Blood compatibility is the third positive and the fourth negative. Can it be that partners do not fit together: blood types and their compatibility when conceiving a child
Depending on the types of antigens that make up the blood cells (erythrocytes), a specific blood group is determined. For each person, it is constant and does not change from birth to death.
The number of red blood cells determines the blood type
Who discovered the blood group in humans
The Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner managed to identify the class of human biological material in 1900. At that time, only 3 types of antigen were identified in the membranes of erythrocytes - A, B and C. In 1902, it was possible to identify 4 classes of erythrocytes.
Karl Landsteiner was the first to discover blood types
Karl Landsteiner was able to make another important achievement in medicine. In 1930, a scientist in tandem with Alexander Wiener discovered the Rh factor of blood (negative and positive).
Classification and characteristics of blood groups and Rh factor
Group antigens are classified according to a single system AB0 (a, b, zero). The established concept divides the composition of blood cells into 4 main types. Their differences are in alpha and beta agglutinins in plasma, as well as the presence of specific antigens on the membrane of erythrocytes, which are denoted by the letters A and B.
Table "Characteristics of blood classes"
Nationality or race of people does not affect group affiliation.Rh factor
In addition to the AB0 system, biological material is classified according to the blood phenotype - the presence or absence of a specific D antigen in it, which is called the Rh factor (Rh). In addition to protein D, the Rh system covers 5 more main antigens - C, c, d, E, e. They are found in the outer shell of red blood cells.
The Rh factor and the class of blood cells are laid down in the child in the womb, and are transmitted to him from his parents for life.
Method for determining blood group and Rh factor
Methods for identifying group membership
Several methods are used to detect specific antigens in erythrocytes:
- simple reaction - a standard serum of classes 1, 2 and 3 is taken, with which the patient's biological material is compared;
- double reaction - a feature of the technique is the use of not only standard sera (compared with the studied blood cells), but also standard erythrocytes (compared with the patient's serum), which are preliminarily prepared in blood transfusion centers;
- monoclinal antibodies - anti-A and anti-B cyclones are used (prepared using genetic engineering from the blood of sterile mice), with which the biological material under study is compared.
Method for detecting blood group by monoclinal antibodies
The very specificity of the study of plasma for its group affiliation consists in comparing a sample of the patient's biological material with standard serum or standard erythrocytes.
The sequence of such a process is as follows:
- intake of venous fluid on an empty stomach in the amount of 5 ml;
- distribution of standard samples on a glass slide or a special plate (each class is signed);
- parallel to the samples, the patient's blood is placed (the amount of material should be several times less than the volume of standard serum drops);
- blood fluid is mixed with prepared samples (simple or double reaction) or with cyclones (monoclinal antibodies);
- after 2.5 minutes, a special saline solution is added to those drops where agglutination occurred (proteins of groups A, B or AB were formed).
The presence of agglutination (gluing and precipitation of erythrocytes with the corresponding antigens) in the biological material makes it possible to attribute erythrocytes to one or another class (2, 3, 4). But the absence of such a process indicates a zero (1) form.
How to determine the Rh factor
There are several methods for detecting Rh-affiliation - the use of anti-Rh sera and a monoclinal reagent (group D proteins).
In the first case, the procedure is as follows:
- the material is taken from the finger (it is allowed to use canned blood or the erythrocytes themselves, which were formed after the serum was settled);
- 1 drop of an anti-Rhesus sample is placed in a test tube;
- a drop of the investigated plasma is poured into the prepared material;
- slight shaking allows the serum to evenly settle in a glass container;
- after 3 minutes, sodium chloride solution is added to the container with serum and blood cells under study.
After several inversions of the tube, the specialist decrypts. If agglutinins appeared against the background of a clarified liquid, we are talking about Rh + - a positive Rh factor. The absence of changes in the color and consistency of the serum indicates a negative Rh.
Determination of the blood group according to the Rh system
The study of Rh using a monoclinal reagent involves the use of anti-D super tsoliklon (special solution). The analysis procedure includes several stages.
- The reagent (0.1 ml) is applied to the prepared surface (plate, glass).
- A drop of the patient's blood (no more than 0.01 ml) is placed next to the solution.
- Two drops of material are mixed.
- The decoding takes place 3 minutes after the start of the study.
Most people on the planet have an agglutinogen of the Rhesus system in their erythrocytes. When viewed as a percentage, 85% of recipients have protein D and are Rh-positive, while 15% do not have it - this is Rh-negative.
