uterus also increases. The ligaments that hold it in the pelvis become elastic during pregnancy and gradually stretch. A woman can feel this process with slight pulling pains on the sides of the abdomen.

The ovaries also become larger in comparison with the previous size, one of them contains the corpus luteum, which produces special hormones for the normal course of pregnancy.

From the very beginning of pregnancy, changes occur in the female breast. The glands are preparing for the upcoming lactation (the production of breast milk). The chest begins to increase, the nipples become rough.

Pregnancy changes the state of the so-called vagus nerve, which affects the functioning of some internal organs. For this reason, pregnant women often have an increased appetite, taste preferences change, previously incompatible products seem tasty: a sandwich with sausage and jam, cakes with tomato juice. Sometimes a woman feels nauseous. As a rule, these phenomena pass by the end of the week.

While waiting for the child, the body weight of a woman increases by a kilogram, although it happens that for the entire period the expectant mother is gaining more than a kilo. Usually in the first half of pregnancy, weight gain is insignificant - 4-5 kilograms. The main increase in body weight occurs in the second half of the term.

Some women already at the beginning feel changes in the urinary system. I want to go to the toilet more often. Such changes are caused by the pressure of an ever-growing uterus on the bladder and an increase in the level of the hormone progesterone in the blood. The latter has a relaxing effect on the muscles of the sphincter of the bladder.

Internal organs during late pregnancy

The main transformations of the internal organs occur in the second half of gestation as the fetus and the uterus in which it is located grow. How do organs move during late pregnancy?

For nine months, the amount of circulating blood in the female body increases, a new circulatory system is formed - the placental one. The heart works with an additional load, the mass of the heart muscle increases. In the later stages, the heart rate increases (up to 90 beats per minute). Quite often, pregnancy also affects the state of blood pressure. In the first weeks, it may be below normal, and in the later stages it may increase. The level of pressure must be monitored, because its high rates, especially at the end of pregnancy, can signal pathological processes. For example, about the development of preeclampsia (late toxicosis).

Expecting a baby affects the condition of the lungs. They are also working hard. After all, on the one hand, the need for oxygen increases, they need to be provided not only for the mother, but also for the growing fetus. On the other hand, the growing uterus begins to press on the diaphragm. The mucous membrane of the bronchi swells. The woman breathes faster and deeper. Often, pregnant women are recommended special breathing exercises (without holding their breath) to prevent possible inflammation of the respiratory tract. Regular walks in the fresh air are also suitable for this. Before childbirth, the situation is a little easier, the pressure on the diaphragm decreases, because the fetus descends to the birth canal.

Almost more than all other internal organs, the stomach suffers, especially in recent months. He moves up. The growing uterus constantly presses on it, because of this, gastric juice enters the esophagus - and heartburn occurs.

During pregnancy, the location and intestines change. At first, it rises, and at the end of pregnancy it moves apart, giving way to the uterus with the fetus, which descends to the birth canal. Often such bowel movements provoke constipation. To avoid them, a pregnant woman should drink enough water, eat small meals, include fiber-rich foods in the menu and have enough gentle physical activity.

The main filter of the body - the liver, which during pregnancy works with a double load, also shifts up and to the side. Sometimes this can lead to problems with the outflow of bile and the appearance of colic. In such cases, doctors recommend a special diet.

Although the kidneys do not move, they also work in an enhanced mode, “serving” two organisms - maternal and child.

During pregnancy, the state of the skeletal system also changes. She loses a large amount of calcium, which is used for the full development and growth of the fetus.

Changes in the work, as well as the size and location of the internal organs during the bearing of a child are natural. Often such transformations bring physical discomfort to a woman. But all these are temporary phenomena. A short time after childbirth, the work of all internal organs, their size and location will return to normal.

Changes in the female body during pregnancy

All systems and organs of a pregnant woman are rebuilt in such a way that they subordinate the entire body to one goal - bearing a fetus.

