Bead embroidery for beginners: basics, secrets, patterns and descriptions. Beadwork. Description of various techniques

Bead embroidery existed back in the era of Ancient Rus'. This is precisely what many archaeological finds that date back to the ninth to twelfth centuries speak about. Among all types of embroidery, the most elegant and amazing

considered, of course, is embroidery with silver and gold threads, into which elements of freshwater pearls, mother-of-pearl and precious stones are skillfully woven.Embroidery was considered an art that was valued in aristocratic circles and was included in the educational sciences.

It was a compulsory occupation for women and was common mainly in noble families and among nuns. They embroidered the clothes of boyars and kings, as well as church vestments with such threads. The main fabrics for embroidery were silk and velvet. Handicrafts were considered a special virtue in religion.

Around the beginning of the eighteenth century, the art of embroidery permeates the entire population and becomes one of the leading crafts of peasant women. For a rural girl, the fame of a needlewoman was considered a second dowry. It was believed that with such a wife goodness, comfort, warmth and wealth would come to the house.

By the middle of the eighteenth century, pearl sewing and embroidery with gold threads were becoming a thing of the past, and it was replaced by the “Golden Age” of Russian beads. In Russia itself, beads were not produced at that time, but the scale of the hobby for this activity was so great and reached such a peak of perfection that beads became the basis not only for embroidery, but also for interior design. It was used as the basis for decoration of palace halls, houses of landowners and noble people, even the walls of the premises were covered with beads. Paintings, robes of icons, wallets, book bindings, boxes - everything was decorated with beads.

In terms of external qualities, beads are a very beautiful, durable and resistant material, it does not deteriorate over time, is insensitive to light, and is below average in fragility.

Background on the use of beads

As soon as people learned to make glass, craftswomen began to use beads in sewing, decorating clothes. Over time, new technologies in the manufacture of beads appeared - large beads gave way to smaller ones. Beads of the smallest diameter reached fineness when a row of beads sewn onto the canvas was equal to the thickness of the threads of the canvas itself!

Ancient collections of beaded masterpieces are located in museums in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Each nation inherits the experience of the previous generation, which is customary to preserve and multiply. Unfortunately, many of the secrets of the masters of that time were erased by time and were not preserved, but those that have survived to this day reveal the world of marvelous ancient art bead embroidery. Along with the revival of Russian folk crafts in our time, bead crafts. Lately, beaded items have not gone out of fashion. It is flattering to receive as a gift a product that retains the warmth of skillful hands and is unique. There is no other like it! Learn embroider with beads not difficult. Especially if you have the desire and accuracy and patience. You need to tune your soul to joy - and just create! And then everything will work out!

Glassmaking originated 6 thousand years ago in Phenicia, as the legend tells: Phoenician sailors, carrying a cargo of soda from Africa, landed for the night and surrounded the fire not with stones, but with pieces of soda, and the next morning they found an ingot in the ash, transparent and very hard. It was glass. Beads began to be made from glass, which became smaller and smaller - this is how beads appeared.

Beads are a material with excellent decorative qualities. It has attracted the attention of craftsmen since time immemorial. The predecessors of beads - glass beads - decorated the clothes of ancient Egyptian pharaohs.

The Venetian Republic was the center of bead production in Europe. Mirrors, beads, buttons, beads, etc. were made here. Thanks to the careful protection of the secrets of glass craftsmanship (these included the composition of the glass mass, the production of soda, etc.), Venice managed to maintain a monopoly on the production of beads and glass until the end of the 17th century. This monopoly was broken by the masters of Bohemia (Northern Bohemia). They developed a technology for producing so-called “forest glass” by replacing soda with wood ash. Bohemian glass was easy to cut and had excellent optical properties. Gradually, Bohemian beads replaced Venetian beads on the world market. And currently the Czech Republic is one of the main producers of beads in the world.

