Separate hygiene requirements for children's clothing. Hygienic requirements for clothing
Cloth.
The hygienic value of clothing is to protect against pollution, meteorological factors and skin damage (social value - to hide shame, decorate). Comfortable, hygienic shoes, beautiful fashionable clothes have a positive effect on our health. And it's not just emotions. Clothing should create a favorable microclimate for the body. A person should dress according to the weather, avoiding overheating or hypothermia. To do this, the fabric must meet hygienic requirements.
Three indicators characterize the hygienic properties of clothing: thermal conductivity, breathability and hygroscopicity.
Thermal conductivity - the property of a fabric to conduct body heat to the environment . The thermal conductivity of clothing depends on the amount of air contained in the fabric. Therefore, clothes made of loose and fluffy fabrics retain heat better. In cold weather, the fabric should be of low thermal conductivity, and in hot weather it should be protected from overheating. Loose, loose-fitting summer clothing wicks heat away from the body.
Hygroscopicity - the ability of the fabric to absorb moisture.
Breathability - the ability of the fabric to pass air and moisture . Linen fabric adjacent to the skin should be hygroscopic (absorb sweat) and have good breathability.
Linen made of polymeric materials has positive properties: it wears out less and has greater breathability than natural fabrics; antimicrobial, better transmit UV rays. Its negative properties: it accumulates negative electricity, has low sorption properties (does not absorb sweat), is thermally conductive (it is cold in it in cold weather), which limits its use for underwear or children's underwear. Under the influence of sunlight, elevated temperature - polymeric materials emit decay products that can cause allergies, eczema, local inflammation.
Shoes protects against mechanical damage and adverse meteorological conditions. Hygienic requirements: should not disrupt the blood supply in the lower extremities, do not prevent the evaporation of sweat, do not deform the foot, do not interfere with the growth of young legs; should be soft, do not reap. Shoes with a rigid, unbending sole (the Japanese have wooden shoes) reduce the plasticity of the foot, the step becomes small, the calf muscles experience an increased load and overstrain. The best material is genuine leather: it is durable, soft, with low thermal conductivity, good air conduction.
In cold weather, the most hygienic are felt boots. A high heel (above 5 cm) contributes to swelling of the legs, impairs blood circulation, shifts the center of gravity of the body forward: the gait changes, the spine and pelvic bones are displaced, which affects childbirth.
Tight shoes contribute to frostbite, leading to chronic calluses on the heel, sole, between the toes and over the joints. Narrow shoes in the middle of the foot lead to neuroma - compression of the nerve, which manifests itself in severe pain (you need to take off your shoes and do a massage). Narrow-toed high-heeled shoes are doubly harmful: the weight moves to the toe, the ligaments of the legs do not withstand, transverse flat feet develop, blood vessels and nerves are compressed, which leads to fatigue, vein dilation, irritability, and back pain. It is recommended to wear them only on solemn days. In 40% of women, the feet are deformed due to walking in high heels and narrow shoes, which causes inflammation of the joints of the feet with age.
The personal hygiene of a modern person should include knowledge of the hygienic rules for handling household appliances and synthetic materials in everyday life.
Appliances - televisions, computers, microwave ovens, etc. - cause electromagnetic waves, create positive air ions and electromagnetic fields (EMF), which can be observed in the form of interference with the operation of the TV, noise, vibration (washing machine). EMF cause three syndromes: asthenic, astheno-vegetative and diencephalic, and also reduce the amount of negatively charged ions in the indoor air, which have a beneficial effect on humans. From a hygienic point of view, in order to maintain health, it is necessary to limit communication with household appliances, keep a distance, follow the elements of a healthy lifestyle - stay in the fresh air, etc. Recommendations: use devices that have passed standardization; wet cleaning of the room, regular airing.
Household synthetic materials- carpet, furniture, wall upholstery, etc. - pollute the air of the home with toxic substances (phenol, formaldehyde, etc.), accumulate static electricity - and as a result cause allergic and inflammatory reactions in the body, lower immunity. Hygiene recommendations: frequent ventilation of the air with new furniture, compliance with the requirements of a healthy lifestyle, in the first place - staying in the fresh air.
Personal hygiene involves keeping the house clean and hygienic, since household items and housing can be a place of accumulation of dust, microorganisms, waste products of mold fungi, mites, household insects, etc. This leads to the spread of pathogens of tuberculosis, allergic diseases, etc. Daily use of a vacuum cleaner is an indicator of the culture of apartment residents and a real prevention of these diseases.
Among the activities aimed at strengthening the health and improving the physical development of the child, it is important to comply with hygiene requirements for his clothes and shoes.
Requirements for summer children's clothing.
During the summer period, most of the activities of children in the preschool educational institution take place on the street. It is necessary to ensure that clothes for summer walks, outdoor activities correspond to weather conditions and are comfortable for the child. Fabric for children's clothing should not be electrified and pilling (forming spools). For summer clothes, natural fabrics (batiste, chintz, linen, silk) are preferable. Clothing must fit the child in size. Tight or tight-fitting clothing contributes to prickly heat, and its seams and piping rub the child's skin when moving.
To ensure good ventilation of the child's skin will help: open collar (neckline), wide armhole, short sleeves (or sleeveless clothing).
At noon, when the activity of the sun reaches its maximum, you should not wear very open clothes on the child (topics, sundresses, T-shirts), because. in it the body is more exposed to solar radiation. When collecting a child for kindergarten, parents should remember that during the day the air temperature may change. As a rule, in the morning it is lower than at noon. Therefore, it is necessary to select clothes so that the child can remove part of it if necessary. Overheating and excessive sweating can trigger colds. The child's head must be protected from the sun. Preference should be given to garments made from natural fabrics. Synthetic materials can lead to diaper rash and dandruff. The headgear should fit snugly to the head, have a brim or a visor. When the child is in the shade, it is better to remove the headgear.
Clothing requirements for children:
Air temperature18-20*C
Cloth:
Cotton linen, a dress made of semi-woolen or thick cotton fabric, tights, shoes on the feet.
Permissible number of layers of clothing in the torso area - 2-3 layers
Air temperature 21-22 *С
Cloth:
Cotton linen, a dress (shirt) made of thin cotton fabric with short sleeves, stockings, light shoes or sandals on the feet.
Permissible number of layers of clothing in the torso area - 2 layers
Temperature 23 *C and above
Cloth:
Thin cotton linen or without it, light dress, sleeveless summer shirt, socks, sandals on the feet.
Permissible number of layers of clothing in the torso area - 1-2 layers
How to choose the right children's shoes.
The foot is an important part of the human skeleton. It serves as the "foundation" of the body, takes on the load of the whole body during movement. In young children, the feet are flexible and soft, and while the bones are not yet strong, they are very sensitive to any pressure and stress. If the shoe is small or does not fit well, the foot will tend to adapt to the shape of the shoe and may not form properly, the child develops flat feet.
When trying on shoes, you should pay attention to the fact that there is a space of 1 cm in front of the thumb. To do this, the child trying on shoes should stand, not sit. Only if the foot bears the entire weight of the body can the true length and width of the foot be determined.
Children's shoes should not be too big, as they will not support and fix the child's foot enough. Trying to stay in the boot, the baby's foot will be in constant tension, which can lead to improper formation of the foot. Shoes should not be too loose in the heel and instep, shoes should tightly wrap around the foot.
