Read the interpretation of dreams Freud. Interpretation of the contract in Russian and foreign law

Sigmund Freud

Dream interpretation

Dante da Maiano - to the poets

Do not refuse, wise one, do me a favor, pay attention to this dream.

Find out that I dreamed of a beauty - the one that is in the heart in great honor.

With a thick wreath in her hands, she appeared, wanting to present a wreath as a gift,

And suddenly the shirt was on me from her shoulder - I'm almost convinced.

I kissed her. I keep silence about other things, as I swore to her. And my late mother was at the same time.

Dante Alighieri - to Dante da Maiano

Having shown a worthy mind in front of me, You are able to comprehend the vision yourself,

But, as I can, I will respond to the call, set out in elegant words.

As a gift, a sign of love, suggesting to the most beautiful and noble lady,

Love, whose outcome is not always happy, I hope I will agree with you.

The lady's shirt should mean, as I think, as we both think, that she will love you in return.

And the fact that this strange person was with the deceased, and not alone, should mean love to the grave.

Dante Alighieri "Small Works"

Foreword

Freud began studying dreams in the early 1990s. In 1895, he suddenly "discovered" for himself the basic position of the theory of dreams (a dream is a wish fulfilled). It happened in a small Viennese restaurant. Freud joked that a small memorial plaque should be hung over the table at which he was sitting that evening (the exact date is July 24, 1895). In every joke there is a share of a joke, the rest is the truth. Freud really valued his discovery extremely highly.

He believed that the book "The Interpretation of Dreams" was a milestone in his work. In the history of psychoanalysis, the theory of dreams “occupies a special place, marking a turning point; thanks to her, psychoanalysis took a step from a psychotherapeutic method to depth psychology. Since then, the theory of dreams has been the most characteristic and most peculiar in this young science, unparalleled in our other teachings, a piece of virgin land, reclaimed from superstition and mysticism ”(Freud 3. Introduction to Psychoanalysis, - M. Science, 1989). This is how Freud assessed the place of the theory of dreams in the general complex of psychoanalytic theories.

For the first time, The Interpretation of Dreams was published in 1900. 3. Freud's prefaces to the first six editions of the book allow us to trace the development and spread of psychoanalysis. It is important for us that by the time of the first edition, the development of the theory of dreams was practically completed. Subsequently, Freud made a number of corrections and clarifications. Starting from the fourth edition, Freud is assisted in his work by one of his closest students, Otto Rank, who supplements the list of references, compiles notes, and also attaches two of his own articles to the sixth chapter of Freud's book. However, all these clarifications and additions are not fundamental. Freud returns to the problem of dreams more than once, but in most cases this is a simplified, popular presentation of his views: the third lecture in the Five Lectures on the History of Psychoanalysis (in 1989 they were published under the title On Psychoanalysis, previously included in the Reader on the History of Foreign Psychology), a small work On Dreams (Psychology of Sleep) and, finally, the fifth - fifteenth lecture in Introduction to Psychoanalysis.

In the last years of his life 3. Freud again returns to the problem of dreams, which is reflected in the third section of the Lectures, which was never read to the audience: the author was too old and ill. One of his lectures, "Revisiting the Theory of Dreams," gives some additional information about the theory of dreams, but allows us to judge what exactly Freud considered the main thing in his theory, and what was secondary. The content of the second lecture - "Dreaming and the Occultism" - is quite far from the actual problem of dreams, but we can get acquainted with Freud's opinion about astrology, prophecy, divination - everything that is in vogue today. And here Freud is true to himself! He does not so much criticize these phenomena (although, of course, he does not believe in them), but rather tries to analyze those psychological patterns that underlie the occult.

The main features of the "Interpretation of Dreams" are the consistency and thoroughness of the presentation, the richness of specific examples. The book should be read carefully, “from cover to cover”, otherwise “the thought will break the connecting thread” and acquaintance with the book will not add anything to the information that the reader has already gathered from other popular sources. Moreover, we may get a distorted, superficial impression of the theory of dreams (Freud, at the end of his life, had every reason to complain that his theory became popular but remained misunderstood). A detailed, detailed presentation, as it were, reproduces the process of psychoanalytic research. We get acquainted not only with theoretical generalizations, but to a greater extent with the material that served as a source for generalizations. In this regard, "Interpretation" has no analogues.

Robert Kastor Pen and ink, 1925

Z. Freud's autograph in the picture:

"There is no medicine against death, and against error no rule has been found"

"There is no cure against death, and against error no rule has been found"

Introduction

In attempting to interpret dreams, I do not cross, in my opinion, the vicious circle of neuropathological interests. A dream in psychological analysis serves as the first link in a series of psychic phenomena, of which further - hysterical phobias, obsessive thoughts and delusional ideas should be of interest to the doctor for practical reasons. As we shall see, the dream cannot claim such practical significance. But the more significant is its theoretical value as a paradigm. Whoever does not know how to explain the occurrence of dreams to himself will try in vain to understand various kinds of phobias, obsessive thoughts, delusional ideas in order to have a therapeutic effect on them.

This close interdependence, to which the subject under consideration owes its importance, is, however, also the cause of the shortcomings of the proposed work. The problems which we present in such abundance correspond to as many points of contact in which the problem of the formation of dreams enters into more general problems of psychopathology, which are not covered here and to which further research will be devoted, as time and strength allow.

The peculiarity of the material with which I had to operate for the interpretation of dreams made my work extremely difficult. From the exposition it will be clear of itself why all the dreams described in the literature or collected from unknown persons are completely unsuitable for my purposes. I had only a choice between my own dreams and the dreams of my patients in psychoanalytic treatment. The use of the latter was hampered by the fact that these dreams were complicated by the introduction of neurotic elements. Inextricably linked with the communication of my own was the need to reveal to the eyes of others more intimate details of my personal life than I would like and what their author, not a poet, but a naturalist, should reveal in general. It was unpleasant, but inevitable. And I reconciled myself to this, if only not to abandon the argumentation of my psychological conclusions altogether. I could not, of course, resist the temptation to hide the most intimate details by means of various abbreviations and omissions; but this has always served to the detriment of this example as a demonstrative argument. I can only hope that the readers of my book will understand my predicament and will be indulgent towards me, and furthermore, that all persons who are affected in one way or another in these dreams will not refuse to grant, at least to this sphere, complete freedom of thought.

I wonder who you are asking questions about your dreams here, gentlemen commentators? Here you are supposed to leave your impressions about the book you have read, this is not a forum for psychoanalysts. Go to a psychoanalyst with your dreams, your dreams have an interpretation only in the context of your life history, personal qualities and your experiences.

Grade 5 out of 5 stars from Natalia 18.01.2017 17:22

Great person!

Grade 5 out of 5 stars by Meret 12.05.2016 12:44

I had a dream, in a tiger costume, I kiss Amy Winehouse and our children goodbye, I am a girl, what is it for?

Nonna 31.03.2016 15:04

I had a dream that I kill people, I kill a lot and I like it. I woke up in a cold sweat. Why who

Grade 4 out of 5 stars from Vasya 14.02.2016 00:01

Dear, those who ask why you dreamed about all this. Except you, no one will understand better why this or that dreamed. Read good books and understand yourself. Knowing only a dream will never tell what it is about and what it is for. You need to know your fears, irritants during sleep, what has been bothering you recently and much more about you. Nobody knows you better than yourself.

Grade 5 out of 5 stars by Juice577 24.01.2016 19:10

I had a dream about a big cake that I decorated, what is it for?

Guest 10.01.2016 13:28

Excuse me, what does my dream mean: A big red snake goes into the sea, Revalier hits the target, an arrow pierces an apple

Grade 4 out of 5 stars by Aloe Vera 27.12.2015 17:08

I dreamed of a naked wife sticking out of the crotch with a tampon with dried blood stains, which I pulled out. I looked inside and saw a gray sock there, put my hand in there, not feeling an obstacle, and took it out, looked in. More, the vagina seemed to me very large, and took out another sock, which was in blood clots, and served as a cork, blood poured out from there, with a handful. the uterus, from which small copper and silver coins spilled into my hand, not many, eight or ten pieces, stained with blood, my hand was also in blood clots.
The dream was on October 13, bright, colorful. Feelings-fear, interest, sympathy for his wife, the inevitability.