Compatibility
Blood compatibility is a match for the group and Rh factor. This criterion is very important when transfusing a vital fluid, as well as during pregnancy planning and gestation.
What blood type will the child have?
The science of genetics provides for the inheritance of group affiliation and Rhesus from parents by children. Genes transmit information about the composition of blood cells (agglutinin alpha and beta, antigens A, B), as well as Rh.
Table "Inheritance of blood groups"
| Parents | Child | |||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| 1+1 | 100 | |||
| 1+2 | 50 | 50 | ||
| 1+3 | 50 | 50 | ||
| 1+4 | 50 | 50 | ||
| 2+2 | 25 | 75 | ||
| 2+3 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| 2+4 | 50 | 25 | 25 | |
| 3+3 | 25 | 75 | ||
| 3+4 | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
| 4+4 | 25 | 25 | 50 | |
Mixing groups of red blood cells with different Rh leads to the fact that the child's Rh factor can be both "plus" and "minus".
- If Rh is the same in spouses (group D antibodies are present), children will inherit the dominant protein in 75%, and it will be absent in 25%.
- In the absence of a specific protein D in the membranes of the erythrocytes of the mother and father, the child will also be Rh-negative.
- In a woman Rh-, and in a man Rh + - the combination suggests the presence or absence of Rh in the child in a ratio of 50 to 50, while a conflict between the antigen of the mother and the baby is possible.
- If the mother has Rh +, and the father does not have anti-D, the Rh will be transmitted to the baby with a 50/50 probability, but there is no risk of antibody conflict.
It is important to understand that the Rh factor is transmitted at the genetic level. Therefore, if the parents are Rh-positive, and the child was born with Rh-, men should not rush to question their paternity. Such people in the family simply have a person without a dominant D protein in red blood cells, which the baby inherited.
Blood type for transfusion
When performing blood transfusion (blood transfusion), it is important to observe the compatibility of antigen groups and Rh. Specialists are guided by the Ottenberg rule, which states that the donor's blood cells should not stick together with the recipient's plasma. In small doses, they dissolve in a large volume of the patient's biological material and do not precipitate. This principle applies in the case of a transfusion of vital fluid up to 500 ml and is not suitable when a person has severe blood loss.
People with a zero group are considered universal donors. Their blood suits everyone.Representatives of the rare 4th class for blood transfusion are suitable for 1, 2 and 3 types of blood fluid. They are considered universal recipients (people who receive blood infusions).
Patients with 1 (0) positive for transfusion will be suitable 1 class (Rh+/-), while a person with a negative Rh can only be infused with zero with Rh-.
For people who have 2 positive, 1 (+/-) and 2 (+/-) are suitable. Patients with Rh- can only use 1 (-) and 2 (-). The situation is similar with the 3rd grade. If Rh + - you can pour in 1 and 3, both positive and negative. In the case of Rh-, only 1 and 3 will do without anti-D.
Compatibility at conception
When planning a pregnancy, the combination of the Rh factor of a man and a woman is of great importance. This is done to avoid Rhesus conflict. This happens when the mother has Rh-, and the child has inherited Rh + from the father. When the dominant protein enters the human blood, where it is not present, an immunological reaction and the production of agglutinins may occur. This condition provokes the adhesion of the resulting erythrocytes and their further destruction.
Blood compatibility table for conceiving a child
The incompatibility of the Rhesus of the mother and child during the first pregnancy is not dangerous, but before the second conception it is better to break the production of anti-Rhesus bodies. A woman is injected with a special globulin that destroys immunological chains. If this is not done, the Rh conflict can provoke an abortion.
Can blood type change?
In medical practice, there are cases of changes in group affiliation during pregnancy or due to serious illnesses. This is because under such conditions, a strong increase in the production of red blood cells is possible. This slows down the adhesion and destruction of red blood cells. In the analysis, such a phenomenon is reflected as a change in markers in the composition of the plasma. Over time, everything falls into place.
The blood class, like the Rh factor, is genetically laid down in a person even before birth and cannot change throughout life.
Diet by blood type
The main principle of nutrition by group membership is the selection of products that are genetically close to the body and allow you to improve the functioning of the digestive system, as well as lose weight.
Peter D'Adamo was the first person to suggest considering blood type when choosing food. The naturopathic physician has published several books in which he outlined his idea of a healthy diet. If you choose the right food, you can forget about the poor absorption of nutrients and problems with the stomach and intestines.