The purchased shoes should not have folds, scars, bumps, etc. The sole should not scratch or stain the floor. Excludes the presence of smell, the release of chemical ingredients into the shoe space and the environment in any conditions of life and seasons of the year.
It is not recommended to wear shoes for other children. Even if its size and fullness are the same, shoes wear out individually. The pattern of wear reflects the structure of the feet of the previous owner, and the use of such a pair of shoes can lead to muscle disorders, deformities.
The feet of the child sweat a lot, so it is important that the shoes allow the feet to "breathe" to avoid discomfort, unpleasant odors and fungal skin diseases. It is best to choose shoes made from natural materials (genuine leather, textiles), or shoes with perforations, using special membrane materials.
Thus, it is advisable to choose shoes for a preschooler, taking into account the following recommendations:
* shoes should not be narrowed at the toe, as this leads to deformation of the big toe;
*excessively loose shoes also have a negative effect - scuffs, blisters may appear;
* the sole must be flexible;
* heel height no more than 1 cm;
* shoes must have a fixed back (allows you to firmly hold the calcaneus and prevents it from deviating outward);
* provide a strong fixation in the toe (an open toe in removable shoes does not contribute to the stable position of the foot and creates a risk of injury to the toes);
* provide a strong fixation of the ankle joint of the foot;
*in removable shoes, it is not allowed to use insoles with a bulge in the underwater space;
*sandals with a partially closed toe and a fixed back are recommended as replacement shoes in kindergarten.
Prepared by nurse V.N. Morozova
The determining role of hygienic requirements for clothing and adequate properties is due to the fact that it covers about 80% of the surface of the human body, performing important functions of its vital activity (hygiene - from the Greek hygieinos - healthy).
In this regard, four main hygienic functions should be highlighted that should be provided in clothing used by a person:
1) protection from mechanical, chemical and biological influences;
2) protection from adverse climatic elements;
3) keeping the human body clean;
4) ensuring the normal functioning of the body.
The first function is defining for the special,
as well as sportswear. This does not exclude the need to provide this function in other classes of clothing.
In accordance with the Labor Code of the Republic of Belarus (Article 230), workers are provided with personal protective equipment, including special clothing. At the same time, work with harmful, dangerous working conditions (exposure to toxic fumes, radiation, acids, alkalis, metal splashes, etc.), as well as work associated with pollution or carried out in adverse temperature conditions, is taken into account. At the same time, the procedure and norms for the free issue of personal protective equipment to employees are determined by the Government of the Republic of Belarus.
The second function requires protecting a person from various natural influences: low and high temperatures, precipitation, dust, wind, solar radiation, etc. This function is due to differences in the climatic conditions of individual regions and the need to take them into account when creating clothes.
Currently, the following division of the territory of the CIS according to climatic zones is accepted:
Zone I - a territory with a climate that requires high-quality fur clothing and insulated shoes;
Zone II - a territory with a climate that requires ordinary, but always made of heat-shielding natural materials, fur clothing and insulated shoes;
III zone - a territory with a climate that requires mostly warm clothes and a variety of shoes;
IV zone - a territory with a climate that requires more clothing and footwear to protect against dampness and precipitation;
Zone V - a territory with a climate that requires increased attention to clothing and footwear to protect the human body from overheating.
For most zones, a special place from the variety of requirements is given to protection against low temperatures.
An analysis of the work carried out by various researchers allowed prof. R.F. Afanasyeva to formulate requirements for clothing to protect against the cold. The most important of them are:
1) protecting a person from excessive heat transfer;
2) compliance of the thermal insulation properties of clothing with physical activity of a person and the climatic conditions in which it is expected to be used;
3) the inner layers of clothing should absorb sweat well and easily release moisture. Clothing should not interfere with the removal of moisture from the underwear space;
4) clothing should not cause overheating of the human body. A slight cooling is acceptable, which stimulates physical activity, reduces fatigue and helps to harden the body.
Since clothing for protection from the cold is different, the properties of the individual materials that make up the product design package are of great importance. At the same time, it is extremely important to take into account the expected operating conditions, the heterogeneity of heat flows in certain parts of the human body.
Relative specific heat fluxes in various parts of the human body, W / m 2
| physical activity | Part of the body |
|||||||
| torso | ||||||||
| Peace (standing) | ||||||||
| room | Rest (standing) Walking | |||||||
| Winter coveralls | Peace (standing) | |||||||
| Winter coat | Rest (standing) Walking | |||||||
It is important to take into account that heat fluxes are not associated with the surface of the human body, but are due to the peculiarities of their functioning.
The ratio of the area of body parts to the total surface of the human body,%
With an increase in the speed of the wind flow and the breathability of a package of clothing materials, the intensity of a person's cooling increases.
At wind speeds up to 2 m/s, the air permeability of the package within 0-60 dm 3 /(m 2 s) practically does not affect its thermal insulation properties. At a higher wind speed, the effect of the air permeability index on the thermal resistance of clothing material packages is significant, especially with a wind of 8-10 m/s.
The third function is most important for products that come into contact with the human body: underwear, hosiery, headwear, women's toilet accessories, etc.
The fourth function is aimed at the optimal functioning of the body in the system man-product-environment. In general, the implementation of this function is manifested in the provision of three indicators of the underclothing (between the human body and clothing) microclimate within the optimal limits: temperature - 28-32 ° C; humidity - 35-55%; carbon dioxide content - 0.04-0.06%.
The above functions from the standpoint of the physiology of the body and hygienic requirements for clothing can be divided into two areas:
1) protection of the body from adverse environmental factors - the effects of low and high temperatures, changes in solar radiation, wind, precipitation, mechanical influences;
2) creation of the necessary conditions for the normal functioning of the body; maintaining a constant body temperature; excretion of metabolic products - water vapor, carbon dioxide, salts; an obstacle to penetration from the outside of dust, dirt, microorganisms.
Hygienic requirements for clothing are differentiated depending on its purpose and operating conditions. In general, they boil down to the following:
1) the heat-shielding properties of clothing must correspond to human activity and the conditions of the environment in which it is used. Therefore, this property of clothing should be regulated;
2) the breathability of clothing and its individual parts must also correspond to the operating conditions and be adjustable;
3) the inner layers of clothing should be hygroscopic and easy to dry, clothing should not interfere with the removal of moisture released by human skin;
4) clothing should be soft and light;
5) the design of clothing should allow a person to perform various movements, easy to put on and take off, not restrict movement and blood circulation.
The modern period is characterized by the widespread use of chemical materials in the manufacture of garments. They have a number of specific properties. Therefore, a number of additional requirements are imposed on clothing from them:
♦ chemical stability of materials and substances;
♦ the degree of electrification must not exceed the established sanitary standards;
♦ clothes made of synthetic materials should not be toxic and should not irritate the skin.
Of particular importance in ensuring the safety of clothing are the level and nature of its electrification, i.e. the formation of electrostatic charges due to contact friction.
To characterize static electricity that occurs on materials, the sign of the emerging charges matters. So, most chemical fibers, with the exception of viscose, are electrified negatively.