Heart

The cardiovascular system during pregnancy performs more intense work, as an additional placental circle of blood circulation appears in the body. Here the blood flow is so great that every minute 500 ml of blood passes through the placenta. The heart of a healthy woman during pregnancy easily adapts to additional loads: the mass of the heart muscle and cardiac output of blood increase. To meet the growing needs of the fetus for nutrients, oxygen and building materials, the volume of blood in the mother's body begins to increase, reaching a maximum by the 7th month of pregnancy. Instead of 4000 ml of blood, ml is now circulating in the body. In pregnant women with heart disease, this load can cause complications; that is why they are advised to be hospitalized in specialized maternity hospitals for a period of weeks.

Arterial pressure

Lungs

Due to the increase in the woman's body's need for oxygen during pregnancy, the activity of the lungs increases. Despite the fact that as pregnancy progresses, the diaphragm rises and restricts the respiratory movements of the lungs, their capacity increases. This is due to the expansion of the chest, as well as due to the expansion of the bronchi. Increasing the volume of inhaled air during pregnancy facilitates the removal of used oxygen by the fetus through the placenta. The respiratory rate does not change, it remains once a minute, slightly increasing towards the end of pregnancy. Therefore, if shortness of breath or other respiratory disorders occur, a pregnant woman should definitely consult a doctor.

kidneys

The kidneys during pregnancy function with great stress, as they remove the metabolic products of the pregnant woman herself and her growing fetus from the body. The amount of urine excreted varies depending on the amount of liquid drunk. A healthy pregnant woman excretes an average ml of urine per day, while ml of urine is excreted during the daytime, the rest at night.

Digestive organs

The liver during pregnancy works with a greater load, as it neutralizes the metabolic products of the woman herself and the fetus.

joints

Mammary gland

Sex organs

The greatest changes during pregnancy occur in the genitals and concern mainly the uterus. The pregnant uterus is constantly increasing in size, by the end of pregnancy its height reaches 35 cm instead of 7-8 cm outside of pregnancy, the weight increases to g (without a fetus) instead of 50-100 g. The volume of the uterine cavity by the end of pregnancy increases by about 500 times. The change in the size of the uterus occurs due to an increase in the size of muscle fibers under the influence of placental hormones. Blood vessels expand, their number increases, they seem to braid the uterus. Irregular contractions of the uterus are observed, which become more active towards the end of pregnancy and are felt as a "squeeze". These so-called Braxton Hicks contractions, which are normal from the 30th week of pregnancy, are considered as training before the real contractions in childbirth.

Weight gain

Psychology of a woman

In addition to physiological changes in the body, a pregnant woman's mental state changes.

How organs move during pregnancy 🙂

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Our pregnancy calendar reveals to you the features of all stages of pregnancy - an unusually important, exciting and new period of your life.

We will tell you what will happen to your future baby and you in each of the forty weeks.

The location of the internal organs during pregnancy

The process of pregnancy and the birth of a baby is a completely normal physiological phenomenon for all women, since since ancient times nature has provided all the conditions for childbirth. The body of a woman is designed to ensure its proper functioning while a small life grows inside the mother. Naturally, after conception, changes occur in all organs and systems of the expectant mother, as the body adapts to a new state for it, its main task is to preserve the baby and ensure its proper development.

Already from the first months of pregnancy, a woman can feel the restructuring of her organs, which used to work in a completely different mode. This condition is quite normal, as long as it is not accompanied by any pathological process.

From the very moment of conception, the genitals of the expectant mother begin to change significantly. The uterus, in which the fetus will grow for nine months, begins to increase tenfold. Before pregnancy, the normal weight of the uterus is about 50 grams, and by the end of pregnancy, it can reach a kilogram or more. In parallel, the volume of its cavity can increase and by the time of delivery it can increase by 550 times. Also, the number of muscle fibers in the uterus increases, the ligaments lengthen to ensure the normal development of the fetus.

During pregnancy, the size of the ovaries can change, significantly increasing in volume. And in one of them the "yellow body" settles to produce special hormones that ensure the normal course of pregnancy. The walls of the vagina during pregnancy become more elastic, like other external genitalia. Loosening the tissues should facilitate the process of childbirth, so that the child can more easily pass through the birth canal.

