The main methods of protection against infection with infectious diseases. The main ways to protect the population. Way. Oxolinic ointment

In everyday life, a person, as a rule, is quite able to independently ensure his own safety. To do this, you just need to know and follow the well-known rules that are explained to us, starting from kindergarten. But sometimes a person is not able to resist the danger, and then he is sure that the state will come to the rescue. However, not everyone knows what the state should do to protect its citizens, and what are the duties of the citizens themselves in this matter. In our country, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters is responsible for ensuring the protection of the population in emergency situations and during military conflicts.

If necessary, other ministries, departments, state authorities of different levels are involved in solving this complex task. In our article, we will talk about the main ways to protect the population, about the work of the state aimed at increasing efficiency, as well as what every citizen should know in order to act correctly in a dangerous situation and protect themselves and their loved ones.

The main ways to protect the population

Use of personal protective equipment. These are well-known gas masks and respirators.
Shelter of the population in the protective structures of civil defense.
Evacuation of the population from dangerous territories.

Use of personal protective equipment

It is no coincidence that they are in the first place. In the event of an accident at a chemical or radiation plant, they will help prevent the entry of harmful substances through the respiratory system into the human body. Gas masks of various types protect the respiratory organs from chemically hazardous substances, primarily from and, and respirators from radioactive substances. Personal protective equipment is issued at special points, information on which can be obtained from the local administration. The administration can issue gas masks and respirators to people in advance so that they keep them at home. In this case, it is necessary to observe the conditions for their storage. Then, when warning signals about the threat of an emergency, personal protective equipment is used by the population on their own. In addition, people living near chemically or radiation hazardous enterprises are provided with individual medical civil protection kits. The kit includes medicines for adults and children to help reduce the harmful effects of chemical, radiation and biological threats in the lesions when they occur.

It must be remembered that these medicines can only be used as prescribed by medical professionals.

An example of protective structures is the bomb shelters of the Great Patriotic War, which saved millions of people during enemy air raids. And in our time, sheltering people in protective structures is one of the effective ways of protection.

Protective structures of civil defense are divided into:

asylum;
anti-radiation shelters;
shelters.

Shelters used in enterprises and organizations, including radiation and chemical hazardous for the protection of employees who continue to work in wartime. Specially equipped metro stations and other underground facilities are also used as shelters. Anti-radiation shelters are built in areas of possible radioactive contamination caused by an accident at a radiation hazardous facility. A new type of protective structures - shelters. Their main difference from other protective structures of civil defense is that they will protect not from nuclear weapons, but from fragments of bombs and shells, fragments of building structures of buildings and structures. This will increase the protection of the population from conventional weapons. Shelters are intended for people who are at home at the time of danger, including bedridden patients and medical personnel serving them. It should be noted that the non-working population, and these are mainly children and the elderly, in case of danger, can take refuge in any protective structure of civil defense closest to the house.

You can find out where the nearest protective structures of civil defense are located in the administration of the municipality.

How to find out about a possible or already occurring emergency, who will inform you what to do, where to go?

Used to warn of danger. It is served using urban and rural public address systems, loudspeakers of which are located on the streets, beeps of enterprises. In crowded places: at railway stations, at airports, information is posted on the screens of the All-Russian Integrated System for Informing and Alerting the Population (OKSION). To warn residents of remote villages and towns, special vehicles are used, on which information screens and loudspeakers are located. If you hear the “Attention everyone” signal, immediately turn on the radio or TV and listen to information about further actions. The message may indicate specific streets and areas whose residents should take shelter in protective structures. Then one of the signals arrives:, "The threat of catastrophic flooding." After receiving information about the evacuation, you need to take the "alarm suitcase" and, without wasting time, take cover in the nearest protective structure.

Standard set of "alarm suitcase":

first aid kit;
flashlight hand or headlamp and a supply of batteries for them;
hunting matches, dry alcohol, gas lighters (2-3 pieces);
cell phone, radio and batteries;
utility knife;
repair kit (threads, needles, etc.);
a supply of food and water (at least 3 days);
disposable tableware;
personal hygiene products;
change of underwear and socks.

It is necessary to take with you personal protective equipment - a gas mask or a respirator if they are stored at home. Before leaving, be sure to turn off the gas, turn off the electricity and water supply, tightly close the windows and vents.

Evacuation

For partial - the non-able-bodied and non-working population is brought to safe areas: children, students, the elderly, people with disabilities and the sick. Moreover, students of educational institutions are taken out together with relatives and teachers. Children from orphanages, pensioners living in homes for the disabled and veterans leave the danger zone, accompanied by workers from social institutions.