The most important factor that affects the ability of materials to accumulate charges is the chemical nature of the fibers. Thus, synthetic fibers, as a rule, have a greater degree of electrification than artificial fibers based on cellulose. Natural fibers of plant origin are much less electrified. But at present, fabrics, knitted fabrics and products from them cannot be considered non-electrifying, since the presence of chemical fibers in them and additional chemical processing contribute to the accumulation of insignificant charges on their surfaces.
Observations lead to the conclusion that static electricity, along with electromagnetic radiation, ionizing radiation, noise and vibration, can and should be attributed to environmental factors that are not indifferent to human health. There is evidence of the possibility of negative effects of static electricity. Persons exposed to a static electric field sometimes complain of a deterioration in general well-being, headache, sleep disturbance, pain in the region of the heart.
The manifestation of the considered functions ensures the normal state of the human body. It should be borne in mind that the basis of life is metabolism. In the process, his body receives and assimilates nutrients and oxygen, and also consumes energy and releases excess heat and other waste products into the environment.
It is important to ensure the constancy of the human body temperature (up to 37 °C). The temperature range of the existence of an organism is narrow. Heating the body to 42-43 °C and cooling to 24-25 °C can be fatal. Only by maintaining a constant body temperature on the basis of the selection of rational clothing is a person's vigorous activity and a constant rate of metabolic processes in the body achieved.
In the human-product system, the most important properties are those that ensure the cleanliness of the skin, underwear space, as well as the product itself. Through the skin, water, carbon dioxide, salts, and fatty substances are released. On the skin of an adult, there are about 300 thousand sebaceous glands that secrete sebum (from 100 to 300 g per week), which softens the surface of the skin and protects it from drying out, wetting, and the penetration of microbes. When sweat is released, water and salts are removed from the body. On average, all sweat glands (there are several million) secrete per day in a temperate climate from 0.5 to 1 liter of sweat, in a hot zone - up to 450 g per hour; during physical work and walking, the amount of sweat can increase up to 10 liters per day. From the surface of the skin, from 40 to 90 g of small scales of the superficial stratum corneum are also released per week. Therefore, clothing, especially linen products, must absorb them, thereby ensuring the skin is cleaned from the boundary layer, and retain secretions until the product is cleaned. Naturally, the product itself is contaminated in this case.
Structure of substances contaminating laundry
The requirements in this case look twofold and contradictory. On the one hand, it is necessary to clean the skin, which is possible only by absorbing secretions, on the other hand, the contamination of the product is undesirable. High soiling dramatically changes a number of properties of clothing made from fabrics, especially knitwear. So, linen products contaminated with liquid and dense skin secretions pass air 20% worse, their weight increases on average by 10%, thickness - by 25%, ash content - by 4 times, and thermal conductivity also increases. All this worsens the comfortable state of a person, hinders gas exchange with the external environment, promotes the development of microorganisms, worsens the appearance, and leads to an increase in labor and economic costs for the operation of the product (washing, cleaning).
The skin is also involved in gas exchange. In a calm state, skin respiration (oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide release) accounts for about 1% of the total gas exchange. During the day, about 4.5 liters of carbon dioxide are released through the surface of the skin and 1.9 liters of oxygen enter. An increase in air temperature and hard physical work increase the intensity of gas exchange through the skin several times, bringing it up to 10% of pulmonary gas exchange. The works of physiologists have shown that when the content of carbon dioxide in the underwear space is more than 0.07%, gas exchange through the skin, and consequently, the well-being of a person worsens. A concentration of carbon dioxide greater than 0.1% causes fainting. If the partial pressure of nitrogen under clothing is higher than in the environment, then it is absorbed into the blood, which is unsafe for the body. Therefore, it is necessary to provide ventilation of the underwear space in clothes.
It should be especially noted that the functioning of the child's body has significant differences. Taking them into account is one of the important tasks of ensuring hygienic requirements for clothing.
The body of children is in a state of constant growth and development, bone tissue is flexible and elastic, muscles are poorly developed. Muscle mass in relation to body weight is 27.2% in an 8-year-old child, and 44.2% in an 18-year-old boy.
The muscles of children are richer in water, but poorer in proteins, fats, and inorganic substances, as a result of which their fatigue in a child occurs faster than in adults.
Children have thinner, more delicate skin than adults. They have a less perfect apparatus for thermoregulation: heat transfer is increased due to a change (with age) in the relationship between the surface of the body and its mass. In an adult, 221 cm 2 of body surface per 1 kg of weight, in children of 15 years old - 378 cm 2, in children of 10 years old - 423 cm 2, in a child of 6 years old - 456 cm 2, in a newborn - 707 cm 2. The rapid cooling of children is also due to the thin epithelium and a significant amount of blood flowing in the thickness of the skin (as a result of a more developed network of capillaries). Therefore, the skin of children, to a much lesser extent than that of an adult, protects the body from fluctuations in the temperature of the external environment.
The blood cycle in children is also faster. So, in an adult, 1/3 flows in the thickness of the skin, and in children 1/2 or even 2/3 of the entire mass of blood. As a result, the blood flow time in children is accelerated: in an adult it is 22 s, in a 14-year-old teenager - 18 s, in a 3-year-old child - 15 s.
The skin also plays a huge role in the heat exchange of the body with the environment. It is known that in a person at rest, even at a relatively low air temperature (10-18 ° C), about 1/5 of the heat produced by him is given off by evaporation of water vapor released through the skin. Children most of the time are in motion, while the level of heat production increases by 2-4 times, so the amount of evaporating moisture they have is very significant. At high air temperatures, active sweating begins and almost all excess heat is removed from the body by evaporation of fluid from the surface of the body.
In young children, all physiological systems that maintain a constant temperature of the internal environment and maintain a thermal balance are underdeveloped. Changes in unfavorable meteorological factors affect a child's body more sharply than an adult's body.
Plan - table of contents.
Introduction. 3
Software part. 4
Clothes for children and teenagers: 5-11
Hygiene of linen and clothes for children. 5
Hygienic properties of the fabric. 5-7
Hygienic requirements for the cut of clothing. 8
Summer clothes. 9-10
Room clothes. 10
Clothing in the spring-autumn period. 10
Winter clothes. eleven
Hats. 11-12
Shoes for children and teenagers: 12-17
Hygienic requirements for children's shoes. 12-13
Hygienic requirements for weight, size, style
and cover children's shoes. 13-15
Rules for the selection of shoes. 15
Shoe care. 16-17
Leather shoes. 16
Shoes with textile uppers. 16
Rubber Shoes. 16
Valenki and felt shoes. 17
List of used literature. 18
Introduction.
To create the best conditions for the growth and development of a child, for his proper upbringing and education, you need to know the characteristics of his body, understand what is useful for strengthening health and maintaining normal development. Therefore, the subject, I believe, includes age anatomy, age physiology and hygiene.
Anatomy studies the structure of the body and its individual organs.
Physiology studies the vital processes that take place in the body; work or functions of both individual organs and the whole organism as a whole. Based on the achievements of physiology, many issues related to the proper organization of nutrition and general health and living conditions were resolved.
Hygiene is preventive medicine. Based on age-related anatomy and age-related physiology, it studies the effect on children of various conditions of the environment and activities of children, identifies and tries to mitigate or completely eliminate everything that harms the health of the child, selects such natural and artificial conditions that favor its growth and development, strengthen his health.
