How do you make candy with a picture inside. Lollipops with an unusual design. How papabubbles are made

DRC

Every PCB manufacturer has technology restrictions on minimum trace widths, trace spacing, hole diameters, and so on. If the board does not meet these restrictions, the manufacturer refuses to accept the board for production.

When creating a PCB file, the default technology limits are set from the default.dru file in the dru directory. As a rule, these limits do not correspond to the limits of real manufacturers, so they need to be changed. You can set the limits just before generating the Gerber files, but it's better to do it right after the board file is generated. To set restrictions, press the DRC button

gaps

Distances

Minimum dimensions

Belts

masks

Running a check

Gerber file generation

For a drill file, the output device ( device) should be EXCELLON, but not GERBER_RS274X

Very often, in the process of technical creativity, it is necessary to manufacture printed circuit boards for mounting electronic circuits. And now I will talk about one of the most, in my opinion, advanced methods for manufacturing printed circuit boards using a laser printer and an iron. We live in the 21st century, so we will make our work easier by using a computer.

Step 1. Board design

We will design a printed circuit board in a specialized program. For example, in the program sprint Layout 4.

Step 2. Printing the board pattern

After that, we need to print the board drawing. To do this, we will do the following:

1. In the printer settings, turn off all the toner saving options, and if there is an appropriate regulator, set the maximum saturation.
2. Let's take an A4 sheet from some unnecessary magazine. The paper should be coated and preferably a minimum of drawing on it.
3. We will print the printed circuit board pattern on coated paper in a mirror image. It is better to have several copies at once.

Step 3Cleaning the Board

Let's put the printed sheet aside for now and start preparing the board. Foiled getinaks, foiled textolite can serve as the starting material for the board. During long-term storage, copper foil becomes covered with a film of oxides, which can interfere with etching. So let's start preparing the board. With fine sandpaper, we peel off the oxide film from the board. Don't be too zealous, the foil is thin. Ideally, the board after stripping should shine.

Step 4 Degreasing the Board

After stripping, rinse the board with running water. After that, you need to degrease the board in order for the toner to stick better. You can degrease with any household detergent, or by washing with an organic solvent (for example, gasoline or acetone)

Step 5. Transferring the drawing to the board

After that, using an iron, we transfer the drawing from the sheet to the board. We put the printout with a pattern on the board and start ironing with a hot iron, evenly heating the entire board. The toner will start to melt and stick to the board. The time and effort of warming up is selected experimentally. It is necessary that the toner does not spread, but it is also necessary that it is all welded.

Step 6. Cleaning the board from paper

After the board with the piece of paper stuck to it cools down, we wet it and roll it with our fingers under a stream of water. Wet paper will clump, and adhered toner will remain in place. The toner is quite durable and is difficult to scrape off with a fingernail.

Step 7 Etching the Board

Etching of printed circuit boards is best done in ferric chloride (III) Fe Cl 3. This reagent is sold at any radio parts store and is inexpensive. Immerse the board in the solution and wait. The etching process depends on the freshness of the solution, its concentration, etc. It can take from 10 minutes to an hour or more. The process can be accelerated by shaking the bath with the solution.

The end of the process is determined visually - when all unprotected copper is etched.

The toner is washed off with acetone.

Step 8: Drill holes

Drilling is usually carried out with a small motor with a collet chuck (all this is in the radio parts store). Drill diameter for conventional elements 0.8 mm. If necessary, holes are drilled with a large diameter drill.

There is a factory breadboard of the following type:

I don't like her for two reasons:

1) When installing parts, you have to constantly turn back and forth in order to first put the radio component, and then solder the conductor. On the table behaves unstable.

2) After dismantling, the holes remain filled with solder, before the next use of the board, they have to be cleaned.

After searching the Internet for various types of breadboards that you can make with your own hands and from available materials, I came across several interesting options, one of which I decided to repeat.

Quote from the forum: « For example, for many years I have been using these homemade breadboards. They are assembled from a piece of fiberglass, into which copper pins are riveted. Such pins can either be bought on the radio market, or made yourself from copper wire with a diameter of 1.2-1.3 mm. Thinner pins bend too much, and thicker pins take too much heat when soldering. This "dummy" allows you to reuse the most shabby radio elements. Connections are best made with a wire in fluoroplastic insulation MGTF. Then once made ends will last a lifetime.

I think this option suits me best. But fiberglass and ready-made copper pins are not available, so I'll do it a little differently.

Copper wire was extracted from the wire:

I cleaned the insulation and, using a simple limiter, made pins of the same length:

Pin diameter — 1 mm.

For the basis of the board took plywood thickness 4 mm (the thicker, the stronger the pins will hold):

In order not to suffer with the markup, I pasted lined paper on the plywood with adhesive tape:

And drilled holes with a pitch 10 mm drill diameter 0.9 mm:

We get even rows of holes:

Now you need to hammer the pins into the holes. Since the diameter of the hole is smaller than the diameter of the pin, the connection will be tight and the pin will be tightly fixed in the plywood.

When driving the pins under the bottom of the plywood, you need to put a metal sheet. The pins are clogged with light movements, and when the sound changes, it means that the pin has reached the sheet.

So that the board does not fidget, we make legs:

We glue:

The breadboard is ready!

Using the same method, you can make a board for surface mounting (photo from the Internet, radio):

Below, for completeness, I will give a few suitable designs found on the Internet.

