Formation of a healthy lifestyle. Methods and means. Formation of students' moral ideals through the education of a healthy lifestyle
(consultation for teachers)Educating the basics of healthy
lifestyle in preschoolers.
Currently, one of the priority tasks facing teachers is to preserve the health of children in the process of education and training.
The problem of early formation of a culture of health is relevant, timely and quite complex. It is known that preschool age is decisive in the formation of the foundation of physical and mental health. After all, it is up to 7 years that a person goes through a huge path of development, which is not repeated throughout his subsequent life. It is during this period that the intensive development of organs and the formation of the functional systems of the body take place, the main personality traits, attitude towards oneself and others are laid. It is important at this stage to form in children a knowledge base and practical skills of a healthy lifestyle, a conscious need for systematic physical education and sports.
Today, by a healthy lifestyle, we understand the vigorous activity of people aimed at maintaining and improving health. The formation of a healthy lifestyle should begin in kindergarten. All the life of a child in a preschool institution should be aimed at maintaining and strengthening health. The basis is weekly cognitive, physical education and integrated classes, partner joint activities of the teacher and the child during the day.
The purpose of health work in the preschool educational institution is to create a sustainable motivation for the need to preserve one's own health and the health of others.
Therefore, it is very important to correctly design the content of the educational process in all areas of the child's development, to select modern programs that provide familiarization with values, and above all, the values of a healthy lifestyle.
The main components of a healthy lifestyle.
1. Rational mode.
Under the regime, it is customary to understand a scientifically based routine of life, providing for a rational distribution of time and a sequence of various types of activities and recreation.
With proper and strict observance of it, a clear rhythm of the functioning of the body is developed. And this, in turn, creates the best conditions for work and recovery, thereby promoting health. The daily routine must be observed from the first days of life. Health and proper development depend on this.
When conducting regime processes, the following rules should be followed:
Full and timely satisfaction of all organic needs of children (sleep, nutrition). Sound sleep is the key to harmonious development, one of the most important elements of a person, and especially a child. It is in sleep that the most complex work takes place, as a result of which the brain is formed, the body develops. You need to try as much as possible to observe the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness.
Careful hygienic care, ensuring the cleanliness of the body, clothes, bed.
Attraction of children to feasible participation in regime processes.
Formation of cultural and hygienic skills.
Emotional communication during the execution of regime processes.
Taking into account the needs of children, the individual characteristics of each child.
2. Proper nutrition.
In childhood, the role of nutrition is especially great, when a food stereotype is formed, typological features of an adult are laid. That is why the state of health largely depends on properly organized nutrition in childhood.
Basic principles of rational nutrition:
Ensuring balance
Meeting the body's needs for essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals.
Compliance with the diet.
3. Rational motor activity .
The culture of health and the culture of movement are two interrelated components in a child's life. Active motor activity, in addition to a positive impact on health and physical development, provides the psycho-emotional comfort of the child.
Means of motor orientation:
Physical exercise;
Physical education minutes;
Emotional discharges;
Gymnastics (health after sleep);
Finger gymnastics, visual, respiratory, corrective;
Mobile and sports games help to improve the functioning of all organs and the body as a whole.
The main conditions for the formation of motor culture are:
Education in children of a conscious attitude to the implementation of motor actions.
Development of imagination when performing motor actions.
The inclusion of sensory systems in the education of motor culture.
Creation of optimal conditions for each child in the process of mastering motor experience.
In the process of motor culture upbringing, the child acquires the knowledge necessary for conscious motor activity, masters the methods of activity and the experience of their implementation, and the development of the child's creative activity, his cognitive abilities, volitional qualities, and emotional sphere takes place. As a rule, in kindergarten, a healthy lifestyle is realized, in particular, by regular physical activity. Daily exercises, physical education and dancing, outdoor games are mandatory in almost any preschool institution. Weekends should not be an exception.
In addition to muscles, rational physical activity teaches a preschooler to feel and control his body, in addition, movement activates appetite, improves metabolism and digestive processes, trains will and character, and gives the child a lot of positive emotions.
4. Hardening of the body.
Hardening contributes to the solution of a whole range of health problems. It not only increases stability, but also the ability to develop compensatory functional capabilities of the body, increase its performance. For the development of the process of hardening of the body, repeated or prolonged action on the body of one or another meteorological factor is necessary: cold, heat, atmospheric pressure. Due to the repeated action of hardening factors, conditioned reflex connections develop more firmly. If hardening is carried out systematically and systematically, it has a positive effect on the child's body: the activity of its systems and organs improves, resistance to various diseases increases, and, first of all, to colds, the ability to endure sharp fluctuations in various environmental factors without harm to health is developed, increases the endurance of the body.
5. Maintaining a stable psycho-emotional state.
Experts note that the psychophysical health and emotional well-being of a child largely depends on the environment in which he lives and is brought up. Mental health is an integral element of health and is considered as a set of mental characteristics that provide dynamic balance and the ability for a child to perform social functions.
Therefore, it is necessary to create conditions that ensure the psychological health of a preschooler, providing a humane attitude towards children and an individual approach, taking into account their personal characteristics, psychological comfort, an interesting and meaningful life in kindergarten.
Regarding the psychological situation in preschool age, two aspects are important: family relations and the situation in the preschool institution. Relations in the family are the basis of the psychological state of the child: it depends on them how confident the child is in his abilities, how cheerful and inquisitive he is, how open to communication and ready for true friendship. If a child knows that loving parents are waiting for him at home, to whom he can trust all his anxieties and failures, from whom he will receive a new charge of love and warmth, he will be able to endure many troubles and hardships.
As for relationships in kindergarten, then, as a rule, any conflict situation can be resolved. Difficulties in communicating with specific children can be resolved by contacting a psychologist and planning a solution to the problem jointly with the educator.
For the development of a psychologically complete personality, all possible methods should be used: creativity, in which the child enjoys the process of creating something new and learns to express his feelings and emotions; communication with peers.
6. Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene
Hygiene measures should become common and subjectively necessary for a preschooler - this can be achieved by regularity and their earliest possible introduction.
Hygienic culture is as important for a person as the ability to speak, write, read. Self-care gives a person a feeling of cleanliness, health: every cell of the body begins to live in an optimal mode, without upsetting its owner. How much joy a person brings, the feeling of a well and harmoniously working organism!
It is important that the baby learns that there are no unnecessary, ugly organs in his body, that all parts of the body must be equally constantly taken care of and, first of all, kept clean. You can’t make your body wait a long time if there is a need for urination, defecation, etc.
To accustom the child to hygienic individualism: his own comb, his own bed, his own potty, his own handkerchief, his own towel, his own toothbrush.
To bring children to the understanding that keeping the body clean is important not only for protecting personal health, but also for the health of others.
Training should be organized not only in the classroom, but also in everyday life, when situations arise that push children to make a decision on this problem.
Conditions necessary for maintaining the health of preschool children
The protection and promotion of health, the education of the habit of a healthy lifestyle are a paramount task for teachers. In this regard, it is necessary to organize a variety of activities aimed at preserving the health of children, the implementation of a complex of educational, health-improving, and treatment-and-prophylactic measures for different age levels.
The implementation of this direction is provided by:
the focus of the educational process on the physical development of preschoolers and their valeological education (as a priority in the work of a preschool institution);
a complex of recreational activities in the daily routine, depending on the time of year;
the creation of optimal pedagogical conditions for the stay of children in a preschool educational institution;
the formation of approaches to interaction with the family and the development of social partnership.
To form ideas that being healthy is good, and getting sick is bad; some signs of health
Cultivate healthy habits
love to move
Eat more vegetables and fruits
Wash hands after every contamination
be friendly
More outdoor activities
Follow the routine.
Help develop sustainable behavioral skills
Develop the ability to talk about your health, about the health of loved ones
Develop good posture skills
To enrich children's knowledge about physical movement in general
Develop artistic interest.
HLS and its components
Before touching on this topic, I would like to reveal what a person is. Personality is a social category, it is a characteristic of a person as a social individual, subject and object of social relations. “From beginning to end, a person is a phenomenon of social nature, social origin ...” The concept of “personality” indicates the connection between a person and society. Thus, from the words I wrote above, it follows that you need to pay special attention to maintaining a healthy lifestyle (HLS) of the individual. After all, if every individual leads a healthy lifestyle, then our entire society will be healthy, and this is very significant.
Now, before continuing and concretizing this topic, let's dwell on the very concept of lifestyle (OL). OL is usually associated with the nature, specific behavior of individuals or entire groups of the population. They talk about the life expectancy of a person, about the life expectancy of the urban, rural population, sometimes about professional features, etc. And such ideas do not cause objections - they are widely included in our everyday life. But we should give a scientific interpretation of this concept, as soon as we try to correlate it with health - a very complex category, influenced by many factors and conditions. And yet, OL includes the main human activity, which includes labor activity, social, psycho-intellectual, motor activity, communication and domestic relationships.
However, the concepts of "coolant" and "living conditions" should not be confused.
OL is a way of experiencing life situations, and living conditions are the activities of people in a certain habitat, in which one can single out the ecological situation, educational qualification, psychological situation in a mini and macro environment, life and home improvement.
From here, logically, it is determined that the coolant directly affects human health, and at the same time, living conditions, as it were, indirectly affect the state of health.
A healthy lifestyle can be characterized as an active activity of people, aimed primarily at maintaining and improving health. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the life expectancy of a person and a family does not develop on its own depending on the circumstances, but is formed purposefully and constantly throughout life.
The formation of a healthy lifestyle is the main lever of primary prevention in strengthening the health of the population through a change in style and lifestyle, its improvement using hygiene knowledge in the fight against bad habits, physical inactivity and overcoming adverse aspects associated with life situations.
Thus, a healthy lifestyle should be understood as typical forms and methods of daily human activity that strengthen and improve the reserve capabilities of the body, thereby ensuring the successful performance of their social and professional functions, regardless of political, economic and socio-psychological situations.
We need to more fully, more clearly reveal the essence of this concept, its manifestations in our reality, in particular for the further improvement of our health care. It may seem to some that between a healthy lifestyle and health care, you can legitimately put an equal sign. The latter is more often qualified as a system of public and state measures to protect and promote the health of the population (prevention, treatment, rehabilitation). And there are grounds for such a conclusion: state, public bodies and organizations, as well as institutions of the health service that carry out their direct functions, are involved in solving the problem. A healthy lifestyle is, first of all, the activity, activity of an individual, a group of people, a society that uses the opportunities that provide them in the interests of health, harmonious, physical and spiritual development of a person.
Motivation
It is the motives that motivate us to form a healthy lifestyle.
Everyone who wants to understand the actions of another person or his own behavior begins with the search for the causes of the corresponding actions - the motives of behavior. These searches would not present any difficulty if human behavior was always determined by only one motive. Many experiments have shown that both in humans and animals, behavior is most often determined by the simultaneous presence of several motives. But if in animals the reaction of choice under the action of a complex of stimuli is carried out at the level of adjacent conditioned reflexes, then in humans the manifestation of motivation is mediated by the function of consciousness, which represents the highest evolutionary level of the regulatory mechanisms of the nervous system. Therefore, in a person, the decisive role in making and changing decisions when updating a particular motive is played by the so-called conscious motive. Speaking of a motive as a conscious impulse to a certain course of action, it should be borne in mind that the motive itself is not the cause of purposeful actions. It is only the result of reflection in the psyche of the needs of the body, caused by external or internal objective phenomena.
Motivation in the formation of a healthy lifestyle by means of FC and S, as in any other activity, occupies a special place. And the motives that encourage a person to engage in FC and C have their own structure:
1. Immediate motives:
- the need for a sense of satisfaction from the manifestation of muscle activity;
- the need for aesthetic enjoyment of one's own beauty, strength, endurance, speed, flexibility, dexterity;
- the desire to prove themselves in difficult, even extreme situations;
- the need for self-expression, self-affirmation.
2. Indirect motives:
- the desire to become strong, healthy;
- the desire through physical exercises to prepare oneself for practical life;
- a sense of duty (“began to do physical exercises, because it was necessary to attend FC lessons as mandatory in the school curriculum”).
Body reserves
The integrity of the human personality is manifested, first of all, in the relationship and interaction of the mental and physical forces of the body. The harmony of the psychophysical forces of the body increases the reserves of health, creates conditions for creative self-expression in various areas of our lives. Academician N. M. Amosov proposes to introduce a new medical term "amount of health" to denote a measure of the body's reserves.