Among other things, the organs of urination and digestion change significantly. Most pregnant women notice changes in their taste preferences, their appetite increases, mothers are drawn to sour and salty foods, to unusual products such as clay, chalk, soap, and their sense of smell changes. The process is explained by a change in the tone of the vagus nerve, which regulates the work of most internal organs.

The growing uterus significantly affects the state of the intestine - under the pressure of the uterus, it shifts upward and its tone decreases. Such a shift can cause constipation in the expectant mother. The stomach, which also feels the pressure of the uterus, reacts with heartburn, so you need to constantly drink mineral water and give up late dinners. Increased urination is due to the fact that the uterus presses on the bladder.

During pregnancy, the liver is under great stress, as it is a natural filter, providing cleansing of the decay products of the mother's body and neutralizing toxins that harm the baby. Its location may change, pushing the uterus up, turning it on its side. In this state, the outflow of bile is somewhat difficult, which often contributes to the appearance of colic. With the same tension in the body, the kidneys and the cardiovascular system work. Since a small body needs to be supplied with the necessary amount of oxygen and other useful substances, the heart works in double mode.

In connection with the increase in the volume of blood circulating through the body, another circle of blood circulation appears - the placental. Such processes increase the mass of the heart muscle and are responsible for the frequency of its contraction. Therefore, during pregnancy, the rate of heart beats increases markedly, reaching up to 90 beats per minute. Blood pressure may also change, in the first trimeter it is often low, and in the second it rises slightly. A pregnant woman needs to carefully monitor her pressure, since a sharp decrease or increase in pressure indicates pregnancy complications.

Some changes will also take place in the respiratory system, since the body needs a large amount of oxygen. However, the diaphragm will have a somewhat limited movement, which will affect the strengthening of the lungs - breathing will become deeper, its frequency will increase. The volume of the lungs may also increase, the bronchial mucosa may swell somewhat and the tissues will become more juicy.

In the last months of pregnancy, changes in the respiratory system and problems with gas exchange can lead to respiratory diseases. To avoid such situations, experts ask the expectant mother to practice various breathing techniques that can saturate the body with oxygen in the required amount.

All changes that occur with the female body during pregnancy are a normal physiological phenomenon. Since the female body is able to change the rhythm of work, adapting to new conditions, it can ensure the normal development and formation of the fetus. This restructuring of the organs is a temporary phenomenon and disappears almost immediately after childbirth.

Changes in the structure and functions of organs during pregnancy

"Strength test" and weight gain

Not only the location of organs during pregnancy changes, but also body weight, growth is considered the norm for all 9 months. But the initial indicators should also be taken into account, first of all, BMI - body mass index, that is, a harmonious ratio of weight and height.

Breasts and genitals during pregnancy

Skeleton and muscular system

The cardiovascular system

It is known that during the period of bearing a child, the volume of blood in the vessels of a woman increases significantly: by one and a half liters. Accordingly, the intensity of the cardiovascular system also increases. The pulse becomes faster, and for one contraction, the heart is forced to throw more blood into the aorta. The venous system is the most vulnerable in this period. Varicose veins become a frequent complication, and not only because of the increasing weight load on the lower limbs. A significant role is played by the deformation of the inferior vena cava, which is responsible for collecting blood from the uterus, pelvic organs and legs. This vessel is located to the right of the spine, and when a woman sleeps on her back, it is compressed. The greater the body weight, the stronger the circulatory disturbance in the organs listed above. That is why expectant mothers are not recommended to sleep in the supine position, but the use of a pillow placed under the legs contributes to freer blood flow. In addition, the increase in the mass of erythrocytes somewhat lags behind the overall increase in blood volume, while blood viscosity decreases. To improve the composition of the blood, mothers are prescribed iron supplements.

Respiratory, digestive and other systems: changes in internal organs during pregnancy

The location of the organs during pregnancy changes somewhat due to the pressure of the fetus on the abdominal cavity. But this is not the only reason for the ongoing changes. Progesterone, which reduces the level of intestinal motility, has a serious effect on the digestive organs. In parallel, the glands begin to secrete more saliva, and the concentration of hydrochloric acid decreases. This manifests itself in the appearance of heartburn and a tendency to constipation. Some malfunctions also occur in the functionality of the gallbladder, bladder, kidneys, but they are also temporary.

