Development of the baby from the first days of life. Intrauterine development of the fetus by week

Pregnancy- This is a physiological process in which a new organism develops in the uterus, resulting from fertilization. Pregnancy lasts an average of 40 weeks (10 obstetric months).

In the intrauterine development of a child, two periods are distinguished:

Embryonic(up to 8 weeks of pregnancy inclusive). At this time, the embryo is called an embryo and acquires the features characteristic of a person;
Fetal(from 9 weeks to birth). At this time, the embryo is called a fetus.

The growth of a child, the formation of his organs and systems proceeds naturally in different periods of intrauterine development, which is subject to the genetic code embedded in the germ cells and fixed in the process of human evolution.

Embryo development in the first obstetric month (1-4 weeks)

First week (1-7 days)

Pregnancy starts from the moment fertilization- the fusion of a mature male cell (sperm) and a female egg. This process usually occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. After a few hours, the fertilized egg begins to divide exponentially and descends through the fallopian tube into the uterine cavity (this journey takes up to five days).

As a result of division a multicellular organism, which looks like a blackberry (in Latin "morus"), which is why the embryo at this stage is called morula. Approximately on the 7th day, the morula is introduced into the wall of the uterus (implantation). The villi of the outer cells of the embryo are connected to the blood vessels of the uterus, subsequently the placenta is formed from them. Other outer cells of the morula give rise to the development of the umbilical cord and membranes. After some time, various tissues and organs of the fetus will develop from the internal cells.

Information At the time of implantation, a woman may have small bleeding from the genital tract. Such secretions are physiological and do not require treatment.

Second week (8-14 days)

The outer cells of the morula grow tightly into the lining of the uterus. At the fetus the formation of the umbilical cord, placenta, and neural tube from which the fetal nervous system subsequently develops.

Third week (15-21 days)

The third week of pregnancy is a difficult and important period.. At that time important organs and systems begin to form fetus: the beginnings of the respiratory, digestive, circulatory, nervous and excretory systems appear. In the place where the fetal head will soon appear, a wide plate is formed, which will give rise to the brain. On day 21, the baby's heart begins to beat.

Fourth week (22-28 days)

this week fetal organ laying continues. The rudiments of the intestines, liver, kidneys and lungs are already present. The heart begins to work more intensively and pumps more and more blood through the circulatory system.

From the beginning of the fourth week in the embryo body wrinkles appear, and appears rudiment of the spine(chord).

Ends by day 25 neural tube formation.

By the end of the week (approximately 27-28 days) muscular system, spine are formed, which divides the embryo into two symmetrical halves, and upper and lower limbs.

During this period begins formation of pits on the head, which will later become the eyes of the fetus.

Development of the embryo in the second obstetric month (5-8 weeks)

Fifth week (29-35 days)

During this period, the embryo weighs about 0.4 grams, length 1.5-2.5 mm.

The formation of the following organs and systems begins:

Digestive system: liver and pancreas;
Respiratory system: larynx, trachea, lungs;
Circulatory system;
reproductive system: precursors of germ cells are formed;
sense organs: eye and inner ear formation continues;
Nervous system: the formation of brain regions begins.

At that time a faint umbilical cord appears. The formation of limbs continues, the first rudiments of nails appear.

On the face upper lip and nasal cavities formed.

Sixth week (36-42 days)

Length embryo during this period is about 4-5mm.

Starts in the sixth week placenta formation. At this time, it is just beginning to function, the blood circulation between it and the embryo has not yet been formed.

Continues formation of the brain and its parts. At the sixth week, when performing an encephalogram, it is already possible to fix signals from the fetal brain.

Begins facial muscle formation. The eyes of the fetus are already more pronounced and uncovered by the eyelids, which are just beginning to form.

During this period, they begin upper limbs change: they lengthen and the rudiments of hands and fingers appear. The lower limbs are still in their infancy.

Changes in important organs:

Heart. The division into chambers is completed: ventricles and atria;
urinary system. Primary kidneys have formed, the development of the ureters begins;
Digestive system. The formation of the sections of the gastrointestinal tract begins: the stomach, small and large intestines. By this period, the liver and pancreas had practically completed their development;

Seventh week (43-49 days)

The seventh week is significant in that the final the formation of the umbilical cord is completed and uteroplacental circulation is established. Now the breathing and nutrition of the fetus will be carried out due to the circulation of blood through the vessels of the umbilical cord and placenta.

The embryo is still bent in an arcuate manner; there is a small tail on the pelvic part of the body. The size of the head is at least the entire half of the embryo. The length from the crown to the sacrum grows by the end of the week up to 13-15 mm.

Continues upper limb development. The fingers are clearly visible, but their separation from each other has not yet occurred. The child begins to perform spontaneous hand movements in response to stimuli.

Fine eyes formed, already covered with eyelids that protect them from drying out. The child can open his mouth.

There is a laying of the nasal fold and nose, two paired elevations are formed on the sides of the head, from which they will begin to develop ear shells.

Intensive development of the brain and its parts.

Eighth week (50-56 days)

The body of the embryo begins to straighten, length from the crown of the head to the coccyx is 15 mm at the beginning of the week and 20-21 mm on day 56.

Continues formation of important organs and systems Key words: digestive system, heart, lungs, brain, urinary system, reproductive system (boys develop testicles). The organs of hearing are developing.

By the end of the eighth week the face of the child becomes familiar to a person: well-defined eyes, covered with eyelids, nose, auricles, lip formation ends.

Intensive growth of the head, upper and lower horses is noted. particularities, ossification of the long bones of the arms and legs and the skull develops. Fingers are clearly visible, there is no skin membrane between them.

Additionally The eighth week ends the embryonic period of development and begins the fetal. The embryo from this time is called the fetus.

Fetal development in the third obstetric month (9-12 weeks)

Ninth week (57-63 days)

At the beginning of the ninth week coccygeal-parietal size fetus is about 22 mm, by the end of the week - 31 mm.

going on improvement of the vessels of the placenta which improves uteroplacental blood flow.

Development of the musculoskeletal system continues. The process of ossification begins, the joints of the toes and hands are formed. The fetus begins to make active movements, can squeeze fingers. The head is lowered, the chin is closely pressed to the chest.

Changes occur in the cardiovascular system. The heart makes up to 150 beats per minute and pumps blood through its blood vessels. The composition of blood is still very different from the blood of an adult: it consists only of red blood cells.

Continues further growth and development of the brain, structures of the cerebellum are formed.

The organs of the endocrine system are intensively developing in particular, the adrenal glands, which produce important hormones.

Improved cartilage tissue: auricles, cartilages of the larynx, vocal cords are being formed.

Tenth week (64-70 days)

By the end of the tenth week fruit length from coccyx to crown is 35-40 mm.

Buttocks begin to develop, the previously existing tail disappears. The fetus is in the uterus in a fairly free position in a half-bent state.