Let's say that a person in a calm state passes through the lungs 5–9 liters of air per minute. Some highly trained athletes can arbitrarily pass 150 liters of air through their lungs every minute for 10-11 minutes, i.e. exceeding the norm by 30 times. This is the reserve of the body.
Let's take a heart. And calculate its power. There are minute volumes of the heart: the amount of blood in liters ejected in one minute. Suppose that at rest it gives 4 liters per minute, with the most energetic physical work - 20 liters. So the reserve is 5 (20:4).
Similarly, there are hidden reserves of the kidneys and liver. They are detected using various stress tests. Health is the amount of reserves in the body, it is the maximum performance of organs while maintaining the qualitative limits of their function.
The system of functional reserves of the body can be divided into subsystems:
1. Biochemical reserves (reactions of exchange).
2. Physiological reserves (at the level of cells, organs, organ systems).
3. Mental reserves.
Basic elements of a healthy lifestyle
A healthy lifestyle includes the following main elements:
schedule
– rational mode of work and rest, rational nutrition
- breathing
- sleeping mode
- the elimination of bad habits,
– optimal driving mode,
- fruitful work
– personal hygiene,
- massage,
- hardening, etc.
An integral part of a healthy lifestyle are high moral, moral and ethical values of a person. Much attention should be paid to the formation of the consciousness of the individual as a social unit.
Schedule
A special place in the regime of a healthy life belongs to the daily routine, a certain rhythm of life and human activity. The mode of each person should provide for a certain time for work, rest, eating, sleeping.
The daily routine of different people can and should be different depending on the nature of work, living conditions, habits and inclinations, however, even here there must be a certain daily rhythm and daily routine. It is necessary to provide sufficient time for sleep, rest. Breaks between meals should not exceed 5-6 hours. It is very important that a person sleeps and eats always at the same time. Thus, conditioned reflexes are developed. A person who has dinner at a strictly defined time knows very well that by this time he has an appetite, which is replaced by a feeling of severe hunger if dinner is late. Disorder in the daily routine destroys the formed conditioned reflexes.
Speaking about the daily routine, we do not mean strict schedules with a minute-by-minute calculated time budget for each task for each day. There is no need to bring the regime to a caricature with excessive pedantry. However, the routine itself is a kind of core on which the conduct of both weekdays and weekends should be based.
Rational mode of work and rest
A rational regime of work and rest is a necessary element of a healthy lifestyle. With a correct and strictly observed regimen, a clear and necessary rhythm of the functioning of the body is developed, which creates optimal conditions for work and rest, and thereby contributes to strengthening health, improving working capacity and increasing labor productivity.
Labor is the true core and basis of a healthy human life regime. There is a misconception about the harmful effect of labor that allegedly causes "wear and tear" of the body, excessive expenditure of forces and resources, and premature aging. Labor, both physical and mental, is not only not harmful, but on the contrary, a systematic, feasible, and well-organized labor process has an extremely beneficial effect on the nervous system, heart and blood vessels, the musculoskeletal system - on the entire human body. Constant training in the process of labor strengthens our body. The one who works hard and works well throughout his life lives long. On the contrary, idleness leads to muscle weakness, metabolic disorders, obesity and premature decrepitude.
In the observed cases of overstrain and overwork of a person, it is not the work itself that is to blame, but the wrong mode of work. It is necessary to correctly and skillfully distribute forces during the performance of work, both physical and mental. Uniform, rhythmic work is more productive and more beneficial for the health of workers than changing periods of downtime with periods of intense, hasty work. Interesting and beloved work is done easily, without tension, does not cause fatigue and fatigue. It is important to choose the right profession in accordance with the individual abilities and inclinations of a person.
A comfortable working uniform is important for an employee, he must be well instructed on safety issues, it is important to organize his workplace immediately before work: remove everything superfluous, arrange all tools in the most rational way, etc. Workplace lighting should be sufficient and uniform. A local light source, such as a table lamp, is preferable.
It's best to start with the hardest part of the job. It trains and strengthens the will. It does not allow you to put off difficult things from morning to evening, from evening to morning, from today to tomorrow, and generally on the back burner.
A necessary condition for maintaining health in the process of work is the alternation of work and rest. Rest after work does not mean a state of complete rest. Only with very great fatigue can we talk about passive rest. It is desirable that the nature of the rest be opposite to the nature of the work of a person (the "contrasting" principle of rest construction). Physical workers need rest that is not associated with additional physical activity, and knowledge workers need some physical work during their leisure hours. This alternation of physical and mental stress is good for health. A person who spends a lot of time indoors should spend at least part of their time outdoors. It is desirable for city residents to relax outdoors on walks around the city and outside the city, in parks, stadiums, on hikes on excursions, while working in garden plots, etc.
Balanced diet
The next component of a healthy lifestyle is a balanced diet. When talking about it, one should remember two basic laws, the violation of which is dangerous to health.
The first law is the balance of received and consumed energy. If the body receives more energy than it consumes, that is, if we receive more food than is necessary for the normal development of a person, for work and well-being, we become fat. Now more than a third of our country, including children, is overweight. And there is only one reason - excess nutrition, which ultimately leads to atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and a number of other ailments.
The second law is that nutrition should be varied and meet the needs for proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Many of these substances are irreplaceable, since they are not formed in the body, but come only with food. The absence of at least one of them, for example, vitamin C, leads to diseases, and even death. We get B vitamins mainly from wholemeal bread, and the source of vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins are dairy products, fish oil, and liver.
The first rule in any natural food system should be:
- Eating only when you feel hungry.
- Refusal to eat in case of pain, mental and physical ailment, fever and elevated body temperature.
- Refusal to eat immediately before bedtime, as well as before and after serious work, physical or mental.
The most useful for children and adolescents of school age four meals a day:
I breakfast - 25% of the daily ration
II breakfast – 15% of the daily ration lunch – 40% of the daily ration
dinner - 20% of the daily ration
Lunch should be the most satisfying. It is useful to have dinner no later than 1.5 hours before bedtime. It is recommended to always eat at the same hours. This produces a conditioned reflex in a person, at a certain time he has an appetite. And food eaten with appetite is better absorbed. It is very important to have free time to digest food. The notion that exercising after eating aids in digestion is a gross mistake. Rational nutrition ensures proper growth and formation of the body, contributes to maintaining health, high performance and prolonging life.
Sleeping mode
To maintain the normal activity of the nervous system and the whole organism, a good sleep is of great importance. The great Russian physiologist IP Pavlov pointed out that sleep is a kind of inhibition that protects the nervous system from excessive stress and fatigue. Sleep should be sufficiently long and deep. If a person sleeps little, then he gets up in the morning irritated, broken, and sometimes with a headache.
It is impossible for all people without exception to determine the time needed for sleep. The need for sleep varies from person to person. On average, this rate is about 8 hours. Unfortunately, some people view sleep as a reserve from which you can borrow time to complete certain tasks. Systematic lack of sleep leads to disruption of nervous activity, decreased performance, increased fatigue, irritability.
To create the conditions for a normal, sound and restful sleep, it is necessary to stop intense mental work 1–1.5 hours before bedtime. Dinner should be no later than 2-2.5 hours before bedtime. This is essential for proper digestion of food. You should sleep in a well-ventilated room, it’s good to accustom yourself to sleep with an open window, and in the warm season with an open window. In the room you need to turn off the lights and establish silence. Nightwear should be loose, not impeding blood circulation, you can not sleep in outerwear. It is not recommended to cover yourself with a blanket with your head, sleep face down: this interferes with normal breathing. It is advisable to go to bed at the same time - this helps to fall asleep quickly. Neglect of these simple rules of sleep hygiene causes negative phenomena. Sleep becomes shallow and restless, as a result of which, as a rule, insomnia develops over time, certain disorders in the activity of the nervous system.
Breath
Breathing is the most important function of the body. It is in close relationship with blood circulation, metabolism, muscle activity and is carried out with the direct participation of the central nervous system.
The act of breathing is performed automatically, but along with this, there is an arbitrary control of breathing. With voluntary regulation of breathing, it is possible (within certain limits) to consciously regulate the depth and frequency of breathing, hold it, combine breathing with the nature of movements, etc.
The ability to control one's breathing is developed differently in different people, but through special training, and above all with the help of breathing exercises, everyone can improve this ability.
Breathing must be done through the nose. Passing through the nasal cavity, atmospheric air is humidified and cleaned of dust. In addition, a jet of air irritates the nerve endings of the mucous membrane, resulting in the so-called naso-pulmonary reflex, which plays an important role in the regulation of breathing. When breathing through the mouth, the air is not cleaned, moistened, or insulated. As a result, acute inflammatory processes often occur. For those who systematically breathe through the mouth, the number of red blood cells in the blood decreases, the activity of the kidneys, stomach and intestines is disrupted.
In some cases, with great physical exertion, when shortness of breath develops, for a short time before breathing normalizes, you can breathe through your mouth. You have to breathe through your mouth while swimming.
For medicinal purposes, to enhance the function of exhalation, it is sometimes recommended to inhale through the nose and exhale through the mouth. In normal breathing, the inhalation should be about 1/4 shorter than the exhalation. So, when walking of medium intensity, three steps are taken for each breath, and 4 for exhalation. When walking fast (and running), more attention should be paid not to the ratio of the number of steps during inhalation and exhalation, but to a fuller and longer exhalation, which contributes to deep breathing.
While performing physical exercises or physical work, it is necessary to accustom yourself to breathe deeply and evenly, while breathing should, if possible, be combined with the phases of movement. So, inhalation should be accompanied by movements that increase the volume of the chest, and exhalation should be accompanied by movements that help reduce its volume. If it is impossible to combine the phases of breathing and movement, it is necessary to breathe evenly and rhythmically. This is especially important during running, jumping and other fast and irregular movements.
Eradication of bad habits
The next link in a healthy lifestyle is the eradication of bad habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs). These violators of health are the cause of many diseases, drastically reduce life expectancy, reduce efficiency, adversely affect the health of the younger generation and the health of future children.
Many people begin their recovery by quitting smoking, which is considered one of the most dangerous habits of modern man. It is not for nothing that doctors believe that the most serious diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs are directly related to smoking. Smoking not only undermines health, but also takes strength in the most direct sense. As Soviet experts have established, after 5-9 minutes after smoking just one cigarette, muscle strength decreases by 15%; athletes know this from experience and therefore, as a rule, do not smoke. Does not stimulate smoking and mental activity. On the contrary, the experiment showed that only because of smoking, the accuracy of the test, the perception of the educational material decreases. The smoker does not inhale all the harmful substances found in tobacco smoke. About half goes to those who are next to them. It is no coincidence that children in families of smokers suffer from respiratory diseases much more often than in families where no one smokes. Smoking is a common cause of tumors in the mouth, larynx, bronchi and lungs. Constant and prolonged smoking leads to premature aging. Violation of tissue oxygen supply, spasm of small vessels make the appearance of a smoker characteristic (yellowish tint of the whites of the eyes, skin, premature fading), and changes in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract affect his voice (loss of sonority, reduced timbre, hoarseness).
The action of nicotine is especially dangerous during certain periods of life - youth, old age, when even a weak stimulating effect disrupts nervous regulation. Nicotine is especially harmful to pregnant women, as it leads to the birth of weak, low-weight children, and to lactating women, as it increases the incidence and mortality of children in the first years of life.
The next difficult task is to overcome drunkenness and alcoholism. It has been established that alcoholism has a destructive effect on all human systems and organs. As a result of the systematic consumption of alcohol, a symptom complex of a painful addiction to it develops - a loss of a sense of proportion and control over the amount of alcohol consumed; violation of the activity of the central and peripheral nervous system (psychosis, neuritis, etc.) and the functions of internal organs.
Changes in the psyche that occur even with episodic alcohol intake (excitement, loss of restraining influences, depression, etc.) determine the frequency of suicides committed while intoxicated.
Alcoholism has a particularly harmful effect on the liver: with prolonged systematic alcohol abuse, alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver develops. Alcoholism is one of the common causes of pancreatic disease (pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus). Along with changes affecting the health of the drinker, alcohol abuse is always accompanied by social consequences that harm both those around the patient with alcoholism and society as a whole. Alcoholism, like no other disease, causes a whole range of negative social consequences that go far beyond healthcare and concern, to one degree or another, all aspects of modern society. The consequences of alcoholism include the deterioration of the health indicators of people who abuse alcohol and the associated deterioration in the general health indicators of the population. Alcoholism and related diseases are second only to cardiovascular disease and cancer as a cause of death.