With a complete evacuation the entire population leaves the danger zones, with the exception of non-transportable patients and their attendants, who take refuge in protective structures.

Information about the beginning of the evacuation is distributed by radio and broadcast on television. To broadcast emergency messages, television and radio programs are interrupted, urban and rural notification systems, electronic media are used, and SMS messages are sent.

Having received a message about the beginning of the evacuation, you should take with you everything you need and proceed to the assembly evacuation point. The addresses of prefabricated evacuation points are indicated in the information message.

When evacuating from zones of chemical contamination and radioactive contamination, the following is carried out:

dosimetric and chemical control;
partial or complete sanitization;
exchange of clothes and shoes;
citizens are provided with medical and psychological assistance.

The ultimate goal of an evacuation is to get people to a safe area and provide them with everything they need for a normal life before returning home.

Improving ways to protect the population

Specialists of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia and other departments are constantly working to improve the efficiency of public protection:

the underground spaces of cities are being developed to shelter citizens;
protective structures of civil defense are maintained in constant readiness for use;
personal protective equipment of a new generation is being created;
evacuation plans are developed in advance;
work is underway to prepare safe areas for the deployment of the population.

Particular attention is paid to improving the forms and methods of forming a culture of life safety among the younger generation, youth and adults, expanding the mass character and accessibility of ongoing events.

Trouble can come suddenly! Every person should be ready to take action and help people in need. Without this indispensable condition, we will not be able to feel safe even in the most modern protective structures.

Public protection video

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is found in blood, saliva, tear fluid, breast milk, urine, and even sweat. The virus quickly dies outside the body, so infection through a handshake is unlikely (but still shaking hands is a bad habit, since there are many other types of infection besides HIV). Ways of transmission of AIDS:

sexual intercourse;
Non-sterile medical instruments;
Blood and certain blood medications;
Pregnancy, childbirth (transmission of the virus to the child);
Transplantation of organs and tissues;
Contact with foreign blood on the skin or mucous membrane;
Restoration of breathing to the victim by the method of "mouth to mouth";
Contact with the secretions of the patient.

A person who is not a homosexual, a drug addict, or a prostitute will most likely contract AIDS in a health facility, through an injection, surgery, dental treatment, blood test, or blood transfusion. No matter how strict the medical rules are, they are still sometimes violated.

Under the action of fat solvents (alcohol, soap, detergents), the virus dies within 10 minutes. At +37 shC, 90% of viruses die in 5 days, at 60 shC - in 24 seconds. When boiled, the virus dies instantly (but for some reason it is still recommended to sterilize the medical instrument for at least 30 minutes). The method of disinfecting linen with sputum and blood: soak for an hour in a 3% solution of chloramine or boil for 20 minutes. Oral intercourse (exposure of the mouth to the sexual organ of a partner) does not protect against AIDS. The best protection against infection during sexual intercourse is a condom.

Experts say that HIV is not transmitted in the following ways:

Through the bites of blood-sucking insects;
Airborne (for example, when sneezing);
On contact with tears;
Through food and;
Through things.

The incubation (latent) period of AIDS infection is from several months to several years. Optional signs of AIDS:

Enlarged lymph nodes;
increased sweating;
Weakness;
memory impairment;
Weight loss;
Malignant formations on the skin;
Fever and temperature;
Damage to tissues in the oral cavity;

A short-term acute flu-like illness may appear a few days after infection. Then comes a long hidden period. 9/10 HIV carriers do not know about it. Within 10 years after the onset of AIDS, 50% of patients die.

The effectiveness of protection measures against BS will be largely determined by the timeliness of detection of an enemy biological attack. The boundaries of the focus of biological contamination are established by the formations of the medical service and the services for the protection of animals and plants of the Civil Defense based on the generalization of data received from observation posts, reconnaissance units and groups, as well as from meteorological and sanitary-epidemiological stations. The actual border is determined on the basis of bacteriological reconnaissance data, laboratory studies of samples from environmental objects, as well as the identification of patients and the spread of emerging infectious diseases.

To prevent the spread of infectious diseases from the source of biological contamination, to localize and subsequently eliminate it, restrictions are introduced: quarantine and observation.

