Large families. Large families and their problems at the present stage

The complexity and multidimensionality of the problem of today large families are unlikely to be denied by both supporters of such families and their critics. Without pretending to be comprehensive, let's try to analyze the real difficulties and the advantages that emerge in the life of families with three or more children. Let us also pay attention to the attitude to the same problems of the so-called public opinion, which in itself becomes another serious problem for large families, since, despite the obvious demographic crisis, a large family today is an occasion for discussion, and not always benevolent. We will present the reader with both positions - "for" and "against" - and try to form an objective attitude to this issue.

Large family in modern conditions of life

Position "for"

Arguing on this topic, supporters of large families most often cite the patriarchal Russian family as an example. Indeed, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, families in Russia, as a rule, had many children. The religion and customs of the time supported such a family structure. Refusal to give birth to children or termination of pregnancy was a grave sin: "He who does not have children lives in sin." The peasants were not enlightened in matters of artificial termination of pregnancy, they did not have abortions, they did not know contraceptives. The childbearing age lasted for Russian women up to 42-47 years. The mothers breastfed the baby "two great fasts" and the intervals between births were about the same. A woman who lived married for the entire childbearing period gave birth 8-11 times. In Russia, a strong and large family, a high birth rate and population growth were the key to the welfare of the country.

Position "against"

Proponents of a different point of view believe that modern living conditions and the stage of Russia's economic development, which coincided with the childbearing age of a modern woman, the economic unpredictability of the level of family income make it necessary to approach the issue of planning the number of children more responsibly. At the same time, in their opinion, the question of the actual demographic crisis that has begun should be addressed to the government, and not to ordinary citizens, for whom the orientation towards the material stability of life does not yet coincide with the orientation towards having many children.

Conclusion. Naturally, the modern attitude towards having few children gradually reduces the social value of motherhood, and the instability of economic life only exacerbates this process, despite the existence and revival of tradition.

Material wealth and the number of children in the family

Position "for"

Contrary to popular belief, money is far from the main problem in a large family. Often those who consciously give birth to many children really imagine how they will support these children. Most often these are successful, established professionals, representatives of the "middle class", or poor, but deeply religious people who believe that God, having sent them a child, will give him food.

On the other hand, everyone has a different level of ideas about material well-being: for someone it is a villa on the Cote d'Azur, for someone it is their own small apartment. Today, you can always earn money for normal nutrition and education for your children, if there is a desire.

Position "against"

The "favorite" argument of the supporters of a small family is as follows: it is necessary to start at least one child on its feet, and this requires means and conditions. The material standard of living of families with 5 or 6 children is below average: children wear clothes after each other, there are clearly not enough toys, and when they get older, there will be a problem with entering a university. What to do in this case? Reassure yourself that the family will be friendly, that the children will be independent and will not grow up to be selfish? Wouldn't it be better to give your strength to one or two children?

Conclusion. An analysis of the living conditions of families showed that the better the material and housing conditions, the more often the orientation towards the birth of one child. An inverse relationship between the number of children and family income was also revealed: the number of children desired under the most favorable conditions is lower in families with higher incomes. Unfavorable conditions, low financial situation, lack of necessary living space reduce the likelihood of having another child. Moreover, the expected increase in low income does not affect the reproductive attitude. The reproductive attitude of the family is associated with the subjective assessment of the spouses of their financial situation. Interestingly, in the most affluent families, a third of spouses (more often husbands) consider material conditions to be poor and regard this as an obstacle to the birth of a child. And families where the income is low and already have one or two children, but the financial situation is much lower than in wealthy families, assess their financial situation as sufficient. Thus, whatever the family income, satisfaction with it can be different. To a large extent, it is determined by the place material goods occupy in the family's value system. Those. children, as it were, enter into competition with the satisfaction of the material needs of their parents. If material needs are high, then the child cannot compete.

The possibility of self-realization of a mother of many children in the professional field

Position "for"

The main purpose of a woman is to give life. This is given to her by nature itself, that is, she is biologically, emotionally tuned in to motherhood. For real self-realization, a woman needs to give birth to 5-7 children, only then she fully realizes her potential. Bearing, childbirth, feeding, raising children require tremendous energy from a woman - and if this energy turns out to be unused, the woman begins to direct her in the wrong direction, she becomes dissatisfied with life, she loses her natural femininity and softness, becomes like a man and often falls into, and in such a state, there can be no talk of any self-realization.

Position "against"

Today, the problem of female self-realization is very relevant. This desire is largely provoked by modern social attitudes. But it is quite natural that a woman who devotes herself to work cannot keep up with housekeeping and take care of the child sufficiently - one of these two important areas will still suffer. Therefore, many women get out of the situation by taking an au pair into the house, and for children - a nanny or governess (according to the age of the child). This is a normal phenomenon, which also allows the child to appreciate the mother more as a socially successful woman. But the combination of having many children and a successful career are two things that coincide only in very rare, simply exceptional cases.

Conclusion. In modern society, both the traditional point of view continues to exist, according to which the purpose of a woman is, first of all, motherhood and home, and the position according to which, in addition to children and home, in the life of a modern woman there are many other opportunities for realizing her potential, hence all women's priorities . Each woman chooses for herself what is closer to her. However, it is worth thinking about the statistics: today, about 25 women of childbearing age out of 100 do not intend to have children at all. This means that their motherhood instinct is either lost due to the priority of other tasks (career, acquisition of material goods), or suppressed due to material difficulties, which is physically and morally detrimental to a woman's health. This means that one fourth of the gene pool of the Russian nation is completely excluded from further development. 41 and 31 women out of 100 plan to give birth to one or two children, respectively. This once again proves that in our time there is a change in attitude from even a two-child family to a one-child family. It has been proven that the target for the planned number of children practically does not change with a change in the marital status of a woman and the related changes in her social status (a decrease in income per family member, deterioration in living conditions, nutrition, etc.). It is a fairly stable characteristic, apparently depending to a greater extent on the national and economic characteristics of society.

Raising children in a large family: the pros and cons

Position "for"

People who have one child often complain that they are tired of communicating with him, of worries, etc. It seems to them that parents of, for example, five children should be five times more tired. But that's not the case at all.

Firstly, elders can help parents: from the age of 5-6, a child is quite capable of taking a younger brother or sister for 2-4 years. Many adults get tired not so much from adult worries as from the need to play with children, it is often psychologically difficult for parents, but in a family where there is one baby, you can’t get away - the child needs to play with someone. And in a large family, children are "closed" to each other: the elders play with the younger ones, help them get dressed, do their homework, walk with them, freeing the mother from a lot of worries.

Secondly, children love to imitate. Moreover, psychologically it is much easier for them to imitate not adults, who are too difficult to reach, but older children. Therefore, in families with many children, the younger ones quickly acquire everyday skills, communication skills, they learn a lot in passing, in passing. A large family is a mini-society with its own internal laws: the child in it turns out to be both the eldest and the youngest, he must establish contacts with each family member, communicate with children of both his own and the opposite sex, learn to give in and insist on your own, defend your opinion, be flexible. With the right help, children from large families have a more mobile psyche, are more resistant to stress and better adapt to any team. And responsibility and independence are a consequence of everyday problems that any family with more than two children faces.

Thirdly, the upbringing of a sense of responsibility in children in large families occurs quite naturally, due to circumstances. Other families face very serious difficulties in this matter.

Fourthly, a much greater burden falls on children from a large family. But she - and this is very important - is justified in their eyes. In a family with one child, it is much easier for a mother to do everything herself, hence often infantilism and the child's inability to serve himself. And in a large family, the mother's children need serious help, and the children are included in household chores, and for them this is all psychologically justified, and, in addition, joint affairs unite the family. In addition, the skills that the child receives by helping his mother with the housework will be useful to him in later life.

Fifthly, it is in a large family that there are all the necessary conditions for the continuity of generations. Children gradually develop communication skills with brothers and sisters, then the elders have their own children, and little uncles and aunts learn to communicate with their nephews, the age difference with which may not be so great. So children gradually, rising from step to step, themselves grow up to the role of parents. In general, children from large families are better prepared for marriage. They understand the difference between male and female psychology, they know how to compromise, they are very responsible, boys do not shy away from "female" housework, they know how to take care of babies.

Under such conditions, the errors of the previous generation of parents are taken into account and therefore smoothed out. This does not happen in a family with one child, where parents do not have the opportunity to take into account their mistakes.

Sixth, in a large family there is the effect of a small team. If there are one or two children in a family, then the children quickly become emotionally saturated with each other, parents have to invent something, put out quarrels and conflicts - and this is when they are tired and have other things to do. In a large family, a system of children's collectives of different ages arises: there is an age hierarchy in it, the elders lead the younger ones. It is only necessary to ensure that the elders do not oppress the younger ones.

Position "against"

Firstly, in a family with only 1-2 children, parents have the opportunity to be attentive to any childish manifestation and respond to it accordingly. In a large family, it is almost a constant impossibility to carve out separate time to communicate with each child face to face, and children absolutely need the close attention of their parents for normal development.

Secondly, the amount of responsibility and household duties that a child in a large family has, may become a reason for children to subsequently reproach their parents for "depriving them of their childhood."

Thirdly, the state of health of children and care for them in such families is insufficient. Each large family is a small team, and if, for example, one child falls ill, then the rest may fall ill after him.

Fourthly, even in many families with one or two children, children develop competitive relationships, they are jealous of their parents for each other, what can we say then about a large family?

Fifth, children from a large family often have low self-esteem, because they perceive themselves as part of a large team and think little about the value of their "I". In adolescence, this can turn into hypercompensation: the child will begin to assert himself in all possible and impossible ways, proving his uniqueness and uniqueness.

Sixthly, even if there is a very large apartment in large families, both children and adults do not have enough privacy, the opportunity to sit quietly, to be alone with their affairs and thoughts.

Conclusion. Studies by demographers, psychologists and sociologists have shown a direct connection between the reproductive attitudes of parents and their children. There is a clear continuity in the question of the actual number of children: one-child parents, as a rule, manifested themselves in one-children of their children, two-children gave rise to a transitional situation between one-children and two-children, and among children from large families (three or more children) there was the largest number of those who aspired to to three children. According to the survey of schoolchildren of different ages, there is a direct relationship about the ideal, desired and expected number of children: the more brothers and sisters schoolchildren have, the more they have the expected number of their own children in the future, that is, they also strive for large families. As a result of this survey, another interesting pattern was revealed: the more children in the parental family, that is, the more brothers and sisters schoolchildren have, the later they begin to think about the number of their future children. This indicates moral satisfaction with their condition. And the fewer children in the parental family (especially if the child grows up in a family alone), the more often being in a children's environment (in a kindergarten or school) and comparing the situation of one's family with others leads to a certain discomfort. The only child in the family lacks partners for games and communication in the family, which leads to emotional distress.

The attitude of public opinion to a large family

The social status of a woman-mother depends on how much the model of reproductive behavior chosen by her family corresponds to generally accepted norms. And what is it like today? One or two children. Naturally, as long as the generally accepted norm is such, large families will be perceived by society rather as an exception to the rules, as an out of the ordinary phenomenon, and the attitude towards them will develop accordingly.

Around mothers of many children and their children, a zone of social disapproval, and even rejection, has arisen and still arises. Families with many children are often regarded as "social dependents", although in practice their benefits are very modest, it is families with many children who have the highest risk of being among the poor, since the amount of child benefits does not correlate with the standard of living. A few years ago, the title of Mother Heroine was abolished in Russia. Often a large family and children are spoken of in a negative way: these are continuous problems, difficulties and troubles. It is unlikely that such an unambiguous point of view is fair: one should not idealize families with many children, just as one should not see only negative in them. A large family is neither good nor bad in itself, it is just a special world, with its pluses and minuses, its own joys and problems, like the world of any family. According to the observations of psychologists and sociologists, the stereotype of a large family began to change just a few years ago. These are not only families of irresponsible, socially disadvantaged people who require support from the state. Having many children becomes fashionable in a materially prosperous environment. And this means that families with many children have a future.

