Types of soft fabrics for clothing. Stretch fabrics - universal beauty

Buying fabric is often guided by emotions. You just liked a fabric or a model of a dress in a magazine and you wanted to buy a fabric that matches the color and pattern. But in order to sew clothes for a specific purpose, having certain properties, you need to choose a fabric with the appropriate characteristics and properties. You need to understand at least in general terms what types of fabrics are, and know their main differences.

When buying a fabric, first of all examine it by touch. Check if it drapes well, how strong it is, whether it stretches too long and wide, and whether it is pleasant to the skin.
Wrap the fabric around your wrist and see if it's soft or hard, light or heavy. Squeeze a section of fabric with your hand and see if it wrinkles a lot. All this will allow you to determine whether the fabric is suitable for the model of clothing you have chosen.

In addition, it is important to check whether the fabric is subject to shrinkage. To do this, iron it on the wrong side with a hot steam iron with a piece of fabric (or corner). If the fabric shrinks, you need to iron the entire piece. Sometimes, you will have to carry out a wet-heat treatment and even wash a piece of fabric in thermal water before proceeding with the cutting of parts.

Characteristics of the main types of fabrics

They are highly hygienic, well washed, ironed, strong enough and beautiful. In terms of thickness and appearance, these fabrics are very diverse - from thin and delicate fabrics, such as voile, batiste, to dense and durable fabrics - denim, tarpaulin. They are produced both from pure cotton and mixed with other natural and artificial fibers.

Slightly rougher in appearance than cotton fabrics. Very hygienic, durable, wear-resistant, easy to wash and iron. Fabrics made from pure linen are highly wrinkled, with the addition of chemical fibers they acquire elasticity and crease resistance. Fabrics made from high-quality linen varieties have a soft silky sheen, are plastic and resilient, and are used for the manufacture of women's and children's clothing, table and bed linen.

(natural) are distinguished by good hygienic properties, sufficient strength, wear resistance. They have a beautiful sheen, which manifests itself to varying degrees, depending on the nature of the twist of the thread and the method of weaving - from matte, delicate on transparent crepe chiffon, to dense, deep on satin and crepe satin. Silk fabrics are delicate, light, plastic, and drape beautifully. They wash well and iron well. Crepe fabrics wrinkle slightly, but have a high "deceptive" shrinkage, which disappears when ironed when wet.

They also have good hygienic properties, retain heat well, which is used for the manufacture of outerwear. Woolen fabrics have a very rich assortment. From thin and translucent crepe fabrics for dressy womenswear to thick, bulky coat fabrics such as drape and tweed. They have good plasticity, elasticity, strength. Pure wool fabrics have a drawback - felting, which after washing worsens the appearance and leads to significant shrinkage.

Light, shiny silks with a smooth iridescent surface. Their disadvantages include unsatisfactory hygienic properties, creasing and low strength, especially when wet. After washing, wet ironing is required, otherwise the fabric is poorly smoothed.

They have a silky surface, have high strength and shape stability, beautiful appearance. They are produced in a wide range - from elegant dress fabrics to coat and special ones. These fabrics are non-hygroscopic, easy to wash, water- and dirt-repellent and crease-resistant. The disadvantage of these fabrics is the loss of strength and color from prolonged exposure to sunlight.
Ironing clothes made of such fabrics can only be done with a slightly heated iron, as they melt when the temperature rises. These fabrics are widely used for the manufacture of off-season and special clothing.

Produced from threads containing various fibers. The range of such fabrics is diverse: these are costume and dress fabrics, which in appearance resemble woolen and linen, and cotton, and various raincoat fabrics with surface imitation from cotton to silk and wool. Fabrics have varying degrees of hygiene, but, as a rule, all are indelible, wash and iron well, retain their shape and have sufficient strength.

Knitted fabric- this is a knitted fabric (or product) of one or more threads. It turns out knitwear by interlacing threads with the formation of loops on knitting machines of various types. Almost all types of threads and yarns produced for textile production are used in knitwear production. In the manufacture of products from knitted fabric, it is necessary to take into account some of its features. So, knitwear is much more stretchable than fabric, and it stretches in almost all directions (whereas fabric stretches well only at an angle of 45 °). This feature should be taken into account when determining the size of the allowances for freedom of fitting.

Many types of knitted fabric practically do not crumble, which allows you not to overcast the inner sections of the product details. But when cutting through the threads of knitwear, the chain of loops can open up, which greatly spoils the product. Therefore, you need to select needles and threads when working with such a canvas very carefully and perform machine stitches at low speed.

Due to the high extensibility of knitwear, when sewing parts, the seams should be slightly stretched (so that the threads of the seams do not break during operation) or grind them with a zigzag stitch. Only a four-thread overlock can be used to seam sections of modern knitted fabrics.
See Which overlocker to buy.

In the main seams of the product that carry a large load (shoulder seams, seams for sewing in sleeves, a seam for connecting a bodice with a skirt), it is necessary to lay reinforcing tape or narrow strips of fabric.
Knitted fabrics almost do not wrinkle, but they have to be ironed less, so carefully choose the heating mode of the iron; knitwear containing synthetic fibers does not withstand high temperatures. Before cutting, a synthetic fabric should be ironed well so that it shrinks before the product is sewn.

Basic properties of fabrics

When cutting, sewing and wet-heat treatment, it is necessary to take into account such properties of fabrics as shrinkage and cut through.
Shrinkage- this is the property to change dimensions during storage, washing, wet-heat treatment. To check the degree of shrinkage, you need to moisten the edge of the fabric (with an edge) and iron it. If the edge is stretched out at this point, the fabric may shrink, so it should be decaged before cutting. Synthetic fabrics and products made from them (braid, ribbons) can shrink quite strongly when ironed - heat-fixing.

penetration- this is damage to the fabric with a needle when stitching. This distinguishes fabrics with a high density and from twisted threads such as crepe, fabrics containing viscose fibers, and trimmed. Cutting through is especially dangerous for knitted fabrics. Therefore, machine needles and threads for such materials should be chosen especially carefully, make sure that the needles are sharp, the stitching frequency is less frequent, and the speed of the machine should be reduced.

Gaskets and adhesives

In addition to the above fabrics for tailoring, in the clothing industry, and in everyday life, non-woven materials are increasingly used. Their range is quite wide - these are different types of batting, cushioning materials, such as interlining, synthetic winterizer, etc.

Interlining and proclamelin are the best substitutes for cushioning fabric - beading, calico, calico, etc. They do not stretch, do not fade or shrink, they retain their shape well, they are easy to cut and sew. If an adhesive coating is applied to them, then the technological processing of the product is greatly facilitated. Parts of the gasket, made of adhesive interlining or other adhesive materials, are cut out without seam allowances. They are superimposed on the wrong side of the product with an adhesive coating and ironed with a hot iron. The glue melts and sticks the fabric to the interlining.

Batting is a non-woven material obtained from fluffy and evenly distributed fibers stitched on special machines. Batting differs in composition (cotton, woolen), the thickness of the web, the method of fastening the dies.

A very good insulating lining for jackets, quilted coats and other types of clothing is synthetic winterizer- non-woven fabric obtained by synthetic fibers. It is much lighter than batting, elastic, does not lose shape and does not fall off. The synthetic winterizer is not hygroscopic, thanks to which it does not get wet much and dries easily. In addition, it is produced in white and does not shed when washing insulated things and does not leave stains on the fabric of the top. The product retains its shape after washing and does not lose volume.
See also

For your convenience, we have prepared for you a detailed description of fabrics and their main properties and characteristics that are used in the manufacture of clothing for those goods that are presented in our online store of women's clothing "Most Fashionable". If you do not have enough description of any fabric or you have other wishes, you can always write to us about it at . All wishes will be taken into account and implemented as far as possible.

Description of fabrics. Their main types and characteristics

The highest quality man-made fiber, dimensionally stable, resistant to heat retention, often used instead of wool or in combination with it, to improve some of the characteristics of the product. Acrylic is also called "artificial wool", which in its own qualities is similar to natural wool, it has many exceptionally rare properties. Acrylic fibers are perfectly dyed, as a result of which it is possible to make yarn of bright, highly saturated, intense colors. Acrylic canvas has many advantages - hypoallergenic, pleasant to the touch, color fastness. Things are pleasant and comfortable to wear in everyday life, they are comfortable and warm. When leaving, this material is not whimsical, but some recommendations should be followed: wash products at a temperature not exceeding 30C, things cannot be squeezed out by twisting, they must be laid out on a flat surface until completely dry. Ironing should be done at the lowest temperature.

Alex- a fabric with good elasticity, which is a representative of the "knitted family". Due to the fact that the fabric is made by knitting (the loops are tightly intertwined with each other), Alex keeps its shape perfectly and practically does not wrinkle. Most often, the composition of the fabric includes cotton, viscose fibers and about 30% polyester. Business dresses, trouser suits, as well as classic skirts are sewn from this material.

Angora- Angora goat wool fabric, delicate to the touch, with a distinctive soft and delicate pile. The fabric is of light and medium-heavy types, one-colored or melange. The use of angora is widespread. Women's dresses, all kinds of suits, lightweight coats, etc. are sewn from it.

Smooth and dense fabric with a glossy face. Satin is highly wear-resistant, drapes well, and with proper care retains its shape. A fabric made from silk threads is susceptible to high temperatures, but a material with the addition of synthetic fibers is more resistant and durable. Evening, cocktail dresses, long skirts, blouses are sewn from satin. Fabric composition may vary. The most expensive products are made from 100% silk. More affordable fabrics will contain cotton and viscose fibers. The cheapest satin is made from 100% polyester.

