What are the symptoms after. What sensations and signs reliably indicate pregnancy? The doctor said that I had a biochemical pregnancy. What does this mean? Was I really pregnant

This article talks about those first signs of pregnancy (pregnancy symptoms) that will help you determine the likelihood of pregnancy at the earliest possible date. By comparing your symptoms with the signs of pregnancy listed below, you can better assess your condition.

Pregnancy is a unique phenomenon when a new life is born inside you unexpectedly or long-awaited. This is an amazing, indescribable feeling that every woman should experience at least once in her life.

And many people think that they will be able to "feel" the onset of pregnancy, assuming that something will begin to stir in their tummy from the very first day. But in fact, this is not entirely true. Almost no woman who has not given birth before can instantly determine what is really happening to her. The difficulty in identifying the symptoms of this condition is faced by both young girls and older women. Young people, as a rule, are not informed about the early signs of pregnancy, and women of mature age either forget about them or simply attribute them to age-related changes in the body.

So, here are the main symptoms of early pregnancy.

The first sign of pregnancy is irritability

One of the earliest signs of pregnancy is increased nervousness and irritability. Moreover, a woman begins to poorly control her behavior, even if she understands that her behavior does not correspond to the norm. Outbursts of aggression can be of such strength that no PMS can compare with them. It is excessive unreasonable nervousness and irritability that should lead you to the idea of a possible pregnancy. At this moment, it will seem to you that all those around you “behave like complete idiots and cretins.” But in fact, this condition is caused by hormonal changes in your body, which precedes all other processes and more obvious signs of pregnancy.

The second sign of pregnancy - pulls on salt

The common expression among the people “pulls for salty” arose for a reason. A distinct craving for salty foods (or rather, a change in taste preferences) is indeed one of the symptoms of pregnancy. All food will seem bland and undersalted to you, but eating five pickles one after the other will seem to you the most natural thing.

The third sign of pregnancy is nausea

The third of the most common manifestations of new life inside a woman is nausea or vomiting. This is called early morning sickness, and it can manifest itself as a pronounced sensation accompanied by vomiting at every meal, or as mild nausea, dizziness (lightheadedness) at a specific time during the day.

The fourth sign of pregnancy is breast swelling

Breast swelling. With simultaneous appearance of veins in the mammary glands. It usually happens already in the later stages, but sometimes it manifests itself in the early stages. There may be sensations in the chest that can be described as "pulling on the chest."

The fifth sign of pregnancy is a delay

And, of course, the most obvious and reliable sign of pregnancy is the absence of menstruation at the set time. Delayed menstruation is so well known to everyone that every woman, of course, knows about this symptom. And not in vain. It is the absence of menstruation that is the most reliable confirmation of the onset of the pregnancy process. And, by the way, if the pregnancy is really confirmed, then you can say goodbye to menstruation for a very long time - nine months of pregnancy plus about six months and even a year after childbirth, which is very nice.

Specific signs of pregnancy

The first specific sign of pregnancy (not found in everyone) is an increase in the activity of the vaginal microflora, accompanied by abundant white flaky discharge.

The second specific symptom of pregnancy is a change in the perception of smells or an aversion to any food.

Third on the list of such symptoms is the appearance of a "metallic taste" in the mouth.

The next sign of pregnancy in this series is increased drowsiness and fatigue of the expectant mother, or, on the contrary, sleep disturbance.

When such symptoms appear, it is impossible to accurately diagnose the onset of pregnancy, since the female body is extremely complex, and the hormonal system often surprises us. To accurately determine this condition, modern diagnostic tools should be used, such as test strips, sold at any nearby pharmacy.

Having received a positive result, you should immediately consult a doctor to start procedures and examinations related to the management of pregnancy.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

The information contained in the answers to the most frequently asked questions may partially repeat what has already been stated above, but it will still be useful for you to familiarize yourself with it.

What signs of pregnancy occur before a missed period?

At the slightest delay in menstruation, we usually fly to the pharmacy to check the only thought of pregnancy with a test. However, tests usually reliably show the result after the period when menstruation should begin. In a situation where you want to know about it at the earliest possible time, even before menstruation, you should pay attention to several possible signs. They may be subtle or quite strong, but they will indicate that perhaps the miracle of pregnancy has come to you.

First of all, examine your chest. If she reacts sensitively or painfully to a greater extent than when critical days approach, this may indicate that you are expecting a baby. The chest may increase significantly. The main symptom is the darkening of the alveoli and a dark pigmented stripe in the inguinal region. Pigmentation can also appear on the face. Small bumps may form on the nipples.

In addition, you may experience severe nausea or dizziness, not only in the morning, but also during the day, hypersensitivity to odors and a change in food preferences. Appetite may increase sharply, but some women feel quite strong rejection of food. Premenstrual syndrome in the form of tearfulness, bad mood, uncontrollable anger may intensify. These signs are explained by all the same hormonal changes, when the rebuilding organism adapts to bearing a child.

In addition, there may be pulling pains in the abdomen and slight bleeding, which is often mistaken for early menstruation. The thing is that in the interval of 8-10 days, the fetal egg, having passed its way through the fallopian tubes, is attached in the uterus, causing these rather unpleasant symptoms. At this time, pregnancy is difficult to determine, but you can definitely understand that a woman is not pregnant by measuring daily basal temperature. As you know, after ovulation, the basal temperature is slightly increased and when pregnancy occurs, it remains above 37 degrees. However, if the temperature has dropped sharply, you can expect the onset of menstruation.

It must be noted that nature has created us so different that the signs appear very individually. In some cases, you will not notice any changes at all, and sometimes a woman knows for sure even before her period that she is expecting a baby. This is our famous female intuition (the main thing is not to confuse it with suspiciousness).

Is it possible to notice pregnancy in the first week?

In the first week, determining pregnancy is even more difficult. A fertilized egg moves through the fallopian tubes to the uterus for a whole week. At this time, the division process is constantly taking place and the placenta and umbilical cord are formed. At this time, the embryo already has the shape and size of a pea. A week later, it attaches to the walls of the uterus. You can feel the birth of life only intuitively, as well as observing the very first signs.

First, you should keep a basal temperature diary. During pregnancy, it is higher than 37 degrees, however, this only indicates a high probability of an “interesting situation”. Other signs: drowsiness and fatigue, headaches, migraines, throwing it into heat, then into cold - all this is possible when the body is reorganized to bear offspring. Drawing pains in the lower back, noticeable processes of breast enlargement and swelling, nausea.

Do not rush to draw conclusions and rush to extremes, all this can be just common symptoms not related to pregnancy. You can accurately determine your condition with the help of a blood test, but it is best to wait. Just a few days, and medicine or nature will be able to answer you more definitely.

What sensations arise in the first month of pregnancy?

The conception that has taken place can be determined by several individual characteristics. Many do this at different times, on their own or with the help of tests. Symptoms only help determine the likelihood of conception, since many factors can be just symptoms of a "false pregnancy" - a condition that many nervous ladies experience, wanting to bring their dream of having a baby closer. Only a gynecologist can finally confirm this fact 100% at a later date, approximately 4-5 weeks.

According to statistics, during the first month after conception, 90% of women experience changes in the condition of the breast. Sensitivity increases, some soreness appears. The chest, as it were, swells up, becomes more voluminous, a network of protruding veins is clearly visible. Of course, everything is the fault of hormones. In addition, the areola and nipple become dark brown. Perhaps, when pressed, colostrum is released from the nipple.