Table "Diet by blood type"
| Blood type | allowed food | Foods to limit as much as possible |
| 1 (0) | Sea fish Any meat (fried, stewed, boiled, marinated and cooked on a fire) Dietary supplements (ginger, cloves) All types of vegetables (except potatoes) Fruits (except citrus fruits, strawberries) Dried fruits, nuts Green tea |
Milk and its derivatives flour products Wheat, corn, oatmeal, cereals, bran |
| 2 (A) | Turkey meat, chicken Chicken eggs Yogurt, kefir, ryazhenka Fruits (except bananas) Vegetables (zucchini, carrots, broccoli, spinach are especially valuable) Nuts, seeds |
Wheat and corn porridge flour products Eggplant, tomatoes, cabbage, potatoes Milk, cottage cheese |
| 3 (B) | Fatty fish Milk and dairy products Spices (peppermint, ginger parsley) |
Chicken meat Buckwheat Lentils |
| 4 (AB) | Sea and river fish soy products Cottage cheese, yogurt, kefir Broccoli, carrots, spinach Pickled cucumbers, tomatoes sea kale |
Chicken, red meat Fresh milk River white fish Buckwheat, corn porridge |
Diet by group affiliation involves limiting alcohol, smoking. An active lifestyle is also important - running, walking in the fresh air, swimming.
Character traits by blood group
The blood type affects not only the physiological characteristics of the body, but also the character of a person.
Zero group
In the world, about 37% of carriers of the zero blood group.
Their main features are:
- stress resistance;
- leadership inclinations;
- purposefulness;
- energy;
- courage;
- ambition;
- sociability.
Owners of the zero group prefer to engage in dangerous sports, like to travel and not be afraid of the unknown (they easily take on any job, learn quickly).
The shortcomings of temperament include irascibility and harshness. Such people often express their opinion unceremoniously and are arrogant.2 group
The most common group is 2 (A). Its carriers are reserved people who are able to find an approach to the most difficult personalities. They try to avoid stressful situations, are always friendly and hardworking. The owners of the 2nd group are very economic, conscientiously fulfill their duties and are always ready to help.
Among the shortcomings of character, stubbornness and the inability to alternate work with rest are distinguished. It is difficult to stir up such people to some rash acts or unexpected events.
3 group
A person whose blood is dominated by group B antigens is changeable in nature. Such people are distinguished by increased emotionality, creativity and independence from the opinions of others. They easily embark on travel, take on new things. In friendship - devoted, in love - sensual.
Among the negative qualities are often manifested:
- frequent change in mood;
- inconstancy in actions;
- high demands on others.
Owners of the 3rd blood group often try to hide from the realities of the world in their fantasies, which is not always a positive character trait.
4 group
Carriers of the 4th group have good leadership qualities, which is manifested in the ability to negotiate and be collected at a crucial moment. Such people are sociable, easily converge with others, moderately emotional, versatile and smart.
Despite the many virtues in character, representatives of the 4th group often cannot come to a single decision, suffer from duality of feelings (internal conflict) and are slow-witted.
The specific composition of the blood and the presence or absence of a dominant factor (antigen D) in it is transmitted to a person with genes. There are 4 blood groups and the Rh factor. Thanks to the classification according to the AB0 and Rh system, specialists have learned how to safely transfuse donor blood, determine paternity and avoid Rh conflict during the child. Each person can check their group affiliation in the laboratory by passing biological material from a finger or a vein.
Everyone knows about Rh-positive and Rh-negative factors. It is determined by the presence of specific proteins in the blood. On the surface of red blood cells there is a Rh antigen D and its owners are people with a Rh-positive factor. 85% of all Europeans have it. Among the blacks and Asians, the percentage is slightly higher - just over 90%. If the D antigen is not found in the blood, then the person belongs to a smaller part of humanity and has an Rh-negative factor.
The Rh factor is of great importance during pregnancy, that is, to determine the relationship between the expectant mother and the fetus, and after birth it is necessary for the further normal existence of the child. The most favorable combination of circumstances is when both parents have the same Rh factors. Even if the father is Rh negative, there is no danger of the development of the unborn child either, since antagonism between the baby and the mother usually does not arise.
Development can proceed unfavorably if the mother has an Rh-negative factor, and the child has a positive factor (the child inherits the father's Rh factor).
And even then there are not always serious problems. In such cases, what is important is the pregnancy, as well as the fact whether antibodies are produced in the body of the expectant mother. The child's blood, if it enters the mother's blood, is perceived by the immune system as something foreign. As a result, the formation of antibodies directed against the child's body begins. This process is called Rh sensitization.