Optimal driving mode
Optimal motor mode is the most important condition for a healthy lifestyle. It is based on systematic physical exercises and sports, which effectively solve the problems of improving the health and developing the physical abilities of young people, maintaining health and motor skills, and strengthening the prevention of adverse age-related changes. At the same time, physical culture and sports act as the most important means of education.
It is useful to walk up the stairs without using the elevator. According to American doctors, each step gives a person 4 seconds of life. 70 steps burn 28 calories. The main qualities that characterize the physical development of a person are strength, speed, agility, flexibility and endurance. The improvement of each of these qualities also contributes to the strengthening of health, but not to the same extent. You can become very fast by training in sprinting. Finally, it is very good to become agile and flexible by applying gymnastic and acrobatic exercises. However, with all this, it is not possible to form sufficient resistance to pathogenic effects.
For effective healing and disease prevention, it is necessary to train and improve, first of all, the most valuable quality - endurance, combined with hardening and other components of a healthy lifestyle, which will provide a growing body with a reliable shield against many diseases.
For knowledge workers, systematic physical education and sports are of exceptional importance. It is known that even in a healthy and young person, if he is not trained, leads a “sedentary” lifestyle and does not engage in physical education, with the slightest physical exertion, breathing quickens and heartbeat appears. On the contrary, a trained person can easily cope with significant physical exertion. The strength and performance of the heart muscle, the main engine of blood circulation, is directly dependent on the strength and development of all muscles. Therefore, physical training, while developing the muscles of the body, at the same time strengthens the heart muscle. In people with underdeveloped muscles, the heart muscle is weak, which is revealed during any physical work.
Physical education and sports are also very useful for people of physical labor, since their work is often associated with the load of any particular muscle group, and not the entire muscle as a whole. Physical training strengthens and develops the skeletal muscles, the heart muscle, blood vessels, the respiratory system and many other organs, which greatly facilitates the work of the circulatory apparatus and has a beneficial effect on the nervous system.
Daily morning exercises are a mandatory minimum of physical training. It should become for everyone the same habit as washing in the morning.
Physical exercises should be performed in a well-ventilated area or outdoors. For people leading a "sedentary" lifestyle, physical exercises in the air (walking, walking) are especially important. It is useful to go to work on foot in the morning and walk in the evening after work. Systematic walking has a beneficial effect on a person, improves well-being, increases efficiency.
Walking is a complexly coordinated motor act controlled by the nervous system, it is carried out with the participation of almost the entire muscular apparatus of our body. As a load, it can be precisely dosed and gradually, systematically increased in pace and volume. In the absence of other physical activity, the daily minimum rate of exercise only by walking for a young man is 15 km, a smaller load is associated with the development of hypodynamia.
Thus, daily exposure to fresh air for 1–1.5 hours is one of the important components of a healthy lifestyle. When working indoors, it is especially important to take a walk in the evening, before going to bed. Such a walk as part of the necessary daily workout is beneficial for everyone. It relieves the tension of the working day, calms the excited nerve centers, and regulates breathing.
Walks are best done according to the principle of cross-country walking: 0.5–1 km with a slow walking pace, then the same amount with a quick sports step, etc.
Massage
Massage is a system of mechanical and reflex effects produced on human tissues and organs for general strengthening and therapeutic purposes. It is performed by the hands of a massage therapist or with the help of a special apparatus.
Massage helps to increase the blood supply to the massaged areas of the body, improves the outflow of venous blood, activates skin respiration, metabolic processes, enhances the functions of sweat and sebaceous glands, removes obsolete skin cells, while the skin becomes elastic, and ligaments and muscles become more elastic. Massage has a beneficial, calming effect on the nervous system, favors the restoration of the body's performance after fatigue.
There are several types of massage. The main ones are sports and medical. The first is designed to increase the athlete's performance and relieve fatigue after heavy physical exertion. The second - serves as a means of contributing to the treatment of diseases. These types of massages can only be performed by specialists.
The simplest type of massage is hygienic massage, which increases the overall tone of the body. It promotes hardening and can be performed not only by specialists, but also by the practitioners themselves.
You need to massage a naked body and, only in some cases, you can massage through knitted or woolen underwear.
hardening
Hardening has long been massive. The benefits of hardening from an early age have been proven by vast practical experience and are based on solid scientific justification.
Various methods of hardening are widely known - from air baths to dousing with cold water. The usefulness of these procedures is beyond doubt. Since time immemorial, it has been known that walking barefoot is a wonderful hardening remedy. Winter swimming is the highest form of hardening. To achieve it, a person must go through all the stages of hardening.
The effectiveness of hardening increases with the use of special temperature effects and procedures. Everyone should know the basic principles of their correct application: systematic and consistent; taking into account individual characteristics, health status and emotional reactions to the procedure. Another effective hardening agent can and should be a contrast shower before and after exercise. Contrast showers train the neurovascular apparatus of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, improving physical thermoregulation, and have a stimulating effect on the central nervous mechanisms. Experience shows a high tempering and healing value of a contrast shower for both adults and children. It also works well as a stimulant of the nervous system, relieving fatigue and increasing efficiency.
Hardening is a powerful healing tool. It allows you to avoid many diseases, prolong life for many years, maintain high performance. Hardening has a general strengthening effect on the body, increases the tone of the nervous system, improves blood circulation, and normalizes metabolism.
The impact of FA and C on health
Physical exercise
There is only one way to achieve human harmony - the systematic performance of physical exercises. In addition, it has been experimentally proven that regular physical education, which is rationally included in the regime of work and rest, not only improves health, but also significantly increases the efficiency of production activities. However, not all motor actions performed in everyday life and in the process of work are physical exercises. They can only be movements specially selected for influencing various organs and systems, developing physical qualities, correcting body defects.
It has been established that schoolchildren who systematically go in for sports are physically more developed than their peers who do not go in for sports. They are taller, have greater weight and chest circumference, muscle strength and lung capacity are higher. The height of 16-year-old boys involved in sports is on average 170.4 cm, while for the rest it is 163.6 cm, weight is 62.3 and 52.8 kg, respectively. Physical education and sports train the cardiovascular system, make it resilient to heavy loads. Physical activity contributes to the development of the musculoskeletal system.
Physical exercise will have a positive impact if certain rules are followed during classes. It is necessary to monitor the state of health - this is necessary in order not to harm yourself by doing physical exercises. If there are violations of the cardiovascular system, exercises that require significant stress can lead to a deterioration in the activity of the heart. Should not be exercised immediately after illness. It is necessary to withstand a certain period in order for the functions of the body to recover - only then physical education will be beneficial.
When performing physical exercises, the human body reacts to a given load with responses. The activity of all organs and systems is activated, as a result of which energy resources are spent, the mobility of nervous processes increases, the muscular and bone-ligamentous systems are strengthened. Thus, the physical fitness of those involved improves and, as a result, such a state of the body is achieved when loads are easily tolerated, and previously inaccessible results in various types of physical exercises become the norm. You always have good health, desire to exercise, high spirits and good sleep. With proper and regular exercise, fitness improves year after year, and you will be in good shape for a long time.
Exercise Hygiene
On the basis of regulations, as a result of many years of experience in the field of sports medicine, the main tasks of physical exercise and sports hygiene are clearly defined. This is the study and improvement of the environmental conditions in which physical culture and sports are practiced, and the development of hygienic measures that promote health, increase efficiency, endurance, and increase sports achievements. As noted earlier, physical exercises do not affect any organ or system in isolation, but the whole organism as a whole. However, the improvement of the functions of its various systems does not occur to the same extent.
Especially distinct are the changes in the muscular system. They are expressed in an increase in muscle volume, an increase in metabolic processes, and an improvement in the functions of the respiratory apparatus. In close interaction with the respiratory organs, the cardiovascular system is also improved. Physical exercise stimulates metabolism, increases strength, mobility and balance of nervous processes. In this regard, the hygienic value of physical exercises increases if they are carried out in the open air. Under these conditions, their overall healing effect increases, they have a hardening effect, especially if classes are held at low air temperatures. At the same time, such indicators of physical development as chest excursion and lung capacity improve. When exercising in cold conditions, the thermoregulatory function is improved, sensitivity to cold decreases, and the possibility of colds is reduced. In addition to the beneficial effects of cold air on health, there is an increase in the effectiveness of training, which is explained by the high intensity and density of physical exercises. Physical activity should be normalized taking into account age characteristics, meteorological factors.
Gymnastics
In ancient Greece, for a long time, athletes competed in the same light raincoats. One day, one of the winners of the competition lost his raincoat while running, and everyone decided that it was easier for him to run without a raincoat. Since then, all competitors began to enter the arena naked. In Greek, "naked" is "hymnos"; hence the word "gymnastics" appeared, which in ancient times included all types of physical exercises.
Nowadays, gymnastics is a system of specially selected physical exercises and methodological techniques used for comprehensive physical development, improvement of motor abilities and recovery.
Gymnastics has many varieties, and we will begin our acquaintance with them with exercises.
“There is no better remedy for ailments - do exercises until old age,” says an ancient Indian proverb. A charge is usually called a 10–15-minute morning hygienic gymnastics performed after sleep. It helps the body to quickly move from a passive state to an active state, necessary for work, and also creates a good mood and gives a charge of vivacity. Therefore, it is useful to perform gymnastic exercises not only in the morning, but also in the afternoon, for which industrial gymnastics has been introduced at many enterprises. Giving rest to the nervous system, exercises relieve fatigue and contribute to high performance.
Professionally applied gymnastics is a completely different matter: regular exercises with specially selected exercises provide mainly for the development of those muscle groups and motor skills that are necessary for faster mastery of labor skills in certain professions.
And in all schools and educational institutions there is a compulsory subject - basic gymnastics. Her program includes training in applied motor skills (walking, running, jumping, climbing, throwing, overcoming various obstacles, balance, carrying loads), as well as simple gymnastic and acrobatic exercises. The main gymnastics also includes the so-called health-improving gymnastics, designed for self-study at leisure. It is necessary for those who, for some reason, cannot attend health group classes.
The training of each athlete certainly includes classes in sports and auxiliary gymnastics, which develops certain physical qualities necessary for different sports.
An integral part of physical training in the Armed Forces is military applied gymnastics. Its task is the comprehensive development of physical abilities for quick action in a military situation, taking into account the specifics of military specialties.
And who wants to find a slender figure with beautiful, prominent muscles, he is engaged in athletic gymnastics. It consists of general developmental exercises with objects - weights and without objects. At the same time, various sports are provided, which provide versatile physical training.
Finally, therapeutic gymnastics is designed to restore the mobility of damaged parts of the body and eliminate physique deficiencies that have appeared as a result of injuries, injuries or illnesses.
In the next subsection, we will take a closer look at morning exercises.
morning exercises
Morning exercises are physical exercises performed in the morning after sleep and contribute to an accelerated transition of the body to a vigorous working state. During sleep, the central nervous system of a person is in a state of a kind of rest from daytime activity. This reduces the intensity of physiological processes in the body. After stimulation, the excitability of the central nervous system and the functional activity of various organs gradually increase, but this process can be quite lengthy, which affects performance, which remains reduced compared to normal and well-being: a person feels drowsiness, lethargy, sometimes shows causeless irritability.
Performing physical exercises causes the flow of nerve impulses from the working muscles and joints and brings the central nervous system into an active, active state. Accordingly, the work of internal organs is also activated, providing a person with high performance, giving him a tangible surge of vigor.
Exercise should not be confused with physical training, the purpose of which is to obtain a more or less significant load, as well as to develop the physical qualities necessary for a person.
Stress
Stress is a term used to refer to a wide range of human conditions that occur in response to a variety of extreme influences (stressors). Initially, the concept of "stress" arose in physiology and meant a non-specific reaction of the body ("general adaptation syndrome") in response to any adverse effect (G. Selye). Later it began to be used to describe the states of an individual that arise in extreme conditions at the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels. Depending on the type of stressor and the nature of its influence, different types of stress are distinguished. The most common classification distinguishes between physiological and psychological stress. The latter is divided into informational and emotional. Information stress occurs in situations of information overload, when a person does not cope with the task, does not have time to make the right decisions at the required pace, with a high degree of responsibility for the consequences of the decisions made. Emotional stress appears in situations of threat, danger, frustration, etc. At the same time, its various forms (impulsive, inhibitory, generalized) lead to changes in the course of mental processes, emotional shifts, transformation of the motivational structure of activity, and violations of motor and speech behavior. Stress can have both a mobilizing and a negative impact on activity, up to its complete disorganization (distress). Therefore, the optimization of any type of activity should include a set of measures that prevent the causes of stress. One of them and probably the most significant of them are physical culture and sports.