Some women feel toxicosis even before the expected period of menstruation. Statistics tell us that during the first month more than 60% of women experience toxicosis - nausea, aversion to food, vomiting, more often in the morning. The sense of smell changes. Some smells become simply unbearable, others are strangely very attractive.

Too rapid growth of the uterus can provoke pain in the lower back or in the sacrum. In the last week of a monthly pregnancy, the fetus, increasing in volume, can press on the uterus, causing frequent urge to urinate. Salt can linger in the body, so slight but noticeable swelling is sometimes observed on the arms and legs. Small pink discharge, indicating the exit of the embryo from the fallopian tubes and attaching it to the uterine cavity, is often almost invisible, but can also resemble meager periods.

In any case, don't trust your intuition too much. The first weeks are the most responsible. If you suspect that you may be pregnant, go to the gynecologist as early as possible in order to be monitored in time and provide yourself and your child with comfortable conditions for bearing.

What are the signs of abnormal pregnancy?

A dangerous symptom of pregnancy is severe pain in the abdomen, uterus and fallopian tubes. With or without fever. The appearance of such not even too painful sensations, and the absence of menstruation, is a sign of a woman's life-threatening ectopic pregnancy. In such cases, a woman is urgently examined and, according to indications, operated on, since delay can lead to serious problems with women's health and even death. What is extremely rare therefore, do not be afraid in advance, but simply show yourself to the gynecologist in a timely manner.

Otherwise, stay positive. After all, the process of pregnancy is full of interesting and pleasant moments. And the birth of your baby will open up a whole new world for you and become a new page in your life.

The birth of a new life is a universal mechanism, which is perfectly regulated by the female body. Unfortunately, a woman's reproductive system is not capable of conveying the very first signs of pregnancy immediately after conception. This condition can be recognized only by the characteristic symptoms that form at different stages of bearing a child. Some women experience early signs that signal pregnancy, while others do not notice changes in their health.

The earlier a woman detects pregnancy, the more time she will have to undergo a specialized examination. It should be borne in mind that in the first days after conception, there can be no obvious signs of pregnancy.

You can recognize the first symptoms that speak of pregnancy by the following signs:

Absence of menstruation. Every woman knows about this symptom, it is considered the very first sign of pregnancy. When the egg is fertilized, the menstrual cycle is delayed, since the previously rejected endometrium is necessary for the fetus to develop fully. However, the first day of delay cannot be considered as a reliable sign, since the absence of menstruation is often caused by pathological changes in the organs of the reproductive system, stress, and hormonal disorders.
Enlargement and soreness of the mammary glands. Women's breasts are very sensitive to hormonal changes in the body. When pregnancy occurs, there is a slight increase in breast volume, increased sensitivity of the nipples, as well as their soreness. Often in the halo area there is an increase in specific tubercles, which were previously barely palpable.
Frequent urination. One of the early signs of pregnancy is an increase in the frequency of the urge to urinate. This symptom is formed against the background of increased production of hCG (chorionic gonadotropin). The urge to urinate can be disturbing even with a small filling of the bladder. It is observed mainly at night.
Change in taste preferences. Increasing levels of hormones cause a change in taste preferences. Those food combinations that were previously unacceptable for a woman become objects of preference and vice versa. Also, a woman may feel a taste of metal in her mouth.
Fatigue and drowsiness. These signs most often occur during the first gestation of the fetus. Strengthening the intensity of metabolic processes in the body, provokes a feeling of fatigue, drowsiness and a desire to rest. The hormone progesterone produced has a relaxing, calming effect. The feeling of fatigue haunts women throughout the day.
Nausea. The appearance of this symptom is typical for 1.5 months of pregnancy. Sometimes the symptom occurs on the twentieth day from the moment of conception. Some women experience nausea earlier. This sign cannot be called one of the reliable ones, since the feeling of nausea is characteristic of diseases of the digestive system, cardiovascular and central nervous system. Only in combination with other signs, nausea indicates the development of pregnancy.

When can we expect the first manifestations

In this matter, it is necessary to take into account the individuality of the body of each woman. Early symptoms of pregnancy can be observed as early as 8-10 days after the fertilization of the egg. This period may vary, depending on the body's sensitivity to hormonal changes.

In medical practice, there were cases when women recognized fertilization already on the 5th day.

In this context, we are talking about women who carefully listen to their body and feel the slightest fluctuations in their condition. On the 20th day of the cycle, the signs of pregnancy acquire a characteristic appearance.

Minor signs

Less likely signs of pregnancy include many symptoms that can be observed in the early days:

An increase in basal temperature. When a woman regularly monitors her menstrual cycle, she may experience an increase in basal temperature readings up to 37 ° C. A change in this indicator contributes to a high level of progesterone.
Feeling of heaviness in the pelvic region. In the event of conception, changes occur in the blood supply to the pelvic organs. Against this background, a woman may feel a feeling of heaviness and squeezing.
Insomnia. The feeling of fatigue is often replaced by increased nervous excitability and insomnia.
Lower abdominal pain. This symptom may occur during the formation of an ectopic implantation or miscarriage. If the onset of pregnancy is spontaneously interrupted, then in combination with bloody discharge from the vagina appears.
Back pain. With the onset of conception, a pulling sensation may be felt. In addition, this symptom may indicate kidney disease.
Headache. The change in the hormonal background is accompanied by neurological symptoms. A woman in position may have a spontaneous headache.
Increased appetite. The acceleration of metabolic processes during pregnancy causes an increase in appetite.
Enhanced sense of smell and taste. If before a woman did not pay attention to some smells, then from the moment of pregnancy she may feel disgust for them. The same applies to the taste parameters of some products.
Irritability, mood changes. Many pregnant women complain of emotional lability and mood swings.
Implantation bleeding. One of the signs of pregnancy at 1 week, which indicates the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterine wall.
Digestive disorders. Vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, belching may appear as secondary signs of pregnancy.
Weight change. When the pregnant body strives to provide the developing fetus with the necessary nutrients, a woman may notice an increase in body weight.
Restless sleep. Hormonal changes affect the emotional background of a woman. Expectant mothers may have difficulty falling asleep.
Tingling in uterus. This symptom occurs quite rarely, since not every woman can recognize it. Local changes in the uterine cavity can provoke a tingling sensation.
Feeling hot and chilly. This symptom has nothing to do with a violation of the body's thermoregulation. Such reactions occur against the background of hormonal imbalance.
Discomfort while sitting. This symptom is due to increased blood supply in the pelvis.
Swelling of the face, hands and feet. Pregnancy is characterized by fluid retention in the body.
Acne. If previously a woman did not experience skin problems, then during pregnancy acne may appear in the face. This happens due to changes in the hormonal background.
Bloating. An increase in hormone levels helps to relax the intestinal muscles. The result is flatulence.
Strengthening of the venous pattern on the chest. From the moment of fertilization of the egg, the female body begins to prepare for feeding the child. A characteristic venous pattern indicates the preparation of the mammary glands for lactation.
Darkening of the skin around the nipples. Another symptom of preparation for lactation.
Redness of the skin of the face. A change in the hormonal background affects the tone of the capillaries, which become prone to expansion.
Change in pigmentation of the white line of the abdomen. Pregnant women develop a characteristic pigmented "path" that runs from the navel to the upper edge of the pubic bone.
Exacerbation of hemorrhoids. If a woman suffered before pregnancy, then with her onset, an exacerbation of the disease may occur.
Cramps of the calf muscles. Another minor sign indicating a change in metabolism.
Low or high blood pressure. Most often, expectant mothers are prone to high blood pressure, however, a decrease in this parameter can also indicate pregnancy.
Reduced immunity. In order for the pregnancy to proceed without peculiarities, immunity is suppressed in the female body. Frequent cases of colds and SARS can also serve as symptoms of pregnancy.
Thrush. Such a fungal disease occurs with a decrease in local immunity.