Blood compatibility by groups and Rh factor of parents
Blood type incompatibility can occur if a woman has the first blood group (0), and the man has the second group (the presence of antibodies to protein A), group 3 (to bad B) and the fourth (to both antigens). If a woman has group 2 (A), and a man has 3 (B) or 4 (AB), antibodies to antigen B will appear. In the case of group 3 (B), a woman has, and a man has 2 (A) or 4 (AB) - antibodies to antigen A will arise.
As such, there is no incompatibility in terms of the Rh factor or blood type, and opposite Rhs do not prevent pregnancy and childbearing.
Blood type compatibility table
| blood type | 0(I)a+b | A(II)B | B(III)a | AB(IV)0 |
| 0(I)a+b | compatible | compatible | compatible | compatible |
| A(II)B | incompatible | compatible | incompatible | compatible |
| B(III)a | incompatible | incompatible | compatible | compatible |
| AB(IV)0 | incompatible | incompatible | incompatible | compatible |
Inheritance of the blood type of the child. Table
| Mom + Dad | Possible options for the group of the child (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I+I | I (100%) | — | — | — |
| I+II | I (50%) | II (50%) | — | — |
| I+III | I (50%) | — | III(50%) | — |
| I+IV | — | II (50%) | III(50%) | — |
| II+II | I (quarter%) | II (75%) | — | — |
| II+III | I (quarter%) | II (quarter%) | III(quarter%) | IV (quarter%) |
| II+IV | — | II (50%) | III(quarter%) | IV (quarter%) |
| III+III | I (quarter%) | — | III(75%) | — |
| III+IV | — | I (quarter%) | III(50%) | IV (quarter%) |
| IV+IV | — | II (quarter%) | III(25%) | IV (50%) |
Rh positive during pregnancy
When planning a pregnancy, it is very important to know what kind of Rh a woman has. It will be very good if the expectant mother has Rh-positive blood. She will not care what kind of Rh her father will have: positive or negative. This will not lead to a problematic Rh conflict.
In the event that the mother is Rh-positive, and the father is vice versa, the child may have both Rh factors. The baby is unlikely to be exposed to the blood and develop antibodies.
The development of events with the following possible variants of parental rhesus:
- Mom and dad are Rh-positive = Rh-positive fetus. The pregnancy will pass without complications.
- Mom and dad are Rh positive = Rh negative fetus. The mother's body is familiar with all the proteins of her child, so they also talk about the compatibility of the Rh factor.
- Mother Rh-positive and father Rh-negative = Rh-positive fetus. The rhesus of mother and child are the same, so there will be no conflict.
- Mom Rh-positive and dad Rh-negative = Rh-negative fetus. Despite the different rhesus of the mother and child, there is no conflict between them.
The human body has an immune system that fights various diseases. The essence of this process is the destruction of all foreign proteins (antigens) by human proteins. So, in the event that the mother's blood is Rh negative, the positive Rh of the child will be in danger of destruction. But this will not happen if the mother is pregnant for the first time, and also she did not have an abortion and miscarriage before. Even if the baby inherits the positive Rh factor of the father, nothing terrible will happen. After all, the blood has not yet begun to create antibodies, since it has not previously met with foreign erythrocytes. This mother-baby union will be favorable.
In the case of repeated births, complications may arise as a result of the presence of antigens in the mother's blood. They have been preserved in the mother's body from a previous pregnancy. Hemolytic disease of the fetus is a serious complication for the fetus that can occur if there are antibodies in the mother's blood. The probability, as well as the degree of its development, will depend on the class of antibodies and their total number. Their growth can be provoked by such diseases of the mother as diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, and even active uterine contractions.
If the mother does not have Rh-positive blood, she should avoid casual relationships and possible abortions. At the first opportunity, it is recommended to give birth under medical supervision. After giving birth for three days, it will be necessary to give an injection of immunoglobulin, which will greatly increase the chance of avoiding an Rhesus conflict in a subsequent pregnancy.
Of course, the ideal option is when both parents have Rh-negative blood. In this case, you can have children as much as you like without endangering the health and life of the child.
Rh-conflict is the immune response of an Rh-negative mother to the antigens of an Rh-positive child. As a result, anti-Rhesus antibodies are formed. The latter cause the breakdown of red blood cells, which provokes the formation of hemolytic jaundice in newborns.