Lecture 1.21 Topic: Education of physical culture and a healthy lifestyle among schoolchildren.
Questions:
1. Physical education as the basis of personality development.
2. Purpose and main tasks of physical education.
3. Basic means of physical education.
4. Forms and methods of organizing physical education.
5. Valeological education (essence, ways, functions, criteria).
Literature:
1. Likhachev, B. T. Pedagogy / B. T. Likhachev. M, 1999. S. 296-303.
2. Pedagogy / [ed. Yu. K. Babansky]. M., 1983. S. 468-481.
3. Stepanenkov, N. K . Pedagogy / N. K. Stepanenkov. Mn., 1998. S. 313-330.
4. Kharlamov, I. F. Pedagogy / I. V. Kharlamov. Mn., 2000. S. 445-454.
5. The concept of continuous education of children and young people in the Republic of Belarus.
6. Pedagogy: Textbook. allowance for students ped. textbook head / V.A. Slastenin, I.F. Isaev and others - M .: School Press. - 2002. - 512 p.
1. Physical education as a basis for personal development
Physical education historically, it is one of the most ancient forms of purposeful influence on the younger generation. It is based on the idea developed over many centuries about the unity of the physical and spiritual in man.
To reveal the essence of physical education, consider the concepts of "physical development" and "physical culture".
Physical development includes those qualitative changes that occur in strengthening and improving the physical strength of a person and his health under the influence of a favorable natural environment and specially organized education. In this sense, it acts only as one of the results of physical education. Physical education itself covers the area of stimulating the individual to physical education and sports.
Physical Culture- the level of formation of the correct attitude of a person to his health and physical condition, due to the way of life, the system of maintaining health and physical culture and sports activities, knowledge of the unity of harmony of the body and spirit, the development of spiritual and physical forces. The essence of the physical culture of the individual lies in the value attitude to a healthy lifestyle, knowledge of the means of maintaining and improving the physical form, everyday physical self-improvement. It is necessary to understand the essence of physical culture, its vital necessity as a natural basis for mental, labor, moral, aesthetic development.
In this meaning physical education is a multifaceted process of organizing and stimulating the physical culture and health-improving activities of students, aimed at creating the need for physical education and sports, understanding their psychophysiological foundations, developing physical strength and strengthening health, as well as developing sanitary and hygienic skills, habits and a conscious need for a healthy lifestyle.
Functions physical education:
Physical development creates the prerequisites for a full-fledged mental activity of a person;
A physically healthy person performs better in a productive
work, overcomes higher loads, gets tired less, maintains a cheerful mood;
Physical education, participation in mass sports events contribute to the formation of moral culture, camaraderie, self-demanding, as well as the strengthening of volitional properties.
Physical education is associated with other types of education, thereby contributing to the formation of the personality as a whole.
First of all, physical education creates the prerequisites for a fruitful mental education, since memory, attention, perseverance largely depend on the general state of health and physical strength, without which successful educational results are impossible.
A healthy, physically developed person endures mental stress much easier in the face of an increase in the volume and intensity of educational and cognitive activity, he has more prerequisites for job satisfaction, physical and spiritual comfort. It is well known that the student's intellectual activity will be more effective if it alternates with physical exercises and sports. In addition, such an organization of intellectual work makes it possible to avoid overwork and associated mental disorders.
In respect of labor training physical education makes it easier for the individual to perform labor operations and processes, as it accustoms him to greater accuracy and direction of movements, proportionality of strength with the goal, helps to find more economical and rational methods.
Physical exercises and movements actively contribute to teaching schoolchildren labor skills and abilities, improving their motor capabilities, forming such strong-willed qualities as endurance, perseverance, dexterity, the ability to bring the work begun to the end, thereby ensuring the formation of a full-fledged worker who is able to fully realize himself in chosen profession, to achieve the highest possible results in work.
Physical exercises performed in the conditions of collective interaction of students equip them with experience moral relations, which form the basis for the formation of the corresponding moral and volitional qualities: collectivism, comradeship, honesty, justice, exactingness towards oneself and others, responsibility, discipline.
Physical education plays an extremely important role in Estoniaticbecoming schoolchildren. Performing physical exercises reveals the beauty and expressiveness of movements, gives them harmony, clarity, rigor and expediency, forms good posture, smartness, free control of the body, external culture, dexterity, speed of motor reactions, and also develops the ability for aesthetic experiences, perception of the beauty of a harmoniously developed slender human body, skillful, dexterous, plastically expressive movements.
Physical education is closely and directly related to valeological education, designed to promote the formation of valeological thinking of students, which is based on a conscious need for health and a healthy lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle is manifested in the attitude towards one's own health and the health of others as a value and awareness of one's responsibility not only for one's own health, but also for the health of future generations; the ability to resist forms of behavior that are destructive to health; formation of personal hygiene skills; availability of skills and abilities to maintain and improve health.
Thus, we can conclude that physical education is in close and natural interrelations with all aspects of the education of students and that outside of physical education it is impossible to achieve the common goal of education - the formation of a harmoniously and comprehensively developed personality of a growing person.
2. Purpose and main tasks of physical education
The purpose of physical education - harmonious development of the forms and functions of the human body, comprehensive improvement of its physical abilities, strengthening and maintaining health and creative longevity.
Understanding the essence, goals of physical education allow us to formulate main goals.
1. Students' awareness of health as the most important social and personal value.
Awareness of the value of health is a stimulus for the formation of the need for health and its strengthening and preservation. The content of not only physical education, but also the entire multifaceted activity of an educational institution is aimed at the emergence and consolidation of this need. All subject teachers, within the framework of their subject, set and solve this problem, thereby helping to realize the value of health at the level of a formed belief and its entry into the student's personal system of value orientations.
2. Raising a sustainable interest and need for systematic physical education and sports, in strengthening one's physical strength and health.
Need and interest, as is known, are internal incentives, without which it is impossible to form a positive and active attitude of students to physical culture and sports, on the basis of which there is a constant internal readiness of the individual for physical self-improvement. The interest and pleasure received in the process of physical exercises gradually turn into a habit to systematically engage in them, which then turns into a stable need that persists in subsequent years.
3. Enriching students with a system of knowledge about the essence and personal,
social significance of physical culture and sports and their impact on health promotion, comprehensive development of the individual.
Equipping students with knowledge about personal hygiene, about the importance of physical culture and sports for health promotion, about the psychophysiological mechanisms of their influence on the formation of personality and the development of physical inclinations and abilities, about the hygienic rules for doing physical exercises, about the motor mode and natural hardening factors, about the basic techniques self-control, about the dangers of smoking, alcohol, drugs, etc., expands the intellectual horizons of students, improves their general culture, and contributes to the formation of a sustainable interest in systematic physical education and sports.
4. Development of students' motor skills and abilities. Vital motor skills and abilities develop in the process of performing certain movements. Among them are natural motor actions (walking, running, jumping, swimming, throwing, etc.) and motor actions that rarely or almost never occur in life, but are of great developmental and educational value (acrobatics, exercises on gymnastic apparatus, etc.). P.). The first and second, complementing each other, contribute to the acquisition of motor experience, which allows a person to confidently act in everyday labor and sports activities. In addition, the development of motor skills and abilities contributes to the formation of the most important physical qualities: strength, endurance, dexterity, speed, which are important not only in the physical education of students, but also in the spiritual development of the individual.
5. The development of students' physical inclinations, abilities, their involvement in various types of physical culture and sports.
The solution of this problem is closely and directly related to the implementation of all other tasks, which allows overcoming one of the contradictions of the physical education of students, which is manifested in the desire of individual teachers, trainers to use classes to the detriment of the health of students. Satisfying their ambitious claims, they often only care about achieving sports results at any cost. Sport becomes an end in itself, which contradicts its true purpose.
3. Basic means of physical education
Realization of the goal and solution of the problems of physical culture of students is connected with the use of the totality of means of physical education. These include natural(natural) factors: sun, air, water; hygiene factors: daily routine, nutrition, work and rest, hygiene of the home, clothes, shoes; physical exercise.
natural factors - the sun, air, water are not always recognized as the most important means of strengthening and physical development of a growing organism.
Acting in close and inextricable connection with physical exercises, they enhance the healing effect on students. Therefore, the sun's rays, clean air, water should, if possible, not only accompany all types of motor activity of students, but also be used as specially organized procedures: sun and air baths, wiping, pouring, showering or bathing.
hygiene factors are designed to provide hygienic conditions for the normal functioning of the body, the rational distribution of time for all types of activities during the day (daily routine, nutrition, work and rest), and also make it possible to perform physical exercises most productively based on compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements: wet cleaning of the premises , the presence of fresh air, comfortable furniture for work and sleep, sportswear for classes.
The listed hygienic factors not only create optimally favorable conditions for physical education, promote health, allow you to maintain a balance between expenditure and restoration of expended forces, but they also have a great educational value: they teach accuracy, discipline, accuracy, organization, stimulate a cheerful, cheerful mood , sense of time, self-control.
According to the famous physiologist IP Pavlov, there is nothing more powerful in the life of the human body than rhythm. If a person works and rests, eats on time and sleeps, then for each type of activity the body, as it were, prepares in advance, it is relatively easy to switch, it quickly enters, since the already fixed nerve connections, “triggering” mechanisms, are triggered. Rhythm balances the processes of excitation and inhibition, reduces the cost of energy released by the body for its normal and stable functioning.
Physical exercise- motor actions, specially selected and consciously performed to solve the problems of physical education.
The researchers found that healthy, properly developing junior schoolchildren should, on average, perform 12-16 thousand (girls) and 16-18 thousand (boys) locomotor movements (steps) daily. The maximum number of movements per minute is 227, 9000 per hour. If the child's life activity is organized in such a way that he makes the necessary number of movements every day, then this ensures the satisfaction of the body's natural need for movement. Such children develop a taste for movements, their overall physical development is fully under way. On the contrary, a decrease in the level of motor activity in the daily cycle of life of students, which is called hypodynamia, directly affects the deterioration of the main characteristics of physical development (weight, height, chest circumference), and the functional state of the body - cardiovascular activity, lung capacity, metabolism , muscle strength, etc.
To ensure physical activity of students, physical exercises are largely called upon. They are realized in gymnastics, games, tourism, sports. This is a classification of physical exercises, which is based on the historically established systems of educational means.
Gymnastics. From a pedagogical point of view, the value of gymnastics lies in the fact that it has the ability to selectively influence the body as a whole or the development of its individual systems and functions. There are basic, hygienic, sports, artistic, industrial, medical gymnastics. School students (in accordance with the physical education curriculum) are mainly engaged in basic gymnastics: building, general developmental exercises without objects and with objects (balls, ropes, etc.), climbing, balance, walking, running, jumping, throwing, elementary acrobatic exercises.
Games. In games, the physical strength of the child, his muscles develop, the body becomes more flexible, or rather the eye, personal qualities are formed: quick wits, resourcefulness, initiative, creativity. Games stimulate the collective experiences of students, the joy of joint efforts, help to strengthen friendship, camaraderie, and mutual assistance.
Tourism. These are organized short-term (one-day) or long-term (multi-day) walks, excursions, hikes, trips made to familiarize students with their native land, natural, historical and cultural monuments of our country, and expand the general horizons of students.
Tourism provides physical conditioning of students, improves their applied orientation and movement skills, forms the experience of collective life and activity, develops endurance, leadership and subordination skills, mutual exactingness, careful, responsible attitude to the natural environment.
Sport. Unlike physical culture, sport is always associated with achieving the highest possible results in certain types of physical exercises. For this purpose, competitions are held. They reveal the best results in individual sports, both team and individual. Under the conditions of the competitions, students develop a sense of responsibility for their results, students have to overcome significant physical and nervous stress, which contributes to the development of moral and volitional qualities.
However, it is important for the teacher to correctly use the participation of schoolchildren in various sports competitions, sports, preventing both physical overload of students and moral deviations in the formation of the student's personality.
4. Forms and methods of organizing physical education
Basic forms physical education organizations at school are physical education lessons, morning exercises, physical education sessions, organized change, extracurricular and extracurricular activities.
Physical education lessons conducted in strict accordance with the curriculum. As the main organizational form obligatory for all students, a physical education lesson provides the minimum of motor knowledge, skills and abilities, which forms the basis of the general physical fitness of students. The developing and healing effect of the lesson is achieved by careful selection of gymnastic and athletics exercises, outdoor and sports games, their skillful dosage, reasonable alternation, as well as compliance with hygienic conditions.