Therefore, I decided to take the topic “Children's hygiene as a factor in preventing the spread of diseases”.
Software part.
The program of the course "Fundamentals of anatomy, physiology and hygiene of children and adolescents" includes the following topics:
Man as an integral biological system. The main patterns of growth and development of the body;
The musculoskeletal system in different periods of ontogenesis;
The structure and development of the muscular system as the child grows and develops;
Features of the structure and function of the human digestive and urinary organs;
Respiratory system;
Individual (ontogenetic) structure and development of the human body;
Concepts about endocrine glands (endocrine glands);
The cardiovascular system and its condition depending on the age of the person;
The structure and functioning of the nervous system as the material basis of mental activity;
The structure and functional characteristics of the sense organs;
Features of the structure and function of the skin in different age periods of human life;
Hygienic education and training of children;
Sanitary requirements for a children's educational institution;
Hygiene of children as a factor in preventing the spread of diseases;
Physiological and hygienic substantiation of the daily routine;
Organization of the system of hardening of children in educational institutions.
Clothes for children and teenagers.
Hygiene of linen and clothes for children.
Among the activities aimed at strengthening the health and improving the physical development of the child, it is important to comply with hygiene requirements for clothing. Clothing serves a person to protect against the adverse effects of the external environment, protects the surface of the skin from mechanical damage and pollution.
In children, unlike adults, the central nervous system is worse developed, so they are more susceptible to the influence of adverse environmental conditions. This leads to increased requirements for clothing in children. And the younger the child, the higher these requirements. And also in children, the processes of thermoregulation are not sufficiently developed. “More skin surface area with less body weight cause increased cooling of the body in cold, wet and windy weather and overheating in hot weather” . With the help of clothing around the body, an artificial under-clothing microclimate is created, which is significantly different from the climate of the external environment. Due to this, clothing significantly reduces body heat loss, helps to maintain a constant body temperature, facilitates the thermoregulatory function of the skin, and ensures gas exchange processes through the skin. This is the main role of clothing. Protective clothing is important for children because:
In childhood, the mechanisms of thermoregulation are imperfect, hypothermia and overheating of the body can lead to health problems;
Children are distinguished by high motor activity, in which the level of heat production increases by 2-4 times;
The skin of children is tender and vulnerable;
Skin respiration has a greater share in the metabolic processes of the body than in adults.
Many parents, when buying clothes for a child, first of all take care of its aesthetic side. There is no greater joy for a mother to hear from someone that her child is beautifully dressed and looks very cute. Few people think about whether clothes are useful or comfortable. Thus, “clothing in its design and physical and hygienic indicators of materials should correspond to age-related anatomical and physiological characteristics, type of activity and meteorological conditions, not interfere with quick and easy removal, and contribute to the education of the aesthetic taste of the child” .
Hygienic properties of the fabric.
The quality of clothing depends on many conditions and, first of all, on the properties of the fabric. The interaction between the child's skin and clothing fabrics is determined by the hygienic properties of the fabric: thickness, weight, air and vapor permeability, hygroscopicity, moisture capacity, hydro- and lipophilicity, hydrophobicity, and thermal conductivity.
Thermal conductivity characterizes the heat-shielding properties of materials: the lower it is, the warmer the material.
The thickness of fabrics is measured in millimeters and affects the heat-shielding properties of the fabric (for example, cambric-0.1 mm, drape-5 mm, natural fur-30-50 mm). Thicker materials contain more air, which has low thermal conductivity. Therefore, the thicker the material, the warmer it is.
The mass of the fabric is measured in grams in relation to the unit area of the material (1 sq. m or 1 sq. cm) (for example, drape - 77 g / sq. m, natural fur - 1000 g / sq. m). Hygienically optimal is a fabric with a minimum mass and the preservation of all the properties it needs.
Air permeability - measured in cubic meters. dm. and means the ability of materials to pass air through 1 sq. m per second by filtration through the pores. (for example, natural silk - 341 cu. The surface layer of winter and autumn clothing should have low breathability in order to protect against cold air. Summer clothes should have maximum ventilation, that is, great breathability.
Vapor permeability - measured in grams of water vapor passing through 1 square meter in 1 hour. m of fabric, and determines the ability of materials to pass through themselves water vapor, constantly formed in the under-clothing space, by diffusing them through the fibers. (for example, cotton madapolam - 16.2 g / sq. m per hour, natural silk - 4.62 g / sq. m per hour, capron - 1.09 g / sq. m per hour). In areas with a hot climate, when heat transfer is carried out to a large extent due to evaporation, clothing should have the highest vapor permeability.
Hygroscopicity - characterizes the ability of fabrics to absorb water vapor, expressed in% (for example, batiste, volta, chintz> 90%, cotton madapolam - 18%, lightweight drape - 16.5%, wool - 14%, rep - 7-8 %, rep with water-repellent impregnation - 1.2%, capron - 5.7%, lavsan - 0.5%). Good hygroscopicity is a positive property of the materials used for the inner layers of clothing; helps to remove sweat from the surface of the skin. The hygroscopicity of fabrics used for the upper layers of winter and demi-season clothing should be minimal, which prevents it from getting wet during precipitation and a decrease in heat-shielding properties.
Moisture capacity - determines the ability of fabrics to absorb water when immersed in it, expressed in%. The property of the fabric to keep a significant part of the pores free after wetting is of great importance, because. at the same time, a certain level of air permeability is achieved and the thermal properties of this material change less.
Hydrophilicity - reflects the ability of the fabric to quickly and completely absorb moisture, expressed in% (for example, batiste, volta, chintz > 90%, rep with water-repellent impregnation - about 0%). High hydrophilicity should be in tissues that are in direct contact with the skin and absorb water vapor from the skin.
Hydrophobicity (“nonwetting”) is the opposite property of hydrophilicity. High hydrophobicity should be in the fabric that forms the top layer of clothing and protects it from snow, rain, fog.
Lipophilicity - characterizes the ability of tissues to absorb fat from the surface of the skin, expressed in%. Its high properties are a negative property inherent mainly in synthetic fabrics, tk. fat droplets fill the air spaces between the fibers and thereby worsen the physical and hygienic properties of the materials.
Three layers are distinguished in clothing: underwear, a dress (or suit) and outerwear for the street. For children's clothing, it is allowed to use fabrics made from natural fibers, as well as fabrics with the addition of chemical fibers, but in strict accordance with the requirements of sanitary norms and rules.
So in the materials from which the linen is sewn:
For newborns, toddlers, toddlers, preschool children (up to size 30) there should be no synthetic fibers (PE - lavsan, PAN - nitron, PA - kapron) and acetate fibers;
For older children, it can be made from “kaproviscose linen and linen from cotton-lavsan yarn, but with a content of nylon and lavsan not more than 40%, as well as from cotton linen with nylon thread and an eraser (not more than 28%)”.
For the production of summer and winter clothes (2nd layer):
For newborns, toddlers, the use of synthetic fabrics is prohibited;
For preschoolers and schoolchildren, the content of “synthetic and artificial fibers in tissues should be no more than 35-40%”;
For older toddlers, in the manufacture of upper knitwear, it is allowed to use both pure synthetic fibers and in combination with natural and artificial ones.