With the help of ultrasound, an increase in organs can be detected in the fetus: the liver, heart, spleen. He may have anemia, reticulocytosis, and in severe cases, jaundice or erythroblastosis. Serious complications can be edematous syndrome or dropsy of the fetus, which can lead to the death of the child at birth.
In most cases, Rh-conflict between mother and child can be prevented by intramuscularly administering immunoglobulin PRO D (anti-D antibodies) to an Rh-negative mother. He is injected during pregnancy and after childbirth (or another event) for three days. The effect of immunoglobulin is characterized by the fact that the red blood cells of a positive fetus inside the mother's body begin to break down until the moment when her immune system begins to react to them. The antibodies themselves are destroyed within a month.
To date, immunoglobulin D is administered to all Rh-negative mothers-to-be at 28 and 34 weeks of pregnancy.
If a woman is going to carry a child again, she should be tested for the presence of antibodies before pregnancy and take it regularly throughout the 28 weeks of pregnancy.
What to do?
The number of antibodies can either increase or decrease. In the latter case, perhaps they were absorbed by the baby's body and his red blood cells were destroyed. In any case, if a woman has antibodies, she is prescribed antiallergic drugs, a course of vitamins and plasmaphoresis, which allows her to purify the blood of antibodies. There is also a way to transfuse the baby's blood in utero, but there are some risks.
If development is suspected hemolytic disease in a child, a future mother should constantly be under the supervision of doctors and control the level of antibodies. Early or too late births are dangerous. The optimal term for childbirth is 35-37 weeks.
Whether the unborn child is threatened with hemolytic disease is determined by doctors. For this, certain information is collected: a pregnant woman's medical history, information about existing chronic diseases, previous births and abortions, information about diseases that could provoke the production of antibodies. Ultrasound examination is carried out on demand. Only a full range of diagnostic procedures will help confirm or refute this diagnosis.
Before giving birth, doctors conduct tests that allow you to set the appropriate date for childbirth. In some cases, amniotic fluid is examined, which allows you to detect the presence of antibodies, find out the level of bilirubin and other necessary indicators.
It is impossible to predict whether a newborn baby will have hemolytic disease until delivery has occurred. This disease can occur during development in the womb or during or after delivery. Within an hour, a neonatologist will know the blood for the baby's Rh factor, the level of bilirubin and the amount of antibodies in the blood. Only then will the doctor be able to establish an accurate diagnosis. Despite everything, this severe pathology is already successfully treated.
According to scientists, when planning a child and carrying it normally, it is not the blood type of the parents that plays a role, but their Rh factor. It is desirable that the Rh factors of future parents are the same. This will help you avoid possible problems during pregnancy.
Therefore, if a woman is a carrier of negative Rh blood, it is best if the father is also with the same negative Rh. And a Rh-positive woman, in order to avoid problems with bearing, a Rh-positive man is desirable.
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Blood is a unique substance that consists of plasma and formed substances. Depending on its composition, there are several types. They are classified by different systems, among which the AB0 system is most often used. It distinguishes the first, which is also called the universal blood group, as well as the second, third and fourth groups.
Human plasma contains two types of agglutinins and two types of agglutinogens. They can be present in the blood in different combinations and this sets the blood type:
- So, according to the AB0 system, if there are α and β, then this is the first group, it is also denoted by the number "0". This is what is called the universal blood type.
- The second contains proteins A and β and is designated "A".
- The third consists of B and α and is designated "B".
- The fourth includes A and B and is designated as "AB".
In addition to agglutinins and agglutinogens, there is a specific antigen in the blood located on the surface of red blood cells. In its presence, they speak of a positive Rh factor. If there is no antigen, then the person is Rh negative.
Group Compatibility
About the compatibility of blood types began to talk in the last century. At that time, hemotransfusion was used to restore the volume of circulating blood in the body. After a series of unsuccessful and successful experiments, scientists came to the conclusion that the transfused blood may be incompatible, and further observations showed that the blood of one group and one Rh factor may not be suitable for a patient with the same data.
However, during the experiments, it was possible to find a universal blood type that is ideal for all other species. This type can be transfused to recipients with the second, third and fourth groups. Also, during the testing, a universal blood type was identified, into which any other can be transfused - this is the fourth group with a positive Rh factor.