Konstantin Feofanov
sociologist, candidate of social sciences n.

Medical aspect

In Russia, according to legislative acts, large families include families with three or more minor children. According to the 1989 census, the proportion of such families was 5.74%. Since then, the number of large families in Russia has decreased from 2.7 million to 1.074 million. At the same time, families with 5 or more children account for 5.2% of the total number of "cells of society", and families with 9 and more children - 0.1%.

These figures show that it is not easy to be parents of many children. In addition to socio-economic and psychological problems, such families also face certain medical problems. Any parents raising more than 2 children should have an idea about them - only in this case they will be able to think in advance about how to protect themselves and their family.

Children's Health Issues

A large family is a large team, so an urgent problem is the problem of infectious diseases, especially highly contagious, that is, those that are easy to catch. Indeed, in addition to the fact that all family members communicate at home, as a rule, each child also visits a children's group - whether it be a kindergarten group, a school class or a development group. And first of all, such diseases, of course, include acute respiratory infections (ARI). That is, if one kid in the team has a common cold, then it is likely that all members of a large family will sneeze and cough during the week, lie in bed with a high temperature. Since not all children get sick at once, the period when one of the family members is unwell can last for several weeks. Solving the problem of acute respiratory infections in a large family is difficult, but you can try. And the cornerstone of its solution is prevention. To prevent acute respiratory diseases, hardening, taking multivitamin preparations, and vaccination are important. It should be noted that vaccination is important not only for children, but also for adult family members, including mothers in anticipation of the planned next pregnancy.

In addition to respiratory diseases, there is a high probability of spreading childhood infections. This problem is of particular importance for the mother, since, firstly, childhood infections are quite difficult for adults to carry, and secondly, by the time of an epidemic in the family of a particular childhood infection, the mother may be waiting for the next baby. Then the infectious disease will affect not only the health of the mother, but also the health of the unborn child; even situations are likely in which it is necessary to terminate the pregnancy (for example, if the mother is ill with rubella). In this regard, all children in a large family should be vaccinated in a timely manner. On the other hand, this problem has its positive aspects. If one of the children gets measles or, then most likely all the children will get sick. Thus, babies will endure all childhood infections at an early age, when these diseases are mild.

Infectious diseases that can spread to all family members include intestinal infectious diseases. In order to protect the family from these infections, it is necessary to follow basic sanitary and hygienic rules. Ready-to-eat food should be covered with cling film or placed in a cupboard or refrigerator. It is necessary to use only freshly boiled water or artesian or mineral factory spill. Children should wash their hands regularly; toys, bicycles and other items brought from the street should also be washed with detergent.

To prevent the spread of any infectious diseases, a sick or suspected child should be isolated from other children until a doctor has examined them. In cases where the fact of the disease is established, the problem of isolating a sick baby is especially acute. It is appropriate to note here that if it is not possible to place him in a separate room and provide proper care (separate dishes, care items, their timely and correct processing), then it is most advisable to agree to hospitalization, if offered. Thus, the baby will be treated under the supervision of doctors, and other children will have a better chance of avoiding the disease.

Maternal health problems

A mother in a large family spends a significant part of her time in a state of pregnancy or lactation. Each subsequent pregnancy of a mother with many children is subject to some risks and complications. Fatigue, the inability to recover from childbirth to childbirth, especially if there were complications during previous pregnancies and childbirth, leads to the fact that with each subsequent pregnancy the risk of complications increases, such as the threat of abortion, toxicosis, preeclampsia, improper attachment of the placenta, incorrect positions and presentation of the fetus, etc. Complications during the postpartum period are also possible: bleeding, difficulties in separating the placenta.

If a subsequent pregnancy occurred a short time after the first, then the woman faces the question of the possibility of continuing breastfeeding. No matter how much a mother would like to breastfeed an older baby, feeding must be stopped. This is due to the fact that when the nipples are stimulated during feeding, the muscles of the uterus contract, which can lead to the threat of termination of pregnancy. In addition, during pregnancy, as a rule, the taste and composition of breast milk changes. The kid often refuses it himself. Therefore, you need to consult with a pediatrician about the further feeding of the baby.

At the same time, a mother with many children, as a rule, has a lot of experience in breastfeeding, and she does not experience any particular difficulties in this regard.

Another problem that needs attention is the age of a mother who already has several children. The third, fourth and subsequent births, as a rule, fall on the age after 30-35 years. It also increases the likelihood of pregnancy complications and increases the risk of having children with a genetic disorder. In this regard, appropriate studies should be carried out during pregnancy: ultrasound at an expert level in the first trimester of pregnancy (the study should be carried out by a qualified specialist using the latest generation equipment), a study of blood parameters that suggest a genetic pathology of the fetus (AFP, hCG, estriol ).

Considering all these circumstances, a mother of many children should contact the antenatal clinic in a timely manner about the next pregnancy, follow the schedule of visiting the doctor and all his recommendations as carefully as possible, not relying only on her experience.

With the solution of many problems, proper planning of time for certain matters, the distribution of responsibilities between family members can help. Mom, despite the workload, should have some time every day to take care of herself and her health.

As you know, during pregnancy, changes occur in all systems and organs. In order to ensure the bearing of the baby, the entire body works in the mode of greatest stress than outside of pregnancy; For example, varicose veins progress with each pregnancy. Therefore, if there is a predisposition to certain diseases, including hypertension, kidney disease, in a mother of many children, pathology can begin to manifest itself at a relatively young age. This means that she needs to be doubly attentive to her health.

However, there is also a positive effect of multiple pregnancies and a long lactation period on the body of a mother with many children. Thus, a multiparous woman is practically insured against oncological diseases of the breast, uterus and ovaries. It is known that laughter, joy and good mood prolong life expectancy. And a mother of many children has much more reasons for joy than a mother of one baby. After all, she rejoices for every first step, every first word, every "five" in the diary.

Medicine plus economics

Medical problems of a large family cannot be considered in isolation from socio-economic problems. Thus, it is no secret that families with many children can be divided into two types: families with a sufficient budget (unfortunately, they are in the minority) and families with an insufficient budget. In the latter, the issue of proper nutrition is very relevant. And today, no one doubts the fact that good nutrition is determined not so much by the energy value of food and not so much by the balance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, but by the balance of vitamins and minerals.

Vitamins and minerals play a huge role in the body. So, they participate in the immune response, that is, they protect the body from viruses and microbes, participate in the regulation of cell growth and reproduction, in the work of the nervous, endocrine, and reproductive systems. With a lack of vitamins and minerals, there are malfunctions in the work of the whole organism. Therefore, the problem of multivitamin deficiency and mineral deficiency is relevant for all family members - both for children and for parents. This is especially true for the mother, since her body, especially with a short interval between births, does not have time to recover. The only true and simple way to solve this problem is to take multivitamin preparations by all family members.

Usually, parents with many children cannot answer the question: "Why do you need so many?" You can hear words about faith, about the principles of education. But perhaps the closest answer to the truth is, "We just love kids." And it is important that this love be active: parents should not forget that the most precious thing - the health of children - depends primarily on them.

Konstantin Feofanov
Igor Gushchin

Each child brings a new portion of happiness to the family. And when a child appears, it ALWAYS becomes possible not only to feed him, but also to grow fat himself. Finances are added, pay attention to this, if anyone has not noticed!

I agree that it’s not written for us (mothers of many children, though I don’t consider myself as such; three children are the norm, in my opinion), but it’s written for those who want not to have “problems” for themselves, those parents who want to pamper themselves throughout of your life. The only truth is that the moment when you realize that you will have another kind of miracle that will be the most expensive for you in the whole wide world, these problems (a child will graduate from a prestigious university or not; how much cosmetics will you buy her at 16 years old ; how much money you spend, etc.) is so petty and absolutely not interesting. When the child hugs you and says: “Mommy, I love you so much!” It is at this moment that you realize that you really do not live in vain. who want to have children, but cannot. And absolutely EMPTY "families" where there are no children and have chosen to live for themselves. And even in a large family, each child is a personality, flexible, developed and insightful, and where one child (for the most part) is not a personality, but an egoist. And this is a big difference.

Something happened to the head of people that they do not want to have children, continue their family, create a family. And all sorts of crises and material problems have nothing to do with it.
Even in 1941-1945, people gave birth to children. But the saddest thing is that women no longer want children. Our people have been so brainwashed that a child is a burden that you can live without children. And what are these idiotic expressions worth:
“why create poverty”, “you need to live for yourself” how many times I heard them. With such an approach to business, not a single government program will save us. For thousands of years people lived and gave birth to children and their life was not honey. Personally, I had to persuade she doesn’t want to listen to her wife for the second one, but she doesn’t want to listen to the third one, well, we’ll carry out explanatory work. So Russia will be saved not by economic growth, although this is also necessary, but by a change inside the brain.

08/30/2009 05:42:32 PM, tolyan

I am a mother of four children, it so happened that I am raising them alone. You need to have a desire to raise them, it is difficult, but possible. they themselves strive to achieve everything and this is more valuable to them. Too often I hear bad reviews towards large families. This is a different world that cannot be understood. Children learn responsibility and independence. hype, the opportunity to promote against the backdrop of presidential programs

12/14/2008 04:23:21 PM, fox

Flower. And let's punish them somehow, so that it would not be customary to give birth, for example, we will close the basement with a lock, and all of them - in a barracks. You are a miracle Yudo, not a believer. The show needs to be watched more carefully. According to our faith, each child comes with his own happiness, which means that their happiness is different, not visible to you. And the article is good, and it is correctly written here, however, only for Russia. For large families, nothing offensive is written here. All these denials and cries about poverty - just because of uncorrected brains.

26.11.2008 14:32:15, Louise 23.11.2008 19:23:14, Tata

I think that relying on God is criminal, even if she is a believer. Since you gave life to a person, then you are responsible for him, and not someone else. Hoping for benefits and "maybe" madness. You can only have children if you have somewhere to bring them and what to feed them. And to live underground, as was recently shown in the news, while still producing poverty - horror !!!

11/13/2008 18:16:36, Flower

It was interesting for me to read the article, especially since I am not only a mother of many children, but a mother raising twin children. The eldest daughter is 12 years old, twins - a son and a daughter - 6 years old. I agree with many pros and cons. Indeed, older children learn to live in a team quite early, provide invaluable assistance in raising the little ones, but illness is "something". They exhausted me. As soon as one of the twins gets sick, after 3 days the other gets sick, and then the eldest daughter also becomes infected. Therefore, I can’t work anywhere normally (we don’t have helping grandmothers. Now I’m waiting for them to grow up with me.

10/31/2008 02:53:05 PM, Irina

And I liked the article. In my opinion, a good analysis of what is happening. Only about rubella, they say that immediately an abortion - I do not agree. And about the fact that in large families with acute respiratory infections, everyone gets sick for several weeks - also nonsense. I only have one child, but I want many. As for food, we rely on God. He has not failed yet))). I have many friends with many children (there are even 9 children). Almost everyone works, at a good job.

29.10.2008 23:10:09, Miri

the combination of having many children and a successful career are two things that coincide only in very rare, simply exceptional cases. - BULLSHIT. I don't live in Russia. I work in a laboratory in a hospital. My boss is a mother of 5 children - but she came to the laboratory. simple employee. Another employee has 5 children, she is 34 years old. I have 3. another had a recently born 2nd. I personally still - God will give a face. You just have to work.

10/27/2008 11:44:27 PM, Ruth

I have four children. Both my husband and I work, and the career moved up as the children were born and the financial condition improved. I believe that a homeless person and a beggar can be both childless and with one child. And you can exist with a bunch of children, if not fat, then in normal abundance. And I am outraged by the opinion of some people who say that now there are so many benefits, of course, that's why you give birth. My husband and I did not fall under any social program, all the benefits slipped past us, but we always rely on our own strength. We are able to properly provide for children to the best of our ability and ability. And reading such "weighty" articles is unpleasant, in vain I "bought" on the headline. I don't like it when human life is measured by scales.