The development of the nervous system continues. Now the fetus performs not only chaotic movements, but also reflex ones in response to a stimulus. When accidentally touching the walls of the uterus, the child makes movements in response: he turns his head, bends or unbends his arms and legs, pushes himself to the side. The size of the fetus is still very small, and the woman cannot yet feel these movements.

The sucking reflex develops, the child begins reflex movements of the lips.

Diaphragm development completes, which will take an active part in breathing.

Eleventh week (71-77 days)

By the end of this week coccygeal-parietal size fetus increases to 4-5 cm.

The body of the fetus remains disproportionate: small body, large head, long arms and short legs, bent at all joints and pressed to the stomach.

The placenta has already reached sufficient development and copes with its functions: it provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic products.

Further formation of the fetal eye occurs: at this time, the iris develops, which will later determine the color of the eyes. The eyes are well developed, semi-lidded or wide open.

Twelfth week (78-84 days)

Coccygeal-parietal size fetus is 50-60 mm.

Goes distinctly the development of the genital organs according to the female or male type.

going on further improvement of the digestive system. The intestines are elongated and fit in loops, as in an adult. Its periodic contractions begin - peristalsis. The fetus begins to make swallowing movements, swallowing amniotic fluid.

The development and improvement of the fetal nervous system continues. The brain is small, but exactly repeats all the structures of the brain of an adult. The cerebral hemispheres and other departments are well developed. Reflex movements are improved: the fetus can squeeze and unclench its fingers into a fist, grabs the thumb and actively sucks it.

In the blood of the fetus not only erythrocytes are already present, but the production of white blood cells - leukocytes - begins.

At this time the child single respiratory movements begin to register. Before birth, the fetus cannot breathe, its lungs do not function, but it makes rhythmic movements of the chest, imitating breathing.

By the end of the week, the fetus eyebrows and eyelashes appear, the neck is clearly visible.

Fetal development in the fourth obstetric month (13-16 weeks)

13 weeks (85-91 days)

Coccygeal-parietal size by the end of the week is 70-75 mm. The proportions of the body begin to change: the upper and lower limbs and torso lengthen, the size of the head is no longer so large in relation to the body.

Improvement of the digestive and nervous systems continues. Germs of milk teeth begin to appear under the upper and lower jaws.

The face is fully formed, clearly visible auricles, nose and eyes (completely closed for centuries).

14 weeks (92-98 days)

Coccygeal-parietal size by the end of the fourteenth week increases up to 8-9 cm. The proportions of the body continue to change to more familiar ones. The forehead, nose, cheeks and chin are well defined on the face. The first hair appears on the head (very thin and colorless). The surface of the body is covered with fluffy hairs, which retain the lubrication of the skin and thus perform protective functions.

Improving the musculoskeletal system of the fetus. Bones become stronger. Increased motor activity: the fetus can roll over, bend, make swimming movements.

The development of the kidneys, bladder and ureters is completed. The kidneys begin to excrete urine, which mixes with the amniotic fluid.

: pancreatic cells begin to work, producing insulin, and pituitary cells.

There are changes in the genitals. In boys, the prostate gland is formed, in girls, the ovaries migrate into the pelvic cavity. At the fourteenth week, with a good sensitive ultrasound machine, it is already possible to determine the sex of the child.

Fifteenth week (99-105 days)

Coccygeal-parietal size of the fetus is about 10 cm, fruit weight - 70-75 grams. The head still remains quite large, but the growth of the arms, legs and torso begins to outpace it.

Improves the circulatory system. In a child in the fourth month, it is already possible to determine the blood type and Rh factor. Blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries) grow in length, their walls become stronger.

The production of original feces (meconium) begins. This is due to the ingestion of amniotic fluid, which enters the stomach, then into the intestines and fills it.

Fully formed fingers and toes, they have an individual pattern.

Sixteenth week (106-112 days)

The weight of the fetus increases to 100 grams, the coccygeal-parietal size - up to 12 cm.

By the end of the sixteenth week, the fetus is already fully formed., he has all the organs and systems. The kidneys work actively, every hour a small amount of urine is released into the amniotic fluid.

Fetal skin is very thin, subcutaneous fatty tissue is practically absent, so blood vessels are visible through the skin. The skin looks bright red, covered with downy hairs and grease. Eyebrows and eyelashes are well defined. Nails are formed, but they cover only the edge of the nail phalanx.

Mimic muscles are formed, and the fetus begins to "grimace": a frown of eyebrows is observed, a semblance of a smile.

Fetal development in the fifth obstetric month (17-20 weeks)

Seventeenth week (113-119 days)

The weight of the fetus is 120-150 grams, the coccygeal-parietal size is 14-15 cm.

The skin remains very thin, but under it, subcutaneous fatty tissue begins to develop. The development of milk teeth, which are covered with dentin, continues. Under them, the germs of permanent teeth begin to form.

Reaction to sound stimuli. From this week, you can say for sure that the child began to hear. When strong sharp sounds appear, the fetus begins to move actively.

Fetal position changes. The head is raised and is almost vertical. The arms are bent at the elbow joints, the fingers are clenched into a fist almost all the time. Periodically, the child begins to suck his thumb.

Becomes distinct heartbeat. From now on, the doctor can listen to him with a stethoscope.

Eighteenth week (120-126 days)

The weight of the child is about 200 grams, length - up to 20 cm.

The formation of sleep and wakefulness begins. Most of the time the fetus sleeps, movements stop for this time.

At this time, a woman may already begin to feel the movement of the child, especially with repeated pregnancies. The first movements are felt as gentle jolts. A woman can feel more active movements during excitement, stress, which affects the emotional state of the child. At this time, the norm is about ten episodes of fetal movement per day.

Nineteenth week (127-133 days)

The weight of the child increases to 250-300 grams, body length - up to 22-23 cm. The proportions of the body change: the head lags behind the body in growth, arms and legs begin to lengthen.

Movements become more frequent and noticeable. They can be felt not only by the woman herself, but also by other people, putting their hand to their stomach. Primigravida at this time can only begin to feel movements.

Improves the endocrine system: the pancreas, pituitary, adrenals, gonads, thyroid and parathyroid glands are actively functioning.

The composition of the blood has changed: in addition to erythrocytes and leukocytes, there are monocytes and lymphocytes in the blood. The spleen begins to take part in hematopoiesis.

Twentieth week (134-140 days)

Body length increases to 23-25 cm, weight - up to 340 grams.

Fetal skin is still thin, covered with a protective lubricant and fluffy hairs that can persist until the very birth. Intensively develops subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Well formed eyes, at twenty weeks the blink reflex begins to appear.

Improved movement coordination: the child confidently brings his finger to his mouth and begins to suck it. Expressed facial expressions: the fetus can close his eyes, smile, frown.

This week, all women feel the movements regardless of the number of pregnancies. Movement activity changes throughout the day. When irritants appear (loud sounds, stuffy room), the child begins to move very violently and actively.