First group
According to statistics, about 40% of people on the planet have the first blood group. All of them are divided into two groups: Rh-positive 0(I) and Rh-negative 0(I). The latter have a universal blood type and a Rh factor that suits everyone. In other words, the materials of these people can be transfused to patients with any other group. Visually it looks like this:
0(I) Rh negative | 0(I) Rh positive | A(II) Rh negative. | A(II) Rh positive | B(III) Rhesus neg. | B(III) Rh positive | AB(IV) Rh negative. | AB(IV) Rh positive |
|
0(I) Rh negative | ||||||||
0(I) Rh positive |
A universal donor with a positive first blood is compatible with other groups, but only with a positive Rh.
Nowadays, the first group is rarely used when a recipient is transfused with another group. If a situation suddenly arises in which it is necessary to pour it into the patient, then, as a rule, it is used in small quantities - no more than 500 ml.
If the blood type is 1, the donor can only be with the same blood, i.e.:
- 0(I)Rh- only compatible with 0(I)Rh-;
- 0(I)Rh+ is compatible with 0(I)Rh- with 0(I)Rh+.
When transfusing, the peculiarity of the donor and recipient is taken into account, because even with the same group and Rh, the liquids are not always compatible.
Second group
The second group has restrictions on use. It can only be used by people with the same data and the same Rhesus. So, for blood transfusion, blood of the second group with a negative Rh is used in people with the second group, both with positive and negative Rh. And Rh positive fluid is used only in recipients with the same Rh. You can also add the first group to the second one.
Third group
This option is compatible not only with the third, but also with the fourth and first groups. can donate blood for B(III) patients.
If the donor has the third group, then his blood will be compatible with the following recipients:
- With Rh-positive donor blood, it can be transfused for people of the fourth and third positive.
- For Rh negative: blood can be used for people with the third and fourth, both positive and negative group.
Fourth group
Asking the question of which blood type is universal, we can answer that there are two of them. The first group with a negative Rh makes it possible to save the lives of all people, regardless of the group and Rh. But people with the fourth group and positive Rh are universal recipients - they can be injected with any blood, with any Rh.
If the recipient will have a negative Rh, then any group with only a negative Rh is poured into it.
The influence of blood type on the conception of a child and pregnancy
When conceiving a child, the blood type does not matter, but the Rh factor is very important. If the mother has negative blood, and the child has positive blood, then throughout the pregnancy there is an immunological reaction in which protein is produced in the mother's blood. If, during a second pregnancy, the fetus again has a positive Rh, then the reaction of agglutination and hemolysis of red blood cells will begin to occur in the woman's body. This situation is called Rhesus-conflict.
Therefore, after the first pregnancy, a woman is recommended to administer anti-Rhesus globulin to break the immunological chain.
Other blood types
Interestingly, in the fifties of the last century, scientists identified another blood type that cannot be attributed to either the first or any other. It is called Bomeyan, according to the place where the carriers of this group were found.
The peculiarity of this group is that it does not contain antigens A and B. But in its serum there is also no antigen H, which can cause serious difficulties, for example, during the determination of paternity, since the baby will not have a single antigen in the blood that is available in his parents. This group is very rare in the world (only 0.01%), and a chromosomal mutation is to blame for its appearance.
But then few people understood how letters and numbers are deciphered, and how important they will be in the future when creating a family. After all, it is difficult for an uninitiated person to imagine how some two letters and a “+” or “-” sign can affect the bearing of a child. In this article, we will tell you how a conflict arises in the blood group and Rhesus between and her baby, what happens as a result of this.
The division of blood into groups is its classification by the presence or absence of some inherited antigens on the outer shell. When it is determined, the special classes of carbohydrates and proteins present in the membranes of erythrocytes are identified.
Humans have more than thirty antigen systems, among which the most important are the AB0 system and the Rh system. It is on them that they first of all pay attention during transfusion. Others are more important in transplantology. AB0 system. It was first proposed by Karl Landsteiner in 1900. There are so-called paired genes that occupy the same loci of homologous chromosomes. They form some classes. The main ones are: A¹, A², B and 0. The first three have enzymes responsible for the transfer of monosaccharides from carbohydrate donors to acceptor molecules. It is this unusual attachment of sugars to certain enzymes that forms the specific agglutinogens A or B.
Rh system. - a complex protein located on the outer shell of erythrocytes. Approximately 85% of people have an Rh factor, which means they are Rh-positive. The other 15% do not have it; these people are Rh negative. The presence of proteins on erythrocytes is a purely individual factor.
Did you know? Doctors of Ancient Greece believed that human blood contains four substances that are the source of any disease - which means that it can be cured simply by reducing the amount of blood. The so-called "bleeding" was actively practiced in European medicine until the beginning of the 19th century, when the development of medical sciences showed the complete failure of its provisions.