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Social problems of large families

Introduction

Over the past 20 years, the absolute population decline has amounted to 6.7 million people. This can be correlated with the population of the Moscow region or the population of the entire Far Eastern Federal District. Keeping this trend, we can come to the fact that the population of our country by 2025 will be reduced to 122-125 million people, and by 2050 to 100 million people. This dynamic is a threat to the country's national security.

At the same time, the demographic situation is characterized by a decline in the birth rate. In this regard, it is necessary to study the problems that are emerging in the field of social support for families.

Although, based on statistical data, the number of large families in Moscow increased by almost 10% over the year. According to the Department of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the City of Moscow, in February 2015, 101,989 large families lived in Moscow, and in February 2016 their number was already 111,864 families.

There is an interesting growth trend in the number of large families in spite of economic instability. The third, fourth and next child for the vast majority of Muscovites is an absolutely conscious decision. This is facilitated by a package of social services, benefits and compensation provided in the city. It became transparent and became easier to obtain. The system of accompanying pregnant women and newborns in medical institutions in Moscow has qualitatively changed for the better. The stereotype about the troubles of a large family began to change - successful businessmen, pop and movie stars have large families and are proud of it. Women are not afraid to be left without income - the Internet has changed the labor market, and over the past few years, many earning options have appeared even for mothers with several children.

But at the same time, families with many children are most vulnerable due to the fact that they are dominated by dependent family members who are not able to provide for themselves. This is the most fragile structure that needs protection. All this determines the relevance of the stated research topic.

The methodological and theoretical basis of the study was made up of the works of Russian and foreign scientists on demography, history, economics, sociology, as well as Russian and international legal acts reflecting the measures of state family policy in the field of family and social policy. The problems of family research were dealt with by such scientists as the theory and methodology of family research E. Burgess, G. William, E. Vouger, E. Giddens, W. Good, K. Davis, T. Zadorozhny, M. Strauss, P.A. Sorokin, Ya. Shchemansky. Their works are devoted to the theory and methodology of family research. From the standpoint of a systemic idea of ​​the family, it is presented in the studies of A.G. Kharchev, A.I. Antonov, V.N. Arkhangelsky, I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada, E.K. Vasilyeva, A.G. Volkov, Yu.A. Gasparyan, S.I. Hunger, V.M. Medkov, M.N. Rimashevskaya, Z.A. Yankova, and others. Demographic, sociological, socio-psychological studies of the problems of the formation of family stability are presented in the works of V.A. Belova, G.A. Bondarskaya, V.A. Borisov, A.G. Vishnevsky, I.A. Serafimova, T.L. Gurko, L.E. Darsky, I.F. Dementieva, I.P. Ilyina, A.B. Sinelnikova, M.S. Tolts, L.V. Chuiko and others. The problems of social protection of this category of family are covered by L.F. Bezlepkina, V.N. Bobkov, I.I. Grebeshev, V.B. Kornyak, N.V. Pankratova, L.M. Potolova, L.S. Rzhanitsyna, E.F. Feoktistova, L.T. Shineleva. The development of principles, methods and directions in the field of social work with the family was carried out by L.G. Guslyakova, I.L. Zimnyaya, A.I. Lashenko, A.M. Popov, L.V. Topchy, E.I. Kholostova and others.

The object of the study is the social problems of large families.

The subject of the research is the process of organizing the solution of the problems of large families.

The purpose of the study is to determine the most effective forms and methods for solving the social problems of a large family and develop recommendations for improving the process of solving the problems of families in this category.

To achieve the stated goal, the following particular tasks are solved:

1. Define a large family, determine its type

2. Analyze the main problems of large families in modern society,

3. To study the regulatory framework for the organization of social protection of large families in the Russian Federation.

4. Assess the social and managerial mechanisms for solving the problems of modern large families.

The hypothesis of the study is the dependence of improving the quality of life of large families on the degree of state support for it.

This work consists of an introduction, the main part, divided into two chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources used.

large family demographic

Chapter 1. The current situation of large families in modern society

1.1 Large family: concept, types and functions

A large family is a community of people who are connected by relations of marriage, or parenthood, or kinship, a joint household, having three or more children; it, as the main cell of society, performs the most important social functions, plays a particularly significant role both in social development as a whole and in human life, its protection, the formation and satisfaction of spiritual needs, and the provision of primary socialization.

A prominent specialist in the study of the family A.G. Kharchev defines: the family is a historically specific system of relationships that develop between spouses, between them and children. In fact, this is a small social group consisting of members connected by marriage and family relations, which are characterized by common life and mutual moral responsibility, and social necessity, which determines the need of society for the physical and spiritual reproduction of the population Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K.A. Life strategy. M.: Thought, 2015. - S. 250.

Current family research conducted by A.I. Antonov and V.M. Medikov, determine that a family is a united group of people based on a single family-wide functionality who are connected through the bonds of matrimony, or parenthood, or kinship Vladislavsky V. Ibid. Through the family is the reproduction of the population, as well as the continuity of generations. The family helps to socialize children and support relatives who are unable to provide for themselves financially.

Anthony Giddens gives the family a broader meaning, defines it through the prism of a cell of society, consisting of people who support each other in the social sphere, as well as in the economic and psychological level, or these people identify themselves as a supporting cell. Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. - Publisher: ITI Technologies, 2008, p. 156

American sociologist John Masionis focuses on the family as a social institution. The family is a social institution, represented in all societies, uniting people in a community for the joint easier upbringing of children. A synonym for family ties is the concept of family ties based on blood ties, marriage or ties established during adoption or adoption.

In Russia, the following definition is given: a large family is a family with three or more minor children (including adopted children, as well as stepsons and stepdaughters) who are not older than 16 years old; and under the age of 18 if the children are studying in higher educational institutions.

Different authors are united in the fact that the family is an association of people based on consanguinity or marriage or adoption, who are connected by a common life, have mutual responsibility for each other and for the upbringing of children.

The composition distinguishes:

Nuclear family, including husband, wife, children living with their parents;

A completed family, which is an enlarged and composite union, including a married couple and their children, as well as parents of other generations (most often older ones: grandparents, uncles, aunts) living together or in close proximity to each other and make up the family structure;

A blended family, which is a "rebuilt" family, formed as a result of the marriage of divorced people. It includes non-native parents and non-native children, and children born in a previous marriage are included in the new family;

The family of a single parent who runs the household alone due to divorce or the departure or death of a spouse, or because he has never been married.

The classification of families is presented as a system that includes.

1. Nuclear family (parents and their children).

1) A small family based on a marital nucleus, which is a classic or typical form of a family. At present, there is a tendency for a relative decrease in families of this type due to an increase in the number of single-parent families.

2) Families, including several children, built on a marriage basis. Today, such families include about 95%, 4% - families with three children and 1% - more than three children.

3) Variants of the original two types are mixed, families or otherwise referred to as rebuilt, including the marital core, while one of the parents is not native to the children.

A large family is a family with three or more children (including adopted children, as well as stepsons and stepdaughters) under the age of 16, and also under the age of 18 if they study in educational institutions that implement general education programs. A large family does not include children who are fully supported by the state, and children in respect of whom parents are deprived of parental rights or have limited parental rights. In Russia today, a large family is a family with 3 or more children.

There are three categories of large families: 1. Conscious large families (most often this happens in families where family or religious-national traditions are strong). 2. The birth of a common child in the remarriage of the father or mother in the presence of other children. (based on the beginnings of an "incomplete" family). These two categories are quite safe. A large family (consciously having many children) has, as a rule, strong family traditions, a clear internal structure, fairly strong protection, and a traditionally respectful attitude towards elders. At the same time, problems and conflicts are easier to solve, parents do not have a lonely old age. The psychological atmosphere of such a family is mutual understanding, the same vision of problems and ways to solve them by both spouses.

The type of a large family that exists now in Russia in former times did not have such a significant distribution. In the pre-revolutionary period, a large large family was the norm for society, however, it is worth noting that the way of life, composition and living environment were somewhat different. A modern large family mainly consists of two parents and three or more children. We can say that in the last century our country has lost the natural large families as a way of life for the vast majority of the population.

Large families are currently a complex and controversial phenomenon, in relation to generally accepted norms and mores, this is certainly an exceptional and deviant phenomenon. . On the one hand, the way of life of large families is perceived as unfavorable, associated with all sorts of difficulties and infringements, distress, lack of parental love and attention, various material deprivations (clothing, food ration, living conditions, educational sphere, employment area). On the other hand, having many children is associated with cohesion, mutual assistance and a benevolent atmosphere of friendship, feelings of responsibility, respect, labor discipline and independence.

The situation of a large family in Russia at this stage of historical development is of concern both at the state level and on the part of society. Anxiety regarding this issue is associated with the global demographic crisis, as well as spiritual and moral, which are actively developing in our country. From the point of view of population reproduction, only the transition to mass large families in the current situation of the crisis of the family and family lifestyle will make it possible to overcome the negative trends in population decline. According to President V.V. Putin, the family with three children should become the norm in Russia. However, this indicator is still to be achieved.

There is still a certain zone of social disapproval and even rejection around mothers of many children. Families with many children are often regarded as “social dependents”, although in practice their benefits are very modest. It is families with many children who are more likely to be among the poor, since the amount of child benefits does not correlate with the standard of living. Few families currently manage to be both large and socially prosperous at the same time. Speaking at the conference “The Activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Revival of the Institution of the Family”, which took place as part of the XX Christmas Readings, Evgeny Yuryev, former adviser to the President of the Russian Federation on social issues, noted that in our time the creation of a large family is a kind of process of falling into a state of poverty.

If we consider large families through the eyes of modern society, then a clear negative trend is revealed. A third of Russians, when they hear the phrase “family with many children”, recalls disorder, poverty, deviant behavior: “mostly poor”, “suck their paw”, “bad, hard”, “there are only problems”, “alcohol parents, drunkards and drug addicts” , "madhouse". For the most part, the population of the country tends to believe that many children are in dysfunctional families: these are continuous problems, difficulties and troubles. .

Families with many children experience various kinds of difficulties in the process of interaction with the authorities: “it is difficult to break through the wall of misunderstanding and bureaucratic bureaucracy, idle talk”, “endless collection of various certificates, going to hospitals and clinics”, “it takes a lot of time to beg for help from government agencies, struggle for rights with officials”, “there is no available information about benefits for large families”, “the cultivation of the opinion of the authorities of large families as absurd beggars”, “the absence of laws prohibiting discrimination against large families”, “the indifference of civil servants, from an aunt in one window to big bosses, everyone stands guard over the state from having many children!

About the change in attitude towards the family in connection with the appearance of the third, fourth and subsequent children, people with many children say that with the first and second child, the attitude towards the family is good and is characterized by a positive, approving attitude; when a third child appears, there is some misunderstanding, although approval also occurs; with the fourth and subsequent children, disapproval and harsh criticism from others intensifies. Theoretical studies have led to the conclusion that a deeper degree of having many children (the birth of the fifth, sixth and subsequent children) occurs due to internal beliefs (value orientations towards children and the family, for religious reasons), thus, and external assessment from others is perceived not so acute and not very significant.

The ongoing negative changes in demographic processes are due to: changes in value orientations towards creating a family - a decrease in reproductive attitudes of future parents, a change in the birth rate towards older ages, a decrease in the number of marriages, an increase in divorces, an increase in the number of extramarital cohabitations, which today in Russia is preferred by every tenth ; at the same time, the birth rate in unregistered family unions is two times lower than in legitimate marriages .

There is a point of view according to which the main obstacles to having many children in our time is the level of material well-being of the population. To some extent, this point of view is correct. However, it does not follow from this that with an increase in the level of material prosperity, the number of children in the family will also increase. After all, raising children implies not only material support, but also other resources: moral, emotional, temporary, etc.