Fetal development in the sixth obstetric month (21-24 weeks)

Twenty-first week (141-147 days)

Body weight grows up to 380 grams, fetal length - up to 27 cm.

The subcutaneous tissue layer increases. The skin of the fetus is wrinkled, with many folds.

Fetal movements become more and more active and tangible. The fetus moves freely in the uterine cavity: lies down with its head or buttocks, across the uterus. It can pull the umbilical cord, push off with hands and feet from the walls of the uterus.

Changes in sleep and wake patterns. Now the fetus spends less time sleeping (16-20 hours).

Twenty-second week (148-154 days)

At week 22, the size of the fetus increases to 28 cm, weight - up to 450-500 grams. The size of the head becomes proportional to the trunk and limbs. The legs are almost all the time in a bent state.

Fully formed fetal spine: it has all the vertebrae, ligaments and joints. The process of strengthening bones continues.

Improvement of the fetal nervous system: the brain already contains all the nerve cells (neurons) and has a mass of about 100 grams. The child begins to take an interest in his body: he feels his face, arms, legs, tilts his head, brings his fingers to his mouth.

Significantly enlarged heart improving the functionality of the cardiovascular system.

Twenty-third week (155-161 days)

The body length of the fetus is 28-30 cm, weight - about 500 grams. The pigment begins to be synthesized in the skin, as a result, the skin acquires a bright red color. The subcutaneous fatty tissue is still quite thin, as a result, the child looks very thin and wrinkled. Lubrication covers the entire skin, is more abundant in the folds of the body (elbow, axillary, inguinal, and other folds).

The development of the internal genital organs continues: in boys - the scrotum, in girls - the ovaries.

Increased respiratory rate up to 50-60 times per minute.

The swallowing reflex is still well developed: the child constantly swallows amniotic fluid with particles of a protective lubricant of the skin. The liquid part of the amniotic fluid is absorbed into the blood, a thick green-black substance (meconium) remains in the intestines. Normally, the intestines should not be emptied until the baby is born. Sometimes swallowing water causes hiccups in the fetus, a woman can feel it in the form of rhythmic movements for several minutes.

Twenty-fourth week (162-168 days)

By the end of this week, the weight of the fetus increases to 600 grams, body length - up to 30-32 cm.

The movements are getting stronger and clearer. The fetus occupies almost the entire place in the uterus, but can still change position and roll over. Muscles grow strongly.

By the end of the sixth month, the child has well-developed sense organs. Vision begins to function. If a bright light falls on the woman's stomach, the fetus begins to turn away, tightly closes the eyelids. Hearing is well developed. The fetus determines for itself pleasant and unpleasant sounds and reacts to them in different ways. With pleasant sounds, the child behaves calmly, his movements become calm and measured. With unpleasant sounds, it begins to freeze or, conversely, moves very actively.

An emotional bond is established between mother and child. If a woman experiences negative emotions (fear, anxiety, longing), the child begins to experience similar feelings.

Fetal development in the seventh obstetric month (25-28 weeks)

Twenty-fifth week (169-175 days)

The length of the fetus is 30-34 cm, body weight increases to 650-700 grams. The skin becomes elastic, the number and severity of folds decreases due to the accumulation of subcutaneous fatty tissue. The skin remains thin with a large number of capillaries, giving it a red color.

The face has a familiar human appearance: eyes, eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes, cheeks, auricles are well expressed. The cartilages of the ears are still thin and soft, their curves and curls are not fully formed.

Bone marrow develops, which takes on a major role in hematopoiesis. The strengthening of the bones of the fetus continues.

There are important processes in the maturation of the lungs: small elements of lung tissue (alveoli) are formed. Before the birth of the child, they are without air and resemble deflated balloons, which straighten out only after the first cry of the newborn. From the 25th week, the alveoli begin to produce a special substance (surfactant) necessary to maintain their shape.

Twenty-sixth week (176-182 days)

The length of the fetus is about 35 cm, the weight increases to 750-760 grams. The growth of muscle tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue continues. Bones are strengthened and permanent teeth continue to develop.

The formation of genital organs continues. In boys, the testicles begin to descend into the scrotum (the process lasts 3-4 weeks). In girls, the formation of the external genitalia and vagina is completed.

Improved sense organs. The child develops a sense of smell (smell).

Twenty-seventh week (183-189 days)

Weight increases to 850 grams, body length - up to 37 cm.

Organs of the endocrine system are actively functioning in particular the pancreas, pituitary gland and thyroid gland.

The fetus is quite active, makes various movements freely inside the uterus.

From the twenty-seventh week of the child individual metabolism begins to form.

Twenty-eighth week (190-196 days)

The weight of the child increases to 950 grams, body length - 38 cm.

By this age the fetus becomes practically viable. In the absence of organ pathology, a child with good care and treatment can survive.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue continues to accumulate. The skin is still red in color, vellus hair begins to gradually fall out, remaining only on the back and shoulders. Eyebrows, eyelashes, hair on the head become darker. The child begins to open his eyes frequently. The cartilages of the nose and ears remain soft. The nails do not yet reach the edge of the nail phalanx.

This week starts over active functioning of one of the hemispheres of the brain. If the right hemisphere becomes active, then the child becomes left-handed, if the left, then right-handedness develops.

Fetal development in the eighth month (29-32 weeks)

Twenty-ninth week (197-203 days)

The weight of the fetus is about 1200 grams, growth increases to 39 cm.

The child has already grown enough and takes up almost all the space in the uterus. The movements are not so chaotic. The movements are manifested in the form of periodic pushes with the legs and arms. The fetus begins to take a definite position in the uterus: head or buttocks down.

All organ systems continue to improve. The kidneys excrete up to 500 ml of urine per day. The load on the cardiovascular system increases. The circulation of the fetus is still significantly different from the circulation of the newborn.

Thirtieth week (204-210 days)

Body weight increases to 1300-1350 grams, growth remains about the same - about 38-39 cm.

Constant accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue, skin folds are straightened. The child adapts to the lack of space and assumes a certain position: curled up, arms and legs crossed. The skin still has a bright color, the amount of lubrication and vellus hair is reduced.

Continues development of alveoli and production of surfactant. The lungs prepare for the birth of the baby and the start of breathing.

The development of the brain continues brain, the number of convolutions and the area of the cortex increase.

Thirty-first week (211-217 days)

The weight of the child is about 1500-1700 grams, growth increases to 40 cm.

The child's sleep and wake patterns change. Sleep still takes a long time, during this time there is no motor activity of the fetus. During wakefulness, the child actively moves and pushes.

Fully formed eyes. During sleep, the child closes his eyes, during wakefulness, the eyes are open, periodically the child blinks. The color of the iris in all children is the same (blue), then after birth it begins to change. The fetus reacts to bright light by constriction or dilation of the pupil.

Increases the size of the brain. Now its volume is about 25% of the volume of the brain of an adult.

Thirty-second week (218-224 days)

The height of the child is about 42 cm, weight - 1700-1800 grams.