Velvet- noble fabric with resistant pile. It is made from silk, woolen, cotton threads. Also, viscose can be added to the structure of the material, due to which the velvet becomes more durable and stretches well. The fabric is distinguished by its texture - soft pile, up to 5 mm long, gives a pleasant tactile sensation. The features of velvet are an iridescent surface and color saturation, and the disadvantages include difficulty in care, since such things can only be washed by hand, and stubborn stains are quite difficult to remove.

Airy, lightweight fabric, which, although it seems very delicate, has high strength and the ability to keep its shape. The most expensive cambric is the one that is made by hand from linen and cotton threads by twisting. But modern industry allows everyone to wear products from this fabric - in addition to cotton fibers, the composition of the fabric includes synthetic threads that make the material easier to care for and affordable. Summer dresses, sundresses, skirts are sewn from cambric, and it is also used to decorate blouses.

Natural stretch fabric, which contains a large amount of cotton fibers and a small percentage of elastane. The fabric has the property of high thermal conductivity, which is accompanied by a feeling of pleasant freshness and coolness.

Supplex. A fabric that stands out for one property: stretches beautifully. It is made by spinning - the threads are intertwined with each other on a special machine. Supplex can have different density and composition. Most often, more than 50% of the composition is lycra and lurex - synthetic materials that are responsible for the shine and characteristics of the fabric. Also, the composition may include microfiber and nylon - another representatives of the "synthetic", which endow the supplex with moisture-proof properties. Sports suits, swimwear are sewn from this material.

Boucle- fabric, which is made from woolen thread. Its characteristic features are the presence of many small curls and a knobby surface to the touch. Boucle is also compared to small astrakhan. The composition of the fabric, in addition to wool, may include cotton, viscose, synthetics. The thicker the material itself and the curls, the more wool is in the composition. They sew coats, suits, scarves from boucle. The most famous fans of boucle suits are Jacqueline Kennedy and Sophia Loren. Such a fabric does not wrinkle, and a woolen product can only be washed by hand.

Velveteen- this material is a synthetic fabric, the outer part of which is made of pile. This material has been known since ancient times, being considered the "fabric of kings", which made it very expensive and practically inaccessible to a wide range. However, now this fabric is made using a slightly different technology, which made it possible to increase the elasticity of the material itself. In addition, products made of corduroy are quite pleasant to the touch and durable, but special care must be taken when washing - the material can lose shape and wrinkle.

Velours- fabric with a low, very dense and soft pile. Pleasant to the body material, used for tailoring. In things from velor it is comfortable and cozy. Things made of velor practically do not wipe off and are resistant to other damage, do not stretch and after a long time look like new. Fabric composition: lycra, cotton with polyester or may consist of 100% cotton. Thanks to the inner layer of knitwear that comes into contact with your baby's skin, which is made of cotton. In things made of velor, it is comfortable, cozy and warm for children and adults. It is recommended to wash less than 35 degrees, also hand wash. Ironing after washing is not recommended.

Viscose- gentle, pleasant to the touch fiber (fabric), which has the highest brightness of color and soft sheen. Viscose has a composition similar to natural cotton fiber and is therefore hygroscopic, easily permeable to air. Moreover, it gives a feeling of coolness in hot weather.

Gabardine. The fabric, which has durability due to the special weaving of threads, uses embossed, diagonal weaving, and also keeps its shape well, allowing you to create draperies, textured folds that do not deform after washing. Natural gabardine is made from the wool of merino sheep - expensive suits and short coats are sewn from such material. Today, gabardine is most often made up of cotton, viscose, and textured polyester yarns. Skirts, jackets and suits are made from this fabric.

Galliano- a fabric that got its name thanks to the eminent Italian designer, who pays special attention to the lining when sewing products. Yes, galliano is a lining fabric that can have a different composition. For example, the lining that will be used for sewing a coat, a jacket will include twill, viscose. For dresses, skirts, galliano fabric is used, which consists of satin, polyester. This material is durable, holds its shape well, but practically does not stretch.

Guipure- a translucent fabric in the form of lace patterns based on - mesh. This material is widely used for the production of products consisting of it, as well as some individual elements for models, for example: lace sleeves of a dress, sweaters, etc., lace inserts on the back in summer or demi-season models. Guipure is used for the production of evening dresses, jackets and other things. Lace overlays give the models a festive look.

– a combination of two elegant fabrics, which allows you to get a spectacular material at a low cost. On the front side you see a sophisticated guipure pattern, and on the wrong side - a smooth and pleasant to the touch satin. For the manufacture of such a fabric, stretch satin is used, which includes lycra, as well as guipure. The latter, as a rule, is made from cotton or polyamide threads, less often from silk, linen and viscose. Guipure on satin is chosen for sewing corsets of evening dresses, jackets, skirts.

Guipure Printed. A fabric that consists of two elements: embossed lace and a thin mesh, which, in fact, connects the lace elements. Lace is made, as a rule, from cotton, but the mesh may contain synthetic fibers, which add wear resistance and strength to the product. Printed guipure, unlike the traditional one, can have different color schemes, since the color, the pattern is applied here mechanically. Original dresses are sewn from such material, it is used as inserts in jackets, evening dresses, where a corset is used.

Diving- High-quality and highly elastic fabric, which gives it a dimensionless effect. Perfectly hugs your body, drapes well and holds its shape well. The fabric is breathable and has the important inherent property of wicking moisture and sweat away from the surface of the body. Diving is a versatile and durable fabric and is often used for sewing: not only for everyday women's clothing, dresses, but also for the production of sportswear, including athletics.

Diving Micro- fabric, which, unlike its "brother" - diving, has a very wide range of applications. From it sew both dresses, pencil skirts, and tracksuits, leggings. It is made of thin fibers of viscose and is lightweight, stretches well and does not hinder movement. The composition of micro diving, in addition to viscose, includes lycra, polyester and elastane. Due to the presence of lycra and elastane, the fabric drapes well and sits on the figure.

Two-thread- compacted knitted fabric, made on the basis of a satin stitch, in the simple "Kulirka", one of the natural cotton-based materials widely used in our daily life. the outer side is even and smooth, and the inner side is loop-shaped, created by knitting high-density cushioning threads from the inside. The fabric is resistant to wear and does not lose its shape, the appearance of pellets and all possible stretching. This natural and natural material allows the skin to breathe perfectly even in warm and hot weather, easily passing air through itself. Important: it is desirable to wash at a temperature not exceeding 30 degrees, since the fabric shrinks after washing. Composition - 100% cotton.

Thickened fabric. Either woolen (worsted) or cotton twisted yarn. Scars are pronounced on the surface of the fabric, they are the result of an appropriate selection of the proportions of density and thickness and the introduction of a special weave of threads. The diagonal is so strong that it is used for sewing military uniforms, and for you and me, coats, jackets and the rest are sewn from it.
In production, the fabric is created on the basis of natural materials. Therefore, the fabric is hygroscopic and allows air to pass through quite easily, allowing the body to breathe. All things made from this material provide convenience and comfort, including practicality in use to the owner. The product does not cause hypoallergenic reactions. I would like to note the thermal insulation characteristics: in cold weather, clothes made of it warm and retain heat, and at elevated temperatures, on the contrary, it gives a feeling of freshness and coolness.

Jacquard- this material is a special fabric, which is made by complex interlacing of various threads. This technology also affects the price of the final material, which is quite large. As for products made from this fabric, they are very strong, light, wear-resistant and hypoallergenic. The use of natural materials in the production allows the use of this fabric even for newborn clothes.

Suede- she is shampoo (she is also rovduga and vezh), this is leather dressed from deer and sheepskins using a method called fat tanning. It has characteristic properties: soft silkiness, a certain velvety and such an important property as moisture impermeability. Painted in different colors. A distinctive feature of the fabric is sponginess and porosity.

The material is made by combining a cotton, silk base with microfiber or polyester threads. Clothes - skirts, jackets are made in a woven way - a microfiber cloth is split into small fibers and applied to a cotton or silk base. This method ensures the reliability of the material. The non-woven method, in which polyester threads are glued to the base, is distinguished by its low cost, but also less high-quality processing. Artificial suede is soft, durable and practically does not deform.

The material consists of two parts: a base and a layer of polymers. It has good strength, elasticity, hypoallergenicity and tolerates frost, as well as exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Cotton and polyester can be used as the base, and polyurethane can be used as the top layer. The combination of a fabric base and porous polyurethane makes faux leather a highly breathable fabric that can be used to make dresses, skirts, leggings and trousers.

- this includes several types of canvases that differ in their composition, but have several mandatory properties. Suit fabric should keep its shape well, lie down on the figure and be wear-resistant. The material may include wool with elastane, cotton with the addition of polyester, viscose. The best suit fabrics are cotton with the addition of synthetic fibers - they are good for the summer-spring period, as well as woolen fabrics with viscose and elastane. The latter should be chosen for a warm winter-autumn suit.

Costume fabric "Tiar"- a rather dense one-color suit fabric in dark colors with elastane, the clothes are flexible and elastic, which gives it a kind of no dimension and does not restrict movement. A special characteristic is the softness, comfort and amazing pleating of the fabric. "Tiar" is widely used for sewing school clothes, clothes for women. Often used to make dresses, jackets, skirts, sundresses and more.

- This fabric is almost 100% natural cotton. Sometimes certain impurities of organic origin are added to the composition, but they only increase the positive characteristics of cotton. Clothing made of cotton absorbs moisture well and lets air through, which makes it almost indispensable in the summer. It also has good hypoallergenic properties, but with prolonged wear, the color saturation may be somewhat lost. However, this disadvantage is more than covered by its absolute advantages.