Diagnosis of pregnancy at an early stage

Specialized diagnostic methods will allow you to reliably determine the signs of pregnancy on the 5th day of gestation.

Pregnancy test

Rapid tests do not always determine pregnancy immediately after conception. This is due to the fact that the level of chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) increases gradually and remains normal in the early stages. A reliable pregnancy test result can only be obtained from the 14th day after conception.

Gynecological examination

As a result of a gynecological examination, probable signs of pregnancy can be determined. These include:

an increase in the size of the uterus and a change in its consistency;
discoloration of the external genitalia;
softening of the isthmus of the uterus;
increase in uterine mobility;
displacement of the uterus.

These five landmarks indicate the implantation of the egg.

Increasing hCG levels

In order to determine this indicator, a laboratory blood test is carried out. The maximum information content of the analysis is observed from the 13-14th day of gestation. An increase in the hormone also occurs in diseases of the organs of the reproductive system and ectopic implantation of the egg.

ultrasound

An informative way to detect pregnancy in the early stages is an ultrasound examination. Fertilization can be confirmed in the first weeks after conception. The study is carried out using an abdominal or transvaginal probe.

Carrying a child is a big responsibility that a future mother takes on. In order for the baby to develop healthy, a woman needs to give up any bad habits, pay attention to her diet and lifestyle.

Useful video about the first symptoms of pregnancy

Brain concussion- This is a violation of brain functions after injury, which is not associated with damage to blood vessels. It is caused by the fact that the brain hits the inner surface of the skull, while the processes of nerve cells are stretched.

A concussion is the mildest of all types of traumatic brain injury. Doctors do not have a common opinion about the mechanism of development of this disease. One thing is known for sure: a concussion does not cause a violation in the structure of the brain. Its cells remain alive and are almost not damaged. But at the same time, they do not perform their functions well. There are several versions that explain the mechanism of the disease.

Connections between nerve cells (neurons) are broken.
Changes occur in the molecules that make up brain tissue.
There is a spasm of cerebral vessels. As a result, the capillaries do not bring enough oxygen and nutrients to the nerve cells.
The coordination between the cerebral cortex and its pillar structures is disturbed.
The chemical balance of the fluid that surrounds the brain changes.

This type of traumatic brain injury is the most common. This diagnosis is made by 80-90% of patients who turn to doctors with head injuries. Every year in Russia, 400,000 people are hospitalized with a concussion.

Men are twice as likely to get a concussion than women. But the representatives of the weaker sex are more difficult to endure such injuries and suffer more from the consequences.

According to statistics, more than half of cases (55-65%) of concussion occurs in everyday life. 8-18 years is the most dangerous age, when there are especially many concussions. Most cases during this period are due to the increased activity of children and teenage bravado. But in winter, when there is ice on the street, everyone is equally at risk.

If you consult a doctor in time, you can successfully cure a concussion in 1-2 weeks. But, if you do not pay attention to the temporary deterioration of the condition, then in the future this can lead to serious complications: the risk of alcoholism increases 2 times and the probability of sudden death increases 7 times.

Causes of a concussion

Trauma is always the cause of a concussion. But it doesn't have to be a headbutt. For example, a man slipped on ice and landed on his buttocks. At the same time, his head did not touch the ground, but his consciousness became clouded. He can't remember how he fell. Here is the most common picture of "winter" concussions.

A similar situation occurs in the passengers of the car with a sharp start, braking or accident.

And of course, cases when a person received a blow to the head should be alerted. It can be a domestic, industrial, sports or criminal injury.

Parents of teenagers should be especially careful. Boys often get hit on the head with books or briefcases from active classmates, take part in fights, ride on railings, or demonstrate their courage and dexterity in company. And that rarely comes without hard landings or even headbutts. Therefore, be attentive to the health of your children and do not dismiss their complaints of headaches and dizziness.

Signs and symptoms of a concussion

Symptoms	Signs of violations	Origin mechanism
Immediately after injury
Stupor	State of stupor, confusion. The muscles are tense, the expression frozen on the face.	Emotions and body movements are inhibited. This is the result of a violation of the processes of transmission of nerve impulses in the cerebral cortex.
Loss of consciousness	A person does not react to stimuli, does not feel anything. This can last from a few seconds to 6 hours depending on the strength of the blow.	Violation of the transmission of impulses along the processes of nerve cells. Thus, the body reacts to the lack of oxygen, which arose due to impaired blood circulation in the brain.
Single vomiting	The contents of the stomach are ejected through the mouth. At the same time, breathing quickens, saliva and tears are released. Sometimes vomiting can be repeated.	The reason is circulatory disorders in the vomiting center and in the vestibular apparatus.
Nausea	Unpleasant sensations, pressure, heaviness in the epigastric region.	Such sensations are caused by the excitation of the vomiting center. This formation is located in the medulla oblongata. When struck, it becomes irritated.
Dizziness	Occurs at rest and increases with a change in body position.	Caused by impaired blood circulation in the vestibular apparatus.
Increased or slow heart rate (less than 60 or more than 90 beats per minute)	It feels like a rapid heartbeat or a feeling of weakness due to the fact that the organs are lacking oxygen.	The phenomenon is associated with an increase in intracranial pressure, compression of the vagus nerve and cerebellum.
Paleness, which is replaced by reddening of the skin of the face (the game of vasomotors)	Redness of the skin of the neck and face is abruptly replaced by pallor.	Violation of the tone of the autonomic nervous system. As a result, small arteries in the skin periodically dilate or narrow.
Headache	Throbbing pain in the occiput or at the site of injury. Pressive and bursting pain in the whole head.	Unpleasant sensations are associated with an increase in intracranial pressure and irritation of sensitive receptors on the membrane of the brain.
Noise in ears	Sensation of hissing or ringing in the ears.	Due to the increase in pressure in the skull, the greater ear nerve is compressed. This causes a malfunction of the hearing aid. As a result, a person, as it were, hears noises due to irritation of the auditory receptors.
Pain on eye movement	Reading or looking away causes discomfort in the eyeballs or temples.	Unpleasant sensations appear due to increased intracranial pressure.
Impaired coordination of movements	A person gets the impression that the body does not obey him well, the movements are performed for a long time, as if they are late.	These are the consequences of impaired transmission of nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex along the nerves to the muscles, as well as poor blood circulation in the vestibular apparatus.
sweating	Sensation that palms are cold and wet. Droplets of sweat appear on the face and on the body.	The sympathetic nervous system, which controls the work of the internal organs, is too excited. It causes the sweat glands to work actively and release more sweat than usual.
In the first hours after injury
Constriction or dilation of both pupils	The pupils react normally to light, and the person does not feel anything unusual. But the doctor may notice that the reaction of the pupils is incorrect. If the pupils are of different sizes, then this indicates a more serious brain injury than a concussion.	Intracranial pressure has an effect on the centers of the autonomic nervous system, which regulate the contraction of muscles that constrict or expand the pupil.
Eye trembling when looking away	When a person looks to the side, his eyes begin to tremble. It is difficult to see objects without turning your head towards them.	This phenomenon is associated with damage to the inner ear, vestibular apparatus and cerebellum. These structures cause the eye muscles to contract rapidly. As a result, the victim cannot focus his eyes.
Asymmetry of tendon reflexes	These reflexes are checked by a neurologist. He strikes the tendons with a hammer, in response there is a flexion of the arm at the elbow joint or leg at the knee.	Normally, the right and left limbs bend in the same way. Increased intracranial pressure disrupts the functioning of the brain and nerve fibers that are responsible for performing reflex actions.
Symptoms remote in time (appear after 2-5 days)
Photophobia and hypersensitivity to sound	A person perceives ordinary sounds or a normal level of illumination inadequately. He is annoyed not only by loud, but also by moderate sounds.	Due to the fact that the reflex constriction of the pupils is impaired in a person after an injury, bright light causes discomfort to him. Violation of the nerves that are responsible for the hearing aid, causes irritation from sounds.
Depression, moodiness and irritability	Bad mood, unwillingness to move, work and have fun.	Irritability is based on a violation of the connections between nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, which are responsible for emotions.
sleep anxiety	Difficulty falling asleep, nocturnal or early awakenings.	Sleep problems are associated with unpleasant emotions that a person experiences, with stress and overexcitation, as well as with impaired blood circulation in the brain.
Amnesia	Memory loss. The person cannot remember what happened immediately before the injury. Usually, the stronger the blow, the longer the period falls out of memory.	The process of remembering and reproducing events in memory takes place in several stages. If at the moment of injury this chain is broken, then some events may not be deposited in long-term memory.
Lack of concentration	A person cannot concentrate on what he is doing at the moment. He is often distracted, becomes inattentive, switches to other activities.	Poor concentration is caused by a disruption in the connection between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures.