Continued accumulation of subcutaneous fat, in connection with which, the skin becomes lighter, there are practically no folds on it.

Improved internal organs: organs of the endocrine system intensively secrete hormones, surfactant accumulates in the lungs.

The fetus produces a special hormone, which promotes the formation of estrogen in the mother's body, as a result, the mammary glands begin to prepare for the production of milk.

Fetal development in the ninth month (33-36 weeks)

Thirty-third week (225-231 days)

The weight of the fetus increases to 1900-2000 grams, growth is about 43-44 cm.

Skin becomes brighter and smoother, the layer of adipose tissue increases. Vellus hair is more and more wiped, the layer of protective lubricant, on the contrary, increases. The nails grow to the edge of the nail phalanx.

The child becomes more and more crowded in the uterine cavity, so his movements become more rare, but strong. The position of the fetus is fixed (head or buttocks down), the likelihood that the child will roll over after this period is extremely small.

The work of internal organs is improving: the mass of the heart increases, the formation of the alveoli is almost completed, the tone of the blood vessels increases, the brain is fully formed.

Thirty-fourth week (232-238 days)

The weight of the child ranges from 2000 to 2500 grams, height is about 44-45 cm.

The baby is now in a stable position in the uterus. The bones of the skull are soft and mobile thanks to the fontanelles, which can close only a few months after childbirth.

The hair on the head grows intensively and take on a certain color. However, hair color may change after childbirth.

Significant strengthening of bones, in connection with this, the fetus begins to take calcium from the mother's body (a woman at this time may notice the appearance of seizures).

Baby swallows amniotic fluid all the time, thereby stimulating the gastrointestinal tract and the functioning of the kidneys, which secrete at least 600 ml of clear urine per day.

Thirty-fifth week (239-245 days)

Every day the child adds 25-35 grams. Weight in this period can vary greatly and by the end of the week is 2200-2700 grams. Height increases to 46 cm.

All the internal organs of the child continue to improve, preparing the body for the upcoming extrauterine existence.

Fatty tissue is intensively deposited, the child becomes more well-fed. The amount of vellus hair is greatly reduced. The nails have already reached the tips of the nail phalanges.

A sufficient amount of meconium has already accumulated in the intestines of the fetus, which normally should depart 6-7 hours after childbirth.

Thirty-sixth week (246-252 days)

The weight of the child varies greatly and can range from 2000 to 3000 grams, height - within 46-48 cm

The fetus already has well-developed subcutaneous adipose tissue, skin color becomes light, wrinkles and folds completely disappear.

The baby takes a certain position in the uterus: more often he lies upside down (less often, legs or buttocks, in some cases, transversely), the head is bent, the chin is pressed to the chest, arms and legs are pressed to the body.

Skull bones, unlike other bones, remain soft, with cracks (fontanelles), which will allow the baby's head to be more pliable when passing through the birth canal.

All organs and systems are fully developed for the existence of a child outside the womb.

Fetal development in the tenth obstetric month

Thirty-seventh week (254-259 days)

The height of the child increases to 48-49 cm, the weight can fluctuate significantly. The skin has become lighter and thicker, the fat layer increases by 14-15 grams per day every day.

Cartilages of the nose and ears become tighter and more elastic.

Fully formed and mature lungs, the alveoli contain the necessary amount of surfactant for the breath of the newborn.

Completion of the digestive system: In the stomach and intestines, there are contractions necessary to push food through (peristalsis).

Thirty-eighth week (260-266 days)

The weight and height of the child varies greatly.

The fetus is fully mature and ready to be born. Outwardly, the child looks like a full-term newborn. The skin is light, fatty tissue is sufficiently developed, vellus hair is practically absent.

Thirty-ninth week (267-273 days)

Usually two weeks before delivery fetus starts to drop clinging to the bones of the pelvis. The child has already reached full maturity. The placenta begins to gradually grow old and metabolic processes worsen in it.

The mass of the fetus increases significantly (30-35 grams per day). The proportions of the body change completely: the chest and shoulder girdle are well developed, the belly is rounded, and the limbs are long.

Well developed sense organs: the child picks up all sounds, sees bright colors, can focus vision, taste buds are developed.

Fortieth week (274-280 days)

All indicators of fetal development correspond to the neonatal born. The child is completely ready for childbirth. Weight can vary significantly: from 250 to 4000 and above grams.

The uterus begins to contract periodically(), which is manifested by aching pains in the lower abdomen. The cervix opens slightly, and the fetal head is pressed closer to the pelvic cavity.

The bones of the skull are still soft and pliable, which allows the baby's head to change shape and easier to pass through the birth canal.

Fetal development by week of pregnancy - Video

There will be hundreds of months and decades in the life of this person, however, the FIRST month is four weeks of special responsibility and attention of parents, these are thirty days of new sensations and recognition of this world by the baby, new extraordinary impressions and experiences of mom and dad.

Physical development

In the life of this person there will be hundreds of months and decades, but the first month is four weeks of special responsibility and attention of parents, these are thirty days of new sensations and recognition of this world by the baby, new extraordinary impressions and experiences of mom and dad. This is the month when new life, literally and figuratively, flows into your home. In the maternity hospital, like a shot from a starting pistol, the cry of a new citizen of our planet is heard. The start is given, and ahead is a life-long marathon distance.

In the period of the first month after childbirth, the baby is usually called a newborn. Only after being born, after a difficult first breath and a deafening birth catharsis, the baby's organs and systems begin to actively adapt to extrauterine life. Immediately in the maternity hospital, according to the rules, in the first 12 hours of life, the newborn is given the first vaccination against viral hepatitis in his life, and within 3-7 days he is vaccinated against tuberculosis (BCG). The next vaccination will be a hepatitis B booster at 1 month of age.

The circulatory system is significantly rebuilt, red blood cells with the fruit type of hemoglobin (it is also called fetal) are rapidly destroyed, now irrelevant for the body, the immune system is activated, the kidneys, digestive and endocrine systems of the child solve their first problems, and his skin, respiratory tract and intestines encountering previously unfamiliar microbes for the first time.

It is possible that in the first week after birth, the baby will lose about ten percent of body weight. This is a consequence of the adaptation of the body of the newborn to the extrauterine environment. Parents should not panic and worry about this. In the future, the baby will quickly recover and gain weight. In the first week, the whole body of the newborn works with great tension, and a more stable and calm state occurs only at the beginning of the second week.

Indicators of the child from birth to 1 month

Growth chart and

And the weight chart

Height

3.330-3.530 kg

Head circumference

chest girth

The first month the baby spends a significant part of the day (up to 20 hours) in a dream. A newborn, as a rule, sleeps in a frog position, that is, lying on his back, with arms bent at the elbows and raised up and with legs bent at the knee joints and moved apart to the sides.