As we have already found out, according to the AB0 system, a person has two main erythrocyte proteins (hemagglutinogens), designated as A and B, and two auxiliary plasma proteins (hemagglutinins) - α and β. The absence of plasma proteins is indicated by "0".
Combining with each other, they determine the blood type:
- without agglutinogens and with both agglutinins - (0) or I;
- only with agglutinogens A and with agglutinin β - (A) or II;
- only with agglutinogens B and with agglutinin α - (B) or III;
- with both agglutinogens and without agglutinins - (AB) or IV.
Blood compatibility for conceiving a child
The course is influenced by what combination of agglutinins and agglutinogens can be obtained in a child. To avoid complications, doctors recommend that parents take compatibility tests.
The table shows data on the compatibility of blood types of parents and the percentage probability of conflict during pregnancy. 
It is advisable to find out if the parents are compatible at the time of pregnancy planning. Often the cause of immunological infertility is the incompatibility of the blood of a man and a woman. Its appearance is possible in cases where agglutinogens are present in the red liquid connective tissue of the organism of one of the partners, and agglutinins comparable to them are present in the other. That is, a woman can have A or B agglutinogens, and a man can have α or β agglutinins, or vice versa. As a result, erythrocytes stick together, which does not allow them to perform their main function.
Embryo, as a rule, the blood type is transmitted from the mother. If it is transmitted to the embryo from the father, or another combination is formed that is not compatible with the mother, there will be a possibility of an immunological conflict. In most cases, this leads to in the early stages. It is also possible the appearance of hemolytic disease in the baby. Compatibility of blood type and Rh factor when conceiving a child is shown in the table: 
The conflict of groups according to AB0 is a rare phenomenon, in contrast to the Rhesus conflict. It usually occurs if a woman with a negative pregnancy has a baby with a positive one. In this case, there is a possibility that the erythrocyte proteins in the body will enter the body of the pregnant woman through the general bloodstream. They are immediately noticed by the immune system and identified as foreign.
The process of producing antibodies to fight the "aliens" is launched. As a result, the child's red blood cells die, i.e., the woman's body begins to destroy the unborn child. The fetus experiences oxygen starvation, developmental disruptions begin, which can lead to the death of the embryo in the womb.
Usually, primiparas do not have serious problems with bearing a fetus in the presence of an Rhesus conflict. The mother's immune system adjusts slowly and does not have time to harm the baby. During subsequent pregnancies, the woman's body is already familiar with the "threat" and the reaction occurs much faster.
Important! Knowing about the possibility of Rh conflict during pregnancy, the couple should conduct a series of compatibility tests and consult a doctor.
If you are going to have a baby, you should take into account the fact that the woman's immune system "remembers" all contacts of her "red liquid" with a positive one, regardless of the time of the moment. Therefore, if there were abortions or blood transfusions, then the likelihood of an Rhesus conflict at the time increases. You should inform your doctor about this, as the course of pregnancy can be difficult and unpredictable.
Here is a table with the calculation of the blood group in a child, depending on what it is in the parents.
The data was obtained by combinatorial calculations. 
Acetylator A (II) will appear in an individual when borrowing from parents either A (AA) or A and 0 (A0). Similarly, the acetylator B (III) is possible when borrowing B (BB) or B and 0 (B0). Acetylator 0 (I) will appear only if two 0 genes were borrowed. That is, if both partners have the second group (A0, A0), then the appearance of a child from the first is quite normal. For parents who have the second (AA, A0) and third (BB, B0) groups, the appearance of a baby with any blood type is generally characteristic.
Based on the above combinations, if one of the parents has blood I (0), then the family can never have children with IV (AB), no matter what the group of the second parent is. Similarly, for a couple in which someone is the carrier of IV (AB), the appearance of an heir with I (0) is impossible.
Blood type compatibility is important for conceiving a child. Of course, it is not necessary to part when incompatibility is discovered, but it will not hurt to arm yourself with knowledge.
Even if you have passed the tests and you have a Rh or immunoconflict, there are chances to endure and give birth to a healthy baby. The main thing is to know about your problem and strictly follow the doctor's instructions. Usually such expectant mothers are under closer supervision of specialists. If antibodies appear, you should immediately undergo a course of treatment. Usually, in the presence of a Rh conflict, pregnant women are prescribed special immunoglobulin injections. The drug binds maternal antibodies and expels them from the body.