Beads were also used in Ancient Rus'. The first information about this dates back to the 9th - 12th centuries. The predecessor of beads in Rus' was pearls. The widespread availability of pearl sewing was facilitated by the relative availability of the material, since freshwater pearl mussels were found in abundance in rivers and lakes. For many peoples of the Russian Empire, elements of clothing trimmed with small river pearls, and from the 18th century with beads, became an integral part of the national costume.

Pearls and beads were also widely used in secular and ecclesiastical sewing. Foreign guests of Russia were surprised by the widespread use of pearls and beads for decorative purposes, as well as the skill of Russian embroiderers. The Swedish traveler Petrey wrote about them at the end of the 16th century: “They are experienced and skilled in sewing, so that they surpass many embroiderers with pearls, and their work was exported to distant countries.”

The first attempt in Russia to create their own beads dates back to the end of the 17th century, when, with the assistance of Venetian craftsmen, a bead making workshop was organized. However, despite the efforts of the Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov, who was fluent in the technique of making colored opaque glass for mosaic panels, it was not possible to establish mass production of domestic beads. Beads and glass beads (a modification of beads with an elongated cylindrical shape) continued to be imported into Russia from abroad.

The “Golden Age” of beads in Russia was the second half of the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries. A wide variety of products were made from it: church decorations, wallets and bags, covers for boxes, inkwells and chibouks - chasubles, dresses and even entire paintings were embroidered with beads. But then this art faded, and now these wonderful products can only be admired in museums.

In the 30-50s of the 20th century, the art of embroidery and beading began to revive. Dresses, handbags and wallets embroidered with glass beads were in fashion. In the 60s, fennies were popular in the hippie movement.

Unfortunately, today many of the secrets of the old masters have been lost. But interest in beads has not completely died down. Recently, circles and courses on beadwork and bead embroidery have been created; jewelry made from this material can often be found in stores and at exhibitions.

Pictures embroidered with beads became widespread. They reflect a variety of topics:
nature (landscapes, still lifes)
spiritual direction (icons, churches)
copies of paintings by famous artists (Leonardo da Vinci, Aivazovsky, etc.) the world of animals and birds.

Bead embroidery is a popular type of needlework, the process of which creates magnificent designs with emphasized detail on fabric and leather. Modern samples and materials, free video lessons and master classes, online courses, step-by-step instructions make this creativity accessible to beginners.

What is bead embroidery

The technology of creating a pattern on fabric using beads is simple and requires basic needle skills and knowledge of basic seams performed by hand. The material used for this type of creativity is commercially available and affordable. Bead embroidery for beginners is no different from the ordinary process of creating a picture using threads. The only difference is that each time a stitch is made, a bead is threaded onto the needle.

Bead embroidery is an interesting, fascinating, but painstaking activity that requires time, patience and perseverance. Having mastered the technique of this needlework, you can not only decorate shoes, clothes, handbags, wallets, mobile phone cases and wallets, but also create beautiful paintings depicting roses, birds, animals, or icons with the faces of saints. Images carefully made with beads according to all the rules leave an impression of volume, grace and luxury.

What materials does bead embroidery require?

Bead embroidery for beginners involves the use of the following tools and materials:

• a diagram or design according to which you can embroider an image;
• beads of the desired colors;
• cotton or lavsan threads (can be replaced with fishing line), matching the color of the canvas or beads;
• a piece of canvas or fabric large enough for embroidery;
• special needle for bead embroidery;
• hoop;
• scissors.

How to embroider with beads

For beginners, it is better to purchase an embroidery kit at a specialized store. The image printed on canvas included in the kit is divided into squares for convenience. There are different ways to attach beads to canvas:

• Monastic, in which the beads are sewn with separate diagonal stitches.
• Arched, involving the stringing of several beads. To secure it to the canvas, you need to pass the needle through the last of them.
• Fastening, when the beads are strung on a thread, then short stitches are laid between the beads.