Quarantine- a system of state measures taken to prevent the spread of infectious diseases from the focus of infection and aimed at the complete isolation of the focus and the elimination of infectious diseases in it. Quarantine is introduced upon indisputable establishment of the fact of the use of BS by the enemy, and mainly in cases where the applied pathogens are classified as especially dangerous (quarantine) infections. Quarantine includes administrative and economic (prohibition of entry and exit of people, export of animals, feed, plants, fruits, seeds, acceptance of parcels), anti-epidemic, anti-epidemic, sanitary-hygienic, veterinary-sanitary and therapeutic and preventive measures (medical examination, isolation of patients, destruction and disposal of animal corpses, affected plants, seeds, immunization of people and animals, disinfection, etc.). Armed guards are established at the outer borders of the quarantine zone, commandant service and patrols are organized, and traffic is regulated. At the facilities where quarantine is established, an internal commandant's service is organized. It is forbidden to leave people, take animals and take out property. Entrance (entry) can only be allowed to special formations of civil defense and medical personnel (with the obligatory use of personal protective equipment) to assist in eliminating the consequences of the use of BS. The supply is carried out through special points under the control of the medical service of the Civil Defense.

In the territory where quarantine has been introduced, the work of all enterprises and institutions (educational institutions, markets and bazaars, entertainment institutions), except for those that are of particular importance for industry or for the defense of the country, is stopped.

Objects that are in the quarantine zone and continue their production activities are switching to a special mode of operation with strict compliance with anti-epidemic requirements. Disinfection of the territory, premises, equipment, raw materials and finished products is carried out. Workers and employees of enterprises and institutions operating in the focus of biological contamination, as well as the personnel of the civil defense units involved in the elimination of the outbreak, are transferred to the barracks and periodically undergo preventive and sanitary treatment.

In the event that the established type of pathogen does not belong to the group of especially dangerous infectious diseases and there is no threat of mass diseases, the introduced quarantine is replaced by observation.

Observation- a system of measures to monitor isolated people or animals from outbreaks that are quarantined or located in a threatened zone. Threatened zone is the territory directly adjacent to the center, to which there is a threat of the spread of this infection. The observation is designed to prevent the spread of infection to neighboring areas. Regime measures of observation, in contrast to quarantine, include: maximum restriction of entry and exit, as well as the removal of property from the outbreak without prior disinfection and permission from epidemiologists; strengthening medical control over food and water supply; restriction of movement in the contaminated area, medical supervision over the observance of the rules of personal and public hygiene, especially in catering units and public places, etc.

The terms of quarantine and observation are set based on the duration of the maximum incubation period of the disease. It is calculated from the moment of hospitalization of the last patient and the end of disinfection in the focus of infection.

The main means of protecting the population from biological weapons include: vaccine serum preparations, antibiotics, sulfanilamide and other medicinal substances used for special and emergency prevention of infectious diseases, personal and collective protective equipment, chemicals used for disinfection.

Control questions

1. What do the terms "pandemic" and "epiphytosis" mean?

2. List the main ways of penetration of pathogens of infectious diseases into the body. What is the main route of entry of Vibrio cholerae?

3. What is the difference between contagious and non-contagious diseases? What group do diseases such as plague and anthrax belong to?

4. To what depth can BS aerosol penetrate into pressed hay and straw?

5. The causative agent of which of the diseases is able to form spores: smallpox, typhus, tetanus, malaria, African swine fever?

6. In what way does a person become infected with the causative agent of typhus? What microorganism is the causative agent of this disease?

7. Which of the diseases are dangerous for humans: glanders, yellow fever, bluetongue, foot and mouth disease?

8. Why are insects - pests of agricultural crops - the greatest danger in terms of radioactive contamination of the area? List reasons.

9. For which plants is the Hessian fly dangerous?

10. How are the boundaries of the focus of biological contamination determined?

Infectious diseases are diseases caused in one way or another by bacteria, viruses and other organisms. Since these diseases are often transmitted from person to person, it is very common to observe their outbreaks in a certain segment of the population. To protect yourself from an infectious disease, it is important to follow certain preventive measures. With a few healthy habits and tips in this article, you can protect yourself from germs and disease.

Steps

Prevention of infectious diseases

Wash your hands. Hand hygiene is extremely important when it comes to preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi) are easily transmitted through various surfaces and remain on the skin, from where they can easily enter the body through the eyes, nose, or mouth. That is why hand washing is the first line of defense against transmission of infections.

Avoid touching your face, eyes, and nose. People touch their face repeatedly throughout the day. It is at these moments that infectious agents on the hands can enter the body. While the skin prevents pathogens from entering the body, the eyes and mucous membranes in the nose and mouth do not protect the body from doing so.