The structure of a physical culture lesson should correspond to both general didactic and specific requirements, the essence of which is that the increase in physical activity on the student's body is carried out gradually, reaching a maximum in the second half of the lesson, and then gradually decreasing to its original state. In accordance with this requirement, the most typical scheme of a physical education lesson is the following:
Introductory part of the lesson (10-15 minutes), the purpose of which is to prepare students for classes. To this end, the teacher uses gymnastic constructions and rebuildings, walking, running, general developmental exercises for attention, coordination of movements, a sense of rhythm, dexterity, etc.
IN the main part of the lesson the central pedagogical task is being solved, therefore, the physical load on students reaches its maximum at this stage due to learning and performing basic physical exercises that correspond to the school program in physical education.
The final part of the lesson provides for the removal of the natural excitation of students, bringing the student's body into a relatively calm state on the basis of performing rhythmic, breathing and other simple exercises.
When conducting physical education lessons, the age of students, the physiological characteristics of different sexes are taken into account.
For students with disabilities in the state of health and physical development, physical therapy classes are held, in which the selection of exercises and the total amount of physical activity are regulated by the relevant programs and recommendations of health authorities.
However, physical education lessons cannot solve the whole complex of problems of physical development of students. In this regard, the mode of the educational institution provides for measures of a health-improving and hygienic nature. These include: gymnastics before classes, physical education minutes and pauses, organized change.
Gymnastics before class contributes to an organized start of the school day, creates a cheerful and emotionally uplifted mood and is carried out for 10-15 minutes. It raises the level of excitability and functional mobility of the nervous and other systems of the body, prepares students for intense mental stress in the upcoming educational process, and helps to quickly enter a working state. It does not replace individual morning hygienic gymnastics (exercises), the meaning of which for health should be explained to students not only by the physical education teacher, but also by the class teacher and other teachers.
Exercise minutes and breaks in the classroom and during self-training are active recreation aimed at preventing students from overworking, maintaining their mental and physical performance in the classroom, providing a short break from hard work, maintaining good posture, removing negative effects from prolonged stress, and activating students' attention.
The complex of exercises includes exercises for the spinal column (pull-ups), torso tilts, rhythmic squeezing and unclenching the fingers, shaking the hands, exercises for the muscles of the lower extremities, etc. (4-5 exercises with a total duration of 1.5-2 minutes).
Physical education is practiced mainly in elementary school classes, although with the benefit of the health of students, they can be carried out for other age groups.
Organized Change are used as active recreation in order to reduce fatigue resulting from training activities. To this end, active recreation of students can be organized at a big break with the help of reasonable movements in the form of collective games, sports entertainment. Such events are held with children most often in the fresh air, and in classrooms at this time wet cleaning and ventilation are organized.
Out-of-class physical culture and health-improving and out-of-school educational work on the physical education of students. Out-of-class and out-of-school educational work is carried out in close and direct connection with physical culture lessons.
In the system of this work, a number of main directions.
1. Expansion and deepening of sanitary and hygienic education of students and the formation of relevant skills and abilities.
To this end, conversations are held about the value of health and the personal responsibility of everyone for its preservation and strengthening, about the importance of a reasonable daily routine for maintaining efficiency and well-being, about a healthy lifestyle and harmful habits, about body hygiene, about ways to harden the body, etc. d.
The subject of sanitary and hygienic education also includes the promotion of physical culture and sports, the most important events in sports life.
Education of students is carried out in the form of ongoing conversations, reports, lectures, meetings, evenings of sports dynasties, press conferences with the participation of outstanding athletes, etc.
In this case, the method of persuasion (clarification), suggestion, as well as the method of a positive example are used.
2. Sports improvement of students, development of their abilities in various types of physical culture and sports.
In the system of this area of work, sports sections and physical education clubs are organized. The main method in this case is physical exercise or physical training. The range of their application is quite wide: from accustoming to observing the daily regimen, hygiene requirements, to neatness, cleanliness, to developing the need for a healthy lifestyle, practicing various types of physical culture and sports, improving abilities in one of them.
3.Organization and holding of mass sports events at the school.
These include: sports holidays, school sports days, sportlands, competitions, evenings, health days, etc.
When carrying out these events, the pedagogically correct use of the approval method, which stimulates the sports activity of students, is important.
4.Using the natural forces of nature (sun, water, air) to improve the health of students.
For this, walks, excursions are widely held in schools, hiking trips, games on the ground, labor operations, etc. are organized.
Out-of-school educational work on physical education is carried out by ZhES, children's and youth sports schools, children's tourist stations, parks of culture and recreation, sports facilities (stadiums, skating rinks, swimming pools, etc.), voluntary sports societies, city and country camps of various types, Palaces of youth, etc.
5. Valeological education
The social and personal importance of ensuring a healthy generation has led to the active development in recent years of the science of improving the human body - valeology. "Valeo" (lat.) - means to be healthy, to be healthy. Under health not only the absence of disease or physical infirmity is understood, but also the preservation of the unity of the bodily, intellectual, moral-psychological and spiritual well-being of the human person.
Valeology- an integrated science of the spiritual and physical health of a person and the whole human society at a new stage of his spiritual and creative evolution in its inextricable relationship with the improvement of the surrounding nature.
In this regard, a new direction appeared in the educational activities of educational institutions - valeological upbringing. Physical education is the most important condition for maintaining, strengthening health and ensuring a healthy lifestyle.
Content educational work includes the assimilation by students of the essence of such concepts as "life", "health", their perception as universal values, the formation of the ability to distinguish between physical (bodily) and moral (spiritual) education; fostering a caring attitude towards one's own health and the health of others; formation of the ability to see the relationship and interdependence in such triads: life - health - environment; life - health - safety understanding the importance of physical and mental labor, physical culture, sports, tourism, communication with nature.
Valeology as a science of including a person in the formation of one's health is in its infancy. Continuing valeological education is a completely innovative and most effective approach at the present stage to the problem of shaping the health of each person and promoting a healthy society as a whole. Specific features of the education of a culture of a healthy image life are manifested in the following fundamental ideas and provisions:
Careful attitude to one's health is the main duty of every person;
Every citizen is responsible not only for his own health, but also for his health.
their children and grandchildren. His way of life determines the health of future generations;
Protecting the health of healthy people is a national task and the direct responsibility of those specialists for whom the object of their professional activity is a person;
In the conditions of ecological relations, success in life and matters of social well-being can be achieved, first of all, by mentally and physically healthy people.
Ways to implement valeological education of students
1. Organization of the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions for the improvement of students
- planning the study load of students during the day, week, quarter, etc. taking into account the biorhythms of a developing personality;
Creation of basic conditions for the full-fledged life of students during the school day (mode and balance of nutrition in the dining room, matching the size of furniture to the age of students, lighting, ventilation and cleanliness of classrooms, etc.)
2. Physical and moral and psychological improvement of students in the course of educational and extracurricular activities
1. creating a favorable psychological climate in the system "student-student", "student-teacher";
2. creation of curricula and programs to differentiate the education of schoolchildren;
3. organization of consultations and other types of assistance to students;
4. elimination of monotony and monotony of education;
5. physical development in the process of extracurricular activities (hiking, games, competitions, etc.)
The functions of the teacher in the process of valeological education
1.Diagnostic(observation of the health status of students, their physical and mental performance, compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards in school conditions; assistance in obtaining timely medical care for students if necessary).
2.Prophylactic(prevention of the negative consequences of schoolchildren's violation of the regime of study and rest, diet, careless handling of fire and explosives, non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene and behavior on the water, the impact on health of addictions, etc.).
3. Corrective(elimination of violations in the organization of sanitary and hygienic standards of life of students at school, the formation of schoolchildren's ideas about a healthy lifestyle - compliance with the study and rest regime, diet, personal hygiene rules, etc. through conversations, lectures, debates, watching films, reading literature, etc.).
4.
Advisory(involvement in valeological propaganda among
students of psychologists, psychotherapists, doctors, etc.).
Criteriaformation of a healthy lifestyle culture: attitude to one's health and the health of others as a value; availability of skills and abilities to maintain and promote health, safe and responsible behavior; formation of hygiene skills and habits; the presence of physical and mental activity; the ability to resist destructive behaviors.
Valeological education the younger generation is a task of great national importance. The teacher is required to educate not only educational functions, but also to form the body, psyche, mind, morals and spiritual sphere of students. The teacher should monitor the health of students, monitor the deviations of vision, hearing and the well-being of each individual.
Subject " Ecology of the family and the formation of a healthy lifestyle among its members».
The problem of educating a healthy lifestyle has been of interest since ancient times. Philosophers such as J. Locke, A. Smith, K. Helvetius and others spoke of the crucial role of cultivating a healthy lifestyle in human development and believed that the latter is practically impossible without the former.
Raising a healthy lifestyle for children is one of the urgent problems in our society.
The family plays an important role in shaping a healthy lifestyle for a child. Parents have the opportunity to develop the personality of the child, based on his individual capabilities, which they know better than anyone else. They are responsible for his physical, moral, mental, social upbringing and development. They want to see their children healthy, cheerful, active, hardy, strong, smart.
The family is the most important and important thing in the life of every child. She plays the most important role in his life and determines his future. Each member of the family must create in it the conditions and comfort necessary for the formation of a healthy lifestyle and thereby form it in the future generation. Health is an integral part of the existence of each of us and it depends only on us what it will be like.
Parents are obliged to teach their children to a healthy lifestyle, lay the foundations from early childhood, teach them to be good, and set a good example to follow, and only then will we have a healthy people and a healthy nation.
The family for the child is the place of birth and the main habitat. In his family, he has close people who understand him and accept him as he is - healthy or sick, kind or not very good, docile or prickly and impudent - he is his own there. It is in the family that the child receives the basics of knowledge about the world around him, and with the high cultural and educational potential of his parents, he continues to receive not only the basics, but also the culture itself all his life.
The family is strengthened by common affairs and concerns, everyday life filled with useful content, joint leisure and recreation. Physical education is of great importance for the family.
The family largely determines the attitude of children to physical exercises, their interest in sports, activity and initiative. This is facilitated by close emotional communication between children and adults in different situations, their naturally occurring joint activities (discussions of the success of the country's sports life, experiences when watching television sports programs, illustrations in books on sports topics, etc.)
Children are especially susceptible to the beliefs, positive behavior of the father, mother, family lifestyle. The personal example of parents, joint physical education, a healthy lifestyle are the main components of the success of physical education in the family.
Family as a small social group and social institution
A family, as a rule, is a more complex system of relations than marriage, since it can unite not only spouses, but also their children, as well as other relatives. A family is an association of people connected by a commonality based on consanguinity, marriage or adoption life and mutual responsibility for the upbringing of children.
The main features of the family are:
- Marriage, blood ties or ties of adoption.
- Shared accommodation.
- General family budget and household.
Usually, a married couple is considered the “core” of a family, and all statistical classifications of family composition are built depending on the addition of children, relatives, parents of a husband and wife to the “core”.
Types and types of families, what are
Depending on the structure of family ties, a family can be:
- Nuclear(simple) - consists of spouses and children who depend on them. Such a family includes two generations.
- Extended- consists of several nuclear families or of a nuclear family and other relatives (three or more generations).
- incomplete- in which one of the parents is missing. The absence of one of the parents can be caused by various reasons: death, lack of marriage, divorce.
The most common in modern Western countries are nuclear families. There are no more than 3 role positions in them (father - husband, mother - wife, son - brother or daughter - sister). Each person can be a member of several nuclear families at the same time, however, these families do not form an extended family, since they do not live “under the same roof”.
In extended families, as a rule, life is more rationally organized, young people have more time, less big quarrels over trifles, more attention to other people's opinions. However, there may be interference in the privacy of children, petty guardianship, tight control by parents.
In nuclear families, the emphasis is on marital relations, and the parental relationship of father and mother with children, children among themselves, act as an addition to marriage. On the contrary, the extended family reveals in its entire structure that the bond that cements it is the bloodlines of parents and children, brothers and sisters.
Families are distinguished by the number of children:
- Childless.
- Small children(1-2 children).
- Large families(3 or more children).
Families with few children are those families in which there are “few children” from a demographic point of view (for the reproduction of the population). From the point of view of social psychology, for the emergence of primary group relations among children, two children are not enough, since primary group relations arise starting from 3 members of the group. The well-known fact in sociology of the persistence of primary groups, which consist of 5-7 members, is confirmed in the sociology of the family by divorce statistics - an increase in the number of children leads to a decrease in the probability of divorce.