Grade 5 out of 5 stars from Igor 10/16/2015 03:54

Hello! Please help me clarify: I dreamed of a rotten swamp, it is covered with some kind of thick slurry, bubbles like a swamp (I can’t describe, but a terrible sight), and it is not only under my balcony, but also near my balcony. It turns out that my balcony seems to be surrounded by a swamp, but it is not big. The house itself and the apartment where I live are standing still, it's just that a swamp has formed around, but a small circle. I live on the first floor, for some reason there were no handrails on the balcony. This swamp reaches the very balcony and it is deep, I saw bubbles and it was all like slurry, a real swamp. Some man came, full, his face is round and red, shouting something to me, and I’m standing on a clean balcony (I myself didn’t stand in this swamp), I can’t make out what he is saying, and he enters this swamp and starts drowning, choking, going headlong into the swamp, and suddenly he pulls out the dead man by the legs and drags him out of the swamp, and this is a young guy, but I didn’t recognize him, I screamed and ran home. Tell me what it means, I think it's not good, tell me please, what is it? Please write to me on my email. I will be grateful to you, I am very afraid. I had this dream from Friday to Saturday (from May 15, 2015 to May 16, 2015). Thank you in advance.

Online Library

http://www.koob.ru

Sigmund Freud

Dream interpretation

OCR: Vasily Tomsinsky. Especially for the project "Philosophy and atheism" -

http://books.atheism.ru/.

1. PREFACE.

2. INTRODUCTION.

I. SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ON THE QUESTION OF DREAMS (before 1900)

II. DREAM INTERPRETATION METHOD. SAMPLE DREAM ANALYSIS.

Sh. DREAM - IMPLEMENTATION OF DESIRE.

IV. DISTORTING DREAM ACTIVITY.

V. MATERIAL AND SOURCES OF DREAMS.

VI. DREAM WORK.

VII. PSYCHOLOGY OF DREAM PROCESSES.

3. REFERENCE INDEX

4. PSYCHOANALYTICAL LITERATURE OF DREAM PROBLEMS.

5. NOTES.

Dante da Maiano - to the poets

Do not refuse, wise one, do me a favor,

pay attention to this dream.

Find out that I dreamed of a beauty -

the one that is in the heart in great honor.

With a thick wreath in her hands she appeared,

wishing to present a wreath as a gift,

and suddenly I found myself wearing a shirt

from her shoulder - I'm almost convinced.

Here I came to such a state,

that he began to embrace the lady passionately,

she enjoys it - by all accounts.

I kissed her. I keep silence

other things, as he swore to her. And mother

my deceased was at the same time.

Dante Alighieri - to Dante da Maiano

Showing a worthy mind in front of me,

Are you able to comprehend the vision yourself,

but, as I can, I will respond to the call,

expressed in graceful words.

Assuming a sign of love in a gift

to the most beautiful and noble lady,

love, whose outcome is not always happy,

I hope I agree with you.

A lady's shirt should mean

how I think, how we both think,

that she will love you in return.

And the fact that this strange person

with the deceased was, and not alone,

should mean love to the grave.

Dante Alighieri "Small Works"

PREFACE.

Freud began studying dreams in the early 1990s. IN

1895 he suddenly "discovered" for himself the basic position of the theory of dreams

(a dream is a wish fulfilled). It happened in a small Viennese

restaurant. Freud joked that over the table at which he was sitting that

memorial plaque. In every joke - a fraction of a joke, the rest is true. Freud

really appreciated his discovery extremely highly.

He believed that the book "The Interpretation of Dreams" was the boundary in his

creativity. In the history of psychoanalysis, the theory of dreams "occupies a special

place, marking a turning point; thanks to her, psychoanalysis made

step from the psychotherapeutic method to depth psychology. Since then

dream theory is the most characteristic and most peculiar in this

young science, unparalleled in our other teachings, virgin lands,

conquered from superstition and mysticism" (Frepd 3. Introduction to psychoanalysis, - M .:

Science, 1989). This is how Freud assessed the place of the theory of dreams in the general complex

psychoanalytic theories.

Freud to the first six editions of the book allow us to trace the path of development and

spread of psychoanalysis. It is important for us that by the time of the first edition

the development of the theory of dreams was almost completed. Subsequently

Freud made a number of corrections and clarifications. Since the fourth edition, Freud

one of his closest students, Otto Rank, helps in the work.

supplements the list of references, makes notes, and also attaches to

the sixth chapter of Freud's book has two articles of his own. However, all these clarifications

and additions are not essential. Freud returns to the problem of dreams

repeatedly, but in most cases this is a simplified, popular

presentation of his views: the third lecture in the "Five Lectures on the History of

previously included in the "Anthology on the history of foreign psychology"),

a small work "On Dreaming" ("Psychology of Sleep") and, finally, the fifth -

Fifteenth Lecture in Introduction to Psychoanalysis.

In the last years of his life 3. Freud again returns to the problem of dreams,

which is reflected in the third section of the "Lectures", which was never read

theory of dreams" - gives a little additional information about the theory

dreams, but allows us to judge what exactly Freud considered the main

in his theory, and what is secondary. The content of the second lecture -

"Dreaming and the Occult" is far enough away from the actual problem

dreams, but we can get acquainted with Freud's opinion about

astrology, prophecy, divination - everything that comes into fashion in our

days. And here Freud is true to himself! He does not so much criticize these phenomena (although,

certainly does not believe in them), how much he tries to analyze those

psychological patterns that underlie the occult.

The main features of the "Interpretation of Dreams" are the sequence

and thoroughness of presentation, saturation with specific examples. book

connecting thread" and familiarity with the book will not add anything to the information

which the reader has already gleaned from other popular sources. More

Moreover, we may get a distorted, superficial impression of the theory

dreams (Freud at the end of his life had every reason to complain that

his theory became popular but remained misunderstood). detailed,

a detailed presentation, as it were, reproduces the process

psychoanalytic research. We get acquainted not only with theoretical

generalizations, but to a greater extent - with the material that served as a source

for generalizations. In this regard, "Interpretation" has no analogues.

INTRODUCTION

When attempting to interpret dreams, I do not overstep, in my opinion,

vicious circle of neuropathological interests. Dreaming in

psychological analysis serves as the first link in a series of mental phenomena,

of which further - hysterical phobias, obsessive thoughts and delusional

ideas should interest the doctor for practical reasons. For such

the practical significance of the dream - as we shall see - cannot be claimed.

But the more significant is its theoretical value as a paradigm. Who

does not know how to explain the occurrence of dreams to himself, he will be in vain

try to understand various kinds of phobias, obsessive thoughts, delusions with

in order to have a therapeutic effect on them.

This intimate interdependence, to which the subject under consideration owes its importance

The topic is, however, the reason for the shortcomings of the proposed work.

The problems that we present in such an abundance

correspond to as many points of contact at which the problem

dream formation is included in the more general problems of psychopathology,

which are not covered here and to which further

research as time and effort permit.

The originality of the material with which it was necessary to operate for interpretation

dreams, made my work extremely difficult. From the presentation itself

it will be clear why all the dreams described in the literature or collected from

unknown persons, completely unsuitable for my purposes. I only had

choosing between my own dreams and those of my patients,

using psychoanalytic treatment. Using the latest

was hampered by the fact that these dreams were complicated by the occurrence

neurotic elements. With the message of their own was inextricably

associated with the need to reveal to the eyes of others more intimate

details of my personal life, what I would like and what I should

but inevitable. And I put up with it, just not to give up at all from

argumentation of their psychological conclusions. I couldn't, of course

resist temptation with various kinds of abbreviations and omissions

hide the most intimate details; but it always served to the detriment

given example as evidence. I can only hope that

readers of my book will understand my predicament and will come to me

in these dreams, will not refuse to grant, at least to this realm

complete freedom of thought.