In addition to maintaining hand hygiene, try not to touch your face, even with clean hands.
Try to avoid touching your palms or hands with your face, even when you are coughing or need to blow your nose. Use a scarf for this.
If you don't have a handkerchief, cover your mouth or nose with your elbow. Use paper handkerchiefs whenever possible. Throw them away immediately after use and wash your hands with soap and water.

Keep all vaccinations up to date. Vaccines are the prevention of disease. They help to prevent the disease caused by the pathogen of infectious diseases, or to make it less acute. Vaccines stimulate the immune system to respond to exposure to specific pathogens, and if you are exposed to that pathogen, your immune system will fight it more effectively.

Stay home. If you are sick, it is extremely important to minimize contact with other people in order to limit the spread of the infection. Some infectious diseases are not easily transmitted from person to person through contact, but other infections can spread very quickly, so in any case, if you have any symptoms of an infectious disease, it is recommended that you stay at home.
- When in public, cover your mouth and nose with your elbow when you cough. Do not use your hands to do this to avoid spreading pathogens through the air and the various surfaces you touch.
- If you are sick, wash your hands and shared surfaces frequently to minimize germ transmission.
Prepare and store food properly. Some pathogens can enter the body through food - diseases caused by these pathogens are called foodborne or intestinal infections. After a contaminated product enters the body, the pathogen begins to multiply and causes disease. That is why it is extremely important to prepare and store all foods in a safe manner.
- Prepare food responsibly to avoid cross-contamination. Raw foods should never be cooked on the same surfaces as cooked foods.
- Wash work surfaces regularly and keep them clean and dry. Pathogens thrive and thrive in humid environments.
- Wash your hands before handling food and immediately after you finish preparing food. Also wash your hands every time you finish working with one food and are about to work with another (for example, you finished working with raw meat and start working with vegetables).
- Food must be stored at safe temperatures (refrigerator if needed). If you doubt the quality of the product, then it is better to throw it away. If the product has changed color or texture, or has a strange smell, then it has probably gone bad.
- Hot food should be eaten after cooking, and if it needs to be stored, leave it on the counter until it cools down, and then put it in the refrigerator to prevent the growth of pathogens.
Practice safe sex and don't share personal hygiene items. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are transmitted from person to person through contact of bodily fluids with the genitals, oral mucosa and eyes. Practice safe sex to limit your risk of STDs.
- Always use condoms or rubber dams for any sexual contact, especially if you are not in a monogamous relationship.
- Do not have sex if you or your partner has herpes or genital warts, as this can spread the incurable herpes virus.
- Get yourself tested for STDs before and after having sex with each new partner.
Travel smart. Be aware of the risks of various infections when planning your trip. Some places may have certain infections that are not present where you live.
- Ask your doctor what vaccinations you need before you travel. This will prepare your immune system for pathogens in the area where you are going to travel.
- Wash your hands as often as possible while traveling to avoid getting germs through your hands into your body.
- Protect yourself from infections carried by mosquitoes. Use mosquito nets for windows and when you sleep, use special insecticides and wear long sleeves.
Treatment of infectious diseases
1. Various types of infectious diseases. Remember that different diseases can be caused by different agents. This will help you know the risk factors and avoid them.
  
  Treat bacterial infections with antibiotics. Antibiotics are medicines that help fight bacterial infections. They inactivate or kill bacterial cells and thus help the immune system fight the bacteria.
  - Apply antibiotic cream or ointment to small wounds that have become infected. Signs of a wound infection may include redness, swelling, warmth, or pain. Do not apply antibiotics to bleeding wounds, especially if they are deep. If the bleeding from the wound does not stop, see a doctor.
  - For systemic bacterial infections, contact your doctor and ask if you should take oral antibiotics or not.
  - It is important to remember that antibiotics are powerless against viral infections such as influenza or SARS. A doctor can determine whether an infection is viral or bacterial and prescribe appropriate treatment.
  - Take antibiotics exactly as directed. Taking antibiotics when they are not needed (such as during a viral infection) only increases the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics.
2. Treatment of viral infections. Viral infections are not treated with antibiotics; there are special antiviral drugs against them that are used only against certain viruses. Some viral infections are treated with home remedies such as rest, sleep, and drinking plenty of water.
  - Some drugs, known as antivirals or antiretrovirals, are effective against certain types of viruses by preventing them from replicating their DNA in the cells of the body.
  - Some viral infections, such as SARS, require only symptomatic treatment to alleviate the patient's condition. The body's immune system will fight the virus, unless, of course, you have an immunodeficiency and you get enough rest and enough nutrients.
  - Many viral diseases can be prevented by vaccination. That is why it is important to do all the necessary vaccinations on time.
3. Treatment of fungal infections. Some fungal infections can be treated with antifungal medications. However, there are many pathogenic fungi that can cause infections, and only a doctor can correctly diagnose such a disease and prescribe the appropriate treatment.
  - Some fungal infections can be treated with antifungal ointments if they affect a specific area on the skin (such as foot fungus).
  - More serious and dangerous fungal infections are treated with oral medications and injections.
  - Examples of pathogenic fungi are histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis - in some cases they can be deadly.
4. Treatment of parasitic infections. Parasites are called organisms that penetrate the body and live in it, using the resources of this organism for their own growth and reproduction. Parasites can be a wide variety of pathogenic agents, from worms to microscopic cells.