Embroidery of an image using a monastery stitch is presented step by step:

1. Thread the thread into the needle and make a knot in it.
2. Enter the tool in the lower left corner, pull it up.
3. Thread a bead onto a needle.
4. Slide the tool to the wrong side through the hole in the upper right corner of the square. The bead is sewn to the fabric.
5. Repeat these steps until the end of the row.
6. Secure the embroidery with a knot and continue working.

How to use patterns for bead embroidery

The bead embroidery pattern for beginners is similar to the pattern for creating cross-stitch images (you can read more about it here). Thanks to the clarity of the pattern, you can freely navigate the work process. Each colored square represents a bead of a specific color. In addition, high-quality diagrams, as a rule, contain an indication of the numbers of the shades used, which makes it easier for beginners to select the right materials. You can download patterns on the Internet. Job tips available online are also useful for learning.

Bead embroidery

Creating an image using beads begins with selecting the appropriate pattern. If you plan to embroider a picture or icon, you must have a base and beads in the desired colors. A small picture is suitable for decorating a children's item - a berry, a kitten, a bunny, a flower, a butterfly, etc. Individual fragments of embroidery made with beads look good - for example, a flower made from loops. Simple bead embroidery for beginners can be purchased at the store in the form of a creativity kit, including thread and needle.

In order to get an attractive item upon completion of the work, you need to know how to embroider with beads correctly. There are moments that decide a lot:

• It is important that the reverse side of the work is neat. This speaks volumes about the skill of the needlewoman and gives the product a presentable appearance.
• Stitches need to be made at intervals of 1 mm from each other. Beads that are too closely spaced warp the fabric.
• The thread tension should be the same during the embroidery process. This ensures that there are no distortions in the finished product.
• Treating the thread with beeswax improves its strength and glide.

Paintings

Creating a picture from beads is simple and accessible to a beginner and even a child. The whole process boils down to this:

1. Start embroidery from the upper left square of the design, that is, from the corner. Tie a strong knot in the thread or secure it with a few stitches.
2. Place a horizontal row to the right side, securing the beads with diagonal stitches.
3. Work the next row in the opposite direction.
4. Use an arched stitch for rounded elements.
5. Frame the finished painting.

Embroidery on clothes

Bead embroidery for beginners can be done on clothing. This can be learned. To make such a pattern, for example, on jeans, do the following:

1. Find the image you want to put on the item. For beginners, a simple pattern is recommended.
2. Print out the drawing and transfer it to tracing paper.
3. Attach the pattern to the fabric.
4. Sew the beads to the item, following the drawing on the tracing paper. However, do not over-tighten the thread.
5. Trim the tracing paper where the decoration is made.

Video: bead embroidery technique

Where do you start working with beads?

You already know that it can be different: transparent, opaque, with a silver line inside, with a colored line inside, iridescent, pearlescent, galvanized, matte, “snowball”, and many different options, including their combinations. Beads that are different in appearance also behave differently: some bead coatings are resistant to moisture and sunlight, while some lose their colors and become dull when exposed to the sun or water.
This is why it is recommended that you test every “unidentified” type of bead you purchase before use. This is especially important if you are making beaded items to sell: no one wants to receive negative reviews and unhappy customers because of poor quality or inappropriate materials used in a beaded item. Therefore, if you want your jewelry or painting made of beads to retain its pristine charm for several years (or even decades), then it is recommended to conduct the following experiments with it, which will help you scroll forward in time and see what will happen to these beads after some time.