In his article E.Vovk “Clash of values. Large families and responsibility” confirms this thesis in the words of one of the participants in the study by a statement about the extent to which material support contributes to having many children (especially its deeper degree of manifestation). “It doesn’t depend entirely on money ... There is probably some peak of saturation there, when the amount depends on the amount of money, and then there is a decline, you increase the standard of living - and there are fewer and fewer children ... if you give me a million dollars, this is not the fact that I will have five of them ... if I had a lot of money, the third would definitely be, but there would be a fourth or fifth - it is doubtful.

The birth of a child in a family is now, in many respects, reducing its standard of living, and families with three or more children in the vast majority become poor, have serious housing problems, are forced to limit themselves in nutrition, since the average per capita income of such families is below the subsistence level due to quantitative characteristics.

When considering the marital status of mothers with many children on the basis of a study by Batchaev Kh.Kh.-M. Traditional pedagogical culture of the Karachay people (history, theory, practice). Kazan: Kazan, un-t, 2014. - P. 177, conducted by the Association of Large Families of the City of Moscow, it was revealed that most of them are in their first marriage. At the same time, the proportion of those respondents who are remarried is not so small. This conclusion indicates that large families are also involved in the process of divorce, like other families (the proportion of divorced families among large families is slightly lower than in the entire female population of Russia. Unfortunately, in large families there is a tendency for women's initiative to prevail in the dissolution of marriages, also It is worth noting that having many children in divorced families does not make a significant contribution to overcoming the process of depopulation in our country.For example, when a woman after a divorce left two children from her first marriage, the third child, then the family becomes large.But, despite the fact that the family has become large, there is no complete replacement of generations, since three children will no longer be with one couple (a man and a woman), but with a larger number of adults (two women and one a man or two women and two men, etc.).

A large family is a certain atmosphere of life activity in which family members are immersed, being a single system of family ties. The perception of having many children that has developed in modern society, as already mentioned, is ambiguous. On the one hand, the number of children in a family is determined by reproductive attitudes and childbearing norms that function in society and are assimilated by individuals (families) in the process of life, and on the other hand, by some external conditions that, according to the subjective assessment of individuals (families), can both favor and hinder the implementation of these guidelines and norms.

Despite all the difficulties, the ambiguity of the attitude of others towards a large family and the role of a mother with many children, none of the women blame the large number of children for this, no one considers it a mistake or a life miscalculation. Today, having many children still retains some valuable attractiveness. Families with many children currently, in addition to material assistance, largely lack moral support.

There is a widespread opinion that in families with a high level of religiosity, orientation towards a larger number of children prevails. The family for them in the system of life priorities occupies a significant place and has a certain value. Obviously, with the growth of the degree of churching of one of the parents, the number of children in the family increases. Thus, among churched parents (at least one of the spouses) the average number of children is 4.0, compared with 3.4 in non-religious families. Among representatives of other traditional faiths, such as Judaism, Islam, in certain regions of Russia, relatively high reproductive rates have also been recorded in terms of the current demographic situation. For example, the Republic of Tyva and the Republic of Dagestan. The undisputed demographic leaders “are Ingushetia and Chechnya, where the number of births exceeds the number of deaths by 5.6 and 4.5 times, respectively. They are followed by Dagestan, where over the past six months the difference in the number of newborns and the dead has been three times in favor of babies.

A large family is not only a certain way of life, but also a skill that not so long ago was active among young people. . Children already at an early age saw how to treat a newborn, knew how to swaddle, feed, and care for him. Now, as a rule, this experience is nowhere to be taken from due to the ever-decreasing number of children in families.

In a large family, as a rule, older children were responsible for caring for younger children, and they looked after not only siblings, but also nephews and nieces, thereby strengthening family ties between families and generations. Giving the child independence happened and happens naturally: at the birth of a new baby in the family, the older child becomes more independent, learns to dress himself, play, fulfill the parents' requests for help with younger children, thus taking up most of his free time. Indeed, as you know, the presence of a large amount of free time, taking into account the active development of technical capabilities and the dominance of harmful information, sometimes leads children to harmful addictions: gambling, smoking, drinking alcohol and other forms of passive entertainment.

Having many children is also an important mechanism for overcoming infantilization among the younger generation. As a rule, more responsible and psychologically stable young people come out of large families, due to the life difficulties and problems they have lived through and largely solved independently. Having many children is also a way to educate in modern conditions a certain layer of unspoiled people who are resistant to many everyday difficulties and difficult situations. In this regard, having many children is one of the ways to overcome the increasingly spreading culture of consumption. After all, a large lifestyle from childhood teaches children to share, help each other out, there is a feeling of help and support from brothers and sisters, which is not present in a modern society of only children. Among other things, many things purchased for the first children are passed on to the younger ones, which is fundamentally contrary to the consumer society, where the main emphasis is on the one-time use of purchased goods.

In the last century, the centuries-old way of life of the people of our country was destroyed, the tradition of large families was interrupted, and the process of reconstruction does not happen simply and quickly. Based on the assessment of the studied trends, it can be assumed that in the short term, the goal of demographic policy in Russia should be to maintain a slightly expanded population reproduction, which corresponds to the average number of births of three children per married couple in a lifetime, and per woman, excluding marriage states - 2.5. To do this, the proportion of families with three children should be 30%, with four or more - about 31%, that is, more than 60% in total. Consequently, a rather large number of large families is needed. Without this, according to the above authors, even the stabilization of the reproduction of the population, the prevention of depopulation will become impossible.

Speaking about large families in Russia, it is important to understand the extent of its distribution and the characteristics of the regions in terms of the depth of large families.

Russia in the last century has ceased to be a country in which the majority of the population is made up of families with minor children. According to the latest population census, the proportion of households with children under the age of 18 was slightly more than 50% of the total number of family households. At the same time, the proportion of households that can be conditionally classified as having many children (having three or more children) has become negligibly small - only slightly more than 5% of families.

The distribution of large families by the number of children shows the predominance of three-child families, which make up ¼ of all large families. From the point of view of demographic classification, this is more likely "average" than "large". Families with 5 or more children are less than 8% of the entire population of large families.

Large families bring up 15.7% of all children in the country (10.6% of children in cities and 16.8% of children in rural areas). These figures are significantly lower than in 1989, when every fifth child was brought up in a large family (14.4% of children in urban areas and 36% of children in rural areas).

As for the family composition of large families, in most cases a large family is a family with two parents, single-parent large families account for 17.6% of all large families (15.9% - mothers with children, 1.7% - fathers with children).

Large families in Russia have a pronounced regional character - there are only a few national republics with a traditionally high level of large families (mainly the Republics of the North Caucasus with a predominance of the rural type of economy), and in other regions of the Russian Federation, large families are rather an "atypical" phenomenon, rarely encountered and falling out of the general context of the development of the institution of the family in a given territory.

1.2 The main problems of large families

In the Russian Federation, large families play a fundamental role in resolving the demographic situation. In recent years, the state has been taking active measures to stimulate the birth rate through socio-economic support for large families. But despite this, the formation of large families is hindered by many problems.

1. Material and household (financial) problems.

Families with many children are the least well off, with a low average monthly income per family member. In the income structure, child allowances are small, although they add to the family budget. In connection with the constant rise in prices, there are extremely limited opportunities to meet needs, a shortage in the most necessary items. The budget of such families does not have funds for education, cultural and sports development of children, musical and artistic education, and even for summer holidays.

From an economic point of view, a large family is a family where the marginal economic utility of each new child is below the marginal cost of it. In other words, the birth of another child worsens the financial situation of the family or its members. Mothers in the 1980s for the most part they had a working qualification. They preferred a flexible schedule so that they could spend more time caring for their children. The most common profession is a janitor and cleaner. But many did not work at all, barely managing to do household chores. On average, the head of the family - the father - earned 200 rubles. About 70.3% of the family's annual income was spent on food. Today the situation has changed little. According to a 2003 study, in the majority (57%) of large families in Moscow, the father almost exclusively provides for the entire family; in another 21% of families, more than half of the family budget depends on him.

The study of specific deviations from the standard of consumption accepted in society shows that almost half of large families experience significant problems with housing (dilapidated, damp, in need of urgent overhaul), with the provision of children with seasonal clothes and shoes (almost 40%), cannot purchase prescribed by a doctor medicines in full, are forced to limit themselves in products (a third of families with many children), and children cannot finish secondary school because they need to earn money (a situation typical for a quarter of families with many children versus 4% in small families).

2. The problem of parents' employment.

Families with many children fall into the group of the poor not only due to the child dependent burden, but also due to the low wages of working family members. Several factors of poverty operate simultaneously. A large number of children in a family is often the limited employment opportunities for mothers, which, in turn, aggravates the financial situation of families with many children. Data from special studies show that in 40% of such families, mothers either do not work or are employed in jobs that do not require qualifications and, therefore, are low paid.

In addition to the high dependency burden, the poverty of large families is largely due to their position in the labor market:

Low earnings of the able-bodied - 48% of families with many children include workers with wages below the subsistence level;

Low level of economic activity of the able-bodied - 31% of families have family members of working age who do not work and are not looking for work. Most often this is due to the need to care for children, but it should be emphasized that the lack of flexible forms of employment in the modern Russian labor market increases the motivation of this category of the population in terms of choosing an economic inactivity strategy;

High unemployment: 7% of families have able-bodied people who are not working and looking for work.

3. Housing problem.

The housing problem for large families has now become of paramount importance. Housing conditions do not meet the standards as a general rule and cannot be improved by public housing, and the purchase of housing at their own expense is impossible for most families. The growth of payment for housing and communal services further complicates the financial problems of large families.

The level of improvement of dwellings of large families is extremely low. If in villages they do not stand out too much among other types of families, then in cities the level of housing improvement for families with many children is 2 times lower than for families with 1 child. As for the size of housing, households with many children with three children have 11.9 sq. m. m. for 1 person, with four or more children - 10.3 sq. m, which is more than 2 times lower than the average Russian indicators. A particularly noticeable difference is noted in cities (almost 3 times for families with 4 or more children), in the village these differences are lower. Among large households, incomplete families have the closest housing, especially in cities. Thus, for large families, not only the size of housing, but also its improvement are critical.

But in the 2000s among families with many children, social stratification is observed - the poor and the rich stand out. If earlier "large families" was associated with a low level of income, now a stratum of wealthy parents has appeared in a large family who can afford many children. According to recent studies, it has exceeded the threshold of 10%. Financial trouble no longer plays a decisive role. Arrays of three-, four- and five-child families are distributed approximately equally in terms of income. In addition, the relative majority of parents (41%) are convinced that if they had only one child, it would not be any easier for them, but in the same way. Modern studies of families with many children show that in these families, the need for psychological and pedagogical support comes to the fore by a wide margin compared to the need for material assistance.

Psychological and pedagogical problems. In a prosperous large family, children are in an equal position: there is no lack of communication, the elders take care of the younger ones, and, as a rule, positive moral qualities are formed, such as sensitivity, humanity, respect for the elders. But at the same time, lack of time, lack of knowledge on raising children creates certain problems in such families. This leads to the fact that families with many children are more neglected by children. There is a problem of communication of both adult family members and children, especially adolescents. This complicates the process of socialization of children and may contribute to the emergence of certain problems in later life.

Parents with many children experience discomfort with work colleagues, often deprived of a friendly attitude in a professional environment. Children from large families also feel the negative attitude of their peers - difficulties in communicating with other children, a mismatch of interests, etc.

Children from a large family often have low self-esteem, because they perceive themselves as part of a large team and think little about the value of their "I". In adolescence, this can turn into hypercompensation: the child will begin to assert himself in all possible and impossible ways, proving his uniqueness and uniqueness.

In the minds of many people during the years of Soviet power, a social stereotype of such families developed: dad is an alcoholic and works at a low-paid low-prestige job, mother is a housewife driven by life with a shapeless figure, in a faded dressing gown, with a bun and in slippers, and a bunch of filthy snotty people revolve around her. losers. Financial insecurity influenced the emergence of self-doubt in children from large families, inadequate reactions to life situations, and increased aggressiveness. As a result, children often took a socially dangerous path. According to research by V.Ya. Titarenko, from large families in the 1970s-1980s. there were 3.5 times more "unfavorable" and "difficult" children than those with one child.