Together with people live billions of different viruses and bacteria that affect our body in different ways. Some help people and create a positive microflora in the body, while others, on the contrary, negatively affect the work of important organs and systems. At the same time, each person can protect himself from dangerous microorganisms by following simple rules. Next, we will consider in more detail the main ways to protect against infection with infectious diseases.

Method Navigator

1. Method. hand washing

Simply washing your hands can protect you from dangerous microorganisms and even deadly diseases. Be sure to wash your hands after every trip to the toilet, before you sit down at the table or after the street. It is enough to wash with plain water to wash off dangerous microorganisms from the skin.

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2. Method. Nail care

Just regular hand washing is not enough. Be sure to follow the nails, it is under them that pathogenic bacteria accumulate and multiply. That is why you can not bite your nails, which is very fond of children and nervous people. From here there are worms and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, you need to trim and clean your nails regularly.

Every modern person should know popular ways to protect against infection with infectious diseases.

3. Way. Oral hygiene

Millions of pathogenic bacteria live and multiply in the oral cavity. Therefore, it is important not only to brush your teeth regularly, but to use other care products. Use dental floss to clean your teeth of food debris. Also, don't forget to brush your tongue. It is also recommended to use rinses that destroy pathogenic bacteria.

4. Method. Proper nutrition

To strengthen the immune system, you need to eat right. If the body receives the optimal amount of trace elements and vitamins, then it is more likely to fight pathogenic viruses and bacteria. The body's resistance to negative environmental factors increases. Therefore, we choose only products that are useful for the body.

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5. Method. Morning work-out

No need to be lazy to take care of your health. It is enough to devote a few minutes to morning exercises to strengthen the body and start its protective reaction. So you can walk with your pet in the morning, which also allows you to cheer up and recharge with positive energy for the whole day.

6. Method. Healthy sleep

Healthy sleep plays a key role in human life. If a person sleeps well, recharges himself with energy, he will be able to resist viruses and bacteria more easily. A person who is chronically sleep deprived is exhausted and automatically gets sick more often, because the body's resistance decreases. That's why it's important to find time for healthy sleep.

7. Method. Vaccination

Vaccination is now available to protect a person from dangerous diseases. So you can get vaccinated against the flu every year. In childhood, children are vaccinated against measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox and other diseases. Therefore, do not neglect routine vaccination to protect yourself from infections.

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8. Method. Oxolinic ointment

Ointment should be lubricated around the nose to protect the body from viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by airborne droplets. It is recommended to do this during an exacerbation of respiratory diseases.

Regularly applying the basic methods of preventing infection will help a person protect himself from dangerous diseases.

9. Method. Drink more water

You need to drink a lot on hot days and in winter. It is important to maintain water balance in the body, which is the main factor for the normal functioning of important organs and systems. This is why people are encouraged to drink plenty of water when they are sick to help fight off viruses and bacteria. In addition to water, you can drink herbal teas with lemon and honey.

Known ways to protect against infection with infectious diseases should be known to every modern person who cares about their health.

10. Method. Products - defenders of immunity

So there are products that have bactericidal properties. This includes onions and garlic, which have unique properties that kill viruses and bacteria, fill the body with vitamins and increase its resistance to disease. Citrus fruits and kiwi also increase immunity. Useful for the body fresh herbs and berries, such as blueberries.

Each infectious disease has its own methods of treatment and prevention measures that must be applied in order to be healthy and happy.

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