Preface to the second edition

The fact that ten years have not yet passed since the publication of my book has already appeared

the need for a second edition, I owe nothing to the interest

specialists to whom I addressed in the introduction. My fellow psychiatrists

took the trouble to get rid of that initial bewilderment which

should have evoked in them my new understanding of dreams, and the philosophers

accustomed to look at the dream problem as an addition to the questions

consciousness, did not understand that it was from here that one could extract something leading to

fundamental transformation of all our psychological theories. Attitude

scientific criticism could only confirm my expectation that the fate of my

books will stubbornly silence her; the first edition of my book could not

be completely dismantled by that small group of courageous supporters who

follow me along the path of the medical application of psychoanalysis and who

in my example, dreams are interpreted in order to use it later in the treatment

neurotics. In view of this, I feel obliged to express my gratitude to

to those wide circles of intelligent and inquisitive persons whose sympathy

and caused the need, nine years later, to take up my difficult and difficult task again.

in many respects capital labor.

I can say with satisfaction that I had to correct and change

very little. I included only here and there new material, added

a few remarks arising from my long observations, and

reworked a few things. Everything essential about the dream and its

interpretation, as well as the general psychological

principles remain unchanged. All this, at least subjectively,

has stood the test of time. Who is familiar with my other works (about

etiology and mechanism of psychoneuroses), he knows that I never betrayed

unfinished and incomplete for complete and ready, and always tried to change his

statements when they no longer match my beliefs. IN

in the field of dream interpretation, I remained at my original point

vision. Over the long years of my work on the problem of neuroses, I have repeatedly

hesitated and changed his views; only in my "Interpretation of Dreams" I

always found a solid foothold. And my numerous scientific

adversaries show great sensitivity in avoiding confrontation with me in

areas of the dream problem.

The material of my book, these are for the most part already depreciated by prescription

dreams, on the example of which I explain the principles of the interpretation of dreams,

also turned out to be under revision not in need of any processing.

For me personally, this book has yet another subjective meaning, which I

I only realized after it was over. She turned out to be part of my

introspection - a reaction to the death of my father, to the biggest event and

the greatest loss in a person's life. Realizing this, I found it impossible

destroy the features of this influence. For the reader, absolutely

no matter on what material he learns to evaluate and interpret dreams.

Where the necessary remark did not fit into a logical connection with

previous presentation, I enclosed it in square brackets. (On subsequent

brackets have been omitted)

Berchtesgaden, summer 1908

Preface to the third edition

While nine years elapsed between the first and second editions of this book

years, the need for a third edition was felt a little more than a year later.

I could rejoice at this change. But if before my neglect

labor on the part of his readers, I did not consider proof of his

worthlessness," then the interest that has now awakened in him does not yet prove his

positive qualities.

The progress of scientific thought has not left aside the Interpretation of Dreams.

When I wrote this book in 1899, there was no "sexual theory" yet, and

the analysis of the complex forms of psychoneuroses was only in its infancy. Interpretation

dreams were supposed to be an auxiliary means for the implementation

analysis of neuroses. An in-depth study of the latter itself, in turn,

began to influence the interpretation of dreams. The doctrine of the latter went

in a way that was not clearly expressed in the first edition

this book. Thanks to my own experience and the work of W. Stekel and others, I

learned to more correctly assess the volume and meaning of symbolism in a dream

(or rather, in the unconscious mind). And so during these

Many things have accumulated over the years that require special attention to themselves. I tried

use all this, with the help of notes and numerous

inserts in the text. If these additions threaten in some places to overstep the bounds

presentation, or if not everywhere it was possible to raise the original text to the level

our current views, then to these shortcomings of my book I ask

indulgence; they are only consequences and results of the rapid pace

development of our knowledge. I also make up my mind to say in advance why

in other ways subsequent editions of the Interpretation of Dreams will deviate, -

if there is a need for them. They will have to get closer to

rich material of poetry, myth, language and folk life, on the other hand

On the other hand, they will touch upon, in more detail than they do now, the relation of the dream to

neuroses and mental disorders.

Otto Rank2 rendered me very valuable services in the selection of material and himself

completed the proofreading of printed sheets, and I express to him and many others

deep gratitude for their guidance.

Vienna, spring 1911

Preface to the fourth edition

A year ago (in 1913) Dr. A. A. Brill3 in New York translated the present

book into English. (The Interpretation of dreams. G. Aleen & SU.,

London, 1913).

Dr. Otto Rank this time not only corrected, but also enriched

text in two separate articles. (Appendix to Chapter VI.)

Vienna, June 1914

Preface to the Fifth Edition

Interest in the "Interpretation of Dreams" did not stop during the World War,

and even before its completion, the need for a new edition was felt. During

war it was not possible to keep track of all the literature, starting from 1914,

since there is foreign literature, it was not available at all

me or Dr. Rank.

Hungarian translation of The Interpretation of Dreams by Dr. Gollos and

Dr. Ferenczi will be published in the near future. In my Lectures on

introduction to psychoanalysis", published in 1916 - 1917, the middle part,

embracing eleven lectures, devoted to the presentation of a dream; I aspired

to the fact that this presentation was more elementary and had in mind to indicate

on its closer connection with the doctrine of neuroses. In general, it has the character

extracts from the Interpretation of Dreams, although some passages are more

in detail.

I could not decide on a thorough revision of this book

according to the modern level of our psychoanalytic views and

thereby destroy its historical originality. I still think that in

for almost 20 years of existence, it has fulfilled its task.

Budapest - Steinbruch, July 1918

Preface to the sixth edition

Due to the difficulties currently associated with printing,

the present new edition appeared much later than the time when

already felt the need for it; under the same circumstances, it is

For the first time - unaltered reprint from the previous edition. Only literary

the index at the end of the book was completed and continued by Dr. O. Rank.

My guess is that the real book, during its almost

twenty years of existence has fulfilled its task, has not received, so

way, confirmation. I could tell sooner what's to come

perform a new task. If before it was about finding out

essence of the dream, it is now just as important to overcome that stubborn

the misunderstanding with which these explanations were met.

Vienna, April 1921

I. SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ON THE QUESTION OF DREAMS (PRIOR TO 1900) (Before the first

edition of this book in 1900).

In what follows, I will try to prove that

there is a psychological technique that allows you to interpret

dreams, and that by applying this method, any dream turns out to be

meaningful mental phenomenon, which can be in the appropriate

place is included in the mental activity of wakefulness. I will try further

find out the processes that cause strangeness and incomprehensibility

dreams, and draw from them an inference as to the nature

mental forces, from the cooperation or rivalry of which is formed

dream. But at this point my presentation will end, since further

the problem of the dream turns into a larger problem, the resolution

which needs other material.

I preface my presentation with a review of the work of other authors, as well as

the current state of the dream problem in science; I do it because

that in the future I will have little reason to return to this. Scientific

understanding of the dream, despite thousands of years of attempts, has gone ahead very

at the end of his book, there are many valuable remarks and interesting material

for our topic, but there is nothing or almost nothing that concerns the

the essence of the dream and solve its mystery. Even less passed, of course,

into the understanding of intelligent non-specialist readers.

The question of how the dream was understood in the primitive times of mankind

among primitive peoples and what influence on the formation of their views on the world and

per soul should be attributed to him, is of great interest; so i'm with

It is with great regret that I exclude him from processing in this essay. I refer

to the well-known writings of Sir.J. Lubbock, G. Spencer, E. B. Taylor and others.

and I add only that the significance of these problems and speculations may become

we understand only after we solve the problem before us

"interpretation of dreams"

The echo of the primitive understanding of dreams lies, obviously, at the basis of the assessment

Dreams among the peoples of classical antiquity. (The following is according to

careful exposition of Bus-chenschiitz "a). They assumed that dreams

stand in connection with the world of superhuman beings in which they believed, and

bring revelations from gods and demons. They further thought that

dreams are important for the dreamer, usually announcing to him

future. Because of the extreme diversity in content and experience,

produced by dreams, it was, of course, difficult to stick to one

understanding, and therefore it was necessary to produce various divisions and

grouping dreams according to their value and authenticity. Some

philosophers of antiquity, the judgment about a dream depended, of course, on the

the position they were willing to take in relation to art

predict at all.

In both works of Aristotle6 discussing the dream, it has already become

object of psychology. We hear that a dream is not a message from God,

that it is not of divine origin, but diabolical, since

nature is demonic rather than divine. The dream does not arise at all

from supernatural revelation, but is the result of laws

the human spirit, akin, of course, to the deity. Dream

is defined as the mental activity of the sleeper while he sleeps.