In a newborn during this period, five states of sleep are distinguished:

deep sleep, when the baby is absolutely relaxed, breathes slowly and evenly, eyes are closed and the face is relaxed;
shallow sleep, when the child has more rapid, not quite even breathing, twitching of the arms and legs is possible, one can distinguish how the eyeballs move under the eyelids;
drowsiness that occurs during feeding or before falling asleep, characterized by half-closed eyes;
wakefulness, when the baby is active, makes movements with his whole body, arms and legs;
crying that indicates that the newborn is in an uncomfortable state, such as being hungry, scared, or wet.

In the first month, the baby has the following features of motor skills - lying on his stomach, he tries to raise his head, and sometimes he even manages to keep it in this state for several seconds. In the first thirty days, the newborn will add about 600 grams to its original weight and grow by about 3 centimeters, the head circumference will increase by 1.5 - 2 centimeters.

In the first month, it is very important to adjust the feeding of the child.

Obviously, the best food for him is mother's milk. In the first days of a child's life, the amount of milk in women gradually increases, but for some (especially primiparous) this increase is not enough. In this regard, the recommendations of doctors on the stimulation of lactation are relevant. One of the main ways to stimulate lactation is to apply the baby to the breast more often at the first sign of the baby's anxiety. This method is called "free feeding mode" or "feeding on demand." Thus, some mothers get 10-12 feedings per day.

It is important to put the nipple in the baby's mouth correctly.- it should capture the entire areola. It has been established that the main volume of breast milk is sucked out by the child during the first 5-10 minutes of feeding. However, there are children who get tired quickly, fall asleep at the breast, they must be encouraged to suck by lightly patting their cheeks, removing from their mouth and putting the nipple back in. When sucking, the baby swallows not only milk, but air also enters along with the nutrient fluid, from which the baby seeks to get rid of. Therefore, the procedure for regurgitation, when excess accumulated air is released, is very important. When breastfeeding, regurgitation is optimal every 5 minutes (or when changing breasts) and every 50 g when bottle fed. This is usually done in three ways - upright on your shoulder, face down on your lap, or in a seated position - and it's a good idea to try all three ways to see which one works best for you and your baby.

Bloating, intestinal cramps, colic- frequent companions of the first months of life even in practically healthy children. Home ways to help a child with these conditions: light massage of the tummy clockwise; vertical position in the hands of an adult or the so-called “skin-to-skin” contact - the baby is placed with his tummy on the bare chest of his mother, reclining in an armchair, covered with a blanket from above, his mother strokes him on the back; using a vent tube, laying the baby on the stomach for 3-5 minutes, taking plantex (which is based on dill). All these methods help prevent "colic" by helping to remove gases from the intestines.

A very important moment in the first weeks of a child's life is the healing of the umbilical wound. When discharged from the hospital at the usual time (fifth - seventh day), the umbilical wound does not have time to completely heal.

Traditionally, it is customary to treat the navel with a solution of brilliant green (brilliant green). And this should be done daily, until the wound becomes completely dry in the morning with the child's toilet and in the evening after daily bathing. Until the crust has fallen off, it is recommended to add a slightly pink solution of potassium permanganate, an infusion of chamomile or St. John's wort to the water when bathing. The bathing water temperature is 37–37.5°C, the duration of bathing is no more than 5–7 minutes. If a child has discharge from the umbilical wound or redness and swelling of the umbilical ring, a doctor's consultation is needed. You should also consult a doctor if the crust from the umbilical wound does not fall off when the child reaches the age of 14-15 days.

mental development

The adaptation of the baby to the extrauterine environment is facilitated by congenital reflexes. Some of them disappear in the first months of life, others are transformed into acquired reflexes, reaching the level of consciousness. Such congenital reflexes as the reflex of sneezing, startling, blinking, yawning, knee-jerk reflexes remain in the baby for life. During the first month of life, a child has seven main reflexes:

Prehensile- manifests itself during stroking or light touching of the child's palm. Reflexively, the baby grabs and holds everything that touches his palm.
Search- the baby turns the head if they touch or stroke his cheek. This reflex is a necessary component of the instinct for food and nutrition.
sucking- the baby has visible sucking movements of the lips, if you draw a finger or nipple around the mouth. The sucking reflex, like the search reflex, is strongly associated with the instinct of nutrition.
Babinski's reflex- when running a finger along the outer edge of the foot, the toes diverge in different directions along with the turn of the foot.
Mora reflex- a newborn spreads and brings his arms and legs together, reacting to a loud and sudden sound.
Babkin's reflex- when pressing on the palm of the baby, he turns his head and opens his mouth.
Swimming reflex- the baby makes movements similar to swimming, if you put him on his stomach.
Walking reflex- the newborn makes movements that imitate walking, if you support him under the arms so that he touches any surface with his legs.

How do the sense organs develop during this period?

By the middle of the second week of life, many newborns are able to keep a moving object in sight, for example, a bright rattle with a diameter of about ten centimeters. If a bright toy is placed at a distance of 40-50 cm from the baby lying on his back and slowly moves it to the right and left, then the child fixes the toy with his eyes for a few seconds. A three-week-old baby is usually already able to fix more or less large fixed objects with his eyes, for example, the face of mom or dad. If you approach a newborn lying on his back at a distance of 40-50 cm and attract his attention by talking, and then shut up, remaining motionless, the baby will also freeze, carefully peering into your face. By the fourth week, the movements of the baby's eyeballs are already smoother and more coordinated.

Every mother is concerned not only with health, but also with the overall development of the crumbs. After all, caring for a baby is a very laborious and hard work. All the basic functions of the newborn are assigned to the parents - sleep, nutrition, keeping warm. Especially if the child is not like everyone else. In such cases, the parents have a double responsibility.

You need to relax and enjoy communicating with the baby. Remember that children thrive on being touched. The need for physical contact is very important for the child and parents.

Interesting! Touch releases hormones in the brain (in both baby and parent) that improve mood, bring joy, and have pain-relieving properties.

First month of life

In the first month of life, the baby reacts to rapidly changing sensations. The baby has instincts, reflexes, sense organs, but he still does not know how to coordinate his actions.
In the representation of the baby there is no causal relationship. All actions and events are something chaotic, like many movements of the baby.

Interesting! A child at this age is only trying to find himself, to learn to control his body.

The first month is the month of grinding the parents and the baby. The baby intuitively begins to feel protected. For parents, the baby ceases to be an unknown and unpredictable creature. As soon as this happens, the baby finally adapted to life outside the mother's body, he is no longer a newborn, he is a baby!

The baby's body is still in the strongest tone, so you should do a light massage, daily baths.

second month of life

In the second month of life, the child is already able to coordinate his body. The movements of the arms and legs become smoother and less chaotic. The tremor characteristic of newborns also disappears. The child begins to hold his head. By the age of one month, it is useful to lay the baby on the tummy to strengthen the muscles of the cervical region and back. The baby's ability to move its head is especially evident when you hold it against your body.

Interesting! Some children already at 4-5 weeks raise their heads and look around. But in any case, it is necessary to support the baby under the head.