TEST OF STRENGTH

* Take a small amount of the “test” beads and place them in mayonnaise for a couple of days. After 2 days, take it out, rinse and dry, and then compare it with beads that have not been subjected to “mayonnaise treatment”: if beads treated with mayonnaise have lost their shine, then all such beads will lose their shine over time.
* Rub the test bead with sandpaper or a nail file and see if the paint comes off. If the paint peels off easily, consider whether to use such beads in jewelry that will constantly rub against the body or clothing.
* Place the beads to be tested on the windowsill so that it receives direct sunlight. After a few days, compare the tested beads with those that were not exposed to sunlight.
* Place the test beads in soapy water for several hours. Scrub it, rinse it, dry it, and then compare it to one that hasn't been soaped.
You need to sit down and think about the conditions in which the bead product will be used, and test it for resistance to these conditions. For example, there is no need to test in direct sunlight if you are decorating for an evening gown. There are no bad beads: there are conditions that are unsuitable for each specific type of bead. Thus, it is impossible to make a beautiful decoration using the mosaic technique from different-sized “fading” Taiwanese beads, but it can be used on the crown of beaded trees. You shouldn’t assume that a certain type of bead is bad just because the paint is peeling off. It would be more accurate to say that it is not suitable for jewelry, but it may be suitable for bead embroidery or other products that will not be touched or rubbed much. However, before implementing each new idea, do not be lazy and test your beads for suitability for the intended operating conditions: what if this particular work of yours turns out to be a masterpiece? It will be very disappointing if the beads peel off or fade.
Now that you have decided on the type of beads to use, it’s time to think about the combination of colors in your future product.

COLOR HARMONY OF THE PRODUCT

Approximately 80% of the success of the product lies in the correctly chosen harmonious combination of bead colors. That is why we decided to introduce you to the basics of Color Separation and Color Harmony.
A person is constantly surrounded by color, which accompanies him throughout his life. Color helps a person to distinguish objects, develops his taste, affects his mood, contributes to his work and rest.
Consequently, color science - the science of color - plays an important role in all types of creativity.
Each nation with its centuries-old traditions has its own preferences for color combinations. The color of the products is the hallmark of the republic, region and even a separate village.
Color harmony refers to the impression of the interaction of two or more colors. Each person has their own color preferences, so the concept of color harmony is very subjective. As a rule, subjective harmonious color combinations are devoid of strong contrast, and are built on a combination of different colors that are similar in lightness, or on a combination of colors that are similar in character. The assessment of a harmonious combination of colors is caused by the feeling of “like it or not,” and is devoid of any objectivity.
The following experience will help us look at color harmony from the other, physiological side: if you look at a yellow square for a while and then close your eyes, an image of a purple square will appear. And vice versa, closing our eyes after observing a purple square we will see a yellow one. A similar experiment can be performed with all colors, and every time we close our eyes, we will see a color complementary to what we just looked at. This is the natural need of the human eye to achieve color balance. Two or more colors are harmonious if their mixture is a neutral gray. That is, a work is considered harmonious if the sum of its colors gives us a neutral gray color. But there is no need to say that color works must necessarily be harmonious.

Colors that are adjacent to each other on the color wheel look very good together, but do not create any contrast. If you want your work to evoke a feeling of peace and comfort in the viewer, use colors that are adjacent to each other.

Warm colors

Yellow

In almost all cultures, yellow, along with gold, denotes the sun and is a symbol of wisdom and knowledge. In ancient China, only the Emperor and his family were allowed to wear yellow robes. Yellow is the brightest, lightest and most noticeable color; it seems to come to the fore and seems larger than all the others. Try looking at a shelf of books, or a box of pencils: if there is yellow there, it will undoubtedly attract your attention first. Therefore, use yellow when you want to draw the viewer's attention to a specific point.

Orange

Orange is an active, friendly color. In color therapy it is used as an antidepressant. In a red-orange hue it reaches a maximum of active, warm energy. Darkened with black it turns into brown and loses its expressive character. When lightening brown with white, we get beige shades.

Red

Red is the color of passion, the color of action. We associate love, rage, and the most powerful emotional states with the color red. The banners of revolutions and the clothes of ancient warriors are painted red. The expressiveness of the red-orange color changes in the context of changing the contrasting color. So, against an orange background, red-orange seems lifeless. On dark brown, red-orange glows with dry heat. Red-orange reaches its peak of dramatic expressiveness in contrast with black. On a green background it acts very aggressively and irritatingly. In blue-green it looks like a flaring fire, but in contrast with pink it looks dull and fading.