Aristotle is familiar with some of the characteristics of the dream life; He

knows, for example, that a dream transforms petty stimuli that come

during sleep, in large ("it seems as if you are walking through a fire and burning when

in fact, there is only a slight warming of one or the other

parts of the body") and deduces from this the conclusion that the dream can reveal

before the doctor, the first, imperceptible signs of an incipient change in the body

(The Greek physician Hippocrates writes about the relationship of dreams to diseases, in

one of the chapters of his famous work).

The ancients, before Aristotle, considered the dream, as you know, not a product

dreaming soul, but a suggestion from the side of the deity: we already see in them both

opposing directions that are evident in all studies of sleep and

dreams. They distinguish true and valuable dreams sent down

sleeping for a warning or for predicting the future, from the conceited,

deceitful and insignificant, the purpose of which was to confuse the sleeper or plunge

him to death.

The group (Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschi-chte, p. 390) gives

the following division of dreams according to Macrobius and Artemidorus: "Dreams

subdivided into two classes. One class is conditioned only by the present (or

past), but has no meaning for the future; it includes

(evwua), insomnia, which directly reproduce the given

representation or its opposite representation, such as hunger or

satisfying it, and ((rautost ^ ssta), which fantastically exaggerate

this representation, such as nightmares (night suffocation). Vice versa,

another class determines the future, it includes: 1) direct prophecy,

received in a dream (^rts^atYu-tsb, oraculum); 2) prediction

upcoming event (share, visio); 3) symbolic, in need of

interpretation of a dream (oueipo^, somnium). This theory existed in

for many centuries."

Different evaluation of dreams also determined the task of their "interpretation". From

dreams, in general, were waiting for important discoveries, but not all dreams could

be directly understood, it was not clear whether this incomprehensible portends

a dream is something important. This gave impetus to the desire

"decipher" the dream, replace the incomprehensible content of the dream

understandable, to penetrate into its "hidden" meaning, full of meaning.

Artemidorus of \ Daltis, whose detailed work should reward

us for the lost writings of the same content. (About the further destinies

for the interpretation of dreams in the Middle Ages, see Zipgen and in special

studies of M. Foerster, Gottgard and others. On the interpretation of dreams in

Jews are written by Almoli, Amram, Levinger, and also recently by Lauer, who took into account

attention to the psychoanalytic point of view. Information about the interpretation of dreams

among the Arabs, Drexl, F. Schwartz and the missionary Tfinkdiy report, among the Japanese -

Miura and Iwaya, the Chinese - Seker, the Indians - Negelein).

This pre-scientific understanding of dreams was in complete harmony with the general

worldview of the ancients, which projected as a reality into

the external world is only that which had a reality in the life of the soul. It concerned

dreams in the morning, memories of a dream). In these memories

the dream, as it were, opposes the ordinary content of the psyche, it is introduced

as something alien, as if from another world. It would be wrong

however, to believe that the doctrine of the supernatural origin of dreams

has no supporters at the present time; not to mention all

poetic and mystical writers who do their best to

to fill with some content the remains of such a vast in former times

realms of the supernatural, as long as they are not conquered by the natural sciences.

research - very often there are extremely developed, far from

no suspicion of people who are trying to justify their religious faith

into the existence and intervention of superhuman spiritual forces precisely

inexplicable phenomena of sleep (Gaffner). Understanding dreams by some

philosophical systems, for example, the Schellingians, is

an obvious echo of the firm belief of the ancients in the divine origin

dreams. Discussion of the dream's ability to "prophesy", predict

the future is still not over. Although every person who adheres to

scientific outlook, tends to deny the prophetic power of dreams, but

attempts at psychological interpretation are insufficient to master

accumulated factual material.

Writing a history of the scientific study of the problem of dreams is all the more difficult because

in this study, valuable as it is in some of its parts, one cannot

notice progress in a certain direction. The matter never came to

building a foundation of well-founded results, on which

a subsequent explorer could continue his build. Every new

to tell him what his view of the dream problem was, I had to

would probably refuse to draw up a general visual overview

the current state of the dream problem. I chose therefore to tie

presentation with the essence of the issues under consideration, and not with the authors, and I will try

when discussing each problem, indicate what material is available in

literature for its resolution.

Since, however, I was not able to master all the extremely scattered and

versatile literature, then I ask readers to be satisfied with the consciousness,

that I have not missed a single essential fact, not a single significant

points of view.

sleep and dreaming together, and usually they also added the study

similar states in contact with psychopathology, and dream-like

phenomena (what, for example, hallucinations, visions, etc.). IN

the opposite of this is also found in later works.

the desire to narrow the topic as much as possible and explore any one

only a question from the realm of dreams. In this change I see the expression of

the view that in such dark things understanding can only be achieved by a number of

detailed research. What I propose here is nothing more than

a detailed study of a specifically psychological nature. I have no

reason to deal with the problem of sleep, since it is almost pure

physiological problem, although in the characterization of sleep should be evident

change in the conditions for the functioning of the mental apparatus. I drop therefore

sleep literature.

Scientific interest in the problem of dreams comes down to the following separate

questions that overlap with one another.

a) The relation of dream to wakefulness. The naive judgment of the awakening one

man suggests that a dream, if it does not originate from another

Current page: 1 (total book has 37 pages)

Sigmund Freud
Dream interpretation

Dante da Maiano - to the poets

Do not refuse, wise one, do me a favor, pay attention to this dream.
Find out that I dreamed of a beauty - the one that is in the heart in great honor.
With a thick wreath in her hands, she appeared, wanting to present a wreath as a gift,
And suddenly the shirt was on me from her shoulder - I'm almost convinced.
Then I came to such a state that I began to passionately hug the lady, she was pleased - by all signs.
I kissed her. I keep silence about other things, as I swore to her. And my late mother was at the same time.

Dante Alighieri - to Dante da Maiano

Having shown a worthy mind in front of me, You are able to comprehend the vision yourself,
But, as I can, I will respond to the call, set out in elegant words.
As a gift, a sign of love, suggesting to the most beautiful and noble lady,
Love, whose outcome is not always happy, I hope I will agree with you.
The lady's shirt should mean, as I think, as we both think, that she will love you in return.
And the fact that this strange person was with the deceased, and not alone, should mean love to the grave.

Dante Alighieri "Small Works"

Foreword

Robert Kastor Pen and ink, 1925

Z. Freud's autograph in the picture:

"There is no medicine against death, and against error no rule has been found"

"There is no cure against death, and against error no rule has been found"

Introduction

In attempting to interpret dreams, I do not cross, in my opinion, the vicious circle of neuropathological interests. A dream in psychological analysis serves as the first link in a series of psychic phenomena, of which further - hysterical phobias, obsessive thoughts and delusional ideas should be of interest to the doctor for practical reasons. As we shall see, the dream cannot claim such practical significance. But the more significant is its theoretical value as a paradigm. 1
Paradigm - here - "an explanatory example", that is, an example, analyzing which, you can understand a more general pattern.

Whoever does not know how to explain the occurrence of dreams to himself will try in vain to understand various kinds of phobias, obsessive thoughts, delusional ideas in order to have a therapeutic effect on them.

Preface to the second edition

The fact that ten years have not yet passed since the publication of my book, and that there is already a need for a second edition, is by no means due to the interest of the specialists whom I referred to in the introduction. My fellow psychiatrists did not take the trouble to clear up the initial bewilderment that my new understanding of dreams must have aroused in them, and the philosophers, accustomed to looking at the problem of dreams as an addition to questions of consciousness, did not understand that it was precisely from here that something could be drawn that would lead to a radical transformation of all our psychological theories. The attitude of scientific criticism could only confirm my expectation that it would be the fate of my book to be stubbornly suppressed; The first edition of my book could not have been fully analyzed by the small group of courageous adherents who follow me along the path of the medical application of psychoanalysis and who, following my example, interpret dreams in order to use them later in the treatment of neurotics. In view of this, I consider myself obliged to express gratitude to those wide circles of intelligent and inquisitive people, whose sympathy aroused the need nine years later to take up again my difficult and in many respects capital work.