How is a concussion diagnosed?

If at least one of the listed signs appears after a head injury, then it is imperative to contact a traumatologist, and preferably a neurologist. Doctors have special criteria that allow them to diagnose a concussion and distinguish this injury from more serious ones.

Criteria for making a diagnosis
During the examination of the patient, the doctor finds out the circumstances under which the injury occurred, listens to the complaints of the victim, and conducts an examination. 1-2 symptoms are enough for a neurologist to make a correct diagnosis. All of these signs of concussion are rare. Some of them are mild or appear over time.

If necessary, the doctor will prescribe additional examinations: electroencephalography (EEG), computed tomography of the brain, echoencephalography, dopplerography of cerebral vessels, spinal puncture.

How can I help with a concussion?

In case of a head injury or after another injury that can cause a concussion, it is necessary to carefully monitor the person's condition. If at least one of the symptoms of a concussion appears, then it is imperative to call an ambulance or take the victim to the emergency room.

Before the arrival of the ambulance, the person must be provided with complete rest. It must be laid on a bed or any flat surface. Place a small pillow under your head. Loosen tight clothing (tie, collar) and provide fresh air.

When a person is unconscious, it is better not to move him. Any movement can cause the bones to move when the spine is fractured.

If the victim is unconscious, then he should be placed on his right side. Bend your left leg and arm. This position will help him not to choke on vomit and provide free access of air to the lungs. It is required to monitor the pulse and pressure. If breathing is lost, then you will have to do a heart massage and artificial respiration.

If there are wounds on the head, then it is necessary to treat them with peroxide and bandage or fix the bandage with adhesive tape.

Cold should be applied to the site of impact. It can be a bag of frozen berries wrapped in a towel, a plastic bottle or a heating pad with cold water. The cold causes the blood vessels to constrict and this helps reduce brain swelling.

Treatment of a concussion is carried out in a hospital. You will have to spend at least 5-7 days in the hospital, observing bed rest. After that, the person is discharged. But for another 2 weeks, outpatient treatment at home will last. It is not advisable to read, watch TV, actively move.

Degrees of concussion

Some doctors believe that such a diagnosis as a concussion does not have a division into degrees. Others argue that this is wrong. After all, one person may not lose consciousness, but get off with a headache and nausea. And the other can stay unconscious for 5-6 hours. Therefore, in the United States and other countries, it is customary to distinguish three degrees of concussion:

First degree (mild). It is put when there is no memory loss, there was no loss of consciousness. Signs of a concussion persist for up to 15 minutes. This is lethargy, severe headache, nausea.
Second degree (moderate). There was no loss of consciousness, but there was amnesia - loss of memory. Symptoms persist from 15 minutes to several hours: lethargy, pulse disturbances, blanching and redness of the skin, nausea, vomiting, headache.
Third degree (severe). The patient had loss of consciousness from a few seconds to 6 hours. Symptoms can be anything.

Currently, in our country, such a classification is practically not used.

How is a concussion treated?

People with concussion are treated in the neurological department, and in severe cases in the neurosurgical department. The first 3-5 days it is necessary to strictly observe bed rest and the prescriptions of doctors. If this is not done, then complications may develop: seizures similar to epileptic ones, impaired memory and thinking, attacks of aggression and other manifestations of emotional instability.

During the stay in the hospital, doctors monitor the patient's condition. Treatment is aimed at improving brain function, relieving pain and removing a person from a stressful state. For this, various groups of drugs are used.

Painkillers: Analgin, Pentalgin, Baralgin, Sedalgin.
To relieve dizziness: Betaserc, Bellaspon, Platifillin with papaverine, Microzer, Tanakan.
Calming agents. Herbal preparations: motherwort tincture, valerian. Tranquilizers: Elenium, Phenazepam, Rudotel.
To normalize sleep: Phenobarbital or Reladorm.
To normalize blood circulation in the brain, vasotropic (Cavinton, Sermion, Theonicol) and nootropic drugs (Nootropil, Encephabol, Picamilon) are combined.
To improve overall well-being: Pantogam, Vitrum
To raise the tone and improve brain function: tincture of ginseng and eleutherococcus, Saparal, Pantocrine.

With proper treatment, a week after the injury, the person feels normal, but it is necessary to take medication from 3 weeks to 3 months. Full recovery occurs in 3-12 months.
A person remains under dispensary supervision of a neurologist or therapist for a year after the injury. It is necessary to visit a doctor at least once every 3 months. This reduces the risk of complications after a concussion.

Sequelae of a concussion

Previously, it was believed that the consequences after a concussion occur in 30-40% of people. But today, only 3-5% of victims suffer from complications. This decrease in indicators is due to the fact that earlier patients with brain contusion also fell into the number of people with concussion. And this traumatic brain injury is more severe and often causes complications.

The consequences of a concussion are more likely to occur in those people who already had diseases of the nervous system or in those who did not follow the doctor's prescription.

Early consequences concussions are not common. They are associated with the fact that edema and destruction of brain cells continue for 10 days after the injury.

Post-traumatic epilepsy can occur up to 24 hours and beyond after an injury. It is associated with the appearance in the brain of an epileptic focus in the frontal or temporal region of the brain.
Meningitis and encephalitis, which cause purulent or serous inflammation of the brain, are now very rare. They should be feared for more serious head injuries a few days after the bruise.
Postconcussion syndrome (from Latin after a concussion) - this term combines many disorders: excruciating headaches, insomnia, absent-mindedness, increased fatigue, memory impairment, sound and photophobia. The mechanism of their appearance is associated with a violation of the passage of a nerve impulse between the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.