A natural fabric made from cotton fibers. Cotton is distinguished by its hypoallergenicity, the ability to pass air well and durability. The type of fabric called "shirt" has several features. The first is composition. Such a cotton will consist of 100% cotton without the addition of viscose or lycra. The second is the ability to keep the shape well, which is achieved due to the composition and dense weaving of the fibers. Cotton "shirt" is used for sewing blouses and, as the name implies, for making classic and casual shirts.

Crepe- a category of fabrics, mainly silk fabrics, whose threads are produced with a significant (crepe) twist, and in some variants with special (crepe) weaves. Crepe fabrics have characteristic properties: low wrinkling and excellent appearance, elasticity and wear resistance, as well as good drape. In order to highlight and emphasize all the splendor and elegance of the crepe pattern, it is most often made one-colored. Due to the fact that crepe threads have increased rigidity, it has the disadvantage of increased shedding.

Lightweight, but rather dense fabric, which has a slightly rough surface. The prefix "crepe" indicates a special method of weaving threads - first they are twisted in different directions, and then intertwined according to the traditional linen method. Due to this technology, a durable, but lightweight material is obtained. Evening, summer dresses, skirts, scarves are sewn from crepe-chiffon. The fabric lends itself well to drapery and is durable. Composition: 100% silk.

Corn- excellent moisture absorption is one of the main distinguishing properties of the fabric. Interestingly, corn dries instantly, you can tell before our eyes. We also refer to the ability of the fabric to retain color for a long time, resistance to fading when exposed to sunlight and other external influences. It is worth highlighting its most basic advantage - it is hypoallergenic. The fabric is very pleasant and soft to the touch.

Linen It is a natural fabric obtained from a plant. Products made from this material have very good breathability characteristics, which is a great advantage in very hot weather, as well as being hypoallergenic and durable. Linen retains its integrity quite well, despite frequent wearing and regular washing. It is worth noting that this material is sensitive to temperatures, so you need to wash these clothes in not very hot water so that the material does not sit down.

Madonna- a fabric that is characterized by maximum breathability and consists of synthetic materials - polyester and viscose. Sometimes spandex fibers are added to the composition - such a fabric will be as elastic as possible. Madonna is good because stains are easily removed from the surface, due to the fact that the fibers of the fabric undergo a special treatment. Evening dresses are sewn from this material when you need to create a model with heavy folds, as well as jackets and suits.

Fabric "Macaroni", (also "macaroni", "macaroni") is a fabric of plant origin, as a rule, coarse calico, 100% cotton. It got its name thanks to a simple pattern - thin lines on a light background. For a finished weaving pattern, a clear perpendicular weave of threads is necessary. The material is very pleasant and light. Use it for needlework, sewing children's clothing, bed linen, home costumes.

Oil- This is a synthetic material, which is based on polyester and viscose. The use of these materials allows clothes made of oil to be breathable, not to wrinkle and not to lose their shape for a long time. It is noteworthy that wearing such clothes in the heat allows not only not to experience discomfort, but also to feel a feeling of freshness and coolness, which makes this fabric extremely popular among summer clothing manufacturers.

Practical and pleasant to the touch. It is often used for sewing home textiles, bathrobes, pajamas and tracksuits. The composition is usually linen, cotton or bamboo. The surface of the terry is the loops of the main threads. The pile can be one- or two-sided. High-quality fabric remarkably absorbs moisture, does not deform and does not require ironing. There are canvases with a relief pattern and sheared pile.

memory- a fabric that restores its shape well, does not wrinkle and is distinguished by a matte sheen of its front side. The polymer fibers that make up the memory are responsible for the ability of the fabric to remember and restore shape. The material has the following properties: does not let moisture through, does not stretch, repels dirt. Sew from memory jackets, raincoats, coats. The fabric is also suitable for making skirts, suits. In this case, about 30% satin or cotton is added to its composition.

Micro oil- very similar in composition to knitted fabric. The fabric consists of: polyester 90%, viscose 5%, lycra 5%. Incredibly thin, pleasant to the body flowing material.

Mohair- a thin, silky fabric made from the wool of the angora goat. It is used to make dresses, suits, sweaters and even coats. Until 1820, this fabric was available only to the Turkish Sultan, but in the middle of the 20th century, Angora goats began to be taken out of the country and sold as a valuable material in European countries. Mohair is very light, perfectly retains heat and has a soft sheen.

Neoprene- This is a synthetic material that is made on the basis of foam rubber. In the modern world, this material is used in a variety of areas, but it is most widely used in water sports, where it is the basis of athletes' clothing. This is quite understandable, because this material does not allow moisture to pass through, and also allows you to save the natural heat of the human body, regardless of temperature changes.

Nicole- a fabric that is practical and bright in color. Almost 70% it consists of polyester, thanks to which it does not wrinkle, retains a rich color and washes well. It contains elastane and viscose - the product will sit well on the figure. Sewn from nicole fabric are both summer sundresses, dresses, shorts in a catchy yellow, turquoise, pink hue, as well as strict suits in classic gray, black.

- airy, lightweight fabric, which, at the same time, is stiff. The material holds its shape well and can be both shiny and matte. It all depends on the composition of the fabric. "Brilliant organza" - one that is made from polyester fibers that undergo additional processing. Matte fabric is obtained from viscose and silk threads. True, silk organza is rare, since such material is very expensive. The fabric can be decorated with lurex or metallic threads. Organza is used to decorate dresses, skirts and suits.

sequins- a fabric that is distinguished by a complex production technology and consists of several elements. The first is a base made of polyester or oil, which is responsible for the practicality of the material. Thanks to the polyester, the sequins stretch well. The second element is, in fact, sequins, sparkles that are sewn to the base. They are made from plastic or thin metal plates. Sequins can have a different shape, color and differ in the degree of sheen. As for the composition, the sequin fabric is, as a rule, synthetics.

For the manufacture of the lining, most often, fabrics with synthetic fibers are used, as they are durable. Viscose is a fabric that is used as a lining in tracksuits. Satin is considered the best option for lining coats and men's suits. Polyester is the most popular lining fabric used for down jackets and jackets. Satin is an expensive fabric that is used as a lining for evening dresses, skirts and classic suits.

- a fabric based on cotton. Most often, it consists of 80-90% of cotton, and is supplemented with synthetic, less often with silk threads. The main advantages of poplin: the fabric is breathable, soft to the touch, keeps its shape perfectly and does not require ironing. After several washes, poplin will not lose color or stretch. Dresses, shirts and jackets are sewn from this fabric - that is, practical products that should not lose their shape, but are necessarily durable.

- a fabric that looks like an elastic band and belongs to the "knitted family". The material is made by knitting, in which the front loops alternate with the wrong ones. Due to this, similarity with a small rubber band is achieved. Children's hats, clothes for the house, underwear are sewn from ribana. Fabric composition: 100% cotton. There are also fabrics with the addition of viscose, polyester (no more than 5%).

Rogozhka- a fabric that many associate with burlap. But matting is more elegant both in appearance and in composition. Ideal material for sewing outerwear and for suits, dresses in the spirit of Audrey Hepburn and Coco Chanel. The composition of the canvas includes natural materials: wool, cotton, linen. 2-5% acrylic is also added to increase wear resistance. Gunny holds its shape well and has a dense texture. Another feature is that the fabric does not wrinkle and does not require special care.

A non-woven material that has unique properties: it retains its shape well, does not absorb moisture and has high thermal insulation characteristics. For the manufacture of synthetic winterizer, synthetic fibers or recycled materials are used. The fibers are bonded together by gluing or heat treatment. The density of the synthetic winterizer depends on the thickness of the layers used. The minimum density is 0.04 kg per m², and the maximum is 1.5 kg. This material is used as a heater for jackets, down jackets, tracksuits.

Soft- looking at the name, it becomes clear that this fabric is soft. Outwardly, it resembles velor, but the composition of the software is somewhat different. The fabric may consist of cotton, elastane and viscose fibers. There is also 100% polyester. The front side of the software has a relief structure and a barely noticeable pile, and the wrong side is matte. Dresses with frills, skirts are sewn from such a fabric - it lends itself well to drapery, allowing you to create folds that keep their shape perfectly. The material withstands washing at 40 degrees, the color will not fade in the sun, and you don’t have to iron clothes made of soft.

Lightweight, lightweight and delicate fabric that stretches and retains its shape. In its composition, it is a synthetic material. Stretch mesh is used for decorating wedding and evening dresses. Recently, this material has also been chosen for sewing a tutu skirt, as well as corrective underwear. Due to the fact that the material is characterized by a low density, the product from it must be washed in a delicate mode. Fabric composition: 95% polyester and 5% elastane.

- a fabric that is distinguished by its density and its glossy surface. It is made by plain weaving of threads, thanks to which the material is distinguished by its ability to repel moisture. The dense weaving of the threads also reveals another ability of the fabric - to keep its shape perfectly and form rigid folds. Taffeta is made from polyester, viscose, acetate and cotton. Rarely, silk threads can be found in the composition. Evening dresses, skirts are sewn from this fabric, and taffeta is also used to decorate blouses and trousers.