Cool colors

Blue

In the earth's atmosphere, the color blue ranges from the most delicate blue, associated with the sublime and spiritual, to the deepest dark blue, bordering on black and causing a feeling of loneliness and fear. In China, blue symbolizes immortality, in India - wisdom, among the Druids - truth and harmony.

Green

If the elixir of life existed, it would undoubtedly be green: the color of nascent life. Yellow-green shades remind us of the color of spring nature. After surgery, patients recover faster if the color green is present in their room. Blue-green is the coolest color on the color wheel, and, in contrast to yellow-green, gives the impression of cold aggressiveness.

Violet

As the antipode of yellow - the color of knowledge - violet acts as a symbol of the unconscious and mysterious. Pure purple carries darkness, death and at the same time piety. Blue-violet evokes a feeling of detachment, while red-violet is associated with spiritual greatness.
Neutral colors

Grey

Gray does not fight and does not prove. Gray is the color of peace. Like a block of stone, its power is silent and timeless.

Brown

Tree bark, stones, sand, shells, nut shells are painted in shades of brown. Brown evokes a feeling of security and comfort.

Consonance of two colors

On the color wheel, two diametrically opposed colors are complementary and form a harmonious combination.

Consonance of three colors

If we select colors from the color wheel that are at the vertices of an isosceles triangle, we will get a harmonious triad. Yellow, red and blue are the most powerful triad. Blue-violet, red-violet and yellow are a softer triad.

Consonance of four colors

In the inner circle of the color wheel you can fit both a square and a rectangle, at the tops of which there will be four colors, forming a harmonious consonance of four colors: yellow, red-orange, purple and blue-green; yellow-green, blue-violet, red-violet and yellow-orange, and so on.

Consonance of six colors

Our twelve-part color wheel can fit two different hexagons: yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, green; yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet, blue-violet, blue-green, yellow-green. The number of available color combinations will expand significantly if we use a color wheel not of 12 colors like ours, but, for example, of 24 colors.

The above examples show that the theory of harmonious consonances does not seek to limit our imagination, but rather opens up wider possibilities for achieving various expressive manifestations of color.
A harmonious combination often lies in the balance of warm and cold tones, dark and light. The same ornament takes on a new meaning by changing the color of the beads. It can be bright, colorful or subdued and faded.
In color relationships, contrasts that arise from the mutual influence of colors located nearby are important. Red next to green will enhance its color, and green will appear even greener.
You can prevent the development of contrast by adding additional warm colors to the warm colors taken in the pattern, and adding additional cold colors to the cold ones. For example, warm red colors can be combined with warm greens, and cool purple colors can be complemented with cool yellow.
Separating contours (edgings) will help weaken or destroy the contrast.
In addition to color contrast, the proximity of colors of different lightness can cause lightness contrast. So, green next to white becomes darker, and yellow becomes lighter; with black, the blue color darkens and loses its color tone, and the group of colors consisting of light blue, orange and green next to black lighten but change little in color.
Next to yellow, all colors darken and acquire additional shades. For example, gray looks bluish, sand (beige) becomes cold with a purple tint, red - crimson, etc.
Quantitative ratio plays a big role in color combinations. For example, a little green on a red background causes an unpleasant combination, but a small red detail on green looks calm and enlivens the product.
Saturated colors next to low saturated colors, warm colors next to cool colors benefit from being next to each other. But there should be fewer saturated colors, and warm colors should be balanced with cold ones.
However, never forget that laws and canons in creative matters are important in moments of uncertainty. In moments of inspiration, trust your intuition.
Well, enough theories, it's time to start creating!

Let's say you want to use a pattern for cross stitch, but you don't know how many beads of what color you need to buy. It's pretty easy to calculate.