The birth of a second child reduces the likelihood of divorce by 2.5 times, and the birth of a third child by 9.5 times. It would be a mistake to assume that the birth of another child strengthens the family; rather, spouses who are confident in the reliability of their relationship have a need for children, and accordingly, they decide to have another child.
According to the criterion of distribution of power, there are:
- patriarchal families where the father is the “head of the family state”.
- matriarchal families where the mother enjoys the highest authority and influence.
- egalitarian families or partnerships are those where there are no clearly defined family rights, where the situational distribution of power between father and mother prevails.
Depending on the age of the spouses, there are:
- Youth family- when the age of the spouses is under 30 years old. The main problems of such a family are adaptation to new responsibilities, everyday life, the emergence of roles associated with parenthood, problems with employment and economic security.
- Family of middle age. The main problems of such a family are monotony, routine household chores, boredom, stereotyped relationships, the feeling that the most interesting and significant in life has already taken place and now life is “flowing” by.
- An elderly couple. There are problems associated with the health of the spouses, the need for a caring attitude towards each other, the development of new family roles.
According to the special conditions of family life, the following series of families are distinguished:
- student families. Typical problems of such a family: lack of housing, complete financial dependence on parents, nevertheless, such families are characterized by great cohesion, activity, and emotionality. Spouses in such families are receptive to the new, believe in the best.
- distant families- legally fixed, however, in fact they are not. These are families of labor migrants, sailors, polar explorers, artists, athletes, geologists, etc. Husbands and wives are separated for a long time, do not run a common household, the responsibility for raising children and their maintenance is usually performed by one of them. In these families, there is a great danger of adultery and family breakdown, but some are very persistent, where the strength of the relationship is explained by the freshness of feelings.
- Families who are expecting a baby- there are problems associated with preparing for future roles, excessive concern for the health of the expectant mother and child.
What are the functions of the family
Family Functions:
- reproductive function is to reproduce their own kind. So that humanity does not cease to exist, society does not turn into a boarding school for the elderly, the population level does not decrease, it is necessary that every Russian family have at least 2-3 children.
- Educational the function of the family is the implementation of the primary socialization of the child and the upbringing of children until they reach social maturity. Education is understood as a system of targeted influences on the educated person to instill in him certain views, norms and patterns of behavior, as well as certain moral, psychological and physical qualities.
Socialization is a broader phenomenon, which also includes the entire set of spontaneous circumstances and factors influencing the formation and development of the individual. Therefore, the educational function of the family is actually realized not only in the form of conscious and purposeful pedagogical influences of parents on children, but also through the whole atmosphere of family life.
- Regulatory function and function primary social control includes a system for regulating relations between family members, including primary social control and the exercise of power and authority. In the past, the state contributed to the establishment of power and authority in the family of the head of the family, who throughout his life was responsible for the behavior of his offspring. There were penalties for disobedience to parents. Ensuring the fulfillment of social norms by family members, especially those who, due to various circumstances (age, illness, etc.), do not have sufficient ability to independently build their behavior in full accordance with social norms. The family is a small social group, in which they learn to build their behavior in accordance with existing social norms.
- educational function - in the family there is a training of the younger generation. Here they teach to speak, walk, read, count.
- Communicative the function satisfies the need of family members for communication and mutual understanding. Psychological and pedagogical research confirms that the formation of various social orientations, attitudes, emotional culture, moral and psychological health of a person are directly dependent on the nature of intra-family communication, the manifestation of psychological attitudes in communication, especially adult family members, on the moral and psychological atmosphere in the family .
- emotional function - satisfaction of its members' needs for sympathy, respect, recognition, psychological protection. Function of emotional satisfaction. Lack of warmth and mutual understanding, love can be the cause of emotional and behavioral difficulties. This function provides emotional stabilization of members of society, actively contributes to the preservation of their mental health.
- Economic function - the conduct of a common household by family members. Formation of strong economic ties between them. Household management by family members. formation of strong economic ties between them. The norms of family life include the obligatory help and support of each family member in case he has economic difficulties. Having your own budget. Organization of consumer activity.
- Spiritual and psychotherapeutic function. Spiritual communication is the development of the personalities of family members, spiritual mutual enrichment. Psychotherapeutic - allows family members to arrange spontaneous psychotherapy sessions.
- intimate erotic function. It exists to meet the intimate needs of the family, regulates the intimate behavior of husband and wife. Ensuring the biological reproduction of society, thanks to which families turn into clans that go on for generations.
- Household function. Satisfaction of family members with their biological and material needs. Satisfying the need to preserve their health by household methods. Family nutrition, acquisition and maintenance of household property, clothes, shoes, home improvement, creation of home comfort, organization of life and life of the family, formation and spending of the household budget.
- Entertaining and recreational function. Joint organization of entertainment and recovery after work. Concern for the health and well-being of family members. Recreation, organization of leisure.
- Protective function. In all societies, the institution of the family provides, to varying degrees, the physical, economic, and psychological protection of its members.
In recent years, the family has been the object of an increasing number of sociological and socio-psychological studies carried out by Russian and foreign researchers.
What is a family and its ecology
The family is part of the human social environment. In the social environment, two levels are distinguished: macroenvironment and microenvironment. The social macroenvironment is a combination of material and spiritual factors that directly and indirectly, positively and negatively affect the individual and change in the process of people's practical activities (the nature of the social division of labor, the social structure of society arising from it, the system of education, upbringing).
A social microenvironment is a part of the environment that directly affects a person and includes such elements as "... a work, educational or other primary team, family, school, close friends, information sources of interest to a person and other phenomena of personal life." The family is part of the social microenvironment in which a person spends about a third of his life.
Sociologists consider family ecology as “a field of knowledge that studies various aspects of the interaction of the family, society and nature, including issues of natural family planning, natural feeding of newborns, responsible parenthood, raising children as future spouses and parents, a healthy lifestyle, etc. ".
The conditions on which the orientation of the formation of the child's personality, as well as his health, depend are laid down in the family. What is instilled in a child from childhood and adolescence in the family in the field of moral, ethical and other principles determines all his further behavior in life, attitude towards himself, his health and the health of others.
Even at early school age, a child is not yet able to consciously and adequately follow the elementary norms of hygiene and sanitation, comply with the requirements of a healthy lifestyle, take care of their health and the health of others. All this brings to the fore the task before parents of the earliest possible development in a small child of skills and habits that contribute to the preservation of their health.
Of course, the health of children directly depends on the living conditions in the family, health literacy, hygiene culture of parents and their level of education. As a rule, adults become interested in the problem of cultivating the habit of a healthy lifestyle only when the child already needs psychological or medical help. Readiness for a healthy lifestyle does not arise by itself, but is formed in a person from an early age, primarily within the family in which the child was born and raised.
The main task for parents is: the formation of a child's moral attitude towards their health, which is expressed in the desire and need to be healthy, to lead a healthy lifestyle. He must realize that health is the most important value for a person, the main condition for achieving any life goal, and everyone is responsible for maintaining and strengthening their health.
In this, nothing can replace the authority of an adult. Therefore, parents themselves must accept the philosophy of a healthy lifestyle and embark on the path of health. Each of the parents wants the child to grow up physically and mentally healthy, without bad habits. In many ways, the formation of a healthy lifestyle depends on the traditional component of this influence: family lifestyle, way of organizing life, the nature of relationships between spouses, the participation of both parents in education, the proper organization of family free time, the attitude of parents themselves to alcohol, smoking, and the use of drugs. .
Criteria for fostering a healthy lifestyle
Parents need to know the criteria for the effectiveness of healthy lifestyle education:
- decrease in morbidity;
A healthy lifestyle is a joy for big and small in the house, but to create it, several conditions must be met:
- the first condition is the creation of a favorable moral climate in the family, which is manifested in goodwill, readiness to forgive and understand, the desire to help, to please each other, in caring for the health of family members;
- the second condition for the successful formation of a healthy lifestyle is the close, sincere friendship of children and parents, their constant desire to be together, communicate, and consult. Communication is a great force that helps parents understand the train of thought of the child and, by the first signs, determine the tendency to negative actions in order to prevent them in time;
- the third condition is increased attention to the state of health of all family members. Psychologist V. Karimova, highly appreciating the role of the family in shaping a healthy lifestyle, considers it necessary to pay special attention to the following aspects:
- Strengthening the comprehensive health of the people, the nation should begin, first of all, with the family. To implement the educational and educational program "Healthy Family", it is necessary to involve mahalla advisers on issues of religious and educational and spiritual and moral education, women's commissions, mahalla activists, and conduct educational and methodological seminars.
- Educational and propaganda work to prepare young people for family life, their development of the philosophy of a healthy lifestyle should involve not only scientists and relevant specialists, but also mahalla elders with rich life experience, teachers and mentors.
Based on the direct relationship between the problems of family well-being and the upbringing of children, it is necessary to constantly ensure public supervision of such important factors as the age of pregnant young women entering life, their health, family conditions, attitude to sports, and physical conditioning.
Thus, from the above definitions it can be seen that there is no single point of view on what is considered human health. But we can conclude that the concept of health reflects the quality of the body's adaptation to environmental conditions and represents the result of the process of interaction between a person and the environment; the state of health itself is formed as a result of the interaction of external (natural and social) and internal (heredity, gender, age) factors.
Health: components and types
Currently, it is customary to distinguish several components (types) of health.
Somatic health- the current state of the organs and systems of the human body, - the basis of which is the biological program of individual development, mediated by the basic needs that dominate at various stages of ontogenetic development. These needs, firstly, are the trigger mechanism for human development, and secondly, they ensure the individualization of this process.
physical health- the level of growth and development of organs and systems of the body, - the basis of which is morphophysiological and functional reserves that provide adaptive reactions.
mental health- the state of the mental sphere, - the basis of which is the state of general spiritual comfort, which provides an adequate behavioral response. This state is due to both biological and social needs, as well as the ability to satisfy them.
moral health- a complex of characteristics of the motivational and need-informative sphere of life, - the basis of which is determined by the system of values, attitudes and motives of the individual's behavior in society. Moral health mediates the spirituality of a person, since it is connected with the universal truths of goodness, love and beauty.
The state of health of children today leaves much to be desired. And the increase in the incidence is associated not only with an unfavorable environmental situation, with a constant increase in stress, psycho-emotional overstrain and physical inactivity, but also with the refusal of parents to lead a healthy lifestyle. The health of children directly depends on the living conditions in the family, health literacy, hygiene culture of parents and their level of education.
Often the level of knowledge and skills of parents in the field of cultivating the habit of a healthy lifestyle is low, and interest in this problem arises only when the child already needs psychological or medical assistance. Most parents do not understand the very essence of the concept of "health", considering it only as the absence of diseases, completely ignoring the relationship of physical, mental and social well-being. As a result, children form bad habits, which can be very difficult to get rid of.
Criteria for the effectiveness of educating a healthy lifestyle
Parents need to know the criteria for the effectiveness of educating a healthy lifestyle:
- positive dynamics of the physical condition of your child;
- decrease in morbidity;
- the formation of the child's skills to build relationships with peers, parents and other people;
- reducing the level of anxiety and aggressiveness.
Readiness for a healthy lifestyle does not arise by itself, but is formed in a person from an early age, primarily within the family in which the child was born and raised.
The task of parents is to convey the importance of daily care for their health to the consciousness of their child, to teach the art of health promotion
The main task for parents is: the formation of a child's moral attitude to their health, which is expressed in the desire and need to be healthy, to lead a healthy lifestyle. He must realize that health is the most important value for a person, the main condition for achieving any life goal, and everyone is responsible for maintaining and strengthening their health.
To solve this problem, parents need to remember the rule - "If you want to raise your child healthy, follow the path of health yourself, otherwise he will have nowhere to lead!".
Forms of educational activity
Forms of educational activities are of a different nature:
According to the direction of the content
- intellectual - cognitive;
- social - creative;
- professional orientation;
- cultural - leisure;
- sports and recreation;
- artistic - creative;
- organizational.
By the nature of interaction and joint activities
- competitive forms (competitions, competitions);
- entertainment (performances, movie screenings);
- productive and creative (protection of projects, exhibitions);
- communication forms (round tables, evening meetings);
- demonstration (presentation);
- individual self-expression (portfolio).