Tweed- woolen fabric with good density. It is made by twill weaving of thick fibers. The fabric is distinguished by its textured surface, and the combination of threads of different colors and the method of weaving create a textured ornament with coarse knots typical of tweed. Women started wearing tweed suits thanks to Coco Chanel. The famous skirt and jacket sets in pale pink, black and white were made from this natural wool fabric. Tweed has elasticity, strength, does not wrinkle, and the only drawback of the fabric is that it must be protected from moths.

tiara- the fabric from which suits are most often sewn, both trouser and with a skirt. The material is distinguished by a smooth, even surface with a barely noticeable diagonal scar. Most of the composition is polyester, thanks to which the tiara keeps its shape well and does not wrinkle. It contains viscose and wool - these fibers add softness and make products warm. Necessarily, the composition of the tiara will include elastane, which ensures the elasticity of the fabric. Most often, black, brown, dark blue and gray suits are made from tiara.

Thinsulate- is for today one of the best heaters for clothes. Ultra light material that does not absorb moisture, thanks to this, even in wet weather it will warm you, has excellent thermal insulation qualities. Thinsulate is one of the weightless heaters, it has the best qualities of bird fluff, only after washing it does not crumple and does not crumple like fluff - this is one of the most positive qualities of this heater. Thinsulate is very effective and is able to keep you warm even in cold weather - 60 degrees. Care - things from thinsulate can be washed both by hand and in a typewriter. If you have chosen automatic washing, then it is recommended to choose a gentle mode: revolutions less than 600 per minute, water temperature - less than 40 ° C, light spin. Even with repeated washing, things do not lose their original appearance and shape, the fabric dries very quickly.

Three-thread- compacted knitted fabric, made on the basis of a satin stitch (kulirki - natural materials based on cotton), the outer side is even, and the inner side is a thick fleece, which is formed as a result of knitting interlining threads from the outside. This canvas is resistant to pellets, stretching of the material, serves for a long time and does not change shape in any way. It is a natural fabric, it allows air to pass through, as a result of which the skin can breathe, and thanks to the fleece it keeps heat, thanks to which the material is ideal for cold weather. Three-thread is pleasant to the body and sensations. Recommended care - wash at less than 35 degrees. The composition of the fabric is 100% cotton.

- knitted fabric, which has its own peculiarity - the front and back sides are different in appearance. The front is a smooth fabric, soft to the touch, but the wrong side will be distinguished by the presence of fleece, which is formed by interweaving the fibers of the footer (thick cotton fabric). The latter add thermal insulation properties to the material. Three-thread "Loop" is used for tailoring tracksuits. Fabric composition: 100% cotton.

trick is a lightweight knitted fabric based on synthetic threads. It perfectly holds its shape, is elastic, has a smooth and shiny surface. Such material absorbs moisture well and dries quickly. The stains are easily washed off, and ironing is not necessary at all. As a rule, the trick is used for tailoring tracksuits, tops, leggings. Distinguish between plain and printed canvases.

Soft, fleecy, pleasant to the touch fabric, which is popular with world designers due to its two qualities - the “ability” to keep warm well and durability. Natural angora is made from goat hair and has a silky sheen. But angora knitwear refers to mixed fabrics, which includes wool, viscose and polyester. The percentage of the latter, as a rule, is up to 55%. Cardigans, warm dresses with sleeves, tracksuits are sewn from such fabric.

Jersey jersey - as it is already clear, this is a type of knitted fabric that is knitted using the single-row weaving method, and not woven like other fabrics. How to determine what is in front of you is a jersey? You can take the raw edge of the fabric and stretch it across the width. It should roll up. The composition of the canvas may include woolen threads, cotton, polyester and mixed fibers. The more elastane and synthetic fibers in the composition, the better the jersey stretches. They make both clothes for the house and cardigans, dresses, sweatpants and T-shirts from the fabric.

A fabric that, although it belongs to the "knitted family", is made of synthetic fibers. It does not wrinkle, is durable, wear-resistant and has excellent elasticity. The right side of the fabric can have a shiny finish, while the wrong side will look like a traditional knitted fabric. Disco knitwear is used for tailoring cocktail dresses, blouses, tight skirts and overalls. Fabric composition: 95% polyester and 5% elastane. Some manufacturers add cotton fibers to the composition.

Fabric that differs in the way weave threads. Here, the transverse thread is reinforced, and the canvas itself is distinguished by the presence of small scars, due to which the material looks similar to rep. To the touch, the “rib” is a velvety, soft fabric. Such knitwear does not wrinkle, quickly restores its shape, has good breathability and thermal insulation. They make dresses, trousers, skirts from jersey "rib" that fit perfectly on the figure. Fabric composition: 95% cotton and 5% lycra or 40% cotton, 30% viscose, 30% polyester.

Flannel- a very soft and fleecy type of cotton-based fabric. Widely used for making home textiles. It has a twill or plain weave, a uniform two- or one-sided pile. It has excellent absorbent and heat-saving properties. It is often used in the production of bathrobes and warm pajamas. There are printed, shirt, bleached, one-colored and careless flannel.

Fleece- This is a synthetic material made on the basis of polyester, as well as other materials of artificial origin. The fleece material can be used as a lining as well as an outer material. Fleece products are quite light and dense, which makes this material indispensable in the manufacture of sportswear.

Flock- thick fabric, based on polyester and cotton. It can withstand heavy loads, often used as upholstery for upholstered furniture. In the manufacture of the material, finely cut villi are used, which are applied to the adhesive base using a special tool - a flokator. It creates an electrostatic field that allows tiny particles to be firmly fixed.

French jersey- knitted fabric with excellent stretchability. Knitwear is massively used in the tailoring of all types of clothing, turtlenecks, women's dresses, suits for women, jackets, sweaters, pullovers. The loose composition gives this fabric softness. French knitwear allows human skin to breathe, protecting it from hot and cold weather.

Cotton is a natural material derived from a plant that is used in many types of other fabrics. Cotton products are very light and pleasant to the touch, breathable, which allows you to wear these clothes even in the hottest weather. Cotton is used in a variety of industries - from tailoring to furniture production. Cotton items should not be washed at a hot temperature, otherwise they may shrink and lose their shape.

Cotton harvester It is 100% natural fabric. It is usually used for sewing bed linen and home textiles. Crinkled fabric is obtained by special twisting of threads and heat treatment. The result is an interesting embossed pattern, the fabric itself is light, breathable, pleasant to the touch. The advantage of harvester cotton is that it does not require ironing, it retains a neat appearance for a long time.

- a material that is distinguished by its ability to retain heat well. This is achieved by the production of material - synthetic fibers are twisted, connected by a thermal method. Cavities are formed inside the fibers, which retain heat. Holofiber is non-toxic, breathable, does not absorb odors and does not shrink when washed. Use it as a heater for jackets, down jackets, sports, ski suits.

Silk is a fabric of natural origin, obtained from cocoons, which are woven by silkworms. The technology of its manufacture is quite complicated, which naturally affects the cost of the final material. However, its advantages brighten up this small drawback. The fabric passes air very well, absorbs and evaporates moisture, and also has a positive effect on human skin itself - the chemical composition of silk allows the epidermis to regenerate faster. In addition, silk items are reliable defenders against various ticks and lice, as well as other harmful microorganisms.

Chiffon- this material was made using natural silk, but later began to use synthetic materials. Chiffon products are unusually light and airy, but their strength leaves much to be desired. However, this material is quite widely used in many fashion houses as a material for clothing.

- this is a fabric that is a mixture of cotton and viscose in a ratio of 50 to 50 (there are fabrics where 60% cotton and 40% viscose). The material itself has a fairly dense structure, but this does not affect its weight - the fabric is quite light and airy. The stack is very pleasant to the touch, not for nothing that homemade dressing gowns were sewn from this material in Soviet times. The fabric may somewhat resemble wool, but its structure is more delicate and elastic.

Eco leather is a synthetic material derived from polyurethane. From the name it is clear that it is a substitute for natural leather, but, unlike leatherette, it is practically not inferior to it. The discovery of this material allowed not only to save a considerable number of animals, but also to take care of the environment, because the production of natural leather is often associated with its pollution. As for the fabric itself, it is very reliable and similar to natural leather in its characteristics.

One of the main factors by which a person has long been able to protect himself from the vagaries of the weather is the production of fabrics and clothing. Since its inception in ancient times, such an industry has developed dynamically, and today the consumer is presented with a wide variety of materials made from both natural and synthetic components.

Depending on the type of production, fabric products are conventionally divided into several categories. The main ones among them are:

1. Natural. These include wool, cotton and linen. This category is made from raw materials of plant and animal origin.
2. Artificial. These include viscose, lurex, acetate. This variety can be created from organic and inorganic components. In particular, it can be cellulose and protein, as well as metal and glass, respectively.
3. Synthetics. The most demanded raw materials here are polyester, polyvinyl, polyamide. Fabrics of this class are made from polymer threads.

The range of modern fabrics is large, and this is due not only to the possibilities of using various raw materials. The finished material acquires its final characteristics through processing and the use of technologies in the manufacture. At the same time, the characteristics and properties are most often determined by the type of weave.

Types and features

Among the variety of options, the consumer's attention is attracted by the characteristics of the fabrics used in tailoring. Most often it is:

Polyester

Inexpensive synthetics, which is made from polyester fibers. The surface is similar in appearance to wool, and in properties to cotton. Distinctive features that allow you to sew inexpensive clothes are strength, wear resistance and the ability of products to maintain their original appearance for a long time. In addition, the characteristics of the fabric make it easy to wash, minimizing garment care. The material dries quickly and easily changes shape under the influence of temperatures. This opens up wide opportunities for designers to create folds, decorate clothes, curtains, curtains, and more.