For 11/0: 1 g = 100 beads (i.e. you can embroider 100 cells of the pattern)

1 skein of floss (8m) = 3720 crosses (we will embroider exactly that many squares of the pattern)
1 skein of floss = 38 g beads
1 meter of floss (from a skein) = 4.75 g of beads
Using these simple ratios, it is easy to calculate the required number of beads. But remember that the equality is approximate, so always take beads with a small margin. Please note that the calculation was carried out for cross stitch in two threads. Please note that, as a rule, beads with metallic finishes (rainbow and metallic) weigh more than regular beads, so there are less per gram. When processing matte beads, the top layer is slightly scraped off, so these beads are somewhat lighter and 1 g contains more beads. And of course, we must not forget the allowance for marriage. It is always better to buy with a reserve than to discover during the process that there are not enough beads.

In addition to beads, you will also need:

MATERIALS

Bugles, beads, rhinestones, stones, sparkles, sequins.

Before starting work, check whether the paint will wash off, whether the mother-of-pearl will come off from the beads, and whether the beads will melt during washing, steaming or ironing, if such operations with the fabric become necessary.

Let's consider TWO TYPES OF WORK WITH BEADS: embroidery and weaving.

BEAD EMBROIDERY: BASIC TECHNIQUES

Securing a single bead

The bead can simply be sewn with a stitch to the fabric, or you can use a smaller bead to make a small column. Instead of the bottom bead, you can insert a sequin. For volumetric sewing, you can make a column of two or more beads. Beads of different colors and different sizes look very nice, sewn one by one close to each other. They can be placed inside a metal figure, inside a contour of contrasting beads, or applied in a chaotic scattering on the canvas, creating bright spots on the embroidery.

Seam "Forward needle"

The stitch “Forward with a needle” is familiar to us from labor lessons at school. Why not decorate it with beads? Bring the needle to the right side, thread a bead onto it and pass the needle through the fabric close to the bead. Bring the needle back to the front side, making a small stitch on the wrong side and thread the bead again.

Lowercase seam

This seam in execution can be similar to either the “Forward needle” seam or sewing sewn together - you yourself vary the distance between the beads. If you want to give your embroidery rigidity or fix the beads on a straight or smooth curved line, then after completing the stitch, pass the needle in the opposite direction, then the beads will stand straighter.

Stalked seam

With this sewing method, the embroidery turns out to be quite stiff. Cast on 2 beads and pass the needle through the fabric to the wrong side near the second bead. Bring the needle to the front part between the first and second beads, pass through the hole of the second bead. String the third bead and again pass the needle to the wrong side close to the bead you just strung. Continue until you reach your desired stitch length.

Arched seam ("Back needle")

The execution is similar to the previous stitch, only 2-4 beads are strung on a needle. With this sewing method, the beads are positioned more freely and the embroidery is less rigid.

To make the arched seam more rigid, you can go back not one, but two or three beads.

The seam is fastened

For fastened sewing, beads are first strung on a thread, which is then sewn to the fabric with short stitches between the beads. Sewing together allows you to quickly make beaded items; it is no coincidence that the North American Indians gave this sewing method the name “Lazy Wife.” Lay the thread with beads on the fabric. Using another thread, sew a bead bottom through each bead (see picture) or through 2-3 beads:

This stitch is used when you need to fill the embroidered space with beaded rows close to each other.