In the third layer of clothing for warming children's clothes:
Younger toddlers use only natural materials;
In other age groups, the use of materials containing up to 50% percent of synthetic and artificial fibers is allowed.
As a lining for the third layer, only natural fabrics are used.
“In the manufacture of clothes for children of toddler, preschool and primary school age (up to size 40), the use of synthetic sewing threads is not allowed.”
Hygienic requirements for the cut of clothing.
It is necessary to pay attention to the cut of clothes, because. improperly tailored clothing can be harmful.
Children's underwear should not have thick, rough seams. Pulling the upper part of the abdomen with tight elastic bands (in shorts, the elastic band should be only at the back), belts, corsages causes changes in the visceral organs, disrupts the coordination of the movement of the muscles that support the spine, and can contribute to the appearance of scoliosis, kyphosis. In addition, tightening the waist of the hands with rubber bands disrupts blood circulation, creates stagnation of blood in the capillaries of the skin, and limits its nutrition.
Prolonged exposure to the gum creates conditions for the expansion of veins. Therefore, when wearing tights (breeches, jackets, etc.), one rule must be observed: the elastic band that tightens the child’s waist should be made weak so that the elastic band only fits slightly to the child’s body, but does not press or tighten the skin. So that the tights do not slip, and the child looks neat, they should be supported with help. In no case should you be a child in pantyhose alone - this is not decent. They should be covered with a dress or trousers, shorts. It is also important that clothing does not clog the skin from air penetration for its normal activity. Tight clothing impedes the normal flow of the vital functions of the body: it makes breathing, digestion, lymph and blood circulation difficult, and can contribute to the violation of the correct body shape at a younger age, when the skeleton is most pliable to mechanical influences. The narrowing of the vessels of a significant part of the body gives an additional load to the heart, which affects all organs of the body, working with excessive blood pressure. Therefore, constraining tight belts, bodices that squeeze the chest, high tight collars are excluded. In childhood or adolescence, instead of bras - bras, it is better to wear ordinary bras with recesses. The straps of the bra should be wide, no narrower than 2 cm. Too narrow and tight straps cut into the skin and deform it, leaving deep marks on the shoulders. It is not beautiful and harmful. Clothes that are too long, as well as tight, make it difficult to move and make children clumsy. It is necessary to take into account the age sizes and proportions of children and adolescents. The bulk of the clothes, with the right cut, rests on the shoulders and ensures the correct distribution of weight. Consider the amount of clothing. Heavy clothing tires the child, prevents him from being active.
underwear
Underwear is clothing that is in direct contact with the skin (body). These are day and night shirts, shorts, T-shirts, socks, tights, bras. Therefore, it should contribute to the removal of metabolic products (gases, moisture vapor, fat) from the underwear space. For underwear, soft thin fabrics of a knitted structure are used, which provide breathability, vapor permeability, hygroscopicity, moisture capacity, hydrophilicity. Such qualities are possessed by woolen, cotton, linen and silk fabrics. Cotton fabrics (knitwear, flannel) are especially good for children's underwear. They are distinguished by high heat-shielding properties, they pass air well, and almost do not lose their qualities after washing and boiling. It is not recommended for children to wear underwear made of synthetic fibers, especially those suffering from skin and allergic diseases. The cut should be loose and comfortable. The nightgown should be loose, without a collar, cuffs, long enough. A long nightgown evenly warms the body, protects the child's body from cooling and self-infection with pinworms.
Older students can sleep in shorts and a cotton jersey T-shirt. Children's underwear is sewn from light fabrics.
The requirement for socks and tights depends on the season of their use. As a layer adjacent to the surface of the skin, they should be made of materials with sufficient hygroscopicity, air and vapor permeability. The best materials are cotton and wool knitwear. The constant wearing of tights and socks made of nylon and other synthetic materials is not desirable. Children suffering from rheumatism, nephritis, allergic skin diseases, wearing such tights and socks should be prohibited.
Underwear is changed for children and adolescents at least once a week, and tights and socks are changed every two or three days.
Summer clothes.
In summer, depending on climatic and meteorological conditions, children wear one or two layers of clothing. The first layer is underwear (shirt, T-shirt, shorts).
The second layer for girls: a short and flared dress, a sundress with various cotton blouses. Moreover, a sundress can be made of woolen fabric, it can be washed much less frequently than blouses. This set is hygienic and very beautiful. In addition, it is easy to turn it into an elegant suit: you just need to put on a new beautiful blouse.
The second layer for boys: shirts with shorts on the straps. Very comfortable overalls with short or long pants. Overalls can be more open - with straps and more closed - like a vest. Overalls can be sewn from cotton fabrics or from denser fabrics.
The cut should exclude belts, tightening elastic, deaf collars. Open collar (neckline), wide armhole, short sleeves (or sleeveless clothes), loose fit provide good ventilation of the underwear space.
In hot weather, with increased sweating, clothing should contribute to better evaporation of sweat in order to protect the body from overheating, to promote the flow of fresh air and ultraviolet rays. Fabrics should have high air and vapor permeability and are permeable to ultraviolet rays, if possible, reflect heat rays and retain their properties well after repeated washing. Batiste, chintz, linen, natural and artificial silk fabrics have such properties. The latter are inferior to cotton fabrics in terms of vapor permeability and hygroscopicity. Linen fabrics have the best vapor permeability. Artificial silk transmits the most ultraviolet rays.
Summer clothes should be light in color to better reflect the sun's rays and prevent overheating of the body. In temperate climates, clothing can be greenish, lilac, blue. Fabrics of these colors transmit ultraviolet rays better.
Room clothes.
Room clothes are selected according to the season and the air temperature in the room. For the warm season and in winter, in rooms with an air temperature above 20 degrees Celsius, children wear two-layer clothes, similar to summer clothes made of chintz, linen, satin, etc. If the air temperature in the room is below 19 gr. According to Celsius, it is recommended to use thicker or piled fabrics for clothing (flannel, flannel, flannel, knitwear, velveteen, etc.), as well as fabrics made of woolen and half-woolen fibers with higher heat-shielding properties. It is allowed to make a children's dress from woolen fabrics with the addition of chemical fibers (viscose no more than 25%, lavsan no more than 25%). These additives slightly change the hygienic qualities of the fabric and at the same time increase their durability and irremovability. It is advisable to sew home clothes from easily washable and well-ironed fabrics. Clothing can be three-layer (using tights, long trousers, blouses, sweaters, etc.). Excessive layering of clothing should be avoided, because. it not only impedes movement, but also violates the ventilation of the underwear space. The cut of everyday clothes should be simple, without unnecessary details - bows, ruffles, frills that make washing and ironing difficult, from narrow cuffs and sleeves that prevent them from wrapping when washing hands. It is recommended to wear aprons over dresses or suits while on duty or working on the site. Pockets for a handkerchief should be a necessary part of any outer children's clothing.
Clothing in the autumn-spring period.
Clothing for walking in cold weather consists of three layers. Clothing should contribute to normal heat transfer and not allow cold wind to pass through fasteners, collars, sleeves. In autumn and spring, depending on the weather, children can wear flannelette or wool knitted suits, blouses and leggings, demi-season coats, and raincoats. If a girl walks in a coat (especially in winter), then the dress has to be wrinkled, pulling tights over it. If the leggings are worn under the dress, then the lower back will be cooled. Therefore, it is preferable to put on a light overalls on a single lining for a child (preferably not a one-piece, but in the form of a semi-overalls with a jacket). For their manufacture, rep or other dense fabric with low breathability can be used.