Cotton

In the production of cotton fabric, soft and thin fibers are used, twisted along the axis. The material is characterized by high strength, chemical resistance and the ability to maintain its original characteristics even with prolonged exposure to factors such as ultraviolet, moisture, high and low temperatures. Fabrics and clothing have average hygroscopicity values ​​of 18-20%, so they dry slowly. The only drawback of the material is the low ability to retain shape and the risk of shrinkage if not properly maintained. Cotton products quickly wrinkle, which is not always convenient in domestic conditions. Among the advantages of this material are listed: extraordinary softness, breathability, durability. The scope of cotton fabrics is wide. The material becomes an excellent solution for tailoring and workwear, bed linen, upholstery for furniture, etc.

Jacquard

Large-patterned fabric obtained by using the technology of weaving the warp and weft threads. High aesthetic characteristics and the complexity of the production process make the material an elite class product. In the creation of the canvas, natural raw materials are used, including both cotton and linen, as well as woolen and silk threads. In modern production, synthetic fibers can also be used, as well as a combination of artificial and natural components. The manufacturing technology makes it possible to obtain plain fabrics and fabrics with colored inserts. The effect of "tapestry", at the same time, is achieved by special methods of staining. Today, jacquard is widely used in the tailoring of outerwear, upholstery for furniture and other products. The cost of the material largely determines the raw materials, as well as the technologies used for processing the fabric.

Silk

Natural fabric, for the creation of which a silkworm cocoon thread is used. The demand and extraordinary popularity of such a fabric is due to the wide possibilities in the manufacture of clothing, in which the layman receives exquisite clothing that is comfortable to wear. Modern technologies make it possible to create artificial silk. However, the value of such material, as well as the characteristics, differ significantly from the real one, made from silk thread. First of all, these include the unique brilliance, smoothness and strength: indicators that are achieved thanks to the multi-stage production and the characteristics of silkworm threads.

Felt

Like felt, felt is created using wool felting technology. The process is carried out manually, and its result is the receipt of pieces of material. Unlike a denser analogue, fine goat or rabbit down is used in the production of felt, thanks to which the fabric acquires its characteristic features. The creation of material today is somewhat different from the technology used in ancient times. With the advent of synthetic threads, it became possible to obtain a smooth or fleecy fabric, which can also be divided into suede or long pile subspecies of felt. Most often, this material is used for sewing clothes that come into contact with the body. These can be hats, scarves, coats, etc. Due to the special texture of the fabric, such clothes are able to retain heat and create comfort when worn.

Fleece

Synthetic fabric, which today is one of the most popular in tailoring and products intended for everyday life. In the production of the canvas, a combination of several types of artificial fibers is used, the main among which is polyester. The result of using this technology is to obtain a fabric that is lightweight, resistant to moisture and unpretentious in care. Various production methods, at the same time, significantly expand the range of material thickness. Today, fleece is widely used for making casual wear and lining. Anti-peeling coating, which modern fabrics often differ in, at the same time, provides the longest possible service life without losing the original characteristics. The main advantages of the material are hygroscopicity, lightness, elasticity. Among the characteristics that provide comfort when wearing fleece clothing, breathability, the ability to dry quickly after washing, minimal care and storage conditions can be noted.

Coarse calico

Thick fabric made from cotton threads. Thanks to the use of plain weave technology, manufacturers receive a durable material that is widely used by humans in everyday life. The main subspecies of coarse calico, which are popular with the modern layman, are suvoraya, bleached, printed and dyed fabric. Various manufacturing techniques allow the creation of high performance canvas, which is widely used for the manufacture of bed linen, tablecloths, curtains and curtains, etc.

Velveteen

Cotton fabric (maybe synthetic), characterized by increased density. A feature of the material is the presence of the front side, covered with fleecy scars, and the wrong side - a smooth surface. Among the characteristics of the fabric can be noted high elasticity, strength, durability. Clothing made from velveteen is very warm, pleasant to the touch, and durable. The advantage of such material is an affordable price. Among the shortcomings, the risk of shrinkage and loss of appearance with improper care should be noted. In modern clothing production, several subspecies of velveteen are used, including: cord, rib and shaped velveteen.

Velours

The cloth with soft pile, differs in velvety and high esthetic appeal. The material of this category belongs to the premium class products, and is widely used for sewing warm, practical, dense and wear-resistant clothing. Modern production allows you to get several subspecies of velor. The main among them are: velvet and drape. Also, velor fabrics include not only cotton materials, but also canvases made from felt and leather.

A material that is obtained from natural raw materials by artificial means. A feature of such a fabric is the ability to be similar (depending on the technology used) to linen, silk or wool. Viscose products are very popular. This is due to the affordable price and the ability to get everyday wear clothes that have a maximum service life. In the production of household items today, three types of viscose are used: spatula, technical and textile, however, only the last category is suitable for tailoring.

Guipure

In modern industry, guipure is made from several types of synthetic fibers, or with their addition. The main features are transparency, light weight, rigidity. The disadvantages include low tear resistance and demanding conditions for care, wearing and storage.

Cashmere

A distinctive characteristic of the material is its extreme softness and tenderness. This feature is achieved through complex production and twill weaving, which uses a thread made from the down of cashmere goats. The high cost of the canvas, as well as cashmere clothes, is due to comfort, aesthetics and hypoallergenicity. It is believed that real cashmere can be made from the down of animals living only in Pakistan, India, Nepal and China. This is due to the fact that when trying to recreate the fabric from the wool of ordinary goats, all the unique properties of cashmere are lost.

Mohair

The material is made from the wool of the angora goat. The most common variety today are homogeneous white fabrics, which are distinguished by a soft luster sheen. The unique effect of such a product is provided by a technology that uses transitional hair. The result is a bouncy fluffy fabric that is highly tear-resistant, resilient and durable. At the same time, the natural shine characteristic of mohair does not disappear even after dyeing.

satin

The fabric is made of cotton fibers, by satin weaving. Differs in smoothness and silkiness of a surface in which weft threads prevail. The most popular today are printed and bleached satin. Such material is widely used in the production of bed linen, lining fabric and casual wear. Less commonly, satin is used to make men's shirts and summer dresses.

tulle

Modern tulle is distinguished by a mesh structure that provides the fabric with flowing lightness. The material is made of polyester, which makes it uniform and extremely tear-resistant. The main area of ​​use of tulle is the creation of decorative elements of clothing. Also, soft fabric is used in the design of gifts, interior decoration. The characteristics of mesh tulle allow it to be successfully used as a canvas for embroidery.

Chiffon

Light flowing material with a somewhat loose texture was originally made from silk and crepe yarn. Today, artificial components are used in production that can provide greater tensile strength and aesthetic appeal. The popularity of this type of material is due to a wide selection of varieties. The most famous and sought after of them are: crepe chiffon, jacquard chiffon, double-sided chiffon and satin variety. In the manufacture of designer clothes, chiffon with lures, chanzhan, pearl chiffon, etc. are also used. Elements of clothing created from this material are distinguished by grace, lightness and wearing comfort.

Reading time: 7 minutes

The dress is the epitome of femininity and elegance, as well as a versatile outfit - you can wear it to work, to a party or just for a walk. The main thing is to choose the right style, dress fabrics and color, so that it looks appropriate and emphasizes the dignity of the figure.

General approaches to classification

There are many classifications fabrics: types of suit and payable. They differ

• by type of raw material;
• season;
• finishing;
• type of weave;
• color;
• properties; purpose.

There is a big class different costume and dress fabrics for tailoring the entire range of men's, women's and children's clothing, including outerwear and special-purpose products (uniforms, overalls).
Its subclass is the dress group, which includes fabrics of various density and composition, intended for the manufacture of women's dresses. These tissues, in turn, are divided into smaller groups according to one of the signs, respectively. fabric density and the composition is determined what to sew. Let's see, What for types of fabrics for dresses happen, they names and characteristics with photo

Composition

Many properties of the material and finished products, as well as the rules for caring for them, depend on the composition. He can be

• natural;
• artificial;

• synthetic;
• mixed.

natural

More expensive natural dress fabrics have good hygienic properties, but have their drawbacks - most of them are very wrinkled and do not stretch well.

Linen

Natural canvas, characterized by strength, low stretch and good hygienic properties - hygroscopic, allows the skin to breathe, hypoallergenic, does not accumulate static electricity. Also a very important and unique property of flax is that it prevents the development of bacteria.

Simple everyday dresses are sewn from linen, which perfectly protect from the summer heat, and in the cold they will keep warm. Since linen does not stretch at all, it is better to choose loose styles. It is better not to use such material as office clothing, as wrinkled products look untidy.

The disadvantage of 100% linen is that when washed, it can shrink and also wrinkle a lot.

Cotton

Inexpensive cotton fabric for dress can be of different density, color and texture. Cotton dresses well absorb moisture, allow the skin to breathe, do not electrify. Summer and winter dresses are sewn from it. The disadvantage of products made from pure dress cotton is their low extensibility and high degree of crushing.

Silk

Very beautiful and Expensive thin textile With brilliant surface for dress, made from silkworm cocoons. Lightweight fabric, perfectly drapes, has good hygienic properties - absorbs and evaporates moisture, passes air. In the heat it gives coolness, in the cold it warms.

From the flowing silk fabrics produce exquisite evening dresses to the floor and a free silhouette. It goes well with lace and is used when sewing bride's wedding dresses.
Ultraviolet rays have a detrimental effect - it loses color and strength.

Thin silk, very light and transparent. Chiffon airy dresses and sundresses are the personification of tenderness and femininity.

Silk and chiffon are very wrinkled, so they are rarely used in their pure form. Such products require delicate care and storage.