Despite the fact that a child at this age still does not move very well, it is dangerous to leave him alone on a table, an open bed.

Interesting! The child begins to demonstrate the ability to speed up or slow down the pace of movement. When you speak to your baby in a calm and even tone, his movements are calm. Try to speak quickly, excitedly, and you will see how the baby begins to energetically move his arms and legs.

In the process of wakefulness, the baby is actively exploring the world. Sometimes you can see how he focuses his attention on a toy or drawing in front of him. Of greatest interest are toys and objects moving in space.

Important! Tracking an approaching and receding object forms the ability to concentrate the gaze, develops eye coordination. And if during these games you hear that the baby “spoke”, know that with these sounds he expresses his approval.

For a two-month-old baby, new sounds are also very interesting, and not just visual images. It can distinguish speech from other sounds and at the same time gives a clear preference for the human voice. With a new sound, the child is alert, freezes. If it is repeated several times, the baby stops paying attention to it.

At this age, the connection between what he saw and heard is strengthened in the mind of the baby. After a little practice, the child will look at the bell hanging over the crib every time it rings.

The baby responds with pleasure to gentle touches. While awake, stroke the baby's arms and legs with pieces of different materials - silk, velveteen, satin, wool, flannel or terry cloth. These exercises contribute to the development of the baby's sense of touch.

For the same purpose, you can use the grasping reflex, which is still very strong in the baby. Invite your child to grab objects of various textures - ribbed, pimply, soft, wooden.

third month of life

At the age of three months, the baby undergoes rapid physical and neuropsychic development. The baby's behavior pattern is changing, it becomes more conscious. His reactions to visual, auditory and tactile sensations cease to be instinctive. During periods of activity, the child shows interest in the outside world. The kid listens to any rustle and looks for new visual images.

At this age, the baby is happy to explore his own body parts and learns to keep them in sight.
Also, the baby smiles more often. He is pleased not only with the faces of his relatives, but with new and interesting objects, sounds make the baby smile.

Interesting! At this age, the baby's favorite toy is himself. Every day a baby learns something new about himself, tries to understand who he is, where he is and what he feels. He likes to touch his face, feel his nose, mouth, hair with his fingers.

fourth month of life

Some children at the age of four months are already trying to move independently: they are trying to crawl. Sometimes it is easier for babies to move backwards, and they do not immediately learn to crawl forward. Many babies at this age can already roll over from the tummy to the back and back.

The child actively uses his hands, studying the world around him. He tries to reach for objects of interest to him. But the baby's fingers are not yet sufficiently developed.

If the baby, up to a certain age, clearly saw objects that were at a distance of up to 30-40 cm. Now he is able to focus his vision, depending on whether the object of interest to him is closer or farther. The child is better at distinguishing colors and can even see differences in shades of the same color. He happily reacts to the appearance of new objects and a change of scenery.

Important! The main feature of this period is the intensive development of emotions. At the sight of his mother, the baby expresses his joy not only with a smile - for the first time, parents hear his laughter.

The child becomes more sociable, so try to take him with you everywhere in the apartment. To do this, you can use a portable sun lounger or a stroller.

The child explores the world around him through direct interaction with it. Let the baby become a housekeeper.

By four months, a baby's weight doubles, and by the first birthday, a baby's weight triples.

Fifth month of life

A five-month-old child is able not only to reach for a toy, but also to grab it first with one and then with the other hand. The baby is much better able to control his fingers and can take and hold even small objects.

The child discovers a new and mysterious world in which it is important to find a use for all the surrounding objects. In the children's mind, things take on meaning when they can not only be seen, but also touched and tasted. If the baby loses interest in the toy and drops it, it ceases to exist for him. If the child cannot reach the toy, he will examine it and slowly squeeze and unclench his fingers.

A month ago, the main criterion for the "usefulness" of objects was their taste, the baby preferred to first put the toy in his mouth, and only then consider it. Now he first turns the object in his hands, looking at it, shakes it, and only then pulls it into his mouth.

Children have very delicate hearing, they turn their heads and seek to find the source of even the quietest sounds. Also, babies are very sensitive to musical rhythm and perk up when they hear a peppy, groovy melody.

At the age of five months, you can quietly land the boys. Some children at this age actively begin to crawl, at the same time, strengthening the muscles of the back and shoulder girdle. Also, five-month-old babies are already able to grab the right thing, shift it from one handle to another. The child repeats individual sounds - "ma-ma", "pa-pa" and so on.

Important! Also, at this age, they begin to introduce the first complementary foods - vegetable or fruit purees, juice.

sixth month of life

Your baby already knows how to sit up, stretching his arms forward for balance. Many children begin to actively crawl: some lie on their stomachs and push off with their arms and legs, others lean on their knees and hands.

At this age, children learn to manipulate multiple objects. The child can reach for the toy, grab it, transfer it to the other hand and reach for the next one. But, if you offer the baby a third toy, he still won't be able to figure out what to do. It will take quite a bit of time, and your baby will understand that the “extra” toy needs to be put somewhere before reaching for a new one.

By the age of six months, babies can manipulate their fingers with sufficient precision and confidence and can pick up very small objects. Make sure that small parts from toys or any other "little things" that are in the reach of the child do not get into his mouth, nose or ear.

The baby's vision continues to improve: now he distinguishes more colors and sees the outlines of objects more clearly. All senses help children explore the world around them. The baby not only studies each object by sight and touch, but also tries to find out what it tastes like, what sounds can be extracted from it if you shake it well.

Interesting! The baby recognizes familiar objects, even if they are partially covered with a blanket or diaper. He is already able to understand that the toy exists, even if it is not visible in its entirety.

Six-month-old babies love to imitate the behavior of adults, and they are very good at it. The baby repeats the sounds, facial expressions, movements and gestures of the people around him. The baby's babble becomes more and more distinct and with rich intonations. By the end of the month, some children already clearly pronounce "dad" and "mum" when they want something or just see their parents.

seventh month of life

Your baby is 7 months old. By this time, the baby's first teeth appear.

At this age, the child sits more confidently and can spend such a long time. He no longer needs to lean on the handles, and he uses them for other actions. The child can swing, leaning on the arms and legs, or crawl on the tummy, helping himself with his hands. Stronger children try to get on their feet, holding on to a support - or without it at all. But the child has not yet learned to sit back from a vertical position. To do this, he needs support.

Regardless of whether the baby knows how to crawl or not, he strives to explore all the territory available to him as best as possible. At this age, the baby is already able to navigate in space and can estimate the distance to an object.

In games, the baby can use several toys at the same time. The baby compares them, trying to understand which of their properties is better to use during the game. He can focus his attention and solve problems that arise during the game: for example, a bunch of keys, if shaken and thrown, behaves differently than a cube, which means that you need to choose which toy is best to play at the moment.

Children begin to realize how things are connected in three dimensions. If you suddenly appear next to a child studying his reflection in the mirror, most likely he will turn to you, as he already understands that you are not really in the mirror, but in the real world. The kid already knows that one thing can be on top of another, and they can be separated, although from the outside it seems that this is one whole object.