The structure of organs during pregnancy and hygiene, diet, work and rest

Changes in the structure of organs during pregnancy and their functioning inevitably affect the general condition of the body. Which makes special demands on the organization of work and rest, hygiene of a woman.

During this period, much more attention will have to be paid to the diet, it should have enough proteins, vitamins, trace elements, and fiber. Cleanliness, walks, feasible physical activity, regular sound sleep - all this together will prepare the mother's body for childbirth and ensure the birth of a healthy baby.

How organs move during pregnancy

Under the influence of altered chemical and physical properties of the blood, the patency of the renal filter easily changes, further, during pregnancy. The transition of moderate amounts of sugar with an unchanged sugar mirror, with the exception of the last two months of pregnancy, is a common occurrence in pregnant women (pregnant glycosuria).

With a water sample, water is released well; on the contrary, the ability of the kidneys to concentrate is usually slightly reduced.

The specific gravity of urine in the study on an empty stomach towards the end of pregnancy, especially before labor pains, is mostly lower than normal. In most cases, at the end of pregnancy and especially during childbirth, a small amount of protein passes through the renal filter. Normally, during childbirth, the release of individual cylinders is also observed. From these still physiological functional changes in the kidneys, there is a gradual transition to pathological conditions of albuminuria and nephrosis of pregnant women. During pregnancy, a woman should especially carefully listen to her body and regularly visit not only a gynecologist, but also other doctors in case of any discomfort. For consultations, it is best to choose a good medical center, which has all the specialists in order to pass all the examinations in one place.

Intestines

Intestinal activity during pregnancy is often weakened, although sometimes there is, on the contrary, a tendency to diarrhea. In the later months of pregnancy, the position of the intestines deviates from the norm - the voluminous uterus pushes the intestines up, to the dome of the diaphragm, or completely down, to the side walls of the abdomen. Therefore, at the end of pregnancy, we find on percussion of the abdomen, with the exception of known parts, instead of a tympanic sound, a dull one. The displacement of the ascending colon and the pressure of the fetal head on the sigmoid and rectum impede the proper movement of intestinal contents and often give rise to constipation so frequent during pregnancy. The displacement of the caecum far into the abdominal cavity makes appendicitis during pregnancy a particularly dangerous complication. A strong displacement of the small intestines can contribute to their obstruction.

Liver

The liver is pushed aside by the voluminous pregnant uterus strongly upwards to the diaphragm, moves somewhat away from the anterior wall of the chest (hence the reduction or complete disappearance of hepatic dullness) and assumes a lateral position. The altered position of the liver undoubtedly makes it difficult for the regular outflow of bile in the last months of pregnancy and explains, at least in part, the more frequent occurrence of hepatic colic during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.

Rib cage

The chest in the last months of pregnancy expands in its lower part. The diaphragm is pushed up by the bottom of the uterus, causing the lungs to move up and slightly squeezed. The type of breathing becomes even more costal than in non-pregnant women. Respiratory movements themselves become somewhat more difficult, on the contrary, the lung capacity does not decrease, it even increases slightly. The lung tissue becomes more juicy, the bronchial mucosa becomes hyperemic, slightly swollen. This explains the particular danger of influenza in pregnant women. But the skeleton of pregnant women also undergoes changes, but more on that in the next article.

Wonderful nine months: how does our body change?

The body of a woman is truly unique, because during pregnancy many transformations take place in it. They provide nutrition, warmth, comfort and full development to a new person, allowing him to be born. During this special period, all the cells, organs and systems of the mother's body, "tuning" to the preservation of the newly born life, begin to work in a completely different way. And about what exactly happens to them during pregnancy, we will now tell you.

The most significant changes are taking place here. The pregnant uterus increases in size (from 7-8 to 38 cm) and changes its position, reaching the hypochondrium region, its weight increases significantly (from 100 g to 1.2-1.5 kg) and the volume increases 1000 times. The blood vessels leading to the organ expand, the ligaments that hold the uterus thicken, and the blood supply to all organs of the small pelvis increases.