The attitude of others towards large families is far from always benevolent. A large or average number of children in a family began to be assessed as a consequence of limited interests and cultural backwardness. In the emerging stereotypes of the social psyche, the “hero of our time” appears to have one, but very “expensive”, “high-quality” child. Families with many children most often cannot provide their children with a prestigious standard of living and education.

In addition to socio-economic and psychological problems, such families also face certain medical problems. Any parents raising more than 2 children should have an idea about them - only in this case they will be able to think in advance about how to protect themselves and their family.

1. Problems related to the health of children.

A large family is a large team, so an urgent problem is the problem of infectious diseases, especially highly contagious, that is, those that are easy to catch. Indeed, in addition to the fact that all family members communicate at home, as a rule, each child also visits a children's group - whether it be a kindergarten group, a school class or a development group. And first of all, such diseases, of course, include acute respiratory diseases (ARI). This problem is of particular importance for the mother, since, firstly, childhood infections are quite difficult for adults to carry, and secondly, by the time of an epidemic in the family of a particular childhood infection, the mother may be waiting for the next baby. Then the infectious disease will affect not only the health of the mother, but also the health of the unborn child.

Considering the problems of access to medical services, we note that children from large families seek medical care much less often than children from other families, and the percentage of those who apply among them is significantly lower. This indicates a less attentive attitude to the health of children in families with many children, which, of course, is associated with difficult living conditions for parents, lack of time, and lower incomes. This is also evidenced by the figures regarding the disability of children from large and small families: in families with 1-2 children, the percentage of disabled children was 1.9%, in families with many children - 2.6%.

2. Problems related to maternal health.

A mother in a large family spends a significant part of her time in a state of pregnancy or lactation. Each subsequent pregnancy of a mother with many children is subject to some risks and complications. Fatigue, the inability to recover from childbirth to childbirth, especially if there were complications during previous pregnancies and childbirth, leads to the fact that with each subsequent pregnancy, the risk of complications increases. Another problem that needs attention is the age of a mother who already has several children. The third, fourth and subsequent births, as a rule, fall on the age after 30-35 years. It also increases the likelihood of pregnancy complications and increases the risk of having children with a genetic disorder. Considering all these circumstances, a mother of many children should contact the antenatal clinic in a timely manner about the next pregnancy, follow the schedule of visiting the doctor and all his recommendations as carefully as possible, not relying only on her experience. With the solution of many problems, proper planning of time for certain matters, the distribution of responsibilities between family members can help. Mom, despite the workload, should have some time every day to take care of herself and her health.

3. Medicine plus economics.

Medical problems of a large family cannot be considered in isolation from socio-economic problems. Thus, it is no secret that families with many children can be divided into two types: families with a sufficient budget (unfortunately, they are in the minority) and families with an insufficient budget. In the latter, the issue of proper nutrition is very relevant.

In general, large families in the Russian Federation have a fairly high-calorie diet, however, from the point of view of a healthy diet, it is defective and unbalanced. It has a pronounced carbohydrate component, and the content of animal proteins is clearly not enough; The lowest nutritional characteristics are characteristic of single-parent families with many children and young families with 3 or more children - we can talk not only about the imbalance of their nutrition, but also about obvious malnutrition.

And today, no one doubts the fact that good nutrition is determined not so much by the energy value of food and not so much by the balance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, but by the balance of vitamins and minerals that are involved in the immune response, that is, they protect the body from viruses and microbes , participate in the regulation of growth and reproduction of cells, in the work of the nervous, endocrine, reproductive systems. With a lack of vitamins and minerals, there are malfunctions in the work of the whole organism. Therefore, the problem of multivitamin deficiency and mineral deficiency is relevant for all family members - both for children and for parents.

Families with many children are the main cells of society that belong to the social risk group, since a wide range of causes that cause dysfunction in family relations make them a socially vulnerable category of the population.

The problems of the modern family are the most important and relevant. Their significance is determined by the fact that the family is one of the main social institutions of society, the cornerstone of human life, and also by the fact that this institution is currently experiencing a deep crisis. This is especially important in a broad sense, in the context of global social changes, the growth of population mobility, urbanization, etc., which lead to the weakening of family foundations. These and a number of other factors have led to a decline in the importance of the family as a social institution, a change in its place in value orientations. It is known that during the years of Soviet power, the social status of the family was relatively low, although the state had a significant impact on family relations. During the reform years there was a sharp decline in this status.

At present, large families occupy a stable and insignificant share (7.5%) of the total number of families. Recently, there has been a significant change in the reproductive plans of the population. Thus, there is a real threat of a transition to a one-child family, which does not seem to be the best way for the demographic situation in the country.

Every large family, regardless of its degree of well-being, needs attention and assistance from the state. Undoubtedly, assistance to families is provided to one degree or another both at the state and at the city levels of government. To varying degrees, assistance is provided by many institutions within the framework of the state assistance program: local social services, medical institutions, educational institutions and leisure institutions.

But with the transition of the country to a market economy, families with many children do not come out of the most vulnerable category of the population.

Chapter 2. Social and administrative mechanisms for solving the problems of modern large families

2.1 Solving the problems of large families in Russia

In modern states, including Russia, along with material support for motherhood and the family, moral and status support is also provided. For example, in the Russian Federation, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2008, the Order of Parental Glory was established.

The form of relationships in the family determines the conditions for the interaction of relatives, which make it possible to carry out the main reproductive function of the family and raise offspring, manage the household and satisfy the needs of its members.

The nature of the relationship of the main cell of society is influenced by a complex of factors: the traditions of family communication, the socio-economic state of society, the moral and psychological atmosphere; the degree of dependence of the functioning of the family on the state of society. The type of family also affects its existence, what kind of family is it: large, small; what is its basis - childless spouses, or spouses with children, a complete family or not; what is its structure, etc.

Mutual understanding is the highest level of relations between people. To do this, you need to function with a friend in a coordinated manner and with the use of empathy. The opposite of the provisions is opposition, which destroys relationships, gives rise to misunderstanding.

It is necessary to study the psychological characteristics of the relationship that develops between parents and children in large families. This facilitates interaction within the family in practice, creates an appropriate level of mutual understanding, allows the harmonious development of children within a large family to manifest itself and develops and socializes them. A large family has its own characteristics in comparison with a small family. Families with many children require a special psychological and pedagogical approach. It is important to solve the problem of mutual understanding in the structure of a large family due to the fact that the connections that arise between its members are diverse.

At the federal level, the management of the social protection system is carried out by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation.

The management of the social insurance system is carried out with the help of specialized Funds: the Pension Fund, the Social Insurance Fund and the Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund.

At the regional level, management is carried out by the executive authorities of the subject of the federation. Thus, in Moscow, the functions of implementing state policy in the field of social protection of citizens are carried out by the Moscow Department of Social Protection of the Population.

The Department, enterprises, institutions, organizations subordinate to it, as well as territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified state system of social protection of the population, providing state support for families, senior citizens, veterans and disabled people, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families, development systems of social services, the implementation of state policy in the field of pensions and labor relations.

At the local level, most often there is a department of social protection of the population under the district administration.

Thus, to create a harmonious large family, mutual understanding and mutual respect are necessary. This is the basis for building close, trusting relationships. Strengthening the family can be facilitated by special social educational programs for both children and parents.

2.2 Analysis of the activities of the USZN "city of Moscow" to solve the problems of large families

RUSZN is the District Department of Social Protection of the Population. The obsolete name is district SOBES.

The Department of Social Protection of the Population has the task of implementing the state policy in the field of social protection:

senior citizen,

Disabled,

Other persons with disabilities,

families with children,

Other disabled groups of the population in need of social support.

The Department of Social Protection of the Population makes mandatory payments for a number of categories of the population, established by the current legislation:

Monthly city cash payment (EGDV) to labor veterans;

Monthly city payment to pensioners up to the city minimum;

Payments in connection with the birth of children;

Compensation payments to large families;

Monthly payments for the use of the telephone to families with many children, the disabled, single and lonely pensioners;

Issuance of Muscovite social cards (SCM and VESB) in accordance with applicable law (students, pensioners, disabled people, large families, combat veterans, military service veterans);

Holiday payouts.

In addition, the material and household department of RUSZN considers the issues of providing one-time material assistance, issuing sanatorium and resort vouchers, and purchasing durable goods for WWII veterans.

The department, in accordance with the tasks assigned to it, performs the following functions:

Organizes and ensures the implementation of certain state powers transferred to local governments in the field of: social support, in terms of assigning measures of social support to citizens,

Provides, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the City of Moscow, the appointment of benefits, compensation payments, subsidies, state social assistance, including on the basis of a social contract for certain categories of citizens, targeted material assistance to citizens and additional measures of social support for citizens and families in need of social help.

Carries out the implementation of the transferred state powers to provide social benefits for burial and reimbursement of the cost of burial services to specialized funeral services in the manner and on the terms determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation, the City of Moscow.

Keeps a personalized record of citizens who are entitled to social support measures in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the City of Moscow and the regulatory legal acts of the Municipal Formation using the automated system "Targeted Social Assistance", created by the Ministry of Social Policy of the City of Moscow.

Interacts with the regional state institution "Center for Social Payments of the City of Moscow", authorized to fulfill public obligations to individuals, subject to execution in cash in accordance with federal and regional legislation, in the field of social support for citizens, by preparing and sending payroll statements indicating amounts of assigned monthly and lump-sum cash payments (allowances, compensations, targeted material assistance and other cash payments).

Interacts with the Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise on the development and implementation of individual rehabilitation programs for the disabled.

Participates in the survey of social and living conditions of elderly citizens, disabled people, families with children who applied for social assistance, as well as on the basis of applications from their legal representatives, or applications in their interests from other citizens, applications from state bodies, local governments, public associations.

Carries out the reception of citizens on the provision of measures of social support, social assistance and additional measures of social support, including on the principle of "one window" Batchaeva Kh.Kh.-M. Traditional pedagogical culture of the Karachay people (history, theory, practice). Kazan: Kazan, un-t, 2014. - S. 123. .

Informs and advises citizens on issues of social support and social services for citizens within the framework of the legislation of the Russian Federation, the City of Moscow and municipal regulations, including through the media.

Considers applications, complaints and proposals of citizens on issues within the competence of the Department, and makes decisions on them within the established time limits.

Provides accessibility and quality improvement in the appointment of measures of social support and social assistance, including additional citizens living in the Municipality, the introduction of new social technologies within its competence.

Carries out control and analysis of activities for social support of citizens.

Participates in the development of municipal regulatory legal acts for the implementation of state powers transferred to local governments for social support, as well as the provision of additional measures of social support and social assistance to citizens living in the territory of the Municipality.

Develops draft administrative regulations for the provision of municipal services by the Department.

Carries out guardianship and trusteeship in relation to persons recognized by the court as incapable or partially incapacitated, as well as in relation to persons in need of guardianship in the form of patronage for health reasons.

Conducts and takes part in socially significant events of the Municipality that fall within the competence of the Department.

Table 1 Measures of social support for large families

Provided	Where to go	Amounts of benefits, compensations/documents
one of the parents (the person replacing him) of a large family, a family in which both parents (the person replacing them) are disabled, an incomplete family in which the parent (the person replacing him) is disabled, living together with the child (children)	to the bodies of social protection of the population at the place of residence of the parent (adoptive parent, guardian, trustee) with the child	The amount of the allowance from 01.01.2014 is: RUB 1400.13 + district coefficient for each child of school age The amount of the allowance is subject to rounding up to the full ruble! Law of the Krasnoyarsk Territory dated December 9, 2010 No. 11-5393 “On social support for families with children in the Krasnoyarsk Territory”; Decree of the Government of the Krasnoyarsk Territory dated January 25, 2011 No. 40-p “On Approval of the Procedures for Providing Social Support Measures to Families with Children in the Krasnoyarsk Territory”.