I can say with satisfaction that I had to correct and change very little. I have included only some new material here and there, added a few remarks arising from my long observations, and in some places revised something. Everything essential about the dream and its interpretation, as well as the general psychological principles arising from the latter, remained unchanged. All this, at least subjectively, has withstood the test of time. Those who are familiar with my other works (on the etiology and mechanism of psychoneuroses) know that I never passed off the unfinished and incomplete as complete and ready, and always tried to change my statements when they no longer corresponded to my convictions. In the realm of the interpretation of dreams, I remained on my original point of view. During the long years of my work on the problem of neuroses, I have repeatedly wavered and changed my views; only in my Interpretation of Dreams did I always find a firm footing. And my many scientific opponents show great sensitivity in avoiding confrontation with me in the realm of the dream problem.

The material of my book, these dreams, for the most part already devalued by prescription, on the example of which I explain the principles of the interpretation of dreams, also turned out to be under revision not in need of any processing. For me personally, this book has yet another subjective meaning, which I was able to understand only after its completion. It turned out to be a fragment of my introspection - a reaction to the death of my father, to the biggest event and the gravest loss in a person's life. Realizing this, I found it impossible to eliminate the features of this influence. For the reader, however, it is completely indifferent on what material he learns to evaluate and interpret dreams.

Where a necessary remark did not fit into a logical connection with the previous exposition, I enclosed it in square brackets. (The brackets were omitted in later editions)

Berchtesgaden, summer 1908

Preface to the third edition

While nine years elapsed between the first and second editions of this book, the need for a third edition was felt a little more than a year later. I could rejoice at this change. But if before I did not consider the neglect of my work on the part of its readers as proof of its worthlessness, now the interest awakened in it does not yet prove its positive qualities.

The progress of scientific thought has not left aside the Interpretation of Dreams. When I wrote this book in 1899, the "sexual theory" did not yet exist, and the analysis of the complex forms of psychoneuroses was only just in its infancy. The interpretation of dreams was to become an aid to the analysis of neuroses. The deepening study of the latter itself, in turn, began to influence the interpretation of dreams. The doctrine of the latter has taken a path which was not expressed clearly enough in the first edition of this book. Thanks to my own experience and the work of W. Stekel and others, I learned to more correctly assess the scope and significance of symbolism in a dream (or rather, in unconscious thinking). And thus, during these years, much has accumulated that required special attention to itself. I have tried to make use of all this with the help of notes and numerous interpolations in the text. If these additions threaten in some places to overstep the bounds of presentation, or if not everywhere it has been possible to raise the original text to the level of our present views, then I ask for indulgence for these shortcomings of my book; they are only consequences and results of the rapid rate of development of our knowledge. I venture, moreover, to say in advance what other paths subsequent editions of the Interpretation of Dreams will deviate from, should there be a need for them. They will have to approach more closely the rich material of poetry, myth, language, and folk life; on the other hand, they will deal in more detail than they do now with the relationship of dreams to neuroses and mental disorders.

Otto Rank 2
O. Rank (1884–1934) is one of the closest students and followers of Freud. He was engaged in the theory of dreams, correlating the material of dreams with mythology and artistic creativity. The most famous monograph by O. Rank "The Trauma of Birth", in which he indicates that the expulsion of the fetus from the mother's womb is the "main trauma" that determines the development of neuroses. Every person has a subconscious desire to return to the mother's womb. Freud did not share this concept of O. Rank. Currently, O. Rank's ideas have been developed in the works of the famous US scientist Stanislav Grof, who conducted experiments with the use of hallucinogens (LSD) and discovered traces of memories of the fetus in the mother's womb and childbirth (the so-called perinatal matrices).

He rendered me very valuable services in the selection of material and himself corrected the printed sheets, and I express my deep gratitude to him and many others for their instructions.

Vienna, spring 1911

Preface to the fourth edition

A year ago (in 1913) Dr. A. A. Brill 3
A. A. Brill (1874–1948) is a follower of Freud in the USA, a tireless preacher of the ideas of psychoanalysis, which he first met in Zurich in the clinic of E. Bleuler and C. G. Jung (for details about A. A. Brill, see G. Wells' book "The Collapse of Psychoanalysis" - M .: Progress. 1968).

In New York he translated the real book into English. (The Interpretation of dreams. G. Aleen & S. W., London, 1913).

Dr. Otto Rank this time not only did the proofreading, but also enriched the text with two independent articles. (Appendix to Chapter VI.)

Vienna, June 1914

Preface to the Fifth Edition

Interest in The Interpretation of Dreams did not cease during the World War, and even before it ended, the need for a new edition was felt. During the war it was not possible to keep track of all the literature, since 1914, since there is foreign literature, it was not at all accessible to either me or Dr. Rank.

Hungarian translation of The Interpretation of Dreams by Dr. Gollos and Dr. Ferenczi 4
Sch. Ferenczi (1873-1933) is one of the closest followers of Freud, a supporter of the so-called active analysis.

Will be released in the near future. In my Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis, published in 1916-1917, the middle part, comprising eleven lectures, is devoted to the exposition of the dream; I tried to make this exposition more elementary and had in mind to point out its closer connection with the doctrine of neuroses. In general, it has the character of an extract from the Interpretation of Dreams, although individual passages are set out in more detail.

I could not decide on a thorough revision of this book in accordance with the modern level of our psychoanalytic views and thereby destroy its historical originality. I still think that during its almost 20 years of existence, it has fulfilled its task.

Budapest–Steinbruch, July 1918

Preface to the sixth edition

Owing to the difficulties now connected with printing, the present new edition appeared much later than the time when the need for it was already felt; due to the same circumstances it is - for the first time - an unaltered reprint from the previous edition. Only the literature index at the end of the book was completed and continued by Dr. O. Rank.

My assumption that the present book, during its nearly twenty years of existence, has fulfilled its task, has thus not received confirmation. I could have said rather that she had a new task ahead of her. If before it was a question of clarifying the essence of the dream, now it is just as important to overcome the stubborn misunderstanding with which these explanations were met.

Vienna, April 1921

I. Scientific literature on the subject of dreams (before 1900)

(Until the first edition of this book in 1900)

In what follows, I will try to prove that there is a psychological technique for the interpretation of dreams, and that by applying this method any dream turns out to be a meaningful psychic phenomenon, which can, at the appropriate place, be included in the mental activity of wakefulness. I will try further to elucidate those processes which give rise to the strangeness and incomprehensibility of the dream, and to draw from them a conclusion as to the nature of the psychic forces out of whose cooperation or rivalry the dream is formed. But at this point my exposition will end, since further on the problem of the dream passes into a more extensive problem, the solution of which requires other material.

I preface my presentation with a review of the work of other authors, as well as the current state of the dream problem in science; I do this because in the future I will have little reason to return to it. The scientific understanding of the dream, despite thousands of years of attempts, has advanced very little. All authors are so unanimous in this that it is superfluous to listen to their individual voices on this matter. In the writings, a list of which I enclose at the end of my book, there are many valuable remarks and interesting material for our subject, but there is nothing, or almost nothing, that would touch the very essence of the dream and solve its mystery. Even less has passed, of course, into the understanding of intelligent non-specialist readers.

The question of how the dream was understood in the primitive times of mankind among primitive peoples and what influence on the formation of their views on the world and on the soul should be attributed to it is of great interest; therefore, with great regret, I exclude it from processing in this work. I refer to Sir's famous writings. J. Lubbock, H. Spencer, E. B. Tylor, and others, and add only that the meaning of these problems and speculations can only become clear to us after we have solved the problem of "interpreting dreams" that confronts us. 5
B. Tylor, referring to the interpretation of dreams, writes that "occult science is based on the association of ideas." He gives three types of interpretation of dreams, characteristic of peoples who are at a low stage of development: a crude symbolic interpretation, a direct interpretation, and an interpretation based on the principle of opposition. An example of a symbolic interpretation: among the peoples of the North, a louse or a dog seen in a dream portends the arrival of a foreign traveler. This symbolism betrays an emotional attitude towards such visits. An interesting parallel - in the vision of the Apostle Peter (Acts 10; 9 - 16) "unclean" animals also symbolically represent strangers, pagans. L. Levy-Bruhl believes that primitive thinking does not see the difference between sleep and wakefulness, and treats information received in a dream with more confidence than reality, because during sleep the soul, leaving the body, communicates with spirits. These beliefs were preserved among the European peoples in the last century. It was believed that on Midsummer Night the souls of people who were to die this year would come along with the soul of the priest to the doors of the Temple and knock on them. This is seen by those who do not sleep and fast on this night. The priest sleeps restlessly: after all, his soul is outside the body!