Long-term effects of concussion

They appear 1 year or 30 years after the injury.

Vegetative-vascular dystonia- disorders of the autonomic nervous system, which lead to disorders in the work of the heart and blood vessels. They are caused by disturbances in the nuclei of this part of the nervous system. As a result, all organs, including the brain, suffer from insufficient blood circulation.
Emotional disorders- there are depressions, attacks of increased activity or aggression for no apparent reason, increased irritability and tearfulness. The mechanism for the development of such consequences is associated with disorders in the cerebral cortex, which are responsible for our emotions.
Intellectual Disorders- a person's memory deteriorates, concentration of attention decreases, thinking changes. These manifestations can lead to personality changes and dementia. Violations are associated with the death of nerve cells (neurons) in different parts of the cerebral cortex.
Headache- they are caused by a violation of blood circulation in the brain after an injury or overstrain of the muscles of the head and neck.
Post-traumatic vestibulopathy- a disease caused by a malfunction of the vestibular apparatus.

Those parts of the brain that process the information coming from it also suffer. It is manifested by frequent dizziness, nausea, vomiting. Often this changes the gait, it becomes spanking, as if a person is walking in too big shoes.

All the consequences of a concussion should be an occasion to consult a neurologist. Self-treatment with the help of folk remedies or consultations with a psychologist will not bring relief. To get rid of the consequences of an injury, it is necessary to undergo a course of treatment with drugs that improve brain function and restore connections between nerve cells.

Prevention of the occurrence of consequences

During the first year after injury, it is advisable to avoid strong physical and mental stress so as not to cause complications. Good results are obtained by a special complex of physiotherapy exercises, which normalizes the flow of blood to the brain. It is necessary to observe the regime of the day and to be in the fresh air a lot. But direct sunlight and overheating are not desirable. Therefore, it is better to refrain from traveling to the sea during this period.

Update: October 2018

Stress can be called such a reaction when, after processing by the consciousness of some external or internal circumstance, a special state of the nervous system arose, which changed the work of all internal organs. Everyone can have such a factor: external - moving, job change or death of a loved one, internal - some kind of own illness that spoils the quality of life. Stress occurs only when the impact of this circumstance has exceeded the personal threshold of stress resistance.

Stress can be acute, developing as a single impact, the consequences of which in some cases may pass spontaneously. He is programmed by nature to fight or run away from danger. More often in the modern world, chronic stress occurs, when psychotraumatic circumstances “layer” one on top of the other. This process is the cause of many chronic diseases.

Why stress is dangerous

Scientists say: more than 150 thousand people from 142 countries of the world now have health problems precisely because of stress. The most common of them are heart diseases (angina pectoris, hypertension, myocardial infarction). Thus, according to the Russian Academy of Sciences, after the Soviet Union ceased to exist, in 13 years the number of patients with cardiovascular diseases increased from 617 to 900 people per 100,000 people.

At the same time, the number of smokers, people who consistently take alcohol, people with obesity and high cholesterol levels - that is, those reasons due to which pathologies of the heart and blood vessels develop - remained within the previous values. Then scientists seriously thought about the impact of the psycho-emotional state on health.

Mental illnesses are in second place for the consequences of a life of constant tension, and obesity is in third place. Chronic stress does not bypass the organs of the digestive and genitourinary systems, but the changes occurring in them are not so fatal. In addition, a person living in constant psycho-emotional stress greatly reduces their own immunity, becoming defenseless in the face of many diseases.

How stress develops

For the first time, the processes that occur after a person encounters a traumatic situation were described by the psychologist Cannon in 1932. A broad discussion of this issue, as well as the term "stress" itself, appeared only in 1936, after an article by the previously unknown physiologist Hans Selye, who called stress "a syndrome that develops as a result of exposure to various damaging agents."

Selye found that when the psyche is affected by an agent that exceeds the adaptive resources of the organism of this person (in other words, exceeding the threshold of stress tolerance), the following reactions develop:

the adrenal cortex increases, where the “stress hormone”, the main glucocorticoid hormone cortisol, is produced;
the number of lipid granules in the adrenal medulla decreases, the main task of which is to secrete adrenaline and norepinephrine into the blood;
the volume of lymphatic tissue, which is responsible for immunity, decreases: the thymus (the central organ of immunity), the spleen, and lymph nodes reverse development;
the mucous membranes of the stomach and duodenum are damaged up to the formation of ulcers on them (stress ulcers).

Under the influence of the hormones cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline, not only stress ulcers occur on the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, but also:

the level of glucose in the blood rises and at the same time the sensitivity of tissues to insulin decreases (that is, due to chronic stress, you can “earn” type 2 diabetes mellitus);
blood pressure rises;
heartbeat becomes more frequent;
increased deposition of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous tissue;
tissue proteins break down, glucose is formed from them;
sodium is retained, and with it water in the tissues, and potassium, which is necessary for the functioning of the heart and nerves, is excreted faster than necessary;

Due to the decrease in the volume of lymphatic tissue, overall immunity decreases. As a result, the body's resistance to infections decreases, and any virus can cause severe illness and be complicated by bacterial infections.

The threshold of stress resistance is individual for each person. It depends on:

the type of nervous system (it is one of two strong or two weak), which is determined by the speed of reactions and decision-making, the severity and nature of human emotions;
a person's life experience;
resistance of the psyche to the influence of adverse factors.

So, choleric and melancholic people are easily stressed, a balanced sanguine person is less, a phlegmatic person is even less (he needs a large stress factor).

Classification

Stress is the general name for the reactions described above, when the work of the adrenal glands is activated under the influence of the psyche. He can be:

positive. This is eustress. It is caused by sudden joy, for example, from meeting an old friend or from an unexpected gift, inspiration, thirst for competition. Does not adversely affect health. It was in a state of eustress that records were set, discoveries and feats were made;
negative called distress. It will be discussed further, as it can destroy health.

According to the nature of the impact, stress, or rather, distress, can be:

Neuropsychiatric or psychological. This is the main view, which is divided into 2 types:
- information stress, which occurs as a result of an overabundance of information. Usually develops in people whose job is to constantly process a large amount of information;
- psycho-emotional stress that occurs due to strong anger, resentment or hatred.
Physical, which is divided into:
- temperature (for example, in response to exposure to heat or cold);
- food (when hungry or forced to eat those foods that cause disgust;
- pain (due to pain, injury);
- light (if a person is forced to stay in an illuminated space all the time: at work, lying in a hospital, if he got into the conditions of a polar day).

Distress can be caused by extreme conditions (war, hurricanes, floods, landslides) or extremely strong psychological events (this is the death of a relative, the breakup of a relationship, passing an exam).

There is also a classification of a stressor (stressor). As such it can be:

life event- a long-term event: moving, business trip, divorce, death of a loved one.
Catastrophe. This includes trauma, accident, war, death of a friend.
Chronic emotional stress. It arises as a result of unresolved constant conflicts with family members or colleagues.
Small life difficulties which, accumulating like a "snowball", can destroy normal relationships in the family.

These stressors are the causes of distress.