The concept “ health” is not clearly defined in the scientific literature. Someone considers it a property, someone a process, someone interprets it as a state, someone an ability. As a rule, health is not only the absence of disease, but also a state of complete mental, physical and social well-being. But not all families understand this, believing that if the child is not sick, then he is healthy. Also, not all parents pay due attention to educating a child about a healthy lifestyle, so many children do not use the elementary rules of “clean hands” and so on.
There is one main direction of family education for the formation of a healthy lifestyle in a child. This includes working with children. It is necessary to convey the importance of daily care for one's health to the consciousness of one's child, to teach the art of health promotion, to form in the child a moral attitude towards one's health, which is expressed in the desire and need to be healthy, to lead a healthy lifestyle. Parents should pay special attention to the formation of a favorable atmosphere in the house, to educate the child in respect for themselves and others, respect for their health. Of great importance is the educational impact on the child by the personal example of parents.
Parents are our helpers and allies in extracurricular activities. The most important direction in extracurricular activities is the preservation and strengthening of children's health, the formation of attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle, parents set an example for their pupils, taking part in school competitions with their families.
To ensure the success of a healthy lifestyle
The formation of a healthy lifestyle in the family will be successful if:
- organizational and pedagogical conditions and mechanisms for introducing a healthy lifestyle in the process of developing a comfortable family will be developed and determined;
- parents are ready to use national cultural traditions in order to educate children in the need for a healthy lifestyle;
- coordinated interaction between the family and the educational institution will be carried out, taking into account modern trends in the development of the need to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
- the content, forms and methods of preparing young people for family life include the use of the experience of forming a healthy lifestyle in a comfortable family.
The formation of a healthy lifestyle in a child should be one of the mandatory components of family education. The family for a child is the environment where he finds role models and here his social birth takes place.
Related videos
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“Oranges will not be born from an aspen,” says folk wisdom. It is impossible to raise a generation that is healthy in all respects if you approach the creation of a family, relying only on romantic feelings and rejecting centuries of knowledge about married life.
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The formation of a healthy lifestyle begins with the correct organization of the daily routine
On the School of Life video channel.
To date, a healthy lifestyle does not have a clear definition. However, in general terms, it can be reduced to the following: it is a behavioral lifestyle of a person aimed at increasing immunity, preventing diseases, and improving health.
Recently, the problem and the need to form a healthy lifestyle has become more relevant.
It's no secret that the formation of a healthy lifestyle begins with the correct organization of the daily routine ...
Based on this, we can distinguish the main vital behavioral forms:
- The formation of positive psychological emotions in all spheres of life (work, life, family relationships, implementation in social and cultural life) and the formation of optimistic views.
- Organization of labor activity with maximum efficiency, which makes it possible to implement and reflects the essence of each person.
- Physical activity.
- A rhythmic lifestyle implies compliance with biological rhythms both in terms of daily biorhythms and in terms of age-related needs.
- sexual activity.
- Refusal of bad habits, which contributes to the maintenance of high health indicators.
Health to all long life.
Rules for a healthy lifestyle
On the video channel "tanyarybakova".
CHAPTER 8 BASES FOR FORMING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS. HYGIENE EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONCHAPTER 8 BASES FOR FORMING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS. HYGIENE EDUCATION AND EDUCATION
The literature quite often cites general provisions formulated by WHO, according to which the “contribution” of social factors in the formation of public health is 50%. Special studies of the role of social and hygienic factors in the development of diseases I.G. Sidorenko and E.N. Kutepova (1997) showed that the lifestyle of children and adolescents determines, depending on the age of children, from 3 to 11% of the incidence.
8.1. HYGIENIC APPROACHES TO FORMATION OF HEALTH AND HEALTHY LIFESTYLES
Healthy lifestyle - behavior, style, conducive to the preservation, strengthening and restoration of the health of a given population. A healthy lifestyle is not only a medical, but also a socio-economic category, which depends on the development of production and industrial relations. A healthy lifestyle is associated with a person's choice of a health-positive lifestyle, which implies a high level of hygienic culture of individual social groups and society as a whole.
Hygienically rational forms of behavior include behavior that enhances the protective properties of the body, as well as behavior aimed at combating bad habits that affect health. Improving the protective properties of the body includes the optimal mode of various activities and recreation, rational nutrition, optimal motor activity, physical culture, hardening, personal hygiene, medical activity and dynamic monitoring of one's own health, positive environmental behavior.
With regard to children, it must always be borne in mind that not always the child himself can provide an appropriate way of life. Much depends on parents, organizers of education, teachers. In this sense, the child is passive, but his future behavior will largely depend on how his life is organized.
A healthy lifestyle is incompatible with bad habits. The use of alcohol, other intoxicating and narcotic substances, tobacco smoking impede the establishment of any aspects of a healthy lifestyle. Bad habits are among the most important risk factors for many diseases, significantly affect the health of children and adolescents, the population as a whole.
Epidemiological surveys of high school students show that smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction have now become widespread, even threatening, among the youth. This is especially true for alcoholism. In terms of real alcohol consumption, Russia again became one of the leaders.
The most important critical stage at which alcohol installations are laid is adolescence. At this time, a young man undergoes a number of important changes. Firstly, a psychoendocrine restructuring of the body is carried out, and secondly, new needs and interests are awakened, primarily of a sexual nature. Psychological restructuring is painful, accompanied by uncomfortable conditions. Teenagers are characterized by increased vulnerability and maximalism. During this period, it is easier than ever to have a grouping reaction with peers. At the same time, adolescent groups are establishing their own value orientations, ways of spending leisure time, and methods for solving numerous problems. It is this period that is most dangerous in relation to the formation of the habit of drinking alcohol within the framework of group activities. At the same time, attempts to correct behavior on the part of parents or teachers are perceived as an encroachment on independence and independence, a restriction on rights. Therefore, often such straightforward attempts lead to the opposite results, reactions of protest and opposition.
For adolescents, even a peculiar phenomenon is described "group dependence on alcohol", consisting in the fact that the functioning of the adolescent group is organized mainly around the use of alcoholic beverages even before the appearance of
individual members of the group show clear signs of dependence on alcohol or alcoholism. For many, the period of young age has been and is a chain of alcoholic excesses. This is due to the wide availability of alcohol and the significant spread of alcohol customs and traditions. The most dangerous are alcoholic groups, organized around leaders with initial manifestations of alcoholism, sociable, enterprising, endowed with a sense of humor. It is around such people that teenagers are easily grouped.
Teenagers and escape from real life can lead to the alcohol group. Failure in the main activity (study or work) can push to self-assertion in this area. In this case, a very important psychological mechanism can work: having not achieved success in socially acceptable forms of life and “sliding” into the alcohol group, a young person extends his personal negative attitude to the norms and values accepted in the healthy environment that rejected him. Including the prohibitions associated with the intake of alcohol are ignored.
The most important area of work to overcome bad habits is to increase attention to the formation of the personality of a teenager, the elevation of his needs, the assimilation of cultural values accumulated by mankind, i.e. ensuring the spiritual health of youth.
Specific methods of prevention include the system of anti-alcohol education and anti-alcohol education of youth. When conducting anti-alcohol education at school, it is advisable to be guided by the following principles:
Early start of anti-alcohol orientation of schoolchildren. Considering that the formation of individual alcohol attitudes begins already at the age of 9-10, anti-alcohol education should be deployed already in elementary school;
Purposefulness and continuity in the conduct of anti-alcohol education and anti-alcohol propaganda. At the same time, a gradual, repeated, more complex, taking into account age, disclosure of the effects of alcohol is provided from the simplest visual experiments to showing the deep links of alcohol with the damage that is caused to society, and therefore to ourselves;
Planning of anti-alcohol work in accordance with the phases and stages of the formation of attitudes in children regarding the use of alcohol;
Taking into account mental characteristics of different age groups of students in anti-alcohol work;
Correspondence of the hygienic and moral, emotional and content aspects in the anti-alcohol orientation of students;
Organization of high-grade leisure and increase of socially and hygienically useful activity of children;
An integrated approach to anti-alcohol work. Teaching teams should work together with the family, medical specialists, including narcologists, non-governmental organizations;
Personal participation of senior students in anti-alcohol work. It is expedient to involve high school students in anti-alcohol education more widely. It is mutually beneficial for both the elders and the younger. The latter often trust the opinion and position of high school students more than parents and teachers in these matters.
The emphasis of anti-alcohol propaganda among adolescents on the damage to internal organs in alcoholism and its long-term consequences, as a rule, makes it ineffective. Anti-alcohol work should be guided by positive values and guidelines that are significant for children and adolescents, such as the full disclosure of abilities, self-realization of the individual, family, children, status in society.
Anti-alcohol propaganda should be based on positive content, contain a constructive element, appeal to the healthy sides of human nature.
A healthy lifestyle for children is largely determined by the lifestyle of parents, the environment in which the child grows and is brought up.
It is possible to effectively form a healthy lifestyle for children and adolescents based on knowledge of the real lifestyle of children of a certain gender, age, group.
8.2. THE VALUE OF HYGIENE
EDUCATION IN FORMATION
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOR CHILDREN
The modern Russian school does not provide all the necessary conditions that would allow it to become a place of formation
health of schoolchildren. In addition to objective reasons, this situation is explained by shortcomings in the system of hygienic education and upbringing of children and adolescents for the formation of their skills and habits of a healthy lifestyle, a conscious and responsible attitude to the preservation and promotion of health.
Hygienic education and upbringing is an important condition for maintaining and strengthening health and should be comprehensive and continuous, encourage them to take active and conscious actions aimed at:
Improving one's own physical and mental health;
Refusal of behavior that is harmful to one's health and the health of others;
An intolerant attitude towards people who harm their own health and the health of others;
Conscious participation in the formation of a health-saving environment.
In recent years, demands have been put forward to revise and radically change the programs, means and methods of hygienic training and education, introduce the principles of a healthy lifestyle, and bring them in line with the changed socio-economic conditions of the population. The main task is to develop and consolidate in children and adolescents during their schooling hygienic skills and habits appropriate for their age, a conscious attitude to health, personal and public safety.
More than half of school students do not have basic hygiene skills that are appropriate for their age: adherence to the daily routine, the ability to alternate mental and physical activity, regular and rational nutrition, age-appropriate physical activity, sufficient sleep, fresh air, personal hygiene skills. It should also be noted that the quality of application of these skills decreases with age.
The currently existing programs of hygienic education and upbringing can only provide an extensive stage of education, i.e. communication of knowledge, but not intensive - the consolidation of this knowledge and their implementation in their behavior. In addition, many programs for adolescents on healthy lifestyles are developed without the participation of specialists and contain controversial information on non-traditional methods of recovery that are unacceptable for
sprouts. All this confirms the need to analyze and revise the existing programs of hygienic education and upbringing of adolescents, both in terms of their content and the forms and methods of education they provide, for the development and further implementation of comprehensive modular programs that contribute to the formation of a healthy lifestyle for adolescents.
Principles of hygienic education, formation of a healthy lifestyle
The principle of relevance- the principle of hygienic education, orienting it towards providing individuals, groups of persons with the most important and timely hygienic information.
The relevance of hygienic information is determined by modern health maintenance tasks, including healthcare tasks, as well as local (regional, city, etc.) problems.
The principle of relevance in hygienic education involves the reflection of pressing problems related to human health, ecology, hygienic culture, social norms and values, etc.
Scientific principle- the principle of hygienic education, which provides for the implementation of theoretical and practical activities in this area on the basis of scientifically substantiated data. In accordance with this principle, hygienic education uses data from the social sciences (pedagogy, psychology, sociology, etc.), which make it possible to provide hygienic information in a convenient, understandable, and interesting form for the population. When developing the content of hygienic education, a particularly important role belongs to medical science: hygienic information must correspond to the current state and the latest achievements of medicine, be scientifically substantiated, objective, reliable, and avoid sensational messages that do not have scientific evidence.
The principle of accessibility- the principle of hygienic education, which implies the correspondence of its content, methods, forms, means to the socio-cultural level, interests and needs of an individual, a group of persons, a social community. This principle assumes the optimal amount of information for assimilation and the rationality of the teaching methodology. Great value for implementation
This principle has didactic approaches to the presentation of the material: the transition from simple to complex, from the known to the unknown, a clear formulation of generalizations and conclusions. The accessibility of information is also achieved by emotional, figurative speech, the absence of incomprehensible medical terms and names in it, the use of life facts as examples, and the use of visual means.
The principle of positive orientation- the principle of hygienic education, which involves the formation of types of behavior and lifestyles focused on positive reference samples approved by society. In accordance with this principle, in the process of hygienic education, considerable attention should be paid to health-positive lifestyles, their beneficial effects on health. The implementation of this principle - showing positive examples - is more effective than showing the negative consequences of negative behavior in relation to health.