Winter clothes.
Winter outerwear should fulfill its main task - thermal insulation, as well as protection from atmospheric moisture and wind. Fur clothing has high heat-shielding properties. However, sheepskin fur clothing is very heavy and coarse, which deprives the child of the necessary physical activity during a walk, leads to overheating, so children are not recommended: draped, wadded or woolen batting, a winter coat with a fur collar suffer from the same shortcomings. The best winter clothing is a set consisting of trousers with a high waistband with shoulder straps and an elongated jacket with a hood, cuffs and a drawstring at the bottom. This design of clothing provides a high and uniform heat-shielding effect and does not restrict the movements of the child. This dress has three layers. The upper, cover layer is made of fabrics with low air permeability, hygroscopicity, moisture capacity and high hydrophobicity, which prevents the penetration of cold atmospheric air into the under-clothing space and wet clothing from snow and rain, increasing its heat-shielding properties. For the top layer, fabric materials made of natural fibers with water-repellent impregnation or synthetic fabrics can be used. The second layer (heat-shielding) consists of porous materials containing air (cotton wool, batting, sindipon, etc.) and made of natural, artificial or synthetic fibers. Synthetic fibers do not have direct contact with the skin and provide only high thermal insulation properties of this layer of clothing, so their use is acceptable. The inner layer (lining) is made of fabrics with high airtightness, vapor permeability, moisture capacity and hygroscopicity, because. should provide optimal hygienic conditions in the underwear area.
Clothing should be comfortable, light and warm. None of these qualities should be neglected for the sake of any fashion requirements. Many girls go in any weather in thin synthetic stockings, not paying attention to the frost. This is dangerous, because the skin turns blue from the cold, coarsens, trophic mesh purple-bluish spots develop in it, and itching appears. Cooling the lower body contributes to urinary tract disease. In winter, it is necessary to wear warm underwear for both girls and boys, who are especially inclined to walk lightly even in severe frost.
Hats.
Headgear should be appropriate for the season and climatic conditions. In winter, the best headdress for schoolchildren is a fur hat with earflaps, the “ears” of which can be raised or lowered. For girls - lined fur hats. They should only be worn in severe frosts. In cool weather, knitted wool hats (like a helmet) are recommended. In spring and autumn, if it is not very cold and windy, boys can wear berets, lightly lined caps, and girls can wear berets, knitted hats. In summer, a headdress protects the head from direct sunlight. Panamas, caps with a visor, hats are good for this purpose. They are made of light light fabric - light canvas or pique, straw.
Footwear for children and teenagers.
Hygienic requirements for children's shoes.
Shoes are an integral part of the clothing set. For children, various types of shoes are produced: all-season, summer, winter, spring and autumn. And also - everyday, model, home, sports, etc. From a hygienic point of view, shoes should protect the body from cooling and overheating, protect the foot from mechanical damage, help muscles and ligaments, keep the arch of the foot in a normal position, provide a favorable microclimate around the foot , to help maintain the necessary
temperature and humidity conditions under any microclimatic conditions of the external environment. Shoes must meet hygienic requirements - be light, comfortable, not restrict movement, fit the shape and size of the foot. Then the toes are located freely and they can be moved. But it can cause a large number of deformities and diseases of the feet.
Tight and short shoes make it difficult to walk, pinch the leg, impair blood circulation, cause pain and over time change the shape of the foot, disrupt its normal growth, deform fingers, contribute to the formation of ulcers that are difficult to heal, and in the cold season - frostbite, increases sweating. Too loose shoes are also harmful. Walking in it quickly tires, and scuffs can occur, especially in the instep area. Teenagers are not recommended to walk in tight shoes. Wearing it often leads to curvature of the fingers, ingrown nails, the formation of calluses and contributes to the development of flat feet. Flat feet are also observed when walking for a long time in shoes without any heels, for example, in slippers. Everyday wearing shoes with high (above 4 cm) heels is harmful for teenage girls, because. makes walking difficult, shifting the center of gravity forward. The emphasis is transferred to the fingers. The area of support and stability are sharply reduced. The trunk leans back. Such a deviation, at an age when the pelvic bones have not yet grown together, causes a change in its shape, changes the position of the pelvis, which in the future may adversely affect the generic function. This creates a large lumbar curve. The foot rolls forward, the toes are compressed in a narrow toe, the load on the forefoot increases, resulting in flattening of the arch of the foot and deformity of the toes. In shoes with high heels, it is easier to twist the leg at the ankle joint, it is easy to lose balance.
The sole should bend well. A hard sole makes walking difficult (the bending angle is limited, the heel of the shoe is pulled down from the heel), reduces the performance of the ankle muscles, increases the temperature of the skin of the leg and sweating.
As much as it is necessary to ensure maximum mobility of the forefoot, it is also necessary to ensure maximum heel stability. The back must be strong, not allowing the foot to slip. The back should protect, tightly cover the heel, prevent its deformation.
In winter, shoes must be warm. For this purpose, fur, felt, cloth, felt are used. In cold winters with stable snow cover, felted shoes (felt boots) are used. Its advantages are high heat-shielding properties and low weight, the disadvantage is the limitation of foot mobility. On cold winter days, not lower than -10 degrees Celsius, schoolchildren can wear boots and boots made of porous rubber, insulated with synthetic fur (dacron with cotton) or lined with wool or felt. With chronic cooling of the legs, vasospasms occur and serious malnutrition of leg tissues develops due to obstruction of blood flow.
In the summer months, light open shoes with a wide neckline are most hygienic - sandals, sandals, leather shoes, or shoes with leather soles with uppers made of textiles and other materials with a porous structure (gunny, denim, etc.). Such shoes contribute to good ventilation and rapid evaporation of sweat due to air circulation around the foot (due to the selection of material, but more often the openwork pattern of the shoe upper).
In wet rainy weather, rubber boots or shoes with soles made of waterproof materials, rubber, rubber, nylon, etc. are comfortable. However, these shoes are characterized by low breathability, so you need to wear them only with insoles that absorb sweat well: felt, cloth, and in summer - woven straw or cardboard. Care must be taken to ensure that the lining does not become wet. It is recommended to wear thin woolen socks on your feet, because. wool absorbs moisture well. Sometimes rubber shoes have to be worn in the cold season. In this case, it must be worn with two pairs of socks or stockings, because. air between the socks creates additional thermal protection.
Shoes that meet hygienic requirements help to avoid unpleasant, sometimes painful phenomena. Thus, shoes should not compress the foot, disrupt blood and lymph circulation, and impede the natural development of the foot. There should be a space of 0.5 - 1 cm in front of the thumb.
Hygienic requirements for weight, size, style, cut of children's shoes.
Hygienic requirements for shoes for children and adolescents are made up of requirements for the design of shoes, due to the structural features of the foot during the growth period, and for the materials from which shoes are made. The size, style and stiffness of the bottom of children's shoes should not interfere with the development of the foot.