Table 2 Monthly compensation of expenses for the purchase of a single social ticket or for obtaining a social card

...

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Essay

On the topic: Features of family education of a child in a large family

The large family……………………………...

Types of large families………………

Problems of a large family……………………

The number of large families in the Yaroslavl region……………………………………………..

The specifics of the process of education in a large family……..

Sociological research data…………

The specifics of the educational process………

Conclusion …………………………………………

Bibliographic list…………………………………………..

A large family is usually understood as a family with three or more children. The following can be distinguished types of large families.

1. Families in which parents love their children and consciously wanted to have them. In these families, a child is one of the main values ​​in life, and parents do everything in their power to make their children live better.

2. Families in which parents did not consciously seek to have many children. The third and subsequent children could appear in them mainly due to the lack of family planning. Such families can be formed, for example, as a result of the birth of twins or triplets, because of the fear of terminating a pregnancy, a medical ban on abortion for health reasons of the mother, refusal of abortion and contraceptives due to religious beliefs. 3. Families formed as a result of the merger of two incomplete families, each of which already had children.

4. Families in which the birth of a large number of children can be considered a manifestation of trouble. Children here are often a means to receive various kinds of benefits, benefits and benefits. In addition, in most cases in such families, the very appearance of children into the world is the result of promiscuous sexual relations in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication, and the typical psychological attitude of parents is the belief that their main task is to bring the child into the world, and his further fate should be the concern of the state. Assigning a family to one type or another makes it possible to clearly determine the optimal style of relationships with it, the volume and nature of the necessary social and other assistance. Problems of large families Material and household (financial) problems . Families with many children are the least well-off, with a low average monthly income per family member, which leads to an increase in the cost of food, clothing, etc. In the income structure, child allowances are small, although they add to the family budget. The share of spending on food products is higher, and the dietary pattern is less diverse. Such families receive less fruit, berries, meat, eggs, fish, etc., and the lack of basic food is of great concern. In connection with the constant rise in prices, there are extremely limited opportunities to satisfy needs, a shortage in the most necessary items: shoes, clothes, school supplies. Rare natural and material assistance does not solve the problem. The budget of such families does not have funds for education, cultural and sports development of children, musical and artistic education, and even for summer holidays. In every fifth family, children do not attend kindergartens due to lack of money to pay. Parents' employment problem . When the mother does not work, and the father does not receive a salary for a long time, child allowances are irregular and insufficient, the problem of finding a new job arises. Often this is exacerbated by ignorance of the laws and information about the benefits that are due to such families. The dependent burden on the family has changed the structure of its income. A large place was occupied by income from entrepreneurial activities, sales of agricultural products, as well as social transfers, which indicates a decrease in the economic activity of large families. The survival of a large family in modern conditions is possible by increasing their own income (personal initiative, secondary earnings, work of teenagers). In almost 50% of such families, the work of teenagers brings income to the family, but this is fraught with a violation of labor, civil legislation, the dangerous influence of the "criminal world" and the rejection of a number of needs, which is an unaffordable luxury in modern conditions. housing problem , which is always acute in our country, especially for large families, has now acquired paramount importance. Housing conditions do not meet the standards and cannot be improved by public housing. In addition, the scale of housing construction is declining, the purchase of housing at their own expense is not enough for most families. The payment for housing and communal services is increasing. If this problem is not systematically addressed, it may become one of the factors of increasing social tension in society. Psychological and pedagogical problems . In a traditional large family, children are in an equal position: there is no lack of communication, the elders take care of the younger ones, and, as a rule, positive moral qualities are formed, such as sensitivity, humanity, respect for the elders. But due to the heavy workload of parents (the father works a lot, is practically never at home, the mother does not work, but is busy with household chores), there is little time left for raising children, and yet in such families it is possible to determine the internal hierarchy of relationships. Problems of distribution of duties are built on the basis of age and gender, individual, therefore, different in volume and complexity. The head of the family is the father; household chores - on the mother, the keeper of the hearth, the organizer of household chores. Lack of time, lack of knowledge on the upbringing of children create a certain problem in such families. Lack of education leads to the fact that children grow up with low self-esteem: anxiety, self-doubt, inadequate idea of ​​their own personality; older children seek leadership. A small opportunity to satisfy one's needs (for clothes, entertainment, goods, etc. that peers have) develops a feeling of envy, a demand for the impossible. The majority of children in large families leads to a decrease in the social age of older children. They mature early and are less closely bonded to their parents. As a rule, in such families there is no respect for the personality of each child, there is no personal corner, their own small territory with respect for boundaries, personal favorite toys, that is, the autonomy of each, and often leads to protracted long-term conflicts between children. Conflicts also often arise because of the poor performance of children at school, hence the frequent absences from classes; teenagers usually get involved early in household chores and often drop out of school. School is not attended not only by adolescents aged 15-18, but there are also cases of non-attendance of school by children aged 7-14; they start working early, are more likely to acquire bad habits (smoking, alcohol) and other "deviant" behavior. Such families have a difficult psychological climate: an underestimated level of mutual understanding with parents and, at the same time, an increased need for parental support. Large families, especially single-parent families, are characterized by greater neglect of children. Children spend most of their time outdoors. There is a problem of communication of both adult family members and children, especially adolescents. This complicates the process of socialization and interferes with later life. Families with many children note discomfort with work colleagues, they are often deprived of a benevolent attitude in a professional environment; with relatives, more often a husband, who do not approve of the fact of having many children, especially in modern conditions; children from large families feel the negative attitude of their peers - difficulties in communicating with other children, a mismatch of interests, etc. Families with many children prefer to create their own social circle. Little time is devoted to organizing joint leisure activities. medical problems . A difficult psychological climate, as a rule, affects the health of children. Problem children in such families are 10-15%. The development of children in large families needs the priority attention of society. The social insecurity of such families, the constant decline in the standard of living create a pessimistic social well-being. There is a low level of sanitary culture of a large family. The health of all family members suffers, the spread of chronic pathology takes place. Fathers get sick 2 times more often than in other families. The mother's reproductive health suffers, poor knowledge of contraception, poor social orientation in sexual life, non-compliance with intergenetic intervals between pregnancies are typical. There is an unsatisfactory sexual education of children, a relatively early sexual life of adolescents. It is possible to trace the direct dependence of the health of children on the health of parents. There is a low rate of systematic monitoring of children, late referral in case of illness, self-treatment, poor clinical examination and “coverage” by other specialists, and insufficient sanatorium-and-spa treatment. There is data on the incidence of children depending on the serial number of the child's birth - the probability of the influence of prenatal factors, starting from the 4th child, the overall incidence becomes higher. Children of the first 3 orders of birth are breastfed for a longer period, but the regimen and quality of nutrition suffer. In the structure of children's morbidity, diseases of the respiratory organs (ARVI) are in the 1st place, malnutrition and metabolism are in the 2nd place, and diseases of the nervous system and organs of vision are in the 3rd place. There is a high level of disease of the central nervous system in children of high birth orders: delayed neuropsychic development, varying degrees of mental retardation, neurosis. Adolescents are below average in health. The attitude of others towards large families is far from always benevolent - they are seen as competitors in the distribution of social assistance. A large or average number of children in a family began to be assessed as a consequence of limited interests and cultural backwardness. Among families with a high level of aspirations, a new procreative ethic has developed, which considers having many children as a synonym for poverty, marginality, backwardness (this is typical for many cultures of the "consumer society"). In the emerging stereotypes of the social psyche, the "hero of our time" appears to have one, but very "expensive", high-quality child. Families with many children most often cannot provide their children with a prestigious standard of living and education. Thus, large families have a common specific social problem: children from such families often demonstrate low self-esteem, they are characterized by poor health, a decrease in social age

The statistics of recent years shows a steady increase in the number of large families in Yaroslavl. If in 2009 there were 1488 large families (4783 children) in the city, then in 2010 the number of families increased to 1678, with a total number of children 5519 people.

In 2011, the increase in the number of large families continued with even more significant results. According to the results of the year, there are already 1981 large families in Yaroslavl. The total number of children in large families in 2011 was 6346 people.

The development of large families and the growth of the birth rate is facilitated by a targeted demographic policy pursued at the municipal, regional and all-Russian level, aimed at systemic assistance and support for families and children.

The specifics of the process of education in a large family

Most authors in the study of large families refer them to the risk group. Some families in the present conditions do not have the opportunity to improve their lives. The difficulties of this group are so complex that they largely determine the specifics of raising children in the family.

Families with many children, which once constituted the majority in Russia, now steadily occupy an insignificant share (5.3%) of the total number of families. Attitude towards large families is not always benevolent. A larger or average number of children began to be assessed as a consequence of limited interests, cultural backwardness. Having many children is considered as a synonym for poverty and backwardness. In the emerging stereotypes of the public psyche, the “hero of our time” appears to have one, but very “expensive”, highly paid child. Families with many children most often cannot provide their children with a prestigious standard of living and education.

The All-Russian sociological survey on the topic “The mechanism of social protection of large families” was conducted in Moscow and nine other regions - from Yakutsk to Sochi. The sample included 593 urban large families with three or more children under eighteen years of age. Respondents were asked to rate which social problems they consider the most acute for themselves. In the first place - dissatisfaction with living conditions, overcrowding, tightness. The low provision of living space makes it extremely difficult not only to maintain health, but also to work and get an education. Housing problems create difficulties in observing the daily routine for children, primarily school-age children. Most children do not have their own corner for classes: at the same table, the student (tsa) does homework, here the baby sculpts something from plasticine, and the mother feeds the baby. Constantly in the apartment vanity, crampedness. Children born in poor housing conditions will grow up in them and pass on the appropriate social self-awareness to their children.

The family budget at the time of the study consisted mainly of the father's salary - 52.7%. Members of such families chronically do not have consumption not only at the level of the subsistence minimum, but are not provided even by the standards of the physiological minimum. Also, the main problems of a large family include the lack of clothes and shoes. For children and adolescents, non-compliance with the standard of a “branded” young person can result in mental trauma, the accumulation of internal potential for conflict. Children from large families feel a sense of insecurity at school, have low self-esteem, a higher level of anxiety and suspicion compared to their peers

According to studies in 70% of families, the upbringing of children mainly lies with the mother. Only a third of parents are fully aware of their children's school activities. Communication with the school is weak. Only 15% of fathers and mothers take an active part in school work. The initiative of the mothers themselves is also small. Only 4.1% of families are satisfied with their children's class teachers. As for the microclimate in families, there is an unfavorable atmosphere in 5% of the large families studied (quarrels, scandals, drunkenness). Raising children requires both physical and moral strength. Having many children limits the circle of women's interests, the possibilities of their participation in production and public life, contributes to the conservation of the way of family life associated with the excessive employment of adults, the reduced position of women in the family. Complications in the state of health of family members were revealed in every second family. The situation is aggravated by the fact that families are actually on the verge of survival.

Excessive employment of parents creates a problem of communication. 66% of parents only occasionally share their successes and difficulties with their children.

The low level of education, excessive employment of fathers and mothers, lack of free time - these are the main reasons for the omission in the upbringing of children. 77% of parents noted their poor knowledge of the upbringing of children, which indicates a low level of their psychological and pedagogical culture. .

But, despite many negative points, as statistics show, families with two or three children are more stable. children strengthen the marital union and increase responsibility for the family.

A large family provides a real opportunity for constant communication between people of different sexes, ages, and reduces the possibility of forming such qualities as selfishness, selfishness, laziness. The variety of interests, characters, relationships that arise in a large family is a good ground for the development of children, for improving the personality of parents. In the relationship between members of a large family, respect for the elders is especially significant. A large family is an indispensable school of collectivism, preparing each child for a future independent family life.