The echo of the primitive understanding of dreams obviously underlies the evaluation of dreams among the peoples of classical antiquity. (The following is according to the careful exposition of Buschenschütz "a). They assumed that dreams were connected with the world of superhuman beings, in which they believed, and brought revelations from gods and demons. They thought further that dreams are of great importance for the dreamer, usually heralding the future to him. various subdivisions and groupings of dreams according to their value and certainty.With individual philosophers of antiquity, the judgment of a dream depended, of course, on the position that they were ready to take in relation to the art of predicting in general.

In both works of Aristotle, 6
Aristotle Stagirite (384–322 BC) is the greatest philosopher of antiquity, the founder of logic (“Analysts”, “Categories”) and psychology (“On the Soul”).
Artemidorus (second half of the 2nd century AD) - Greek dream interpreter and writer from Lydia (Daltis). "Oneirocriticism" (interpretation of dreams) in 5 books is the only surviving work of his, in which he systemizes the views of his era on the nature of dreams. Philosophically, he is a Stoic. The section on sexual dreams in the book of Artemidorus is very frank, and therefore in almost all editions of the book of the 19th century. omitted for reasons of "decency".

Discussing the dream, it has already become the object of psychology. We hear that a dream is not a message from God, that it is not of divine origin, but of the devil, since nature is more demonic than divine. A dream does not arise at all from a supernatural revelation, but is the result of the laws of the human spirit, akin, of course, to a deity. Dreaming is defined as the mental activity of the sleeper while he sleeps.

Aristotle is familiar with some of the characteristics of the dream life; he knows, for example, that a dream turns small irritations that occur during sleep into large ones (“it seems as if you are walking through a fire and burning, when in fact only a slight warming of one or another part of the body occurs”) and draws the conclusion from this that the dream can reveal to the doctor the first, imperceptible signs of an incipient change in the body (The Greek physician Hippocrates writes about the relationship of dreams to diseases, in one of the chapters of his famous work).

The ancients, before Aristotle, considered the dream, as is known, not the product of a dreaming soul, but a suggestion from the side of a deity: we already see in them both opposite directions, which are present in all studies of sleep and dreams. They distinguish true and valuable dreams sent down to the sleeper for warning or for predicting the future, from vain, deceptive and insignificant ones, the purpose of which was to confuse the sleeper or plunge him into death.

The group (Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte, p. 390) gives the following division of dreams according to Macrobius and Artemidorus:

“Dreams are divided into two classes. One class is conditioned only by the present (or past), but has no bearing on the future; it includes (evwua), insomnia, which directly reproduce the given idea or its opposite idea, such as hunger or satisfying it, which fantastically exaggerate the given idea, such as nightmares (nocturnal suffocation). On the contrary, another class defines the future, it includes:

1) direct prophecy received in a dream (oraculum);

2) prediction of an upcoming event (breem, visio);

3) a symbolic dream that needs clarification (somnium).

This theory has been around for centuries."

Different evaluation of dreams also determined the task of their "interpretation". From dreams, in general, important discoveries were expected, but not all dreams could be directly understood, it was not clear whether this incomprehensible dream portends anything important. This gave impetus to the desire to "decipher" the dream, to replace the incomprehensible content of the dream with an understandable one, to penetrate into its "hidden" meaning, full of meaning. The greatest authority in the interpretation of dreams in antiquity was Artemidorus of Daltis, whose detailed work should reward us for the lost works of the same content. (On the further fate of the interpretation of dreams in the Middle Ages, see Zipgen and in the special studies of M. Foerster, Gottgard and others. Almoli, Amram, Levinger, and also recently Lauer, who took into account the psychoanalytic point of view, write about the interpretation of dreams among the Arabs. Thais - Seker, Hindus - Negelein).

This pre-scientific understanding of dreams was in complete harmony with the general worldview of the ancients, which projected as reality into the external world only that which had reality in the life of the soul. This also applied to the content of dreams (or rather, those impressions that remained from dreams in the morning, memories of a dream). In these memories, the dream, as it were, opposes the ordinary content of the psyche, it is introduced as something alien, coming, as it were, from another world. It would be a mistake, however, to believe that the doctrine of the supernatural origin of dreams has no supporters at the present time; not to mention all the poetic and mystical writers who do their best to fill with some content the remnants of the once vast realm of the supernatural until they are conquered by natural scientific research - very often there are extremely developed, far from any suspicion people who try to justify their religious belief in the existence and in the intervention of superhuman spiritual forces precisely by the inexplicability of the phenomena of sleep (Gaffner). The understanding of dreams by some philosophical systems, such as the Schellingians, is an obvious echo of the firm belief of the ancients in the divine origin of dreams. The discussion of the ability of the dream to "prophesy", to predict the future, is still not finished. Although every person adhering to a scientific worldview is inclined to deny the prophetic power of a dream, attempts at psychological interpretation are not sufficient to master the accumulated factual material.

It is all the more difficult to write the history of the scientific study of the problem of dreams because in this study, valuable as it is in some of its parts, no progress can be seen in a certain direction. It never went so far as to build a foundation of well-founded results on which a subsequent researcher could continue his construction. Each new author is taken to study the problem anew. If I were to consider the authors in chronological order and report on each of them what his view of the dream problem was, I would probably have to abandon the compilation of a general visual overview of the current state of the dream problem. Therefore, I preferred to relate the presentation to the essence of the issues under consideration, and not to the authors, and when discussing each problem, I will try to indicate what material is available in the literature for its solution.

Since, however, I have not been able to master all the extremely scattered and versatile literature, I ask the readers to be satisfied with the knowledge that I have not missed a single essential fact, not a single significant point of view.

Until recently, most authors considered it necessary to consider sleep and dreaming together, and usually added to this the study of similar states that are in contact with psychopathology, and dream-like phenomena (such as hallucinations, visions, etc.). In contrast to this, and in later works, there is a tendency to narrow the topic as far as possible and to investigate any one question from the field of dreams. In this change, I see the expression of the view that in such obscure things understanding can only be achieved by a series of detailed studies. What I propose here is nothing less than such a detailed study of a specifically psychological nature. I have no reason to deal with the problem of sleep, since this is almost a purely physiological problem, although in the characteristics of sleep there should be a change in the conditions for the functioning of the mental apparatus. I omit, therefore, the literature on the question of sleep.

Scientific interest in the problem of dreams is reduced to the following separate questions, partly intersecting with each other.

a) The relation of dream to wakefulness.

The naive judgment of the awakening person assumes that the dream, if it does not come from another world, at least transfers him to that alien world. Old physiologist Burdakh, 7
K. F. Burdakh (1776-1847) - German philosopher, physiologist, anatomist. He worked in Dorpat and Koenigsberg. One of the sensory pathways of the spinal cord is named after Burdakh.

To whom we owe a conscientious and witty description of the phenomena of dreams, expressed this conviction in a rather often quoted position (p. 474): “... the life of the day with its worries and experiences, with joys and sorrows, is never reproduced in a dream; the latter seeks to snatch us out of this life as soon as possible. Even when our whole soul is filled with one thought, when a sharp pain breaks our heart, or when some goal completely absorbs our mind - even then the dream revives something completely unique, or takes for its combinations only individual elements of reality, or, finally, enters the tone of our mood and symbolizes reality. I. G. Fichte 8
J. G. Fichte (1762-1814) - a philosopher, a representative of the German classical school, continued and developed the teachings of Kant.