Formed after ovulation in one of the ovaries, the corpus luteum ensures the process of implantation, embryo formation and preservation of pregnancy in the first trimester. Chorionic gonadotropin, secreted by the tissues of the fetal egg, stimulates the production of the corpus luteum of hormones necessary for the development of pregnancy - estrogen, progesterone and relaxin. By week 16, all functions of the corpus luteum fade and are transferred to the placenta - an organ that provides for the needs of the fetus and controls the activity of the mother's body.

In the early stages of pregnancy, amniotic fluid is formed from the mother's blood plasma, and later from the urine and lung fluid of the fetus, which provides the baby with mechanical protection and favorable conditions for development.

The pituitary gland increases by 2-3 times and begins to work more intensively, due to which the ovulation mechanism is inhibited and the production of hormones such as:

prolactin - responsible for the development of lactation
thyroid-stimulating hormone - regulates the functioning of the thyroid gland
adrenocorticotropic hormone - supports the function of the adrenal cortex
growth hormone - contributes to the proper functioning of the placenta
oxytocin - promotes the secretion of milk and contraction of the muscles of the uterus during childbirth

The function of the thyroid gland in the first half of pregnancy increases, its volume increases and the concentration of hormones produced by it increases. The function of the parathyroid glands is often reduced, which is accompanied by impaired calcium metabolism and leads to cramps in the calf muscles.

The pancreas during pregnancy sometimes loses some sensitivity to insulin, so some expectant mothers develop gestational diabetes.

From the very beginning of pregnancy, the mammary glands begin to prepare for feeding the baby. They improve blood supply, the number of lobules, the volume of adipose tissue, and colostrum is formed in the later stages. The breast increases in size, the nipples become sensitive and rough.

In the early stages of pregnancy, many women show signs of toxicosis - nausea, often vomiting, changes in taste sensations and preferences, salivation, sometimes - "love" for unusual products (chalk, clay). The intensity of these phenomena, as a rule, decreases by 3-4 months, but in some cases continues until later dates.

In addition, the tone of the intestinal muscles decreases and the absorption of water from the colon increases, which contributes to constipation. The intestines and stomach move upward, gastric contents are often thrown into the esophagus, especially in the second half of pregnancy, causing heartburn. The liver also works with a greater load, since it has to neutralize the metabolic products of both the mother's body and the body of the fetus.

In order to prevent rejection of the fetal egg, a physiological decrease in immunity occurs in the mother's body under the influence of hormones. For this reason, pregnant women are more susceptible to infections and prone to severe illness.

Very often, dark pigmentation occurs on the skin of expectant mothers. It appears on the abdomen, nipples, areola, sometimes on the face. With rapid weight gain and growth of the uterus, “stretch marks” or striae form on the abdomen, thighs and mammary glands, which remain after childbirth in the form of silvery-whitish scars.

The heart works in a more intense mode, since another one is formed in the body during pregnancy - the placental circle of blood circulation, through which 0.5 liters of blood passes every minute. The heart of healthy women quickly adapts to new loads, and women with cardiac pathology are recommended to be hospitalized in specialized maternity hospitals in the later stages.

The volume of circulating blood increases by about 40% (with multiple pregnancies, it is on average 500 ml higher than with a singleton), which allows the body to compensate for the needs of the fetus and birth physiological blood loss.

Under the action of progesterone, the tone of peripheral blood vessels decreases, therefore, in the early stages and in the middle of pregnancy, blood pressure in healthy women normally decreases. In the third trimester, the pressure is restored to normal, but sometimes it rises greatly (more than 140/90 mm Hg). This indicates late toxicosis, which can cause emergency delivery.

During pregnancy, the blood formula also changes: the number of leukocytes, neutrophils, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) increases, the number of erythrocytes and the level of hemoglobin slightly decrease. With an increase in the period, the rate of blood clotting increases, and the properties of the blood clot increase.