Education in the family is carried out not only by parents, but also by older children: the younger ones learn from the older ones, adopt their habits and experience. This can have both positive (experience of caring for another person, communicating with babies) and negative (acquisition of childlessness by older children, selfishness in younger children as a result of excessive guardianship) consequences depending on the pedagogical literacy of parents. Age plays a significant role in the relationship between brothers and sisters. The relationship is most pronounced in weather and in children with a difference of two to three years. In the relationship of brothers and sisters, the difference in years between which is significant, difficulties can arise. In such families, there are problems in the relationship between children.

The regime in a family with several children should be special: after all, at a time when older children need silence to prepare lessons, the younger ones cannot, in all likelihood, satisfy their need for movement, which they realize in noisy games. Parents have the right to demand that older children help younger children in their studies.

In a properly organized large family, the problem of "children and money" is more naturally solved. Here, from an early age, everyone is convinced of the expediency of the family economy, gets used to reckon with the possibilities of the family, respect the needs of loved ones, and learn to plan expenses. In a large family, the work of everyone, regardless of age, is a necessity. However, there is a danger of an incorrect distribution of responsibilities between children: sometimes an older child is deprived of a significant part of those childhood and youthful joys that are available to his comrades from small families. Younger children in such a situation grow up as pampered egoists, confident that someone else should be held responsible for all their actions and mistakes.

Many educators believe that a large family better performs its function of preparing children for the difficulties of adulthood. Such children, as a rule, are not capricious, quick, dexterous and independent, they have more heartfelt warmth and concern for others, less arrogance and egocentrism. In a large family, it is easier to realize in the mind and behavior of the child such moral qualities as sensitivity, humanity, responsibility, respect.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can say that at present the values ​​of family, marriage, and motherhood are being destroyed. The social differentiation of society continues to worsen, an increasing number of families are falling into poverty. Therefore, society, the state must change its attitude towards the family as a social institution in order to preserve it. There is a need for special care and assistance to motherhood, legal protection of the family, creation of social conditions for its normal functioning, ensuring the harmonious development of each child, taking into account his physiological characteristics. A social worker should help to survive difficulties, maximize all the resources of social assistance, attract funds from charitable organizations, the church, various societies; teach family self-help and mutual help, family business.

Option number 4.

Large family and its main problems

Problems of the family of the unemployed

· Family and education system, problems and interactions.

A large family and its main problems.

Currently, there is a steady decline in the proportion of large families in the population of Russia. This coincides with the trend towards small children and childlessness in general. There is no clear system of social support for large families. There is a negative and even negative attitude of society towards large families, especially with an increase in the serial number of births. A new pregnancy with more than two or three children in a family is regarded as something out of the ordinary, as a deviation from the general rules.

A large family at the beginning of the century made up the majority of the population of Russia. They were quite common in all strata of society from the poorest peasantry to the nobility. This is due to the traditions of the Russian people and Orthodox morality. The birth of children was not planned, it was perceived as a "gift of God", there were no contraceptives, abortions were not common. It was easier to survive in a large family. There has always been a stable positive attitude towards a large family in society.

Currently, a large family is a family with three or more children. And there are also many problems of such families, I will talk about some of them.

· Financial - domestic (financial) problems.

Families with many children are the least well-off, with a low average monthly income per family member, which leads to an increase in the cost of food, clothing, and so on. In the income structure, child allowances are not large, although they add to the family budget. The share of spending on food products is higher, and the dietary pattern is less diverse. Such families receive less fruit, berries, meat, eggs, fish, and so on, and the lack of basic food supplies is of great concern.

In connection with the constant rise in prices, there are extremely limited opportunities to satisfy needs, a shortage in the most necessary items: shoes, clothes, school supplies. Rare natural and material assistance does not solve the problem.

The budget of such families does not have funds for education, cultural and sports development of children, musical and artistic education, and even for summer holidays. In every fifth family, children do not attend kindergartens due to lack of money to pay.

· The problem of employment of parents.

When the mother does not work, and the father does not receive a salary for a long time, the allowances for children are irregular and insufficient, the problem of finding a new job arises.

The dependent burden on the family has changed the structure of its income. A large place was occupied by income from business activities, sales of agricultural products, as well as social transfers, which indicates a decrease in the economic activity of large families.

The survival of a large family in modern conditions is possible by increasing their own income (personal initiative, secondary earnings, work of teenagers). In almost 50% of such families, the work of teenagers brings income to the family, but this is fraught with a violation of labor, civil legislation, the dangerous influence of the "criminal world" and the rejection of a number of needs, which is an unaffordable luxury in modern conditions.

housing problem.

It is always acute in our country, especially for families with many children, and has now become of paramount importance. Housing conditions do not meet the standards and cannot be improved by public housing. In addition, the scale of housing construction is declining, the purchase of housing at their own expense is not enough for most families.

The payment for housing and communal services is increasing. If this problem is not systematically addressed, it may become one of the factors of increasing social tension in society.

· Psychological and pedagogical problems.

In a traditional large family, children are in an equal position: there is no lack of communication, the elders take care of the younger ones, and, as a rule, positive moral qualities are formed, such as sensitivity, humanity, respect for the elders.

But due to the heavy workload of parents, there is little time left for raising children, and yet in such families it is possible to determine the internal hierarchy of relations.

The problems of distribution of duties are built on the basis of age and gender, individual, therefore different in volume and complexity. A small opportunity to satisfy one's needs develops a feeling of envy, a demand for the impossible.

The majority of children in large families leads to a decrease in the social age of older children. They mature early and are less closely related to their parents.

As a rule, in such families there is no respect for the personality of each child, there is no personal corner, their own small territory with respect for boundaries, personal favorite toys, i.e. autonomy of each, and often leads to protracted conflicts between children. Conflicts often also arise because of poor school performance.

Such families have a difficult psychological climate: an underestimated level of mutual understanding with parents and, at the same time, an increased need for parental support.

Large families, especially incomplete families, are characterized by great neglect of children. Such families note discomfort with colleagues at work, often deprived of a friendly attitude in the professional sphere. Families with many children prefer to create their own social circle. Little time is devoted to organizing joint leisure activities.

· Medical problems.

A difficult psychological climate, as a rule, affects the health of children. Problem children in such families are 10-15%. The development of children in large families needs the priority attention of society.

Problems of families of the unemployed.

The problem of unemployment takes place in all countries of the world, it is one of the most acute social problems, since poverty and spiritual impoverishment of people stand behind it. Russia faced an increasingly aggravating problem of employment of the population during the transition to market relations.

Unemployment - unemployment in the production of able-bodied, willing to work population.

The exclusion of a large amount of able-bodied resources from the active economic life places a heavy burden on the budget, the need for resources for the provision of social assistance grows, problems arise related to the organization of employment service structures, “brain drain”; a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in mortality leads to “population aging” and to an increase in the burden on labor resources, a change in infrastructure in the market.

Common problems: financial, housing, psychological. In the families of the unemployed, the number of divorces is increasing, and there are more cases of child abuse. Children develop deviations in behavior, they have nervous disorders, and the level of morbidity increases.

In connection with the above factors, the family does not perform the most important functions assigned to it by society, and this leads to its destruction.

Family and education system, problems and interactions.

The family and the education system are very closely linked. Modern families develop in a qualitative and contradictory social situation. On the one hand, society is turning to the problems and needs of the family; comprehensive and targeted programs are being developed and implemented to strengthen and increase its importance in raising children. On the other hand, there are processes that lead to aggravation of family problems. First of all, this is a drop in the living standards of most families, an increase in the number of divorces that negatively affect the psyche of children, an increase in the number of single-parent families and those with one child. A significant part of teenagers moves away from their parents. Consequently, in difficult modern conditions, the family needs systematic and qualified assistance from general educational institutions. Only in the process of interaction between teachers and parents can the problem of the development of the student's personality be successfully solved.

The process of interaction between the family and the school should be aimed at the active involvement of parents in the educational process, in extracurricular activities, cooperation with children and teachers. Let's consider the problems and interactions of the family and the education system on the example of secondary school No. 2 ZATO Ozerny, Tver region.

What are the functions and tasks of interaction between teachers and parents?

The main functions of interaction between the educational institution and the family:

1. information;

2. educational and developmental;

3. forming;

4. security and recreation;

5. controlling;

6. household.

Tasks of interaction between the educational institution and the family:

1. formation of an active pedagogical position of parents;

2. equipping parents with pedagogical knowledge and skills;

3. active participation of parents in the upbringing of children;

4. constant informing parents about the results of the child's educational activities;

5. teaching parents how to help their child learn;

6. involvement of parents in the development of cognitive interests.

The organization of interaction between a general educational institution and the family involves :

1. study of the family in order to identify its opportunities for raising their children and children of the class;

2. grouping families according to the principle of the possibility of their moral potential for raising their child, children of the class;

3. analysis of intermediate and final results of their joint educational activities.

In MOU secondary school No. 2, the following work is carried out with parents:

1. Improving the psychological and pedagogical knowledge of parents:

1. Psychological and pedagogical

· Psychological and pedagogical problems of child's adaptation to school (1st, 5th grades);

Each society forms a family in its own image and likeness. The family is a society in miniature, with all its achievements and contradictions. Currently, the family is going through a difficult period of development: the transition from the traditional family model to a new one is underway, the types of family relations are changing. The number of divorces is increasing, the birth rate is decreasing, although the birth of children born out of wedlock is increasing, about 1 million children are left without a parent every year, the share of single-parent families reaches 15% in the country, crime is growing and, which is especially dangerous, the number of crimes committed by teenagers is increasing. Therefore, the family is an important object of assistance in modern society.

The demographic crisis today is taking on such a scale that the question of national security inevitably arises. It is necessary to ensure at least a simple reproduction of the population. Most Russians consider giving birth and raising many children unfashionable and unpromising. Those who take risks and give birth to a second, third, fourth child in the country make up 5% of the total number of families with minor children.

A stereotype has become entrenched in the public mind that having many children is an anomaly, and parents with many children are people who “produce poverty”. And once a lot of children in the family was the norm. A family consisting of a mother, father and one child, and even more so - only a mother (or father) and a child, cannot give the baby such social communication as in a large family. With proper upbringing, children from large families have a more mobile psyche, are more resistant to stress and better adapt to any team.

The complexity and multidimensionality of the problem of today's large families is unlikely to be denied by both supporters of such families and their critics. Without pretending to be comprehensive, let's try to analyze the real difficulties and the advantages that emerge in the life of families with three or more children.

Let us also pay attention to the attitude to the same problems of the so-called public opinion, which in itself becomes another serious problem for large families, since, despite the obvious demographic crisis, a large family today is an occasion for discussion, and not always benevolent. We will present both positions - "for" and "against" - and try to form an objective attitude to this issue.

A large family in modern conditions of life. Position for. Arguing on this topic, supporters of large families most often cite the patriarchal Russian family as an example. Indeed, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, families in Russia, as a rule, had many children. The religion and customs of the time supported such a family structure. Refusal to give birth to children or termination of pregnancy was a grave sin: "He who does not have children lives in sin."

The peasants were not enlightened in matters of artificial termination of pregnancy, they did not have abortions, they did not know contraceptives. The childbearing age lasted for Russian women up to 42-47 years. Mothers breastfed their baby for "two great fasts" and the intervals between births were about the same. A woman who lived married for the entire childbearing period gave birth 8-11 times. In Russia, a strong and large family, a high birth rate and population growth were the key to the welfare of the country.

position against. Proponents of a different point of view believe that modern living conditions and the stage of Russia's economic development, which coincided with the childbearing age of a modern woman, the economic unpredictability of the level of family income make it necessary to approach the issue of planning the number of children more responsibly.

At the same time, in their opinion, the question of a real demographic crisis that has begun should be addressed to the government, and not to ordinary citizens, for whom the orientation towards material stability of life does not yet coincide with the orientation towards having many children.

Naturally, the modern attitude towards having few children gradually reduces the social value of motherhood, and the instability of economic life only exacerbates this process, despite the existence and revival of tradition.