How stress flows

Hans Selye identified three stages in the body's response to any stress. The speed of their occurrence depends on the strength of the stressor and the state of the central nervous system of a particular person:

Stage of anxiety. A person ceases to control his thoughts and actions, prerequisites are created for the weakening of the body. Behavior becomes the opposite of that which is characteristic of this person.
resistance stage. The resistance of the body increases so that a person can make some decision and cope with the situation that has arisen.
Exhaustion stage. It develops during prolonged stress, when the body is "not able" to maintain the stage of resistance anymore. It is at this stage that lesions of the internal organs develop - each is different.

There is also a more extended description of the stages, made after the work of Selye. There are 4 stages here:

Mobilization: the attention and activity of a person is increasing, forces are still being spent sparingly. If at this stage the process fades, then it only tempers, and does not destroy a person.
Sthenic (active) negative emotion. Anger, aggression, rage arise. To achieve the goal, forces begin to be spent uneconomically, and the body takes the path of exhaustion.
Asthenic (that is, passive) negative emotion. It arises as a result of the excessive expenditure of one's own forces at the previous stage. The person is sad, does not believe in his own strength and that this situation can be resolved. He may become depressed.
Complete demoralization. It occurs when the stressor continues to act on the body. A person resigns himself to defeat, becomes indifferent, does not want to solve either the stressor task or any others. A person in this stage of distress is said to be "broken".

What can cause stress

What causes stress in an adult has already been discussed above. These are injuries, and moving, and separation / divorce, and the death of a loved one, and money problems, and the constant lack of time to complete work on time, and illness - one's own or a loved one. Women experience stress at the birth of a child, even if they thought that they had prepared for this in 9 months (particularly vulnerable to stress are women in labor who had a difficult pregnancy, suffered a break with a loved one or had constant conflicts during this period).

Factors that increase the chance of developing stress are chronic illness, lack of sleep, lack of friendly environment or friends. More vulnerable to stress are people who are true to their beliefs and the given word.

The causes of stress in children may not be so obvious:

hypothermia;
problem with treatment in kindergarten;
the problem of communication with peers;
change of residence;
increased workload at school or in the last year of attending kindergarten;
communication problems;
imposing hobbies by parents;
the lack of a person with whom you can discuss your problems;
sending to sanatoriums or pioneer camps without parents;
frequent stays in the hospital without parents;
initial sexual experience;
unfavorable situation in the family;
loss of a pet
a sharp change in the daily routine;
change of time zone;
the content of the cartoon, film, computer game (scenes of murder, violence, erotic nature);
casual observation of the intimate communication of parents or strangers;
abrupt change in weather conditions.

How to know if a person is stressed

Distinguish between acute and chronic stress. They manifest themselves in different ways, and we will analyze them in detail later.

There is also a diagnosis of "Acute reaction to stress." This is the name of a disorder that occurs in a mentally healthy person in response to a very strong psychological and / or physical stressor, when there was a direct threat to the life of this person or someone close to him. It can be noted after:

natural disaster (hurricane, tsunami, flood);
house fire;
rape, especially if it was especially cruel;
death of children;
car accidents;
how a person was taken hostage in a terrorist attack;
participation in hostilities, especially bloody ones.

Such severe stress is a short-term disorder, lasting several hours or 1-2 days. After it, urgent help is needed (within the first 48 hours) from a competent psychiatrist or psychotherapist, otherwise the stress will either end in a suicidal attempt, or go into a chronic form with all the ensuing consequences.

Higher risk of developing a reaction to severe stress in people:

emaciated after illness or hard work;
having a brain disease;
who are over 50 years old;
who do not see help from the outside;
for whom what happened was a complete surprise;
when other people die around.

An acute reaction to stress is evidenced by symptoms that begin a few minutes after the incident (less often - tens of minutes):

Such clouding of consciousness, when a person ceases to navigate in what is happening, but can pay attention to small details around. Because of this, a person can do strange, meaningless acts, as a result of which it may seem to others that he has lost his mind.
The person may express delusional ideas, talk about non-existent events, or talk to someone who is not around. This behavior lasts a short period of time, it can end abruptly.
A person with an acute reaction does not understand or poorly understands the speech addressed to him, does not comply with requests or does it incorrectly.
Extreme retardation of both speech and movement. It can be expressed to such an extent that a person freezes in one position and answers questions only with some kind of sound. Less often, there may be a reverse reaction: a verbal flow that is difficult to stop, as well as pronounced motor restlessness. There may even be a stampede or attempts to inflict serious injury on oneself.
Reactions from the autonomic nervous system: dilated pupils, blanching or redness of the skin, vomiting, diarrhea. There may even be such a sharp drop in blood pressure that a person dies.
Often there are also such symptoms of stress as: confusion, inability to answer (with full understanding of speech), aggressiveness, despair.

If a person with an unhealthy psyche (but not mentally ill) got into a similar situation, the body's acute reaction to stress may not be the same as described above.

If these symptoms persist for more than 2-3 days, this is not an acute stress reaction. An urgent need to contact a neurologist, infectious disease specialist, psychiatrist or narcologist to find the real cause of this condition.

After suffering an acute reaction, the memory of such behavior disappears partially or completely. At the same time, a person remains tense for some time, his sleep and behavior are disturbed. For 2-3 weeks he is exhausted, he has no desire to do anything, and even the will to live. He can go to work and do it mechanically.

acute stress

The fact that stress has taken place in a person’s life is indicated by the following symptoms that occur immediately or shortly after a collision with a stressor:

emotional "explosion", which is combined either with a feeling of uncontrollable anxiety or fear, or with excitement close to aggression;
nausea, there may be a single vomiting (we are often shown this in films);
feeling of tightness, discomfort in the chest;
cardiopalmus;
sweating;
rapid breathing, which may be accompanied by a feeling of lack of air;
chills or feeling hot;
abdominal pain;
numbness, feeling of "cotton" limbs; stress urinary incontinence.

If the stress was strong, but not reaching a critical point (when there was a threat to life, after which an acute reaction to stress usually develops), a person, in addition to the symptoms listed above, may have:

convulsions (muscle contractions) without loss of consciousness;
skin rash, identical to urticaria that occurs in response to the intake of an allergen;
headache;
painful urge to empty the bowels, after which loose stools are observed;
pronounced feeling of hopelessness, despair

chronic stress

This condition is much more common in modern people with a rapid pace of life. The symptoms of chronic stress are not as pronounced as those of an acute stress response, so it is often dismissed as fatigue and ignored until it leads to various diseases. When the latter appear, a person turns to doctors and begins treatment, which does not lead to proper results because the cause - life in chronic stress - remains unresolved.

The fact that a person suffers from chronic stress will be indicated by signs that can be conditionally divided into several groups:

Associated with changes in human physiology

Due to stress, a person can experience quite physical suffering, which makes him look for the cause, visit doctors of various specialties, and take a large number of medications. But the presence of the following symptoms, when they develop in a person experiencing frequent or constant stress, does not mean that he does not have peptic ulcer or angina pectoris. Therefore, we will list them, and you will know that if you find some of them in yourself, you are examined, but the doctor says that he does not find anything in you, these are signs of a stress disorder, and they should be treated accordingly.