The lungs of the expectant mother work in hyperventilation mode, the volume of inhaled air increases and, in the later stages, the respiratory rate. Often, even with minimal physical exertion, shortness of breath appears.

The kidneys during pregnancy work hard, because they have to remove the metabolic products of both the mother and the fetus. Under the influence of progesterone, the tone of the bladder decreases, and due to the rotation of the pregnant uterus to the right, sometimes there is a violation of the outflow of urine from the right kidney. This sometimes leads to stagnation of urine and exacerbations of pyelonephritis, so expectant mothers should often take a urine test to prevent complications.

Under the influence of relaxin, loosening of the cartilage and articular ligaments, pubic bones occurs, and the pelvic joints become especially mobile. Due to the growth of the uterus, the chest expands and the ribs rise, the head and shoulders of women lean back, as a result, the posture and gait of the expectant mother changes.

Physiological changes and the growth of the baby cause an increase in body weight in a pregnant woman: on average, normally, by the end of the term, it increases by 8-18 kg. The weekly increase is about 300 g, but in thin women it can be much more.

Intensive accumulation of fat reserves in the mother's body occurs up to 30 weeks of pregnancy, and in the remaining 10 weeks they accumulate in the body of the fetus, as a result of which the baby is rapidly gaining weight in the later stages.

In the first half of pregnancy, expectant mothers are concerned about their own condition and health, and after the appearance of movements, all thoughts are directed to the well-being of the growing baby.

Often there are fears and fears associated with changes in appearance, relationships and upcoming domestic problems. During pregnancy, all events are perceived by a woman very sharply, so the husband and other relatives should become a support for the pregnant woman, providing her with support, understanding and psychological comfort.

All physiological changes not only contribute to the growth and development of the fetus, but also increase the burden on the female body. This can lead to exacerbation of chronic diseases and complications. Therefore, so that pregnancy and childbirth do not bring serious problems to the mother's health and successfully end with the birth of a baby, the expectant mother should go to the antenatal clinic as soon as possible, pass the necessary tests and, in the future, responsibly follow the recommendations of her doctor.

Changes in a woman's body during pregnancy are subject to a single important goal - the full provision of conditions for the proper development and growth of the embryo (fetus).

Physiological changes
Heart and blood vessels
- Phlebeurysm
- Haemorrhoids
Digestive organs
- Heartburn
- Nausea, vomiting, constipation
Hormonal changes
Breast changes during pregnancy
The immune system
Muscles and back pain
Respiratory system
genitourinary system
Uterus and cervix

From the moment of implantation to the onset of childbirth, the requirements of the fetus will steadily increase, which will entail changes in all systems of the female body and tissues:

endocrine system;
central and peripheral nervous system;
cardiovascular;
digestive;
excretory;
in the musculoskeletal system;
immune;
skin and its appendages (hair, nails).

The basal exchange is changing. The developing fetus will force the body of a pregnant woman to constantly adapt to the increasing load, in connection with this, physiological changes will be observed.

All important microelements, proteins, carbohydrates, fats will be received from maternal blood, through which the excretion of metabolites of metabolism and decay will occur. This is one of the reasons for changes in taste, appearance, changes in the color of stools and urine.

In 85% of cases, pregnant women do not need intervention from doctors. All that is required is observation and psycho-emotional support. 15% fall into a certain risk group due to the presence of chronic diseases. These women require close medical supervision.

Changes in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy

During pregnancy, changes in the cardiovascular system are the most significant. Because the volume of circulating blood increases. A normal human blood volume is 5 liters on average. The amount of blood begins to increase from the first weeks of pregnancy and reaches a peak at 32 weeks, which is 35-45% more than outside of pregnancy. As a result, the number of blood cells changes.

As a result of a sharp increase in plasma volume, physiological hemodilution is observed - the increase in blood cells (erythrocytes) "lags behind" and occurs.

Physiologically, there is a change in the composition of the blood. Slightly reduced:

the number of red blood cells;
hemoglobin concentration ();
hematocrit value;
plasma folic acid levels.

This increases:

the number of leukocytes;
erythrocyte sedimentation rate;
fibrinogen concentration.