Wool

The disadvantage of pure wool fabrics is low wear resistance and a tendency to shrink.

artificial

Everyday dresses of any style are sewn from it.

Synthetics

In the production of synthetic fibers, natural raw materials are not used, but only polymers. They are highly durable, wrinkle a little, resistant to shrinkage and keep their shape well.

Polyester

For the production of dresses are widely used.

Outwardly, it is very similar to silk, but quite inexpensive. It drapes well, soft, durable, wear-resistant, does not wrinkle and does not require complex care. Dresses made of polyester can be of completely different styles and purposes.

100% polyester can cause allergies, is electrified, airtight, so it can be hot in summer, but the latter property depends on the type of weave of the fibers.

Mixed

To improve the performance of natural fabrics, synthetic fibers or other natural fibers are added to them in various proportions. In this case, some properties may be degraded.

Stretch cotton

Thanks to the addition of a small percentage of lycra to dress cotton, the fabric acquires new positive qualities - it wrinkles less and stretches well. Dresses from such fabrics are very comfortable, softly fit the figure and do not hinder movement.

Linen with lavsan

The addition of polyester fibers to linen allows you to sew not only very comfortable, but also practical dresses. They wrinkle much less, their wear resistance increases.

Wool with silk, viscose

When adding viscose and silk to coarse wool, the cost of the material decreases, it also becomes softer and more pleasant to the touch, looks better, and is easier to dye.
Adding viscose to fine wool, on the contrary, worsens its quality: softness and elasticity decrease, and wrinkling increases.

Wool with cotton

When cotton is added, the woolen fabric becomes more durable, but the appearance deteriorates, and it also wrinkles more and there is a possibility of shrinkage. The cost of the canvas is also significantly reduced.

By type of weave

The properties of the fabric depend not only on the type of raw material used, but also on the method of weaving the threads. The following classification of dress fabrics is based on their division on this basis.

Plain (smooth)

Linen

Sheath dresses are sewn from them, which will look appropriate both at a business meeting and at a party (especially if you pick up accessories). Such material does not require complex styles, as it is very original in itself.
Evening jacquard dresses can be of any length and style: floor-length, fitted, A-line, with or without sleeves. In combination with and from sew luxurious wedding dresses.

Complex

Pile

They consist of several systems of threads (two warps and one or two wefts), which form a one-and-a-half or two-layer weave. Pile fabrics belong to dress fabrics of this type. On the surface of such fabrics, a pile of various lengths is formed.

Pile fabrics (, , ) are soft, stretch well, wear-resistant, pleasant to the body, “breathe”. For their production, mainly viscose and cotton are used and festive and stage dresses are sewn from them.

Openwork

Openwork dress fabrics are extraordinarily beautiful and are used to make elegant dresses. In recent years, casual openwork products have also become popular. It goes well with all other types of fabrics, especially cotton and mesh.

Care

In many ways, the rules for caring for dresses depend on the raw materials used in the production of fabric. In order not to spoil the thing, you need to familiarize yourself with the composition and recommendations indicated on the label. Some things cannot be washed at all - they should be dry-cleaned. The main thing that should be observed when washing is the temperature regime:

• linen dyed dresses are washed at a water temperature not exceeding 30 degrees;
• unpainted - at any temperature;
• cotton - depending on the density;
• viscose is best washed at 30 degrees.

Openwork and thin dresses made of silk, chiffon, fine wool and satin deserve special attention and careful care. Delicate hand wash in warm water and liquid detergent are recommended.

Such things should be stored separately from the rest, best of all in special cases, since in contact with zippers, buttons or rhinestones, hooks can easily form on them.

Thanks to modern technologies, the range of dress fabrics is so wide that it allows you to choose a material that is beautiful and original in texture, which is suitable for any occasion, and at the same time will not necessarily be expensive.

Types of fabrics. From A to Z. Part 1

Textile- a textile fabric made on a loom by interlacing mutually perpendicular systems of threads. The system of threads running along the fabric is called the warp, and the system of threads located across the fabric is called the weft. Corresponding threads are called warp and weft. The interlacing of threads in a fabric is one of the main indicators of the structure of a fabric.

Fabrics differ from knitted fabrics produced by knitting, that is, the formation of interconnected loop rows, non-woven materials (which also include felt-felt and canvas-stitched materials).
In this figure, the warp threads are shown at number 1 and in red. Under the number 2 in blue - ducks.

For the manufacture of any fabric, some kind of raw material is needed. Depending on its origin, all tissues can be divided into three main groups:
1. Natural fabrics (linen, cotton, silk, wool) - they are made from natural raw materials of animal or vegetable origin.
2. Artificial (acetate, viscose, lurex fabrics) - obtained from natural materials of organic (protein, cellulose) and inorganic origin (glass, metal).
3. Synthetic fabrics (polyvinyl, polyester, polyamide fabrics) - are created from artificially obtained polymer threads.

But the final characteristics and the final appearance of a particular fabric depends not only on what raw materials were used in its manufacture. In many ways, the special properties of the fabric determines the type of weaving.

[A]
Openwork- This is a kind of fabric with a through ornament. It can be made from various types of yarn (silk, cotton, wool), by hand or on a loom. The most popular openwork was in the first half of the 19th century.


Today openwork is very actively used in the manufacture of wedding dresses.

It can also be some small details of clothing.


And in general, today openwork fabrics have not lost their relevance. They can be very often found as decoration.

Acrylic- synthetic fiber, often mixed with other fibers to make the fabric warmer.
Aksamit- gold or silver fabric with herbs and stains, dense and fleecy, like velvet. To withstand the weight of gold (or silver) threads, the fabric was formed from six threads - two warp threads and four weft threads. The pattern on the fabric was made using twisted gold thread.

Alpaca- this type of fabric is made from the wool of the animals of the same name living in Peru and Bolivia. Their wool is very valuable, and the alpacas themselves are insanely cute animals.


The fabric made from this wool is very light, soft and thin, and has a slight natural sheen.

From 100% alpaca or from a mixture of it with other types of wool or synthetic fibers, warm clothes, outerwear, wool are made, from which beautiful pottery is obtained.

They also make wonderful soft blankets.


Altabas- dense silk fabric with ornaments or a background of gold or silver thread, a kind of brocade. Altabas was valued very highly and was used for the needs of the royal court, the church.

Angora (angora wool)- this fabric is made from the wool of angora rabbits and goats, which are carefully bred on farms in Europe, Japan and other countries.


This coat is very very soft, delicate and silky. Often it is used in the manufacture of children's clothing, as well as various knitted products. Its natural color is white, although it is often dyed.


Atlas- fabric with a very shiny surface of a special type of weave. The fabric is smooth, like a lining, sometimes satin is also used for lining, satin mentenon - flowers are woven on a dark or light background, as if embroidered; trianon - background and pattern in a contrasting color, pattern on the fabric - leaves with bouquets of carnations, pompadour - satin of dark shades with woven garlands of golden color.

Acetate- chemically obtained fiber, can be added to other materials to obtain silkiness. This is a great support fabric. May dissolve in acetone. This property of the fabric is used for finishing products.
Acetate silk- silk from artificial fiber, first obtained in the USA by chemists Celanese Corp. of America in 1925.

[B]
bike- soft woolen or paper fabric with a long nap. Initially, the woolen bike was dyed chestnut, later they began to make it in a wide variety of colors and even in a cage. Since the second half of the 19th century, mainly cotton baize of different grades and colors has been made.

Baratea- originally woolen fabric with an admixture of silk or cotton. Very smooth, often ribbed.
barege- fabric in the technique of gas weaving from silk, wool, cotton. Named after the town of Barege in France. It was very popular in Russia in the first half of the 19th century. The fabric is very impractical to wear. It fell into disuse in the 20th century.

Velvet(velor is the French name for velvet) is thin and shiny (for example, panne velvet), matte, thick or plush. In any case, pile standing in a certain direction is typical for him. There are also textured or patterned velvets in cotton or rayon. Ribbed velvet is a ribbed fabric. Boiled velvet is a short pile soft ribbed velvet that can be washed and ironed. Woolen velor fabrics on both sides have a rough pile surface. In the 17th century, velvet began to be produced in Moscow. They already knew paper velvet - velvet (later it was called plush).

Its main distinguishing feature is the pile. It can be of different lengths, matte or shiny, but it is always smooth. Velvet is made from cotton, silk and synthetic fibers.


Today, velvet is often used not for making clothes, but for finishing various products, such as caskets, cases, etc.


Velvet clothing is difficult to care for, but nevertheless, fashion designers sometimes use velvet to create their collections, both for women and men.

Batiste- soft, thin cotton fabric with a plain weave of threads. Batiste is made from natural and artificial fibers. Batiste is linen and cotton. Linen is higher quality, from long even fibers.

This fabric first appeared in Cambrai, where it was created by the Flemish weaver Baptiste. The fabric is truly amazing. It is at the same time very light, even a little transparent, and at the same time quite dense, delicate to the touch.


A lot of different items of clothing are sewn from batiste, and light dresses, and blouses, and children's clothes, as well as handkerchiefs and underwear.

Belset- microfiber fabric with a fluffy and soft peach-skin-like surface. Imitation velor leather.
Bologna- kapron raincoat fabric with one-sided waterproof coating. The fabric is named after the Italian city of Bologna, where this fabric was first made.

Boston- dense pure wool fabric of twill weave, in two or more threads. It is named after the breed of Boston sheep bred in England. Usually boston is a fabric of dark, thick tones - blue, black, sometimes brown, with double-sided dressing. It was relevant until the end of the 60s of the XX century.