The foot of a child at an early age differs significantly from the foot of an adult in anatomical and physiological structure. The children's foot is characterized by a radial shape, in which the greatest width is noted at the ends of the fingers. The foot becomes fan-shaped. A different ratio of the heel and forefoot - children have a relatively longer back (heel), which should be taken into account when designing shoes. The skeleton of the foot in childhood is formed by cartilage. Ossification is completed only with the end of growth (approximately 21 years), so the child's foot can easily be deformed under the influence of mechanical stress. In this regard, such qualities as thickness, flexibility of the sole, mass of shoes, as well as heat-shielding properties are subject to hygienic rationing.
The main elements of the cut of shoes are the top - this is the toe, the back, the vamp, the tibia and the top, and the bottom - this is the sole, the insole, the heel.
The toe part should be wider than the beam part (part of the foot at the level of the metatarsophalangeal joints).
Sock - the outer part of the top of the shoe, covering the surface of the toes to the level of the metatarsophalangeal joints. The toe cap is a part of the upper, located between the lining and the top in the fore part to maintain its shape. It protects the toes from injury, and its length should not exceed the area of the metatarsophalangeal joints.
The heel is a part of the upper part of the shoe, located in the heel part to maintain its shape. The back should protect the heel, prevent its deformation, prevent the foot from sliding up and back. For the manufacture of the heel, thicker genuine leather is used. The production of shoes without a back is allowed for children over 11 years old.
The vamp is a leather patch on the toe and instep of the boot, as well as the front part of the shoe blank.
Shaft - the part of the boot that surrounds the shin.
The height of shoes is normalized depending on its type and type.
The bottom of the shoe (insole, sole, heel) - should have optimal stiffness indicators - resistance (expressed in n / cm) to bending along the line of the connecting head and metatarsal bones up to an angle of 25 degrees.
“Shoe flexibility is regulated and should be 7 n/cm for goose shoes, 10 n/cm for preschool shoes, 9-13 n/cm for boys’ school shoes, and 8-10 n/cm for girls’ school shoes.”
The sole is the main element of the bottom of the shoe. The sole must have optimal flexibility, thickness, mass and thermal insulation properties. The heat-shielding properties of sole materials depend on their thermal conductivity. The lower the thermal conductivity, the higher their heat-shielding properties. Porous rubber in terms of heat-shielding properties significantly exceeds leather and solid rubber. At the same time, with an increase in environmental humidity, the heat loss of natural leather from wool (felt boots) increases, and the heat-shielding properties of porous rubber do not change. This creates the advantage of using porous rubbers for soles in children's shoes, which can provide not only thermal insulation properties, but also the thickness, flexibility and anti-slip properties of shoes. In the summer, wearing shoes with rubber soles, including microporous ones, leads to increased sweating of the feet due to the complete lack of vapor and air permeability. For children's shoes, thread and combined fastening methods are allowed, providing greater flexibility in the beam region, ease of use of porous rubber, polyurethane, and other materials. It is possible to use adhesive and molded fastening methods that ensure the waterproofness of shoes, which is necessary in the autumn-spring and winter periods. The thickness of the sole is normalized depending on the materials and type of shoes.
The insole is an internal part of the shoe that has contact with the skin of the foot and contributes to the creation of a comfortable temperature and humidity regime in the intra-shoe space. It must have high air and vapor permeability. It should be made only from genuine leather.
Heel - artificially raises the arch of the foot, increasing its springiness, protects the heel from bruises on the ground, and also increases the wear resistance of shoes. When resting on a bare foot (without a heel), most of the load falls on the back of the foot. The absence of a heel is allowed only in shoes for young children (booties) until the child walks. In shoes with a 2 cm heel, the load is distributed evenly between the front and back of the foot. In shoes with high heels, that is, above 4 cm, most of the load falls on the forefoot (with a heel height of 8-10 cm, the load on the forefoot is 7 times greater than on the back). Heel height: for preschoolers - 5-10 mm, for schoolchildren 8-10 years old - no more than 20 mm, for boys 13-17 years old - 30 mm, for girls 13-17 years old up to 40 mm.
Children's shoes should have a reliable and comfortable fastening on the foot, not hindering movement. For this, various types of fastening are used: lacing, Velcro, belts, zipper, etc. “Open shoes without fasteners (such as“ boats ”) are not allowed for school shoes.”
The mass of shoes depends on the materials used, the design and type of fastening. The norm of the mass of shoes is normalized.
Genuine leather is recommended for the top of children's shoes for all-season purposes, because. it has high air and vapor permeability, softness, flexibility and heat-shielding properties for summer shoes, along with leather, various textile materials are used or their combinations with leather: matting, denim, etc. Cloth, drape, woolen and half-woolen are recommended for warmed shoes materials, felt, felt, etc. Genuine leather and cotton materials are recommended for lining. For the manufacture of children's shoes, polymeric materials or natural materials with the attachment of chemical fibers, which are regulated by sanitary norms and rules, can be used. Shoes for everyday wear on the street or at school should be simple, comfortable, with a wide low heel (1-2 cm). Then walking will not be tiring. Older girls' evening shoes can be on average, but always stable heels, no more than 3 cm high. Fanciful styles should be avoided.
Rules for the selection of shoes.
Shoes for children are selected in accordance with the dimensions determined by the length of the foot: the distance between the most protruding point of the heel and the end of the longest toe. The unit of measure is millimeter, the difference between the numbers is 5 mm. Shoes for children and teenagers are made in strict accordance with the length and width of the foot. When trying on shoes, you should pay attention to the fact that there is a space of 0.5-1 cm in front of the thumb. To do this, when trying on shoes, the child should stand, not sit. Only if the foot bears the entire weight of the body can the true length and width of the foot be determined. It should be borne in mind that the length of the foot does not remain unchanged, but increases, especially during movement or as a result of fatigue caused by long walking.
The child needs to change the size of shoes approximately every six months. Shoes are better to buy light, bright colors.
Shoe care.
In children's institutions, conditions should be created for drying, storing shoes and caring for them. It is necessary to monitor the individual use of shoes.
Leather shoes.
Before putting on new leather shoes, it must be treated with cream. In order for shoes to serve for a long time, they need daily care. After a walk, you need to wipe the shoes with a damp cloth, clean them from snow in winter, and then smear them with cream - this softens the skin and protects it from cracks. If the shoes are wet and dirty, then, first of all, they must be washed outside with cold water, wiped with a dry cloth, greased with glycerin on top, and then stuffed with well-kneaded newsprint or paper towels and left to dry in a warm place, but not on a battery (radiator). ). You can dry close to them, but not leaning. After a few hours, the paper will absorb excess moisture. If streaks remain on dried shoes, they can be removed with a solution of ordinary table vinegar. After that, smear the shoes with cream. At night, it is advisable to take out the insoles, and open the boots, unzipping them to the end. In the morning you need to wipe the shoes with a soft cloth or brush, giving it a gloss.
Shoes with textile uppers.
Such shoes can be washed with soapy water and ammonia (a teaspoon per glass of water), and then wiped with a clean cloth. Grease stains from textile shoes are removed with gasoline.
Rubber Shoes.
Rubber shoes retain their shine for a long time if they are not left dirty. Coming from the street, immediately boots or boots should be washed well with cold water and wiped dry. You can not put them close to the fire - they can crack. Insoles made of leather, thick fabric, felt, felt must be removed and dried.
Valenki and felt shoes.