(1, 541) speaks directly in this same sense of complementary dreams and calls them one of the secret benefits of the self-healing nature of the spirit. L. Strümpel speaks in a similar sense in his justly famous study of the nature and origin of dreams (p. 16): “Whoever dreams, he is carried away from the world of waking consciousness ...”; (p. 17): “In a dream, the memory of the strictly ordered content of the waking consciousness and its normal functions completely disappears ...”; (p. 19): “Almost complete separation of the soul in a dream from the meaningful content and flow of the waking state…”.

The overwhelming majority of authors, however, hold the opposite opinion regarding the relationship between dreaming and wakefulness. Thus, Gaffner considers (p. 19): “First of all, the dream serves as a continuation of the waking state. Our dreams are always in connection with ideas that took place shortly before in consciousness. Such an observation will always find the thread by which the dream is connected with the experiences of the previous day. Weigandt (p. 6) directly contradicts Burdach's aforementioned statement: "Very often, apparently in the vast majority of dreams, one can observe that they return us to everyday life, and do not tear us out of it at all." Maury (p. 56) says in his laconic formula: "We dream what we saw, said, wished for or did in reality." Jessen, in his "Psychology", which appeared in 1855, expresses himself in more detail (p. 530): "More or less the content of sleep is always determined by individuality, age, sex, social position, mental development, habitual way of life and the facts of a previous life."

The philosopher J. G. E. Maass (Uber die Leidenschaften, 1805) expresses himself most definitely on this question; “Experience confirms our assertion that we most often see in a dream that to which our most ardent and passionate desires are directed. From this it is seen that our passionate desires must influence the appearance of our dreams. The ambitious man sees in a dream the laurels achieved (perhaps only in his imagination) or forthcoming laurels, while the dreams of the lover are filled with the object of his sweet hopes ... All sensual desires or aversions dormant in the heart - if they are excited for any reason - can have an influence in the sense that a dream arises from the ideas associated with them or that these ideas are mixed with an already existing dream. (Reported by Winterstein in "Zbl. fur Psychoanalyse").

The ancients never imagined otherwise the interdependence of dream and life. I quote from Radeshtok (p. 139): “When Xerxes, before going against the Greeks, did not listen to good advice, but followed the influence of constant dreams, the old interpreter of dreams, the Persian Agtaban, told him very aptly that dreams in most cases contain what a person thinks about in a waking state.”

There is one passage in Lucretius' poem "On the Nature of Things" (IV, V, 962):

If anyone is diligently engaged in any business,
Or did we give ourselves to something for a long time,
And our mind was constantly fascinated by this occupation,
Even in a dream it seems to us that we are doing the same thing:
Solicitor conducts litigation, draws up the terms of transactions,
The commander goes to war and enters battles,
The helmsman is in eternal struggle with the sea winds,
I continue my work...

(Translated by F. Petrovsky).

Cicero (De Divinatione II) says the same as Maury later: “In most cases, traces of those things that we thought about or did them in the waking state pass in the souls.”

The contradiction of both views regarding the relationship of dreaming and wakefulness, apparently, is indeed inseparable. Here it is appropriate to recall F. W. Hildebrandt (1875), who believes that “the peculiar features of a dream cannot be described otherwise than through a ‘whole series of contrasts’, which often turn into contradictions” (p. 8). “The first of these contrasts forms, on the one hand, the complete separation, or isolation, of dreams from real, real life, and, on the other hand, their constant contact with each other, their constant interdependence. A dream is something strictly separated from reality experienced in the waking state, so to speak, a hermetically closed being, cut off from real life by an impassable abyss. It tears us away from reality, kills our normal recollection of it, takes us to another world, to another environment that had absolutely nothing to do with reality ... ”Hildebrandt says further that in a dream our whole being seems to disappear behind an“ invisible door ”. In a dream, you go, for example, to the island of St. Helena and bring Napoleon who lives there an excellent, expensive moselle wine. The ex-emperor meets very kindly. One feels positively sorry when awakening destroys an interesting illusion. But you begin to compare the dream with reality. You have never been a vintner and never wanted to be. I did not make a sea voyage, and in any case I would never have gone to St. Elena. You don’t have any sympathy for Napoleon at all, but rather an innate patriotic hatred. And besides, you weren't around when Napoleon died on the island. There is no reason to think of any personal attachment. The whole dream is represented as some kind of alien phenomenon that manifested itself between two periods of (waking) life, quite suitable to each other and constituting one continuation of the other.

dream interpretation theory

Sigmund Freud (Sigismund Shlomo Freud 1856-1939)

Sigmund Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which had a significant impact on the psychology, medicine, sociology, anthropology, literature and art of the 20th century. Freud's views on human nature were innovative for his time and throughout the life of the researcher did not stop causing resonance and criticism in the scientific community. Interest in the theories of the scientist does not fade even today.

The birth of a theory

The theory of dreams by Sigmund Freud is an application of the ideas and methods of psychoanalysis to the problem of dreams. The idea, fundamental to this theory, that the dream is a code, a cipher in the form of which hidden desires find their satisfaction, came to Freud on the evening of Thursday, July 24, 1895, in the northeast corner of the terrace of a Viennese restaurant. Freud attached exceptional importance to his discovery. He later jokingly said that a sign should have been nailed to this place: "Here Dr. Freud revealed the secret of dreams."

“The interpretation of dreams is the path to the knowledge of the unconscious, the most definite foundation of psychoanalysis and the area in which every researcher acquires his conviction and his education. When people ask me how one can become a psychoanalyst, I always answer: by studying my own dreams. Z. Freud

"Composition" of a dream

According to the work “I and It”, Freud distinguishes three components in the structure of the psyche - “It” - Id, “I” - Ego and “Super-I” - Superego.

I am the basic state of a normal adult. Our ego is a set of data accumulated since birth.

Over I. We all know this concept under the ordinary concept of egoism. The super-ego is formed in the process of assimilation by a person of social norms, the dominance of which over the psyche also becomes unconscious, leads to the emergence of conscience and an unconscious sense of guilt.

It. In another way, it is also called "True Self" represents unconscious drives. In the state of Eid, the being lives in the here and now. No memories, no plans for the future. The being is watching the world and is very, very interested. Continuously interesting. The state of id can be achieved through meditation, but it is hard work requiring many years of training. A knife to the throat replaces years of meditation. People who are fond of extreme sports, they really like the state of id. Each of you can enter such a state if you want, for example, to jump from a bungee, at the time of the flight you will definitely not make any plans or remember anything. Now, this will be your unconscious state, the state of unconscious attraction.

"It" and "Super-I" are of a conflicting nature. The "Super-I" turns out to be something like a dam that forces out of consciousness all socially and culturally unacceptable impulses. However, the fact that these impulses are repressed from consciousness does not mean that they disappear. In fact, they remain and pass, according to Freud, into a state of "repressed unconscious".

From Freud's point of view, this "repressed unconscious" can break out at any moment, and in a wide variety of forms - slips of the tongue, slips of the tongue, in neuroses and psychoses. At the same time, dreams are one of such forms of manifestation of the repressed unconscious.

The dream is the result of the struggle and combination of two contradictions emanating from consciousness and the unconscious. The unconscious operates "according to the principle of pleasure", producing fantastic images that serve to satisfy desires. Consciousness operates "according to the principle of reality", seeking the conformity of the products of mental activity with the rules of logic. The conflict between these two is reflected in the character of dreams, giving them a more or less realistic character. It is curious that both consciousness and the unconscious act with redoubled energy in a dream, as if enjoying the absence of a barrier that usually separates them. In a dream, realistic pictures look especially rich: episodes, seemingly long forgotten, emerge from the depths of memory. But at the same time, the dream strikes with a riot of fantasy, with images that have never been encountered in any experience.

From this follow the main provisions of Freud's theory of dreams:

First, we will finally find out how Freud interprets the concept of "dream". So, dreaming is a compromise between the need for sleep and the unconscious desires that seek to disturb it; hallucinatory wish fulfillment, the function of which is to protect sleep. Therefore, the second position is the function of the dream. The third position is that dreams are processed: the transformation of thoughts into visual images; thickening; bias; secondary processing; replacement symbols.