Tarpaulin- coarse, dense, linen or cotton fabric, impregnated with a waterproof and anti-rotten composition. It is applied to overalls, covers.
Brocat- a type of silk fabric, as a rule, heavy and dense, the distinguishing feature of which is a pattern - embroidered or woven with gold or silver threads. Sometimes colored threads are added.


Brocatel- light and elegant silk fabric with small gold or silver bouquets, sometimes tinted with colored threads. The fabric was fashionable at the end of the 17th century; a summer dress was sewn from it.

Boucle- woolen fabric with a knotted surface and irregularly spaced loops. The yarn of a shaped jacket is introduced into the woolen fabric of a simple weave, which causes loops and knots to form on its surface. Coats and suits are sewn from a thick boucle, a thin one goes on a dress.

Bumazeya- soft paper fabric of twill, less often plain weave with combed pile on the wrong side. The original name of the fabric is paper. From this fabric sew underwear, children's things. Unlike the bike, it was produced painted, with ornaments.

Bufmuslin- cotton fabric, very thin, almost transparent, a kind of muslin. This fabric was especially valued in the 17th - early 19th centuries. Later, only young girls wore dresses made of this fabric, and ladies used boufmueline for home clothes.

Coarse calico- paper durable, rather coarse fabric, a kind of thick calico. Wide calico is called "canvas". It is mainly used for the manufacture of bed linen. Coarse calico was used for lining caftans, fly (shawls). There were two varieties: simple - shilya; the best, thinner, with subsequent bleaching - khanagai.

[IN]
Batting- knitted fabric with one-sided and two-sided fleece, worked out using soft thick threads; a layer of fibers interconnected in a certain way, for example, knitted-stitched. Used for warming clothes.

Velveteen- a fabric created on the basis of cotton and viscose silk. A typical development is with a rib with different pile heights on the front side. Velvet is very durable.

The fabric has many different names. For example, Manchester corduroy, wide-ribbed corduroy, narrow-ribbed corduroy, velvety corduroy, cotton corduroy, ornamental corduroy, stretch corduroy. Velveteen cord has wide scars (about 5 mm) and a high pile. Corduroy rib with narrow ribs (2-3 mm) and low pile. Velveteen shaped has a pattern consisting of combinations of a smooth and tufted surface.

Velveton (or monkey skin) is a strong, dense, windproof cotton fabric, which is usually used for sportswear. It has a velvety surface, with a combed, smoothed pile on the front side. Reminds me of suede.
Being a kind of velvet, velveteen entered the everyday life of Russians from the second half of the 19th century under a borrowed name.

Velours- the general name for materials whose surface is fleecy and somewhat reminiscent of velvet. This includes not only fabrics (cotton, wool, rayon), but also felt, leather. In some countries, velor is called velvet and corduroy.

Velor is a fabric with a velvety surface formed by a soft pile. There are several varieties. Velor velvet - soft velvet with pile of viscose silk on a canvas of crepe fabric of natural silk. Drap-velor is a pure wool fine-knit fabric with a thick, short-cut, combed pile on the front side.

Camel's wool- undercoat or down of a one-humped camel. Camel hair is often processed without dyeing and used to make coat fabrics. Undyed wool has a light brown color.

Vigogne- soft material or yarn from the wool of animals of the llama genus, common in some countries of Latin America. The wool of this type of llama is very difficult to obtain (the animal only needs to be combed out, not cut). Therefore, vigonya is usually called a fabric made from cotton waste mixed with wool. The resemblance of vigoni to vicuña (a type of llama) wool fabric is only external: the color is brown or brown, the front surface is slightly fluffy due to the inclusion of woolen threads. But, unlike high-quality wool fibers, it is not wearable. In the 20th century, fabric is rare, and vigon yarn is widespread.

Viscose- artificial fiber from cellulose, as well as fabric based on it. Often viscose is included in blended fabrics, for example with linen or silk. On the basis of viscose with the addition of natural fibers, different types of fabrics were obtained, for example, staple. Viscose in its pure form has many disadvantages: shrinks when wetted, loses strength.

Vichy- The name of this checkered fabric comes from the French city of Vichy, where it was created in 1850. Previously, the pattern in a small cell was made only in red or blue with white. Now other colors are combined with white. Most often, this pattern is found on cotton fabrics. Once upon a time, the fabric was used for bed linen and clothing for rural residents. Now men's shirts, dresses in folklore style, as well as curtains, tablecloths and napkins are sewn from it.

Veil- a transparent fabric of plain weave, most often made of cotton.

[G]
Gaba- very dense white cloth, used for the manufacture of outerwear. Differed in high water-repellent properties.

Gabardine- a very densely woven fabric with a special interweaving of cotton and wool or artificial fibre. Due to its durability, gabardine is often used for women's and men's suits and coats. Modern gabardines are made with a special water-repellent impregnation. The color of the fabric is mostly gray, rarely blue. On the front surface of the gabardine, you can see pronounced diagonal scars.


Gabardine is very dense, but at the same time quite light. It has important properties in its own way - good wear resistance and some water resistance. For its qualities, gabardine is often used in the manufacture of women's and men's suits, outerwear, tight women's dresses.

In the photo above, white men's trousers from Marc Jacobs.
And gabardine is often used in tailoring professional clothing.

Gas- light, thin, transparent silk or cotton fabric of a special gas weave, in which the weft and warp threads retain space. The method of weaving determined the grade of gas. It could be satin, twill or linen.


The gas can be of cotton and silk origin. Due to the thinness, the gas can be used independently in a multi-layered form, for example for such a skirt.

Today, gas is often used in tailoring wedding dresses.


Worsted- a kind of woolen fabric, named after the city of Arras in Flanders, where it was originally produced.

Guipure- lace fabric, made up of fragments sewn with a needle or woven on bobbins, which are interconnected by thin ligaments. In general, it is similar to lace, because it is also a kind of lace. Previously, guipure was made on bobbins, now a machine method is used to make it.

Guipure is made from very thin threads (thinner than in openwork), which can be silk, cotton, with the addition of synthetic fibers or lurex. Guipure is difficult to use on its own and as the main fabric in clothing, although this does not stop some designers.

Just like openwork, guipure is often used in wedding fashion, but mainly for the manufacture of accessories - veils, gloves.

Glazet- from the French word - "glossy". Brocade with a colored silk base and gold and silver patterns woven on it. For example, elegant camisoles (XVIII-XIX centuries) were sewn from the eyelet.
Glencheck- woolen or blended fabric with a special pattern (a cage consisting of a main square and a square on top of it).

Tapestry- artistic and decorative fabric, manufactured by machine. The fabric is named after the French royal manufactory, established in 1662 in Paris on the Rue de la Gobelins - craftsmen, yarn dyers. Then they produced the tapestry by hand. Currently, the fabric is used for furniture upholstery, for curtains, as well as for jackets and bags. Dresses, ties and scarves are sewn from thinner tapestry. The material is not bright, the fibers are dyed with natural dyes.

Grisette- in the old days, light cheap fabric, gray dress. The material is silk or woolen one-color with a woven pattern. At first it was only gray, but in the 19th century it was also made in red, green, and blue.

Gridelin- fabric of gray color with small stripes, more often in black, sometimes in white. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the name referred only to woolen fabrics. Business trousers were sewn from gridelin. Now the name of the fabric has disappeared from use, although similar materials continue to be produced.
Gro- in the old days the name of silk, the most dense fabrics: gro-gro, grodenapl, grodetur.

[D]
Lady- dense one-color fabric with a woven pattern from any raw material. The term goes back to the Syrian city of Damascus, where they began to produce this type of fabric. Usually all fabrics of the lady type were double-sided, they could be used both on one side and on the other.

Damascus- silk, woolen or cotton fabric of plain or crepe weave, sometimes in combination with satin. Cotton Damascus is used for the manufacture of lingerie, for decorative purposes, silk - mainly for decorating products.
damask- a brocade-like fabric with a satin background and golden flowers.

Damascus- translated from French - "patterned". Plastic, usually silk fabric, on the shiny surface of which there is a matte pattern. Damascene, like other jacquard fabrics, has traditionally been used for lining, upholstery, but has recently been increasingly used to make elegant blouses and dresses.

Damask- white cotton fabric with a shiny floral pattern on a matte background. Usually used for making tablecloths, bed linen, etc.

Devore- mysterious fabric! The only thing I can tell about it is that in its manufacture, chemical etching (burning out) of a part of the fabric fibers is used, due to which patterns appear on it. I have not been able to find a description of the essence of this process.


Devore fabric is quite thin, transparent, and it is often used when sewing curtains.


And sometimes the devoré technique is used on other types of fabric. For example, in the photo below, a young man is wearing a batiste devoré shirt.

Denim- very strong, dense cotton fabric for jeans. Known since the end of the last century, then its name arose, which in French means "from Nimes". Nimes is the city in France where this workwear fabric was created.


Initially, denim was intended as clothing for workers. After all, denim is distinguished by high density, strength, good wear resistance.


Today, denim can have a variety of characteristics, be dense or thin, plain or patterned. And they use it to make all kinds of clothes for people of both sexes of all ages.


Jersey- the name of a group of dress fabrics made of viscous thin woolen knitwear, as well as knitted woolen or silk fabric and products from it. The fabric was not in demand. She was considered tough, unaesthetic, the beige color in which she was painted was called poor.

It is soft, smooth, well-stretched, wrinkled a little, does not require complex care, and falls beautifully when draped.