An increase in blood volume meets the increased requirements of the uterus and fetus, protects against hypotension syndrome in the supine position, and prevents critical fluid loss during childbirth.

During pregnancy, functional early (sometimes medium) systolic murmurs, extrasystoles (premature myocardial contractions) may appear.

From the third month by 10-15 mm. rt. Sat lowers blood pressure. Starting from the third trimester, on the contrary, a rise in blood pressure is characteristic. due to peripheral dilatation - a decrease in the resistance of the vessels of the hands, feet, increased metabolism and a formed arteriovenous placental shunt.

Peripheral vasodilation leads to an increase in the secretion of nasal mucus, which leads to discomfort. This condition is called rhinitis pregnant, which disappears with the outcome of pregnancy. There are complaints:

for nasal congestion;
difficulty in nasal breathing;
nosebleeds.

An increase in venous pressure in the lower extremities and compression of the central venous lines by an enlarged uterus contributes to hemorrhoids.

Edema often occurs during pregnancy. note 50-80% of pregnant women. They are localized on the lower extremities, but may have a different localization - on the face, fingers. Because of this, there is a change in the appearance of the pregnant woman. Such edema is characterized by gradual development, smoothly combined with weight gain. Another external changes on the face appear due to the action of the somatotropin hormone. This substance awakens the remaining growth zones of bone tissue. There may be a slight increase in the superciliary arches, the tip of the nose grows, the joints of the fingers thicken.

Avoid prolonged standing, sitting. Move more and encourage active exercise.
Do not wear tight clothing.
During sleep, the legs should be in an elevated position.
Sleep on your side.
Do not cross your legs while sitting.
Wear elastic stockings or tights.

Discomfort from hemorrhoids

Complaints of hemorrhoids during pregnancy often occur for the first time. To avoid its development, it is necessary to establish the work of the gastrointestinal tract. To do this, it is enough to slightly change the diet due to fiber. In severe cases, resort to drugs in the form of suppositories and antihemorrhoidal creams.

Changes and discomfort during pregnancy from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

Frequent complaints during pregnancy are made by women from the digestive system. It is also caused by physiological changes:

decrease in the level of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, enzymes;
a decrease in intestinal motility and the digestive system as a whole under the influence;
an increase in the reabsorption of water from the large intestine under the action of the hormone aldosterone.

The change in taste during pregnancy is the result of a decrease in the sensitivity of the taste buds on the tongue.

Discomfort during pregnancy from the gastrointestinal tract is manifested in the following:

There are complaints of nausea, increased salivation, vomiting as a result of a decrease in the level of hydrochloric acid and a decrease in the level of the pepsin enzyme.
Preferences in smells change, familiar ones begin to annoy, unusual ones begin to please.
Constipation occurs (due to intestinal hypotension caused by progesterone).

Breast changes during pregnancy begin to appear in the early stages:

the volume of the breast changes (by 2-3 sizes) under the influence of estrogen and progesterone - the volume of the connective tissue grows and the milk ducts develop;
metabolic processes, blood filling increase, which makes the breast more sensitive and painful when touched, a vascular network may appear on the skin;
nipples grow, the circumference of the areolas increases (from 3 cm to 5 cm), they take on a more saturated color due to increased synthesis of melatonin (from dark red to brown).

In the later stages, there is a high probability of the appearance of cicatricial changes - stretch marks (this is a consequence of the rupture of the collagen fibers of the breast skin) and the release of colostrum.

By the end of pregnancy, the synthesis of oxytocin increases, which takes part in the birth act itself.

Changes in the immune system during pregnancy

An orthopedic consultation is indicated for severe pain, if it extends to the legs or if neurological symptoms are present.

Changes in the body during pregnancy. Respiratory system

Respiratory system - undergoes minimal changes. The growing uterus shifts the diaphragm upward, but the volume of exhalation and inhalation remains unchanged. The respiratory rate remains within the physiological range - 14-15 per minute.