When it is established that an Rh-negative girl develops an Rh-positive baby, they begin to control the state of her blood. Analyze the venous "red fluid" for Rh antibodies. The frequency of delivery of the material depends on the deadline. So, up to rent monthly, up to - twice a month and up to the fortieth - weekly. 
For the normal course of pregnancy, the lack of compatibility in the blood types of the parents can be a threat if the problem is not detected in time. After all, it is almost impossible to feel the presence of a conflict, especially in the early stages. It is only visible on . Therefore, if the problem is not solved in time, not only the loss of the fetus is possible, but also a threat to the life of the mother.
Conflict pregnancy - what can happen
Consider what difficulties there may be if parents and children have blood groups with different Rh factors.
All serious problems arise when a woman with a negative Rh carries a child with a positive one. An active struggle of the mother's organism with a foreign object begins. Developed antibodies enter the placenta and destroy the erythrocytes of the fetus. This may lead to:
- miscarriage;
- overstrain of the children's liver and spleen, which leads to their increase;
- development
In the middle of the last century, it was believed that 0 (I) Rh- suits everyone without exception. People with such a blood type were considered universal. The consequences of her incompatibility with other groups were so rare that it did not matter, especially in moments when seconds counted in saving someone's life. Nowadays, this practice has already been abandoned, and in general, transfusion between different groups is not welcome.
The development of science, including medicine, made it possible to understand that other antigens of the red liquid connective tissue of the body can also affect the health of the recipient. Therefore, the creation of blood banks with special characteristics is practiced in the world. Did you know? The first person-to-person blood transfusion was performed in 1795 by a US physician, Phillip Singh.
In certain diseases, transfusion is required not only of the “red liquid”, but also of plasma. It also has its own characteristics. So, for example, if 0 (I) could be administered to all those in need and not pay attention to the amount, then with plasma 0 (I) this cannot be done. The presence of agglutinins α and β was found in it. Because of this, it should be administered in doses. But plasma IV (AV), in which there are no agglutinins, can be administered to everyone.
After reviewing the above information, we can conclude that it is necessary to prepare for pregnancy in advance. Now it has become clear to you why doctors force you to take compatibility tests. Without them, it will not be possible to prevent possible problems associated with Rhesus conflicts. Therefore, these analyzes should not be avoided. This is all for your own good.
Proper pregnancy planning is one of the main tasks facing expectant mothers and fathers. But even the most well-prepared parents may not even be aware of the danger.
Proper pregnancy planning is one of the main tasks facing expectant mothers and fathers. But even the most well-prepared parents may not even be aware of the danger that threatens the baby, the cause of which may be their blood type incompatibility.
The concept of parent compatibility
At conception, parental group affiliations have an equal influence on the formation of the child's blood. However, there is no guarantee that the child will inherit the plasma from the father or mother. For example, for parents with groups II and III, the probability of having a child with any group is 25%.
But the main role in the concept of incompatibility is played rather not by the blood type, but by the Rh factor.
On a note: Rh factor (Rh) is an antigen or a special protein that is part of the blood of 85% of the world's population. It is found in the membrane of red blood cells - erythrocytes. People who do not have this protein are Rh-negative.
If both parents are either Rh+ or Rh-, then there is no cause for concern. Also, do not worry if the mother's blood is Rh positive, and the father's blood is Rh negative.
Pregnancy problems can occur if the baby's Rh-positive plasma mixes with the mother's Rh-negative blood. The reaction that occurs in this case is called the Rhesus conflict. It appears at the moment when the antigen present in the baby's blood and absent in the mother enters her body. In this case, agglutination occurs - adhesion of Rh-positive and Rh-negative erythrocytes. In order to prevent this, the female body begins to produce special antibodies - immunoglobulins.
Immunoglobulins produced during Rhesus conflict can be of two types - IgM and IgG. Antibodies of the IgM class appear at the first meeting of "warring" erythrocytes and are larger, which is why they do not penetrate the placenta.
When this reaction is repeated, immunoglobulins of the IgG class are released, which subsequently cause incompatibility. In the future, hemolysis occurs - the destruction of red blood cells in the baby's blood.
Consequences of hemolytic disease of the fetus
In the process of hemolysis, hemoglobin breaks down into toxic substances that affect the central nervous system, heart, liver, and kidneys of the child. Subsequently, anemia, dropsy, fetal edema may develop. All this can be accompanied by hypoxia - oxygen starvation, acidosis - a violation of the acid-base balance and other complications. In the worst case, death is possible.
Causes of Rhesus conflict