In order to understand the nature of dreams that appear in the state of sleep, one must first understand the meaning of the dream itself, its purpose. “The biological meaning of sleep,” says Freud, “is rest: the body, tired during the day, rests in a state of sleep. But the psychological meaning of sleep is not identical to its biological meaning. The psychological meaning of sleep is the loss of interest in the outside world. In a dream, a person ceases to perceive the external world, ceases to act in the external world. He returns for a while to the intrauterine state, in which he is "warm, dark and nothing irritates."

It could be assumed that a dream is a reaction of the soul to external stimuli that act on the sleeping person. However, these stimuli cannot explain everything in a dream, and Freud puts forward the following fundamental proposition: a conscious dream is "a distorted substitute for something else, the unconscious". But besides external stimuli, there are also stimuli of a psychic, albeit unconscious, nature that affect a sleeping person, giving rise to dreams in his consciousness.

Unconscious mental stimuli (hidden dream) are divided into two groups.

Part of the latent dream is the day's impressions, the remnants of which fragments appear in the dream.

The other - the main - part of the latent dream is in the unconscious - in that area of \u200b\u200bthe psyche where unconscious desires live. During the day, these desires are repressed, not allowed into consciousness by such a form as the Super-I. At night, when a person is motionless and physically unable to fulfill the repressed desires, the activity of the superego weakens and unconscious desires penetrate into consciousness, that is, into a dream.

Unconscious, repressed desires are desires that are unacceptable "ethically, aesthetically, socially." These desires are selfish. These are: 1) sexual desires; 2) hatred.

Unconscious desires, dressed in fragments of daytime impressions, using them as material, appear in a dream.

However, it is easy to see that we do not dream of our desires themselves, but the hallucinatory fulfillment of desires, that is, we see our desires fulfilled in a figurative form. The following fundamental thesis of Freud helps to explain this fact: the function of dreams is to protect sleep. This explains the transformation of stimuli. So unconscious mental irritation - a desire that broke into a dream - should have awakened a person - after all, in order to fulfill this desire, a person would have to wake up and act. But the dream, presenting the wish as fulfilled, allows one to continue sleeping. Thus, a dream is a hallucinatory wish fulfillment, the function of which is to protect sleep.

In its simplest form, the dream appears in young children and sometimes in adults. This is an undisguised hallucinatory wish fulfillment, for example, when a thirsty sleeper sees in a dream how he drinks.

However, latent dreams usually undergo special processing before appearing in the mind of the sleeper in the form of explicit dreams. Which is called dream work. The dream work has several components.

Dream work processes

The dream work has four components:

Turning thoughts into visual images.

Thickening.

Bias.

secondary processing.

Turning thoughts into images

Turning thoughts into visual images.

This operation is very complicated, since it requires the representation of abstract relations, which are contained in thoughts, in the form of a concrete one, which can only be contained in images. Logical elements, those that are expressed in speech by abstract concepts and logical unions, fall out, and in the interpretation of a dream they have to be restored.

dream censorship

The next two transformations of the latent dream are carried out by the censorship of the dream. The same authority that does not let ethically, aesthetically or socially unacceptable desires into consciousness during the day, although it does let them through at night, at the same time distorts them beyond recognition.

Thickening

The first mechanism of censorship is condensation. The action of condensation is manifested in the fact that several elements of a latent dream in a manifest dream are embodied in one element.

From your own dreams, you will easily recall the condensation of various faces into one. Such a mixed face looks like A, but is dressed like B, performs some action that I remember C did, and at the same time you know that this face is D.

In addition, some of the elements of a latent dream may not be reflected at all in an explicit dream. This also applies to the action of thickening in the broadest sense of the term.

Bias

The second mechanism of censorship is displacement. The work of this mechanism is expressed in the replacement of the element of a hidden dream with a hint.

The dreamer retrieves (hervorzieht) (a certain, familiar to him) lady from under the bed. He himself discovers the meaning of this element of the dream by the first thought that comes to his mind. This means: he gives preference to this lady (Vorzug).

Another dreams that his brother is stuck in a box. The first thought replaces the word drawer with a cupboard (Schrank), and the second gives the interpretation: the brother limits himself (schränkt sich ein).

In addition, this mechanism can produce a shift in emphasis from one element of the dream to another, so that the most important elements of the latent dream are almost invisible in the explicit dream, and vice versa.

Secondary processing

The fourth transformation undergone by latent dreaming is the result of secondary processing. Secondary processing links the explicit dream into a more or less meaningful whole - after all, the mechanisms that turn the latent dream into an explicit one work with each element of the latent dream separately, so the connections that existed between its elements in the latent dream are destroyed. Secondary processing has nothing to do with the latent dream, it simply puts in order, smoothes the resulting explicit dream, gives it the appearance of meaningfulness. The subsequent interpretation of the dream is only made more difficult by this, since the result has only the appearance of meaningfulness - the true meaning of the dream must be sought in a latent dream.

All these processes of dream work are aimed at giving dreams the appearance of incoherence, incomprehensibility, the main task of which is to hide the real meaning in the hidden content.

dream interpretation method

The method that Freud used to interpret dreams is this: after he was told the content of the dream, Freud began to ask the same question about the individual elements (images, words) of this dream: what does the narrator come to mind about this element when he thinks about it? The person was required to report every thought that came to his mind, regardless of the fact that some of them may seem ridiculous, irrelevant or obscene.

The rationale for this method is that mental processes strictly determined, and if a person, when asked to say what comes into his mind about a given element of a dream, a certain thought comes into his head, this thought can by no means be accidental; it will certainly be associated with this element. Thus, the psychoanalyst does not interpret someone's dream himself, but rather helps the dreamer in this.

Symbols

Symbols are the only elements of dreams that can be interpreted by the analyst without the aid of the dreamer, for they have a permanent, universal meaning which does not depend on in which particular dream the symbols appear.

Human. The symbol of a person as a whole is a house. “Houses with perfectly smooth walls depict men; houses with ledges and balconies to hold onto are women.”

Parents. The symbols of the parents are "emperor and empress, king and queen, or other representative persons".

Birth. "Birth is almost always depicted through some kind of relationship to water, they either throw themselves into the water or leave it, someone is saved from the water or you are saved from it, which means a motherly attitude towards the one being saved."

Death. The symbol of death is departure, a trip by rail.

Nudity. The symbol of nakedness is clothing in general and uniforms in particular.

Male reproductive organs. The symbols of the male genitalia are manifold: this is the number 3; objects similar to a male penis in shape - sticks, umbrellas, poles, trees, etc.; objects that have the ability to penetrate and injure - knives, daggers, spears, sabers, firearms (guns, pistols, revolvers); objects from which water flows - water taps, watering cans, fountains; objects that have the ability to stretch in length - hanging lamps, retractable pencils, etc .; tools - nail files, hammers, etc.; objects that have the ability to rise - a balloon, an airplane; less understood are the reasons why certain reptiles and fish, especially snakes, and also the hat and coat, have become male sexual symbols; in addition, the male sexual organ can be symbolized by some other organ - a leg or an arm.

Female reproductive organs. The symbols of the female genital organs are “objects that have the property to limit the hollow space, to take something into themselves” - mines, mines and caves, vessels and bottles, boxes, snuff boxes, suitcases, cans, boxes, pockets, etc.

Freud considered The Interpretation of Dreams to be his main work. In the third (revised) English edition, published in 1932, he wrote: “Even according to my present ideas, it contains the most valuable of all the discoveries that I have had the good fortune to make. Such penetration into the essence falls to the lot of a person only once in a lifetime. And at the end of part E, in the seventh chapter, Freud says: "The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to knowledge of the unconscious activity of the mind." The importance Freud attached to his work The Interpretation of Dreams is indicated by the fact that he revised and improved it eight times, most recently in 1930.

A dream is a distorted substitute for something else, the unconscious; in addition to an explicit dream, there is an unconscious hidden dream, which manifests itself in consciousness in the form of an explicit dream. The content of the unconscious is repressed desires.

The function of dreams is to protect sleep. Dreaming is a compromise between the need for sleep and the unconscious desires that seek to disturb it; hallucinatory wish fulfillment, the function of which is to protect sleep.

Report plan on the theory of interpretation of dreams:

The birth of a theory

Definition of theory

"Composition" of a dream

The main provisions of the theory of dreams

Dream work processes

dream interpretation method