Physiological changes during pregnancy. genitourinary system

During pregnancy, changes in the body of a woman are pronounced precisely in the genitourinary system. Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration increases by 50% (more blood passes through the vessels of the kidneys at an increased rate), which leads to an increase in urine volume. Therefore, pregnant women begin to complain of frequent urination. There is an urge to urinate at night. 1-2 trips to the toilet per night for a pregnant woman is the norm.

Under the influence of progesterone and the pressure of the enlarging uterus on the upper edge of the pelvis.

Changes in the uterus during pregnancy

Obviously, there are changes in the uterus during pregnancy. It is increasing in size. Its volume by the end of pregnancy grows 1000 times, the mass is 1000 g (for comparison, in a non-pregnant state, the mass is within 70 grams).

From the first trimester, the uterus begins to contract irregularly and painlessly - In the later stages, they can cause significant and noticeable discomfort.

In early pregnancy, the cervix retains its density. The isthmus softens, the cervix becomes more mobile.

Changes in the cervix in early pregnancy include:

a change in color (due to an increase in the number of vessels and blood flow, the neck acquires a cyanotic color);
provisions;
consistency (loosened);
shape and size.

In the lumen of the cervix, a mucous plug is formed - a mechanical and immune barrier for the penetration of infection into the uterine cavity.

Normally, there is a change in the volume of discharge from the vagina (under the influence of estrogen). Pathological discharge should be excluded, for example, with candidal infection, which quite often worries women in an interesting position. The appearance of bloody discharge after intercourse makes it possible to suspect erosion of the cervix, which already becomes very vulnerable.

The walls of the vagina become loose and elastic, the labia increase, change color to a more saturated one.

Changes in the CNS

The first 3-4 months of pregnancy are accompanied by inhibition of the central nervous system (CNS). Excitability increases after 4 months. A decrease in reflex excitability helps to relax the uterus, which ensures the normal development of pregnancy in a woman's body.

In connection with changes in the nervous system, there are complaints about:

drowsiness;
mood swings;
imbalance;
change in taste preferences;
salivation;
vomiting;
tendency to dizziness;
general fatigue.

An increase in the excitability of the peripheral nerves makes you feel pain, in response to irritation, which before pregnancy caused just discomfort. There are neurological pains in the lower back, sacrum, cramps in the calf muscles.

Changes in a woman's body during pregnancy are physiological and are not symptoms of the disease. They can be manifested by discomfort and unpleasant sensations, but do not require treatment, with the exception of pathological conditions.

Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancy. Pregnancy. Signs and course of pregnancy. The body of a pregnant woman

"Strength test" and weight gain

Breasts and genitals during pregnancy

Skeleton and muscular system

The cardiovascular system

Respiratory, digestive and other systems

Heart

Arterial pressure

Lungs

kidneys

Digestive organs

joints

Mammary gland

Sex organs

Weight gain

Psychology of a woman

How are the internal organs located during pregnancy?

Changes in the genitals

Digestive organs

Location of the gastrointestinal tract

Liver, kidneys, bladder

The cardiovascular system

Lungs

The location of the internal organs during pregnancy

Bladder

Heart

Stomach

Liver

Lungs

Intestines

How organs move during pregnancy

Internal organs during early pregnancy

Internal organs during late pregnancy

Changes in the female body during pregnancy

Heart

Arterial pressure

Lungs

kidneys

Digestive organs

joints

Mammary gland

Sex organs

Weight gain

Psychology of a woman

How organs move during pregnancy 🙂

Mom won't miss

The location of the internal organs during pregnancy

Changes in the structure and functions of organs during pregnancy

"Strength test" and weight gain

Breasts and genitals during pregnancy

Skeleton and muscular system

The cardiovascular system

Respiratory, digestive and other systems: changes in internal organs during pregnancy

The structure of organs during pregnancy and hygiene, diet, work and rest

How organs move during pregnancy

Intestines

Liver

Rib cage

Wonderful nine months: how does our body change?

Changes in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy

Discomfort from hemorrhoids

Changes and discomfort during pregnancy from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

Changes in the immune system during pregnancy

Changes in the body during pregnancy. Respiratory system

Physiological changes during pregnancy. genitourinary system

Changes in the uterus during pregnancy

Changes in the CNS

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