Physiological symptoms of chronic stress include:

heartburn;
belching;
nausea;
pain in the stomach;
bruxism (grinding teeth during sleep);
chest pain;
frequent urination;
stuttering
tinnitus;
dry mouth;
cold hands;
difficulty swallowing;
periodic muscle spasms: spasm of the muscles of the hands, incomprehensible and moving muscle pains;
"twisting" the joints;
hot flashes, redness of the face;
frequent infectious diseases of the respiratory tract, accompanied by cough, runny nose;
loss of appetite;
weight loss or gain;
headache;
backache;
during the next stress, the temperature may rise by several tens;
"jumps" in blood pressure;
increased sweating;
severe trembling of the upper limbs;
tics and obsessive movements;
a rash in the form of red spots or vesicles that arose "from scratch";
erectile dysfunction, decreased libido.

Emotion related symptoms

The presence of chronic stress in a person is evidenced by changes in the character of a person, when a previously balanced person has:

underestimation of self-esteem;
capriciousness;
irritability;
anxiety;
tearfulness;
outbursts of anger;
impulsive actions;
hostility towards others;
suspicion;
deceit;
the disappearance of goals, incentives, interests in life;
guilt;
constant criticism of loved ones;
pessimism;
feeling of unreality of what is happening;
touchiness;
focus on unpleasant events;
lowering the anxiety threshold;
tendency to command shouts;
a feeling of loneliness, hopelessness, inexpressible longing;
the appearance of thoughts of suicide;
change in the length of sleep and a violation of its quality (nightmares);
increased sensitivity to loud sounds, bright or flashing lights;
memory impairment;
even the slightest trouble can cause panic, anxiety or aggression.

Socio-behavioral symptoms

The fact that a person has chronic stress will be prompted by changes in his behavior and communication. This:

inattention;
loss of interest in appearance;
loss of former interests: to work, to a hobby;
nervous laughter;
addiction to alcohol, drugs, medications;
trying to be isolated;
constant lack of time;
workaholism and constant workload at work and at home as an independent attempt to "get away" from the situation;
the person becomes conflicted;
makes many small mistakes in his usual work;
while driving, he often behaves inappropriately, speaking rudely in relation to other drivers.

Intelligent signs

These include:

memory impairment: a person does not remember well and quickly forgets, there may be memory lapses;
difficulties with the analysis of new information;
repetition of what was said before;
obsessive thoughts, often negative;
viscosity of speech;
difficulty making a decision.

Features of the course of stress in women

Women are more vulnerable to stress. In addition, in an attempt to be an ideal wife and mother, they try not to talk about their experiences, but “store” them in themselves. This causes the appearance of certain symptoms, most of which are described above, not differing from "male". Of these, if you do not pay attention to it in time, gynecological, cardiac, endocrine disease or obesity can “grow”.

Signs of stress in women, by which it is not always possible to guess that she is stressed, are:

headache (most often felt in half of the head);
pain in the joints;
"failure" of the monthly cycle;
sudden, not characteristic of a woman before, mood swings;
twitching of the eyelid in one eye, which lasts for several minutes;
back pain;
the appearance of "incomprehensible" red elements of the rash and / or ulcers;
spasms, accompanied by pain, then in one, then in another part of the abdomen;
panic attacks;
pain in the stomach;
deterioration in coordination;
addiction to certain types of food (often sweets and dairy products) and alcohol;
according to the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, often recurrent vaginal thrush can become a sign of stress that develops under the influence of cortisol;
hair loss (it may not be immediately, but 3-6 months after stress);
"noise", "whistling", "clicking" in the ears;
decrease in working capacity;
decrease in the instinct of self-preservation;
thoughts of suicide;
irritability;
a change in attitude towards oneself and loved ones (feelings of guilt, emotional coldness).

Especially it is necessary to pay attention to such (mainly the last 4) symptoms after childbirth. They indicate that postpartum depression or the more dangerous postpartum psychosis may begin.

Features of the course of stress in children

Signs of stress in a child are also not very noticeable, especially if the baby is not yet at a conscious age.

If the child is less than 2 years old, the fact that he has suffered stress will be evidenced by refusal to eat, tearfulness and irritability. The same symptoms will develop with any inflammatory or non-inflammatory process, so they must be excluded in the first place.

A 2-5-year-old child “declares” the shock of the return of old habits: thumb sucking, pacifiers, refusal to self-feed, urinary or fecal incontinence. The baby may begin to cry under changing circumstances (for example, from the fact that they start waking him up at night to use the toilet) or when new people appear. He may also start to stutter.

Stress in a 2-5 year old child will be indicated by hyperactivity or, conversely, a decrease in activity, unreasonable short-term temperature rises, vomiting, frequent mood swings, the appearance of many fears (darkness, loneliness, dogs or people of certain professions). A stressed baby does not sleep well.

In a child of 5-9 years old, stress is manifested by the following symptoms:

fatigue;
decrease in academic performance;
nightmares;
behavior, as in younger children (the child begins to “lisp”, caress, become like a baby);
aggression;
causeless fears, anxieties;
attempts to run away from home or, conversely, the child tries not to leave the house, avoids other children, does not want to go to school;
increase or, conversely, decrease in appetite;
nausea and even vomiting;
headache;
pain in the chest;
seizures in the corners of the mouth;
stratification of nails;
the child may partially forget stressful events;
nervous tics or the appearance of habits of biting nails or other objects (rulers, rubber bands, pens), pulling out hair, picking your nose, combing your skin;
defiant behavior for several days;
if a child begins to lie, this can also be a sign of stress.

What are the symptoms of stress

The main symptoms after stress indicate the exhaustion of the body. This:

the appearance of heat intolerance;
causeless nausea;
fatigue that appears faster than before, may not go away even after a long rest;
insomnia at night, drowsiness during the day, but there may be constant drowsiness of the patient;
loss of appetite;
decreased libido;
indifference to one's own appearance;
deterioration of attention, memory;
indecision;
difficulty concentrating;
negative thoughts;
a person becomes quick-tempered, irritable;
the pulse is speeded up, arterial pressure is either increased or decreased, sweating is increased, headaches, sweating.

But if the irritant was strong enough, then if an acute reaction to stress did not develop, then after a few weeks or months (up to six months), a person may develop a syndrome of post-traumatic stress disorder. It shows up:

alienation from others;
distrust of others;
aggressiveness;
anxiety;
inadequate (usually very weak or its complete absence) reaction to current events;
a person “lives” in his problem: during the day he thinks about the stressor, at night he dreams of it in the form of nightmares;
if it seems to a person that a traumatic situation followed after a combination of some phenomena, then when they reappear in his life, he becomes aggressive, experiences a panic attack;
panic attacks can occur on their own, they decrease when communicating with other people, so at such moments the patient willingly makes contact even with strangers;
a person may experience pain in the abdomen, in the heart, in the head. On this occasion, he is sometimes examined, but nothing is found on him. This makes him look for a "competent" doctor, turn to many specialists. If none of the medical professionals correlates the symptoms with the stress experienced, the patient may lose faith in medicine, start self-treatment, and take alcohol or drugs “to calm down”.

Thus, the symptoms caused by stress are very similar to diseases of the internal organs. It is possible to suspect that this is stress due to the fact that the signs affect several body systems at once (for example, joint pain and heartburn occur). You can clarify the diagnosis only with the help of an examination: then with the help of instrumental (fibrogastroscopy, cardiogram, ultrasound of the heart, X-ray of the gastrointestinal tract) and laboratory (these are analyzes) studies, no changes will be detected or they will be minimal. The presence of stress will be confirmed by a psychotherapist or psychiatrist on the basis of a conversation with a person and some oral tests. Blood levels of cortisol and the hormone ACTH will also indicate a stress response.