They are cleaned with a stiff brush, pumice or fine-grained sandpaper. If these shoes are very dirty, they can be pre-washed, but it is possible that they will shrink a little.
Note.
Shoes should be worn with socks, they absorb sweat and prevent chafing of the skin. Sock size also matters. Narrow socks will lead to curvature of the fingers. Keep in mind that cotton socks shrink. When the child is standing, there should be a gap of at least 3-4 mm between the tip of the toe and the longest toe. Buy socks according to the size of the shoes.
List of used literature.
Antropova M.V.
Hygiene of children and adolescents. Ed. 6th, revised. and additional - M .: Medicine, 1982-336 p., ill.
Hygiene of children and adolescents./ Ed. V. N. Kardashenko - M .: Medicine, 1980-440 p., Ill.
Hygiene of children and adolescents: A guide for sanitary doctors / G. N. Serdyukovskaya, A.G. Sukharev, E.M. Belostotskaya and others; Ed. G.N. Syurdyukovskaya, A.G. Sukharev - M .: Medicine, 1986-496 p., ill.
Kabanov A.N., Chabovskaya A.P.
Anatomy, physiology and hygiene of preschool children: Textbook for preschool teachers. Ed. 2nd, revised. - M .: Education, 1975-270s., Ill.
Kuchma V.R.
Hygiene of children and adolescents: Textbook - M .: Medicine, 2001-384s., Ill. (Study. lit. For senior students, interns, clinical residents of medical universities).
Infant and Child: From Birth to Five Years / Per. from English. - 2nd ed. - M .: Pedagogy, 1988-320s.
School hygiene: Proc. allowance for students of biol. specialist. ped. Institutes / V.I. Beletskaya, Z.P. Gromova, T.I. Egorova - M .: Education, 1983-160s., Ill.
To young parents: Collection / Ed. M.Ya. Studinikin. ed. 3rd revision and additional - M .: Medicine, 1976-224s., Ill. (Scientific - popular medical literature).
Hygienic requirements for children's clothing are based on the age anatomical and physiological characteristics of children.
As children develop, they master new movements, improve acquired motor skills and abilities. Their clothes should correspond to the size and proportions of the body, give freedom of movement. These qualities are provided by the size and cut of clothing. Tight clothing restricts movement, obstructs blood flow, and sometimes interferes with free breathing. All this hinders growth and development. Tight belts, narrow armholes, encircling elastic bands should be excluded from children's clothing. The main weight of clothing must be carried on the shoulders. Too loose, oversized clothing also makes it difficult to move. In accordance with the age standards of physical development, standard sizes of children's clothing have been established. One clothing size can be used for children with a height difference of no more than 10-12 cm.
The imperfection of the thermoregulatory function is characteristic of the child's body, the more pronounced, the younger the child. The child's clothing should have high heat-shielding properties, protect the body from cooling, but at the same time it should not contribute to overheating. Only with strict conformity of clothing to the temperature conditions of the environment, optimal conditions are provided for maintaining a constant body temperature without stressing the mechanisms of thermoregulation.
The baby's skin is thin and delicate. In this regard, the protective role of clothing also increases. Clothing, protecting from injuries, should not injure itself. For the manufacture of children's clothing, soft elastic fabrics are used.
Hygienic requirements for children's clothing depend on its purpose. At the same time, the clothes of children of each age group have their own characteristics. Clothing for children 2-3 years old and for preschoolers has no significant differences. Thermoregulation at this age already reaches significant development, and the body copes better with temperature fluctuations in the outside air. The cut of clothing should provide a large access of air to the body. Pants are sewn to the knee, undershirts - with a large neckline. Hardened children can also walk indoors in winter in socks. It is advisable to sew underwear and dresses for children of this age from cotton fabrics that have high hygienic properties and are well tolerated by washing.
Hygienic requirements for outdoor clothing depend on the time of year and climatic conditions.
In summer, on warm and hot days, clothing consists of 1-2 layers. Its loose cut provides wide access of air to the surface of the body. For tailoring, fabrics with high air conductivity are used: thin varieties of cotton, silk, linen. In the south, to protect against excessive radiation, it is advisable to wear clothes made of linen fabrics, which transmit very little ultraviolet rays. In the middle lane and northern latitudes, where there is a lack of ultraviolet radiation, it is better to use rayon fabrics that transmit a significant part of the ultraviolet rays. To prevent overheating, light-colored fabrics are used. While in the sun, be sure to wear a light hat (Panama, scarf).
During the transitional season, you should wear a warm woolen knitted suit or an autumn coat. At preschool age, the coat may be replaced by a water-repellent, wool-lined overall.
Outerwear intended for the cold season should have high heat-shielding properties, be distinguished by low air permeability and low hygroscopicity. The best conditions for freedom of movement are created when wearing overalls. The emergence of new synthetic fabrics opens up the prospect of creating lighter and warmer winter clothing.
Sports activities accompanied by high heat generation and increased sweating. Due to this sportswear should be as light as possible. For classes in the gym and in the summer on the site, a T-shirt or T-shirt, underpants or short shorts and sports slippers are used. Winter sportswear consists of underwear, a woolen knitted suit, a woolen hat and special footwear. Wool knitwear is indispensable for the manufacture of this garment. Woolen fabric absorbs moisture well from the surface of the body, while retaining its heat-shielding properties, since a significant amount of air remains in its pores. Evaporation of moisture from the surface of the fabric is slow, in connection with this, the cooling of the body is small. In windy weather, a windproof jacket is worn over a wool suit.
Shoes also protects the body from adverse meteorological influences and from mechanical damage. Being irrationally constructed, it can interfere with the normal functioning of the foot and lead to various deformities - flat feet, curvature of the fingers, etc. It is known that not only in adults, but also in children, flattening of the foot, deformation of the fingers, and abrasions quite often occur. Shoes can interfere with the normal development of the foot.
Hygienic requirements are imposed on children's shoes, based on the morphological and functional features of the children's foot. In childhood, the foot grows quite quickly. The average annual growth of the foot in a preschooler is on average 10-11 mm. At the age of 7-9 years, the growth decreases, amounting to about 4 mm per year, in the prepubertal period it increases again. The difference between adjacent shoe numbers is 6.67 mm. Based on this, at preschool age, the number of shoes should be changed approximately every six months, and subsequently the change in the number of shoes is carried out after long periods of time. At an early age, there is a fatty pad in the plantar part, which disappears by the age of 5 years. It is advisable to model the surface of the insole according to the shape of the footprint.
For physical education, the child will definitely need sports slippers or sneakers. When buying, choose shoes without laces and ties, for example, with elastic or Velcro. Shoes should fit snugly to the foot and not slosh, otherwise the baby may fall while running or jumping. The upper of the shoe should be made of breathable materials. The sole of the shoe should be dense, not flexible, but pliable for cushioning when walking. Pay special attention to the presence of an arch support.
Orthopedists do not recommend wearing someone else's used shoes. Shoes should be chosen according to the size of the foot, so as not to constrain the leg and not disturb blood circulation. Sports shoes should be light and comfortable. As long-term observations and studies have shown, slippers or sneakers, which are made of rubberized fabric with a corrugated sole, are very convenient and hygienic for physical education.
Sportswear should be stored in special bags that are convenient to hang on a hook (or in a closet) for each child. Shoes are stored separately.