Pushpins with a metal head are hammered into a piece of the board:

It remains only to tin them. Copper-plated buttons are tinned without problems, but with steel ones.

We went to Papabubble to see how caramel candies are made. I did not manage to get to the opening, and it was not the best time to find out all the details in detail, there were too many people.

I know that many of my friends are aware of what papabubble is, and some have even gone to the store and bought sweets. For those who are not in the subject - "Papabubble" is a Spanish brand and at the same time a technology for the production of caramel sweets of various shapes, colors and tastes. The technology is unique in that it allows you to create miniature sweet works of art literally before your eyes.

So, today is another report from the "how it's done" series.

To begin with - a general view. The store is bright, spacious, in a minimalist style. There is no counter as such, the main accent in the room is the workplace of candy makers, candy masters.

Store owner - Sveta tina_it and Masha, who took the caramel and did not part with it until the end of the photo shoot.

As soon as I had time to fasten a flash to the camera and take a couple of test photos, they brought out a large pot with boiled caramel. A deliciously smelling and hot liquid is poured into a special mold.

For color and taste, special syrups are used, which stand beautifully on the shelves in high flasks.

The syrup is added to the caramel and mixed with it. Citric acid is added (don't ask why, this is the recipe).

The color and taste of the syrup depends on the color and taste of future sweets. Today they are making a pear.

After it all cools down and hardens, the workpiece is cut into multi-colored parts.

The frozen workpiece is kneaded on a table with a special coating to which it does not stick (because the table is hot).

The most spectacular part of the process is winding the caramel on a special hook and stretching it. This is done in order to saturate the workpiece with oxygen and give it the desired texture. From this, it gradually brightens and becomes white.

Candymaker Rita continues spinning caramel.

At some point, it stops - the desired result is achieved.

The resulting blanks are rolled into sausages.

Now they need to be arranged in such a way as to end up with the desired pattern inside the candy. Rita explains her creative intent to her assistants.

So far, from such a blank, it is impossible for an unprepared person to understand what will happen in the end.

Remember the green syrup and the green preparation that came out of it? That's what it was for - it will be the candy shell.

Here's what happened in the end.

Now the funniest, but, as it seemed to me, physically difficult process begins - stretching a thick workpiece. In general, the work of a candymaker is very difficult. That is why they work in shifts.

There are a lot of thin blanks, they are cut into pieces and rolled out on a fan on the table so that they freeze.

After that, a thin workpiece is cut into pieces. Manually! At first I thought that a machine was used for this, but it turned out that it was needed to make caramel pads.

And finally, the result is a small candy with a pear pattern inside.

tina_it shows everyone the resulting candy.

However, the possibilities of Papabubble do not end there. You can make such masterpieces.

Recipes for future sweets and photos of ready-made ones hang on the wall.

Small sweets are packaged in cute jars and bags.

The label features a black-and-white dog and a cat looking at the caramel flowing out of the pan. In any case, it seems so to me.

This is how candy is made. If you want to know something about Papabubble, you can ask questions in the comments. I think that Sveta will gladly answer them.

UPD: Since in the comments they ask me where the store is located, I tell you.

The Papabubble store is located on the 3rd floor in the Capitol Ashan City shopping center, on the street. Sheremetyevskaya 60 A (this is Moscow).

UPD: Again, in the comments we found the same video from Discovery, which shows the process in detail.

P.S. Probably it would be useful to say that I am interested in all sorts of interesting and unusual productions and places. If you have the opportunity to arrange for me access to something to make such a "making of" report, I will gladly consider suggestions :)

Handmade lollipops , which makes confectioner Janet Best, compare favorably with those that are made industrially. The latter always use artificial flavors and food coloring for design and taste, and Janet does this with the help of candied fresh flowers and organic additives. Well, aesthetically, each of the author's lollipops looks like a confectionery masterpiece. It seems that such lollipops will be the solution to the eternal dilemma "what to give for the holiday - flowers or sweets?".

Japanese masters of confectionery art are considered favorites in the manufacture of various original sweets. This also applies to sugar candies - candies, the manufacture of which the Japanese began in the 8th century. You can find out how bizarre Japanese candies are in the author's performance from. No less impressive are the modern ones, whose transparent “body” is decorated with fresh flower petals and flower buds.

But it turns out that American confectioners can turn lollipops into a joy for the eyes and a feast for the stomach. Sugar Bakers Bakery not only makes and sells locally common products like cakes and chocolates, but also sends amazing candies from Pennsylvania around the world, created by Janet Best, an employee of this sweet company ( Janet Best).

As a rule, standard candies have a sweet fruity flavor. (Although there are salty-flavored varieties, as well as liquorice-flavored candies.) Some lollipops are stuffed with liquid caramel. But Janet used candied flowers for her exclusive lollipops. (we have already described on the site). Only in this case, the flowers were completely covered with frozen sugar syrup. And since sugar is an excellent preservative, the flowers retain their natural color shades as if they were plucked just yesterday.

In fact, the flower material for the "stuffing" of the candies is grown in advance in a special closed room to protect the flowers from pests and toxins. As a result, flowers become a bright decoration and an additional organic flavor for lollipops. The company's website says that the lollipops are made to order and the customer can choose from a wide range of flavors from blueberries to flavors of various spirits. In general, lollipops for every taste - both for a children's holiday and for a parent's party. Just a gentleman's gift set that combines flowers, sweets and alcohol)).