Interesting! If the saucer is placed on a large plate, the baby will guess that the saucer can be taken and the plate left in place. Rounded objects now arouse the child’s constant curiosity: he will turn a ball or ball in his hands, trying to understand where his edges or corners are, and how to determine where the top is and where the bottom is.

eighth month of life

A child at 8 months develops rapidly, so you need to carefully monitor the baby. So the baby distinguishes more and more objects and is already able to return to interrupted activities. The kid is already able to concentrate on things (toys), and is also able to solve the problem assigned to him.

Since the baby is actively developing not only physically, but also mentally, you should buy educational games for your child by age.

At this age, the baby eats almost all foods.

Baby development at nine months

A nine-month-old baby successfully learns to express his emotions and desires through facial expressions and meaningful gestures.

He may, for example, wave goodbye or ask for pens, as well as demonstrate his displeasure at the proposed food or toy. The memory of the child becomes more long-term. He is already able to repeat the actions that he saw a few days ago.

Toddlers no longer only memorize objects, but also know how to distinguish them. They are trying to understand their purpose.

Interesting! Observing the development of different children, some general patterns can be distinguished: first the baby will get up - and only then will he go; first he will learn to “rake” objects with his hand - and then grab them using his thumb and forefinger, and shift from one hand to another.

However, in which area the child will develop faster depends on his individual characteristics and abilities. Some children train their legs hard to get up as soon as possible, others are focused on the handles - they always want to take, turn and feel something. Attentive parents will almost always be able to determine what the baby will start doing earlier: walking, talking, or confidently manipulating objects.

Tenth month of a child's life

Many children already know how to stand confidently on their feet and are very pleased with themselves. But some kids already at the age of ten months take their first independent steps. Other children do not strive to start walking as quickly as possible, but instead continue to crawl rapidly.

Very often, confidently crawling babies move around the room faster than a peer who takes the first independent steps.

At the same time, there is no direct relationship between mental development and motor skills in children. A toddler who started earlier will not necessarily learn to read or solve examples faster than their peers. Do not rush things, every child will learn to walk when he is ready for it.

Important! One of the new achievements of this age is the ability to tear paper. Therefore, it is necessary to put away all valuable books and photo albums. Give your child a few colored magazines to tear to pieces. But you need to make sure that the baby does not get hurt on the edges of the magazine sheets.

Baby development at eleven months

Many children of this age prefer to crawl, because it is easier and faster to move around the house. Some people manage to take their first steps with the help of their parents or holding on to furniture. There are kids who stubbornly try to walk on their own.

The vocabulary of the baby by this age should vary from 6 to 10 words. The child already distinguishes between individual words and whole sentences, but he himself can still pronounce only 2-3 words. The kid perfectly understands simple requests and fulfills them with pleasure, especially if his work is rewarded with praise or a kiss.

The baby actively explores sounds, smells, touches and tastes. New sensations in most cases cause positive emotions, but for the development of logical thinking, the child also needs negative experience: some objects turn out to be inedible or unpleasant to the touch, and some sounds are too harsh and frightening. If your baby is overreacting to new sensations, try introducing them gradually and unobtrusively.

At this age, the baby is more confidently oriented in space and understands what is "ahead" and "outside". The kid is already more closely following the actions of adults and playing, the child is already more difficult to deceive.

Interesting! Most children at this age like to clean up and arrange small items or toys in drawers and boxes. Your little one's favorite toy can be an ordinary mother's bag with pockets in which you can put small cubes, designer parts and other valuable items for the baby.

baby year

The kid changes his attitude to his environment. The child gradually comes to understand that he can influence loved ones, and actively uses this. Often the child begins to indulge. The child actively begins to imitate the elders. This indicates his ability to analyze the behavior of others.

During the first year of life, the baby should be accustomed to books. The selection of books should be based on the following criteria:

from thick cardboard;
colorful;
with short stories.

Also, the baby can already be potty trained. Read more about how and when to potty train a child in the article:.

Development of the newborn (video)

Child development by months (video)

By tradition, a newborn baby is called a baby who is not yet a year old, but in fact, the neonatal period has a strictly limited scope - the first 28 days of a baby's life. Despite the individuality of each person, the development of a newborn by week has its own specifics.

If you know what points you need to pay attention to, you can track the correct formation of the child's body, detect possible deviations in time and take appropriate measures in a timely manner. In addition, special attention should be paid to the conditions of the environment in which the baby is located, otherwise, failures of the vital processes of an organism that is not yet perfect may begin.

How to provide conditions for the full development of the baby?

Even if you are preparing with might and main for the birth of your first baby, it is difficult to foresee all the moments, to take into account all the factors. The real learning begins only after the couple has a baby. To begin with, you should make sure that the little one is placed in the most comfortable conditions. Here you should not listen to grandmothers who believe that they know everything better than others, you need to follow the recommendations developed by experts:

The temperature in the area where the baby lives should not exceed 20-22ºС. At night, this figure should be even 1-2 degrees lower. Overheating a baby is much easier than overcooling, because. metabolism in his body occurs at an accelerated pace. If you do not follow this component in the first weeks of a baby's life, then you may encounter diaper rash, increased gas formation, and thrush in the oral cavity.

Tip: Particular attention should be paid to the state of the environment during the heating season. If the temperature of 25ºС may seem comfortable for adults, then it is unbearably hot for a child. Regular ventilation of the room and maintaining the recommended figures is one of the most important factors that guarantee the strengthening of immunity in an infant.

The humidity of the air in the room from the first days of the life of a toddler and up to 2 years should be 50-60%. After that, this indicator will gradually decrease. Again, you should not evaluate air quality by your feelings, you need to purchase a hydrometer.
An infant should not be exposed to devices that emit magnetic or radio waves. Mobile phones, computers, tablets, a microwave, a TV should be placed as far as possible from the baby. The bones of the baby's skull in the first weeks and months of life are very thin, so it is not known how such radiation will affect his brain.
Breastfeeding is also one of the most important conditions for the correct and full development of the newborn. Situations are different, but you need to make every effort to accustom the baby to breast milk. A natural product is not only the optimal food for a child, but also the basis for the development of his immunity, a factor influencing the formation of microflora in the intestines.

The first week of a newborn's life is the most difficult and critical period, the moment when the child's body begins to adapt. It is she who sets the tone for the further development of all systems and organs.