Material wealth and the number of children in the family. Position for. Contrary to popular belief, money is far from the main problem in a large family. Often those who consciously give birth to many children really imagine how they will support these children. Most often these are successful, accomplished professionals, representatives of the "middle class", or poor, but deeply religious people who believe that God, having sent them a child, will give him food.

On the other hand, everyone has a different level of ideas about material well-being: for someone it is a villa on the Cote d'Azur, for someone it is their own small apartment. Today, you can always earn money for normal nutrition and education for your children, if there is a desire.

position against. The “favorite” argument of the supporters of a small family is as follows: you need to put at least one child on its feet first, and this requires funds and conditions. The material standard of living of families with 5 or 6 children is below average: children wear clothes after each other, there are clearly not enough toys, and when they get older, there will be a problem with entering a university. What to do in this case? Reassure yourself that the family will be friendly, that the children will be independent and will not grow up to be selfish? Wouldn't it be better to give your strength to one or two children?

An analysis of the living conditions of families showed that the better the material and housing conditions, the more often the orientation towards the birth of one child. An inverse relationship between the number of children and family income was also revealed: the number of children desired under the most favorable conditions is lower in families with higher incomes. Unfavorable conditions, low financial situation, lack of necessary living space reduce the likelihood of having another child.

Moreover, the expected increase in low income does not affect the reproductive attitude. The reproductive attitude of the family is associated with the subjective assessment of the spouses of their financial situation. Interestingly, in the most affluent families, a third of spouses (more often husbands) consider material conditions to be poor and regard this as an obstacle to the birth of a child. And families where the income is low and already have one or two children, but the financial situation is much lower than in wealthy families, assess their financial situation as sufficient.

Thus, whatever the family income, satisfaction with it can be different. To a large extent, it is determined by the place material goods occupy in the family's value system. Those. children, as it were, enter into competition with the satisfaction of the material needs of their parents. If material needs are high, then the child cannot compete.

The possibility of self-realization of a mother of many children in the professional field. Position for. The main purpose of a woman is to give life. This is given to her by nature itself, that is, she is biologically, emotionally tuned in to motherhood. For real self-realization, a woman needs to give birth to 5-7 children, only then she fully realizes her potential.

Carrying, giving birth, feeding, raising children require enormous energy from a woman - and if this energy turns out to be unused, the woman begins to direct her in the wrong direction, she becomes dissatisfied with life, she loses her natural femininity and softness, becomes like a man and often falls into depression, and in such a state there can be no talk of any self-realization.

position against. Today, the problem of female self-realization is very relevant. This desire is largely provoked by modern social attitudes. But it is quite natural that a woman who devotes herself to work cannot keep up with housekeeping and take care of the child sufficiently - one of these two important areas will still suffer. Therefore, many women get out of the situation by taking an au pair into the house, and for children - a nanny or governess (according to the age of the child).

This is a normal phenomenon, which also allows the child to appreciate the mother more as a socially successful woman. But the combination of having many children and a successful career are two things that coincide only in very rare, simply exceptional cases.

In modern society, both the traditional point of view continues to exist, according to which the purpose of a woman is, first of all, motherhood and home, and the position according to which, in addition to children and home, in the life of a modern woman there are many other opportunities for realizing her potential, hence all women's priorities .

Each woman chooses for herself what is closer to her. However, it is worth thinking about the statistics: today, about 25 women of childbearing age out of 100 do not intend to have children at all. This means that their motherhood instinct is either lost due to the priority of other tasks (career, acquisition of material goods), or suppressed due to material difficulties, which is physically and morally detrimental to a woman's health.

This means that one fourth of the gene pool of the Russian nation is completely excluded from further development. 41 and 31 women out of 100 plan to give birth to one or two children, respectively. This once again proves that in our time there is a change in attitude from even a two-child family to a one-child family.

It has been proven that the target for the planned number of children practically does not change with a change in the marital status of a woman and the related changes in her social status (a decrease in income per family member, deterioration in living conditions, nutrition, etc.). It is a fairly stable characteristic, apparently depending to a greater extent on the national and economic characteristics of society.

Today, a normal, harmonious large family is one of the resources for changing the demographic situation in Russia. Therefore, measures aimed at increasing the authority of a large family, solving the problems of this category are so important, not only in terms of assistance due to poverty, but also in terms of developing the family's capabilities to implement its basic functions.

There is a need for special care and assistance to motherhood, legal protection of the family, creation of social conditions for its normal functioning, ensuring the harmonious development of each child, taking into account his physiological characteristics. A social worker should help to survive the difficulties, maximize all the resources of social assistance to a large family.

A modern large family faces many problems: housing, material, psychological and pedagogical, medical, educational. These problems have a negative impact on the full functioning of large families.

Every year in the Russian Federation there is a tendency to increase the allocation of federal budgetary funds for social assistance to the family. The problems of large families depend on their place of residence: cities and villages, regions of the country with low or high birth rates. Therefore, social assistance should be provided taking into account local characteristics.

The effectiveness of social work with large families is based both on the financing of programs and on the introduction of new methods and projects for the social support of large families.

Families with many children are characterized by the maximum risk and depth of poverty; most families with three or more children have incomes below half the cost of the minimum consumer basket. In large families that are families of social risk, the increase in the number of children in the family is directly proportional to the degree of social risk.

All the many problems associated with the modern family can be divided into the following groups: socio-economic; social and household; socio-psychological; problems of fertility and family planning; problems of family stability; problems of family education; specific problems of "at risk" families.

Socio-economic problems. This group includes problems related to the standard of living of the family, its budget (including the consumer budget of the average family), the share in the structure of society of low-income families and families living below the poverty line, with the specific needs and requirements of large and young families, state aid system.

The proportion of families with minor children and average per capita income below the subsistence level is so significant that they still remain the main group of the poor. The level of well-being of families is directly related to the number of children brought up in it. For example, among large single-parent families with 3 or more children, the proportion of families with an average per capita cash income below the subsistence level was 93.6%.

Low wages that do not meet the needs of the family for the maintenance of dependents, the lag in the size of social payments from the growth in the cost of living are facts that cause widespread poverty among families with minor children.

Thus, helping people with socio-economic problems continues to be an important part of social work. However, practice shows that the provision of universal and little-differentiated assistance to all the poor is a dead end. Currently, most of the assistance to large families is provided by the state.

To solve socio-economic problems, the following options are offered:

1. The possibility of additional work at your own or another enterprise, organization. Incomplete families, as well as families with children from different fathers, more resolutely reject the possibility of additional earnings, and if the first is understandable (a single mother is most often already overworked, she does not have the strength and opportunity to earn additional money), then the second is difficult to explain.

2. Opportunity to create family farms, small businesses. For the majority, this is clearly not the main path of development.

3. Involving children in outside work in the form of selling newspapers, washing cars, etc. The proposal is quite sharp, causing a number of objections for security reasons, ambiguous moral consequences. Parents of disabled children are much more energetic in protesting against such activities, but disabled parents do not protest against children's business very strongly, but welcome it most energetically.

4. Increase in allowances, state compensation payments for children. Here, from the side of large families, complete unanimity was shown.

5. The desirability of bank housing and consumer lending, taking into account the type and size of the family. Consumer, primarily housing, lending is widespread in countries with highly developed economies. In the social assistance systems of a number of states, preferential consumer lending to families with children is a form of family support. This proposal contains an idea that is popular both among those with many children and among a number of public organizations: the state encourages large families by issuing long-term consumer and housing loans and repaying part of them at the birth of each next child. This idea comes from the idea of ​​the need for undifferentiated support for fertility, regardless of the social, physical, mental, intellectual usefulness of children.

Unfortunately, all studies show that “giving birth for money” will primarily be representatives of asocial large families (who even today cope with this activity without any loans), people who consider childbearing as the main or only resource of their social development. There is reason to believe that the quality of such offspring will be socially and physiologically unsatisfactory.

6. Expansion of benefits for large families, including travel by transport, household and communal services, paying for education or providing free education opportunities, assistance in organizing summer holidays for children, etc., as well as expanding the distribution of food and industrial goods.

Social problems. This group includes problems related to providing families with housing, living conditions, as well as the consumer budget of an average family, the share of low-income families and families living below the poverty line in the structure of society, material difficulties of large families, and the state system of assistance to low-income families. All of them are quite common and well-known, so there is no need to resort to examples and statistics.

Socio-psychological problems. This group includes the widest range of problems: they are associated with acquaintance, the choice of a marriage partner, and further - marriage and family adaptation, coordination of family and intra-family roles, personal autonomy and self-affirmation in the family. In addition, it also includes the problems of marital compatibility, family conflicts, family cohesion as a small group, and domestic violence.

As an analysis of the real practice of centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population shows, the solution of problems of a socio-psychological nature today is carried out in two main directions:

Providing psychological, pedagogical and psychotherapeutic assistance;

Socio-legal work and social pedagogy.

The statistics show the predominance of consultations on the issues of parent-child and marital relations. There is also a high proportion of contact with friends, emotional disorders, communication problems and loneliness. Requests related to suicidal ideation, violence, alcoholism, drug addiction and substance abuse require special attention.

Problems of the stability of the modern family. This issue is made up of the state and dynamics of family divorces, their socio-typological and regional aspects, the causes of divorces, the values ​​of marriage, satisfaction with marriage as a factor in the stability of a family union, its socio-psychological characteristics.

Problems of family education. In this group, family problems can be considered the state of family education, types of families according to the criterion of education, parental roles, the position of the child in the family, conditions for effectiveness and miscalculations of family education.

Problems of families at risk. Factors that cause social risk may be of a socio-economic, medical and sanitary, socio-demographic, socio-psychological, criminal nature. Their action leads to the loss of family ties, an increase in the number of children left without parental care, a permanent place of residence, and livelihoods.

Families with many children of all types have a common social problem that is specifically related to having many children: children from such families, compared with their peers from the predominant small families, more often demonstrate low self-esteem, they have inadequate ideas about their own significance, which can adversely affect their entire subsequent fate. In addition, small intervals in the birth of children, characteristic of large families, lead to the constant presence of a large number of small brothers and sisters, which entails a decrease in the social age of older siblings. This is an objective pattern traced in various types of large families, independent of the property and educational status of parents.

So, the majority of those with many children see opportunities to improve their standard of living, first of all, by expanding state payments and benefits. But elements of the market mentality penetrate their environment, making them think about additional work, family entrepreneurship, and involving children in business. However, what is noticeable here is not the experience of the respondents, their weak understanding of the specifics of the socio-economic laws of society at the stage of initial accumulation.

Liberal ideas have partially taken root in the minds of the respondents, and they demonstrate on a conscious level a readiness for entrepreneurship, that is, for independent, proactive economic behavior and risk. But a more careful analysis proves the superficiality of such ideas.

A significant part of families with many children (objectively weaker than other families with many children) not only needs state assistance, but also clearly claims to receive full or almost full state support. Their burden with social problems is so great, and their labor potential is so insignificant that the hope for self-sufficiency is unlikely both now and in the future. State benefits to such families should be set at least at the level of the physiological minimum. All additional sources of income, both local allowances and charitable donations, as well as earning opportunities found by the "problem" families themselves, can only be optional, because their probability and role in the family budget are insignificant.

At the same time, the considerable potential of the families themselves, including those with many children, could be used more systematically, comprehensively and consistently. These families have the opportunity not only to earn additional funds in excess of the benefits allocated by the state, but also to become economically independent, fully providing for their needs on the basis of self-employment and small business.

Along with providing real social support in the form of benefits, it is necessary to deploy other forms of assistance to families in need in difficult socio-economic conditions - aimed at expanding self-employment, partial or complete self-sufficiency. And only with the success of such actions is it possible to gradually reduce state assistance, depending on the per capita income of the family.

In addition to economic problems, large families have difficulties, which can be solved by social workers of various specialties, armed with appropriate social technologies. Assistance should be provided primarily to children from such families who experience increased difficulties at school and in general in communications. At the same time, parents (and, probably, potential parents) of all types of families need to be informed about the characteristics of a responsible parent in a variety of specific situations.