The principle of unity of theory and practice- the principle of hygienic education, which implies the possibility of using the knowledge gained by an individual or a group of people in practice. The implementation of the principle is facilitated by illustrating materials on hygiene topics with actual data, analyzing specific practical situations using theoretical information, and, if possible, practicing desirable behaviors in various situations. According to the principle, one should strive to ensure that hygienic education is carried out in conditions that allow one to implement the knowledge gained in life, to test it on one's own experience.
Principle of active learning- the principle of hygienic education, which contributes to the sustainable consolidation of knowledge and skills of a healthy lifestyle, including qualitative analysis, including brainstorming, allowing students to express the maximum number of versions on the proposed issue and develop the most appropriate point of view on the problem in the process of discussing it in small groups with subsequent debriefing in the class; situational tasks with the need for choice and decision making; role-playing games; experiences and experiments; information search; drawing, modeling, modeling; games (board, story, lottery, etc.); dances, pantomime, musical and dramatic scenes. At the same time, along with traditional forms of presentation
information (memos, booklets, exhibitions, card indexes, films and videos, slides, posters), small forms of propaganda should be used more widely - information on packages, bookmarks, calendars, covers of school notebooks, etc.
The principle of unity of education and upbringing- the principle of hygienic education, which provides for the assimilation by an individual or a group of persons not only of the content of information, but also of the methods of its processing, attitude towards it, methods of its use. The implementation of this principle is possible in the context of the integrated use of methods for transmitting information and methods that activate cognitive activity that contribute to the formation of creative activity in relation to health: the method of problem presentation, the heuristic method of teaching, etc. When implementing this principle, they are used as forms of hygienic education based on activities of a specialist (for example, a lecture), and forms that provide for the active participation of persons who are affected (for example, a discussion).
Principle of differentiated approach- the principle of hygienic education, which provides for its implementation, taking into account the characteristic features of the population groups to which it is directed. In accordance with this principle, in the process of hygienic education, one should take into account the signs that served as the basis for the formation of target groups: gender, age, health status, national characteristics of life, customs, traditions, geographical features, level of awareness, needs for one or another hygiene information, etc. .d. Taking into account the characteristics of the target groups, the content, methods, forms and means of hygienic education are differentiated. Changes in the objective situation, the tasks of hygienic education may lead to the need to take into account new specific features when determining target groups.
The principle of individual approach- the principle of hygienic education, which provides for its implementation, taking into account the individual characteristics of the person to whom it is directed. In accordance with the principle, differentiation of the content, methods, forms, means of hygienic education is carried out, taking into account the state of health, characterological characteristics, temperament, gender, age, etc. The significance of this principle increases in the context of an increase in the level of hygienic culture of the population, when hygienic education cannot be carried out only through mass
information. In accordance with this principle, it is necessary that every adolescent has the opportunity to receive individual advice on issues of health protection and promotion, taking into account physiological and psychological characteristics, social parameters. The implementation of this principle in modern conditions involves the development of individual training programs based on a preliminary study of the health status.
Illustrative principle- the principle of hygienic education, which provides for a combination of the presentation of hygienic information of a theoretical nature with examples and demonstrations that specify its application in practice. In the practice of hygienic education, 3 types of illustrativeness are used: verbal-figurative, symbolic (natural and artificial objects, posters, diagrams, drawings, photographs, etc.), represented by actions. The use of one or another type of illustration or a possible combination of them should be in accordance with the content of hygiene information and take into account the possibilities of adequate understanding of the information by this target group. Illustrativeness contributes to an intelligible and convincing presentation of the material, improves its perception.
Sequence principle- the principle of hygienic education, which provides for the allocation of the main stages and their logical continuity in the process of its implementation. According to this principle, hygienic education is carried out at all stages of growth and development of a teenager; at the same time, the study of new material should be based on previously acquired knowledge. The logical continuity of the presented material makes it possible to avoid fragmentation, fragmentation of the information to be assimilated, the presence of conflicting evaluated facts in the mind and, in general, forms a stable conviction about health.
The principle of consistency- the principle of hygienic education, which provides for the constant, regular nature of its implementation, which makes it possible to give knowledge related to health in the form of an integral system. Consistency in the process of hygienic education makes it possible to form a holistic conceptual picture of health issues, to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills that are a prerequisite for the formation of health-positive lifestyles, and also contribute to a conscious change in lifestyle when changing
nii of objective conditions. The implementation of the principle is possible only in the conditions of coordination of the activities of all institutions and organizations, as well as individuals involved in hygienic education (schools, institutions of secondary vocational training, higher educational institutions, medical institutions, parents, heads of sports sections, organizers of extracurricular activities, etc.). .d.).
The principle of stimulating consciousness and activity- the principle of hygienic education, expressing its focus on increasing the activity of an individual, groups of people, social community in matters of health, such activity is possible only with awareness of responsibility for one's own health and the health of others. The principle of stimulating consciousness and activity is extremely important, as it acts as a foundation for changing behaviors and lifestyles.
Stages of learning and building sustainable healthy lifestyle skills
1st stage- development of skills for using the information that a teenager receives in everyday life. Examples include knowledge about the risks associated with smoking, personal awareness of the value of good health, etc. The teacher can conduct group discussions and consultations in his lessons. When conducting lessons, it is very important to take into account the age and psychological characteristics of the child and which group is the reference for him. In primary school age, these are parents, in adolescence, peers.
2nd stage- change in attitude to one's health and to bad habits. Here it is very important to prepare the teenager to make the right decision based on comprehensive information. He must decide.
1. Are bad habits a serious risk to his health.
2. What will he gain by giving up bad habits (for example, good health or success in sports).
3. What will he lose in this case.
An important part of learning healthy lifestyle skills is the development of communication skills that help build relationships, resolve conflicts, stand up for your rights, and refuse unwanted or dangerous forms of behavior. Since the
The formation of one's own style of behavior in adolescence is largely based on the search for an example to follow; at this stage of learning, it is important to use the so-called positive social role models.
3rd stage- decision-making. A teenager must independently make a choice in favor of a healthy lifestyle, and the teacher should help him in this. Teenagers need to learn how to properly evaluate incoming information. They must be able to consciously make a choice in a particular situation, weigh all the pros and cons. Role-playing games are of great help at this stage.
4th stage The teenager has made a decision. The support of parents and teachers is very important here. In addition to purposeful classes at school, school-wide events should be held. Thus, it is expedient to organize quizzes, drawing competitions, for example, on anti-tobacco propaganda, etc.
The upbringing of a high sanitary culture of the population - one of the components of a healthy lifestyle - is a matter of national importance.
In the formation of a sanitary culture, the leading role belongs to a set of measures for hygienic education and training, which is enshrined in law. The federal law "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population" contains a special article 36 "Hygienic education and training". It determines that in order to improve the sanitary culture of the population, prevent diseases, and disseminate knowledge about a healthy lifestyle, hygienic education and training of citizens should be carried out.
Hygienic education and education of citizens should be carried out in the process of:
Education and training in preschool educational institutions and other educational institutions;
Professional hygienic training and certification of officials and employees of organizations whose nature of activity is related to the production, storage, transportation and sale of food products and drinking water, the upbringing and education of children;
During the training, retraining and advanced training of employees by including sections on hygiene knowledge in the training programs.
Hygienic education and upbringing of children in educational institutions consists of classroom, out-of-class and out-of-school work carried out by teachers of all subjects, medical personnel of institutions, members of the Red Cross societies, leaders of circles, clubs, associations. Class work is conducted in accordance with educational standards, curricula, methodological recommendations. Basically, hygiene issues are covered in the process of teaching natural history, the basics of life safety, labor, physical education, natural science, biology (educational institutions), as well as labor protection, safety (educational institutions with vocational training). The subject of classes is determined by the curriculum.
Extracurricular and extracurricular activities includes the organization of sanitary posts and brigades, classes in electives and circles "Young Medic", conducting conversations, lectures by medical personnel, individual consultations, watching movies and videos. However, it is more effective to organize game (especially in the lower grades) and competitive forms of education and upbringing: quizzes, competitions, theatrical performances, shows, competitions with the obligatory participation of high school students in programs for younger students, the release of sanitary bulletins, leaflets. For high school students, a good way to teach and educate is to organize conferences, debates, round tables. A powerful means of hygienic education is the participation of schoolchildren in the work of clubs, public associations on hygiene and environmental topics, such as Antiweight (for those who are overweight), the Green Movement, etc.
To check the effectiveness of hygienic education and upbringing, you can use academic performance data in disciplines that include sections of hygiene, control, testing and questioning, but you can not refuse to observe (especially in the lower grades) the formation of hygiene skills and abilities.
An essential component of hygienic education is personal hygiene. Personal hygiene is the most important means of an active attitude of a person to his health.
A teenager should be guided not only by the elementary rules of individual hygiene, but also have the necessary
our skills in the field of mental hygiene and learn certain norms of behavior, mode of action, forms of treatment accepted in a civilized society and, ultimately, “working” for a healthy lifestyle. Interesting in this respect is the statement of M.V. Lomonosov: “Cleanliness should be observed at the table, the contents of books, bed, dress. Whoever behaves disgustingly in appearance shows not only laziness, but also vile morals.
Hygienic education of children and adolescents- complex and multifaceted activities. Various channels of mass communication are also important in it, the use of which must be intensified. According to the popularity of various forms of promoting a healthy lifestyle, television and feature films are in first place. Lectures and talks take the last place.
Various forms of presentation, new interesting genres, headings prepared on television (including cable), taking into account the specifics of the children's audience, can increase the significance of this information channel. Nevertheless, it is difficult to expect that the TV program "Health" will become a favorite program for most young people. In this regard, it is necessary to provide for the conduct of special cycles at all stages of education of children and adolescents on various aspects of a healthy lifestyle of young people using modern audiovisual means.
In the formation of a healthy lifestyle, children are the most promising age category. It is in childhood that the assimilation of the main volumes of information, the development of fundamental life stereotypes take place. It is also important that educational activity is natural for children and adolescents, therefore, the formation of a healthy lifestyle can be organically included in the educational process. Continuity is also needed at all stages of the formation of a healthy lifestyle for children and adolescents (family, school, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions, labor collectives, informal associations).
Hygienic education of parents It is carried out mainly in the form of lectures and conversations at parent-teacher meetings, individual conversations and consultations. It is also necessary to have popular scientific literature, memos, and recommendations for parents in the medical office.
The most relevant topics for working with parents are “How to facilitate the adaptation of a first grader to school”, “Student's daily routine”,
"Choice of profession and health", "Hygiene of sexual education", "Prevention of bad habits", "Protection of neuropsychic health of schoolchildren", "Physical education and health".
Hygienic training of personnel is carried out in several directions. Lectures, conversations, individual consultations are organized for teachers. A mandatory form is attendance by medical personnel of lessons with their subsequent hygienic assessment and analysis with teachers, as well as speeches at pedagogical meetings. A selection of relevant literature for teachers and educators is also necessary. For technical personnel, it is considered the most rational step-by-step training in compliance with continuity.
The main topics of training with staff are “Sanitary rules for the arrangement and maintenance of premises and sites”, “Sanitary and hygienic requirements for the organization of self-service work for children”, “Personal hygiene of personnel”, “The most important measures for the prevention of infectious diseases”, “Hygienic requirements for the organization pedagogical process", "Organization of recreational activities for children with health problems", "Personal hygiene of a student" (for teachers).
Employees of educational institutions are required to undergo hygienic training and take a test (1 time in 2 years according to the established program).
The part-time hygienic training program for school employees includes the following main sections:
The health of the child and adolescent population, the conditions for its formation, indicators of the health status of the individual and the team;
Hygiene of the day regimen and the educational process;
Hygiene of physical education;
Hygiene of labor training;
Nutritional hygiene of children and adolescents;
Hygienic requirements for the construction, reconstruction, improvement, maintenance and equipment of schools, gymnasiums, lyceums;
Hygienic requirements for educational furniture and equipment;
Hygienic training and education. Fundamentals of the formation of a healthy lifestyle for children and adolescents;
Medical and sanitary and epidemiological support for children and adolescents;
Responsibility of the administration of educational institutions for the implementation of the requirements of sanitary norms and rules.
According to epidemiological indications, hygienic certification can be carried out more often. On this occasion, the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the territory adopts an appropriate resolution, the implementation of which is mandatory for everyone.