Features of the first week of life of the baby

The first week of a newborn's life may be accompanied by the following moments:

On the head, there is sometimes a pronounced birth edema. This is a soft tumor that resembles dough in consistency, often acquires a bluish tint. You can’t massage it, apply various ointments and compresses is also prohibited. After a few days of waiting, it will pass by itself.
In babies born naturally, the head may take on a slightly elongated shape. Her condition returns to normal approximately 10-12 days after birth.
On the first day, children sometimes develop physiological erythema. Uniform reddening of the skin in response to the adaptation of blood vessels to environmental conditions usually disappears within 12-48 hours.
On the 3-5th day of a baby's life, it can happen. It is characterized by the appearance of dense red spots that sometimes itch. The phenomenon is considered a peculiar manifestation of an allergy, which develops and grows within a couple of days, after which it passes on its own. In rare cases, drug therapy is required.
2-3 days may be marked by the appearance of signs of physiological jaundice. In the normal course of events, it passes on its own by the second week.
The first stool of the baby is a viscous mass of dark green color. After the first bowel movement, bowel movements occur up to 6-8 times a day.
Children of the first two days of life relieve a small need only 2-6 times a day. On the 5th-6th day, a brown spot may appear on the baby's diaper, on which, after drying, a fine powder becomes visible - uric acid crystals. There is no need to be afraid of this, everything will return to normal pretty quickly.

In addition, the baby sleeps a lot in the first week of life, wakes up only for feeding, loses up to 10% of its original body weight.

What are the characteristics of the second and third weeks of a child's life?

In the second week after birth, the baby sleeps a little less, he has a search and grasping reflexes. The process of breastfeeding is gradually improving, entering the right direction. The feces become less frightening, resembling a yellowish slurry in appearance. Weight is already beginning to increase, on average by 150 g.

If the baby's umbilical wound has healed, then you can proceed to the first bathing. Also, the second week may be marked by the development of a hormonal crisis. Against its background, the mammary glands in the baby swell (regardless of gender), even sometimes a mass similar to colostrum is released from them. This phenomenon does not require treatment, the main thing is not to squeeze out the oozing mass.

In the third week, the child is already gaining up to 200 g of weight, knows how to push off with his legs and firmly grabs his mother by the finger. His gaze is already fixed on his mother's face while feeding. Laying out on the tummy is accompanied by attempts to raise the head. It is during this period of life that many children develop intestinal colic. To eliminate them, the use of special medicinal teas, some medications is allowed.

The fourth week of the period and its features

During the fourth week, the weight of the baby increases by another 200 g, 3-4 cm is added to the height, 1-2 cm to the circumferences. The development of motor skills is noticeable, some babies are able to hold their head when they turn over on their stomach. The child develops an interest in bright and noisy toys surrounding people.

At this time, it is recommended to communicate with the baby for the maximum amount of time, talk with him, turn on calm music. By the end of the month, the baby has a “complex of revival”. He enjoys familiar faces, showing his positive emotions by twitching his legs and arms.

The nuances of the psychological development of infants in the first month of life

In this regard, even newborns develop differently, standing out for their individuality and uniqueness in some moments. Do not worry about the child's lack of any skills that the peanut has from neighbors or friends. In the first week, it is difficult to get any reaction from the baby, except for crying. But in the second week there is a progressive development of all organs of perception. In the first days after childbirth, children may experience active movement of the eyeballs, often they even move in different directions. There is no need to be afraid of this, by the beginning of the fourth week everything should be back to normal.

Approximately from the third week, the beginning of hearing aid checks is allowed. The baby should have a reaction to extraneous sounds (in the form of a start or turn of the head). You need to act carefully so that the baby is not scared and does not cry. At the end of the month, some children are already beginning to smile and even laugh. By the way, in the early days, such a phenomenon is not considered conscious, it is rather an uncontrolled movement of facial muscles.

In the event of a crisis or simply incomprehensible situations in the first weeks of life, you should immediately consult a doctor for advice. You should not solve problems with "proven" grandmother's methods, sometimes they can aggravate a simple problem to a serious condition.

A child from birth to a year is very much dependent on his mother. He needs mother's care, warmth and smiles.

In a calm, friendly environment, the child grows and develops well, thereby delighting his parents.

In order for the baby to develop well and learn a lot of new things, he needs help. Such help can be simple communication and physical contact with the mother. As well as massage, gymnastics, walks, educational games and a positive attitude.

In the first year, the child goes through an intensive phase of physical and mental development. And parents do not always understand whether their child is behind or ahead of other children. For these purposes, below is a calendar of child development up to a year by months.

Just keep in mind that each child is individual and he can master some skills a little earlier or later than the established norms. And he can skip some steps in development, without harm to himself.

2 months

Makes sounds, for example "Aaaah", "Ayy", "Agg", "Agu".
For a short time, he raises his head while lying on his stomach.
Better focus on the subject.
He looks for the source of the sound with his eyes and turns his head in its direction.
Noticeably perks up when adults communicate with him.

3 months

Gulit and laughs when communicating with adults. Easily determines the source of the sound.
Attracts attention.
From a supine position, turns to the side.
For a long time he holds his head from the position “on his stomach” and “column” and even turns it.
Kicks with his legs from a standing position and pushes off the support when his parents hold his armpits.
Tries to grab the offered toy and succeeds.

4 months

Rolls from back to stomach and back.
He loves to be in his mother's company.
In response to a smile, smiles and laughs
In a good mood squeals with delight.
The first syllables appear.
Holds, shakes and tries to put a toy in her mouth
Confidently holds his head lying on his stomach, while rising on his elbows.
Lying on your back raises the upper body with the head.
In an upright position, he holds his head confidently. At the same time, it can turn it in different directions.
Can move around the crib on the bellies.

5 months

He tries to sit up when you pull him a little by the handles.
He sucks his fingers and toes.
He is more confident with the toy and pulls it into his mouth.
Grabs items that are within his reach.
Defends his toy if someone tries to take it.
Leaning towards the fallen object.
She loves to be in her mother's arms.
Looks closely at unfamiliar people and places.

6 months

Moves in space on the stomach
Crawls to a toy not far away, and grabs it with outstretched hand.
Sit down and sit for a while on your own
Likes to stand and walk with support, armpits
Calms down when breastfeeding.
Listens carefully to other people.
Responds to the name.
Makes many different sounds.
The mood of the child can change frequently.
Starts getting food.

7 months

He sits more confidently. And happy to be in that position.
Stands on all fours, sways back and forth and even crawls a little.
Likes to walk holding hands of an adult.
The stock of sounds and syllables is expanding.
Likes to swim.

8 months

Good hand motility. Transfers objects from hand to hand, from container to container.
Confidently crawls on all fours. At the same time, he can hold the toy in one hand.
Likes to play sitting.
He stands up holding on to a support.
Very attached to parents.

9 months

Actively crawls, sits and moves while holding on to a support.
Says "ma-ma" and "ba-ba" with meaning.
Turning pages in a book.
Interested in everything around. He wants to reach out and touch everything.
Repeats actions.
Performs simple tasks.

At nine months, some begin to walk. But it happens that the first steps the child takes and much later.. Also, children are already climbing on low chairs and sofas and going down, this process gives them special pleasure. The development of speech at this age is most active, the baby connects syllables, unconsciously of course, but very confidently, shouts “MA-MA-MA”, “BA-BA-BA” and others. Learn more about