Jersey fabric gained popularity thanks to the courage of Coco Chanel. When this fabric first appeared on the island of Jersey (Channel Islands), Chanel was not afraid to take a chance and buy the fabric from its inventor. Back then, jersey was not very popular. But after Chanel sewed the first coat out of it, and then a shirt dress, everyone started talking about jersey.


Currently, women's dresses, skirts, jackets, cardigans and other wardrobe items are sewn from jersey fabric.

Gingham- two-ton paper fabric in a strip or a cage. Used for tailoring and needlework.
Diagonal- woolen or cotton fabric of twill weave with a characteristic woven pattern - oblique convex scars. In the 20th century, dark blue or khaki fabric was used mainly for sewing uniforms.

Dradedam- a very light cloth of plain weave, usually light, sometimes with a striped ornament. In the 19th century, it was in demand among the urban poor - clothes and scarves were sewn from fabric. In the 20th century, the fabric fell into disuse.

Drap- a very thick and soft woolen or wool blend fabric with a fleecy back and a smooth front surface. Drap is both dense and soft, quite warm and durable. On its front surface there is a so-called felt-like covering, thanks to which the weave of the warp and weft fibers is not visible on the fabric, but the surface of the fabric remains quite smooth. Drap can also be double-faced, then both sides hide the weave.


From the drape, women's and men's coats are most often sewn, which do not have complex details, as well as suits, or separately skirts, trousers, jackets and jackets.

Duvetin- satin weave fabric made of cotton or viscose with thicker weft threads. After dyeing, the fabric is combed, and it becomes rough. Duvetin is also called fake velvet.
Duchess- a noble, very shiny, smooth fabric made of silk or artificial fibers, which is used for evening dresses or as a lining for high-quality women's clothing.
[Yo]
Herringbone, herringbone fabric - the pattern on the fabric resembles Christmas trees. Interlacing of fibers - along the scar and diagonally.

[AND]
Jacquard- a fabric named after the French inventor J. M. Jacquard. Around 1800, he created a machine for producing coarsely patterned fabrics by separately controlling each warp thread. The resulting patterns were named after him.

Georgette and crepe georgette- a fabric made of strongly twisted crepe-twisted threads has an uneven, finely structured surface. The fabric is soft, flowing, similar to chiffon, to the touch - sandy.

[B]
Suede- soft leather, tanned and impregnated with fats from the skins of calves, goats and deer. Has a velvety look. How fabric is used to make outerwear.

Distinguish between artificial suede, lederin (artificial leather) and leather. Products made from these materials do not require careful finishing, allowances are not processed. The volume is reduced due to allowances: 3 mm is left on one, 6 mm on the other. When cutting, use weights, it is better not to use pins - they leave marks on the fabric. If the presser foot sticks to the skin, change to a Teflon foot.

Zephyr- thin delicate cotton fabric from bleached twisted yarn in the form of small cells, as well as woolen fabric from the best breeds of sheep's wool. It seems soft and flowy. Shirts and blouses are sewn from fabric.

[TO]
Kalamkar- hand-printed chintz.
Worsted fabrics- thin woolen fabrics made from combed yarn, with a smooth fluffy surface, not very durable.

Damask- bilateral patterned silk thin fabric. The combination of satin and plain weave created a special optical effect. In the 16th-17th centuries fur coats, caftans, padded jackets, hats, sleeves, sashes, trousers, stockings, pillowcases, blankets were sewn from damask. From the 18th century, damask began to be called damask. In the 19th century, the name of the fabric fell into disuse.

Camlet- dense woolen or semi-woolen fabric, usually dark in color. Known in Russia since the 18th century, camel hair served as raw material for it. Only wealthy people could afford camlot clothes. Today, camlot is forgotten, although similar camel wool fabrics continue to be produced.

Kamchatka- patterned linen fabric for table linen, towels.
canifas- dense cotton fabric with a relief woven pattern in the form of stripes.
Kapron- synthetic fiber, used for the production of fabrics, knitwear. Differs in high wear resistance, elasticity, indelibility.

Astrakhan- skins of a lamb at the age of 1-3 days of the Karakul breed, valuable fur, is distinguished by a very elastic, dense, silky, shiny hairline, forming curls of various shapes.
Karakulcha - skins of premature lambs (fetal development 4.5-5.5 months) of the Karakul breed of sheep. Valuable fur, characterized by a low, shiny, silky hairline with a more or less pronounced moiré pattern.

Kashgora- a noble fabric made from the wool of the Kashgori goat, bred in New Zealand. The fabric has the sheen and lightness of cashmere and is very durable.

Cashmere- a thin, light woolen or wool blend fabric with a diagonal rib on the surface, which appears due to the diagonal weave. School uniform dresses and aprons are sewn from dark cashmere. Printed cashmere is used for scarves, shawls, dresses. Cashmere coats are very popular.

Real cashmere is made from the wool of tiny Himalayan goat lambs (it is also called cashmere).


Cashmere is quite soft and light fabric.


Not only coats are sewn from cashmere, but also dresses, blouses, cardigans and other women's and men's clothing.




Kisei- a thin rare fabric, currently cotton Kisei was produced in color, embroidered with silk or other colored threads.

Cloquet- a two-layer fabric with a bubble surface, woven on two bases, which are located one above the other. It is made from wool, cotton or artificial fibres. The underside of the fabric is smooth, stretched, and the top has a convex, bubble pattern. Jackets and dresses are made from it. Cotton fabrics are also produced with the cloque effect - they are subjected to special processing in order to achieve the effect of tightness, roughness. Cloquet cannot be ironed.

Covercoat- dense fabric of twill weave with characteristic small dots on a dark background, very similar to gabardine. Woolen, semi-woolen, staple and paper carpets are produced. Fabric appeared in Russia at the end of the 19th century. In the middle of the 20th century, the fabric was considered prestigious; respectable Soviet employees wore clothes from it in combination with a velor hat.

Leather- dressed animal skin. Already in ancient Greece, shoes were made of leather. In the 8th century BC, gloves were made from it. In the 18th century, both shoes and hats and pants were made from leather. Later it was used even more widely. The first motorists and aviators were dressed in leather from head to toe. In 1965, Pierre Cardin widely used this material for his products.

goat- the skin of kids up to 1 month old, as well as baby goats of various breeds of goats. The fur skin has a thin hair, soft, glossy, rather low, with a moire pattern or smooth.

Calico- cheap paper fabric such as thick calico, white or one-color. Calico was very widespread in the 18th-19th centuries. At the end of the 20th century it was used as linen fabric.
Crackle(translated from French - cracked). The surface of this fabric resembles crepe and has a bubble structure. It is a fabric made of cotton or artificial fibers, so it is well suited for blouses and dresses.

Krashenina- rough painted canvas. In the 19th century, peasant shirts were sewn from krashenina.
Crepes- the name of a very large group of fabrics that are made from different fibers, but they all have a finely rough surface. The crepe effect is achieved, firstly, due to the very strong twist of the fibers; and secondly, the irregular crossing of threads. The family of crepes includes: crepe georgette, crepe de chine, crepe satin, crepe maroquin.

They are widely used in general purpose clothing. It is easy to sew clothes from this fabric, because. it is moderately elastic, has a clear edge line, which is convenient for cutting. The fabric is also used as reinforcing pieces. It is more shiny and transparent than crepe de chine.


For example, georgette crepe is often used in women's dresses.

Crepe de chine- a delicate silk fabric that acquires its typical matte look when using a special type of weave. Georgette crepe is usually a very thin and transparent silk fabric that has common features with chiffon and crepe de chine. But crepe georgette is denser and grainy to the touch. Woolen fabric obtained by this type of weaving is also called georgette. Crepe Chinese - silk, stuffed crepe. Crepon - woolen crepe. Crepe morokhen - silk, dense and soft, plain or patterned crepe. Rachel crepe - golden crepe. Crepe satin - silk crepe, soft, usually plain, characterized by a combination of a rough surface on one side and a smooth, shiny surface on the other.

Distinctive features of crepe de chine are a matte and slightly shiny surface and fine graininess on the front surface.


Crepe de chine is used for sewing mainly women's clothing: blouses, dresses, as well as for scarves and shawls.

Crepe de chine was quite popular in the 60s, so you can find a lot of vintage crepe de chine dresses.

And this kind of silk is often used for painting on fabric using the batik technique.

Cretonne- plain weave cotton fabric (the weft thread is somewhat thinner than the warp thread). Made of pre-dyed yarn, with a textile pattern in the form of checks or stripes. In the 19th century, it was used very widely for the clothes of less wealthy people, as well as for furniture upholstery.

Krinkle, crash- crinkled fabrics. The folds are often wrinkled in the lobar direction and more or less pronounced.

Crimplen- one of the synthetic fabrics. Volumetric, plastic, soft. Doesn't wrinkle, easy to wash. At first it enjoyed incredible popularity, but in recent years it has given way to all kinds of mixed fabrics, which are more reminiscent of natural fabrics.

Lace- a strip or piece of textile obtained by sewing, knitting or weaving. Lace appeared in Europe at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries. The first lace was sewn with a needle, it was called "stitch in the air". In Russia, the first lace was made of metal, made of gold and silver threads - they trimmed the clothes of the nobility. In 1837, a machine for making lace was invented. They became cheaper and went to the finishing of women's underwear.
Lace fabric - a transparent openwork fabric with a pattern formed by combining compacted and discharged places with holes, which are obtained by estimating the interlacing of threads.

Kumach- paper fabric, usually bright red (from the Arabic "kumash"). In the old days, there was blue and other colors of kumach.