Hello, we talk a lot about conception and now we will consider the first signs of pregnancy. Here's how to know you're pregnant.
Of course, you can do two pregnancy tests - one test is to donate blood from a vein for chorionic gonadotropin, the second test is a urine test, also for chorionic gonadotropin.
A urine test for orionic gonadotropin is less sensitive than a blood test, if a blood test can show the presence of pregnancy on the first day of the expected menstruation, then a urine test, this cherished line will not appear on the first day of the delay.
A urine test positive for pregnancy becomes a week after the delay, that is, when your pregnancy can be three or four weeks, and from a vein even at 2 weeks of pregnancy you can understand that you are pregnant.
That is, of course, this is the surest sign, everything else is written with a pitchfork in the water - it seems, but nevertheless, when these tests were not previously guided by these, it seems and these seem, especially for experienced women who went through this, these are quite clear signs and they recur in one woman from pregnancy to pregnancy.

Pregnancy in the life of any woman is something exciting, beautiful and simply amazing, because an organism grows and develops inside you, which will delight you with its smile, laughter and some surprises. But it all starts with signs that are individual for each woman.

As practice has shown, in a small number of women, the first signs of pregnancy occur immediately the next day after conception. They begin the first signs of intoxication and restructuring of the body, vomiting, dizziness and weakness appear. But what to do and what to do if a woman feels great, and one day she notices that her period is overdue for more than 10 days.

The fastest and easiest way is to take a pregnancy test, or it is most reliable to take an analysis for the hCG hormone. A week later, bleeding is possible, but do not think that menstruation begins, no! This means that the seeds make a place for themselves in the uterine epithelium and take root in this place. It is also possible white discharge with blood impurities, or something creamy, stretching beige, yellow discharge.

These signs are not observed in 100% of the interviewed pregnant women. A characteristic sign of pregnancy is a high temperature for 16-18 days. Following this, drowsiness, vomiting in the mornings begin, and nausea is also possible both from smells and from thoughts about products, taste and olfactory feelings change dramatically.

So what are these signs?

Often, various methods of diagnosing pregnancy are not even required, since a woman already knows exactly about her situation, since there are a lot of different changes in the body of a future mother that clarify everything for her, and you should not guess on coffee grounds!))) These are the signs:

Missing period is a sign of pregnancy

The absence of menstruation is one of the very first and understandable signs for every woman. Although, one cannot ignore the fact that this symptom may not be associated with pregnancy, but with a variety of hormonal changes and disorders in the body or, as a result, diseases of the genitourinary system.
It also happens that a woman may have a broken cycle, or it may not yet be restored after a previous birth, and therefore she may not attach importance to this event until the tummy begins to grow or other suspicious signs appear, and an unplanned pregnancy is obtained. .

Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity and in some cases, even pain in the chest. Many women experience this kind of breast discomfort as their period approaches. But in this case, the soreness is especially strong and prolonged.

Changes in the sense of smell

Many women say that the sense of smell changes beyond recognition, either they don’t like the smell of fresh meat, or the aroma of borscht is unpleasant, and there’s nothing to say about perfumes and other odorous substances.
Breast augmentation
Often this symptom appears at a later date. But some ladies note and notice even minor changes in this part of the body.
morning sickness
In many pregnant women, such early toxicosis has an interval of 7 weeks - 12 weeks of pregnancy. But there are cases when such ailments began from the earliest possible date.
Unusual sensations in the lower abdomen
Some people refer to this as intuition. Others talk about sipping, tingling, feeling of warmth in the lower abdomen. Sometimes such a breakdown manifests itself quite strongly and for a long time. It also happens that a woman claims that “someone” has settled there and cannot really describe her condition.

Changes in taste preferences. Someone wakes up a terrible appetite, someone, on the contrary, does not want to eat anything. You may not like the usual diet of products, and you should not be surprised if you suddenly fall in love with hercules.
Sudden mood swings, tearfulness. All this is very similar to PMS (premenstrual syndrome), but for some reason it somehow drags on?!
Suddenly you find yourself with cystitis. Even if you haven't experienced it before. And for many ladies, frequent urination is almost the main sign of pregnancy.

Weight change

Usually, the first two months, weight is not gained, even many can lose a couple of kilograms, but then the increase is guaranteed to you.

Increased body temperature

The temperature varies between 37-37.2 degrees, migraine may appear. And if nasal congestion also occurs, which will also indicate pregnancy, then such a sudden malaise is easy to confuse with a cold.
Elevated basal body temperature
Increased drowsiness and fatigue.

Many women can see and experience other less common signs of pregnancy as well. Each person can go through everything individually, someone has one sign, someone has all the signs of an interesting situation.

General body fatigue

General fatigue of the body, up to complete exhaustion and constantly want to sleep. The most sound sleep begins in the early evening, but when you wake up in the morning, you feel overwhelmed. Your family and friends notice that you have mood swings, you can flare up over trifles, and the skin on your face will turn slightly pale. All of the above signs are protective for the body, but if they are not very pronounced. If there is a large loss of saliva and frequent vomiting, then it is necessary to consult a doctor.

Pregnancy first days signs

In most women, the breasts begin to swell and become heavier, and then the nipples with areolas begin to change their color to a darker one. It is impossible to touch the chest due to discomfort and pain. In addition to all this, a pregnant woman begins to run to the toilet very often, including at night. This will not be the case for the entire pregnancy, but during the first trimester, these signs are common.

It is worth saying that you will not necessarily observe any of these signs in you, but it is more likely that they may be different for you, it all depends on the individual.

The problem is that few women can accurately name these very days, and sexual intercourse during this period will not necessarily guarantee pregnancy. That is why almost every woman who has an active sex life often listens to her body, trying to understand: is there a pregnancy? This is done by those for whom pregnancy is a long-awaited holiday, and those for whom it is an unpleasant surprise. To accurately determine whether the amazing process of developing a little man has begun in your body, you should know the main signs of pregnancy.
Every woman should know exactly the length of her menstrual cycle. Many mark critical days in calendars, many simply remember. If you have a regular cycle, and your period was delayed for several days, then you have reason to suspect pregnancy. However, a delay may indicate a medical condition, such as a hormonal imbalance. Moreover, you should not rely only on this fact if your cycle is irregular. You will have to look for other signs of pregnancy in yourself.

Many pregnant women complain of a pulling pain in the lower abdomen, an increase in the sensitivity of the breast and a slight discharge. This may be part of the signs of pregnancy, or it may simply indicate early periods.
For many women, pregnancy begins with toxicosis: nausea and vomiting in the morning, intolerance to certain smells, changes in food preferences. Toxicosis is very similar to banal poisoning, so this option should not be ruled out. Perhaps you have eaten stale food, and your body is just reacting adequately. Many pregnant women do not have any toxicosis, which means that this sign is not mandatory.

Your gynecologist may reveal several other signs during examination: an enlarged uterus, discoloration of the external genitalia. But do not forget that these signs of pregnancy can be false and only indicate the approaching menstruation.

You can get more accurate signs of pregnancy with an ultrasound scan: the doctor will surely see the fetus if pregnancy has occurred. However, occasionally there are cases when the nascent life cannot be seen, since the gestation period is too short.