Stitch "Forward needle" double-sided

Double-sided stem-line stitch

This seam is obtained from the two seams described above: line and stem. With this sewing method, the embroidery is stiff. The figure shows the operating procedure:

Double-sided seam

A bead is strung on the thread that sews the bead base to the fabric from the wrong side, and then the needle goes to the front part of the embroidery, a stitch is made that sews the bead base to the fabric. The needle goes to the wrong side, where before exiting to the front part, a bead is again strung on the thread:

Seam "Monastery"

For each stitch on the front side, one bead is strung, a diagonal stitch is made and the thread goes to the wrong side close to the bead. A vertical stitch is made on the wrong side, the thread comes out again to the front side and another diagonal stitch is made with a bead. Thus, on the front side you get diagonal stitches with beads strung on them, and on the wrong side the stitches are vertical:

When embroidering with beads on canvas (according to the pattern for cross stitch, for example), the bead must be sewn into the canvas square diagonally (from corner to corner, like a half-cross). It is important that the length of the bead approximately coincides with the size of the canvas square (diagonally across the square) Then the image will not deformed.

Overlock seam

The seam is made like an ordinary overlock stitch, and a bead is inserted into each upper loop:

Beads can be inserted into almost all known seams. Don't be afraid to fantasize!

WEAVING

BEAD WEAVING TECHNIQUE
Bead weaving was very popular in England during the Victorian and Edwardian eras, and also played a significant role in the ritual clothing of the Indians of North America (and the colors and patterns had symbolic meaning). South African Zulus also used woven beaded ribbons, sashes and capes in festive ceremonies. Each color of beads used in the product had its own meaning, and their combination made it possible to speak the language of color. The Zulus wove belts-letters and sent them with a messenger to neighboring settlements. Looking at the combinations of colors, the recipient understood whether bad or good news had arrived. Nowadays, weaving with beads is mainly decorative in nature, and is used to make jewelry (necklaces, earrings, bracelets), paintings and panels made of beads, and other trinkets dear to the heart.
Weaving with beads is unthinkable without a special device - a weaving machine. You can buy it at a store that sells beads, or make it yourself. Also for weaving you will need a needle, a spool of thread, a pattern and even beads. Do not use beads of different sizes in one product, otherwise it will not be even: it will shrink and bulge, and you will not get an even beaded fabric. Therefore, before you start working, calibrate your beads, or stock up on Japanese ones, which are famous for their consistency in size.
Pull the required number of threads onto the machine. We will call these threads warp threads. There should be one more warp thread than beads. For example, the product will be 5 beads wide, so we need to stretch 6 threads. Now take the transverse (working) thread and attach it to the outer thread of the warp with a knot (keep in mind that at the end we will need to untie this end and embed it in the product, so do not overdo it. Next, collect the required number of beads on the transverse thread according to the pattern of the pattern you want weave. In this case, the beads should be one less than the number of warp threads. Lay the thread with beads under the warp so that one bead lies between the two threads. Next, go in reverse order through all the beads with a transverse thread so that the working thread is above warp threads. Here's what it looks like:

Lightly tap the row of beads with a ruler to ensure they sit in a straight line. Start weaving the second row in the same way as the first: collect the required amount of beads, pass them under the warp threads, placing one bead between two threads. Bring the working thread up and pass through all the beads in the opposite direction above the warp threads. Tap with a ruler. Continue working in this pattern until you reach the end of the product.
To finish the product, you need to tie the working thread to one of the inner warp threads, pass it again through a couple of rows of beads, periodically tying invisible knots between the threads, and cut the thread close to the bead after the next knot. To seal the initial end, you need to untie it, then embed the thread into the product in the same way.
The most difficult and most time-consuming task in weaving with beads is embedding the warp threads. Untie them from the machine, and embed them into the product one by one. If you are making a picture from beads, evenly fasten the product to the fabric at the intersections of the longitudinal and transverse threads so that the beaded fabric does not puff up and is well fixed. Pull the warp threads to the wrong side of the fixing fabric and secure there with stitches and knots. You can also make fringe from warp threads.
One of the sites also offers this advice, which will probably be useful to many.

HOW TO COLLECT SCATTERED BEADS???

I think that everyone who has ever touched beads has inevitably scattered beads (or our children or pets helped with this) on the floor or, God forbid, on a long-haired carpet. And then he crawled for hours and collected all this wealth back into a plate or bag.
Surely everyone is spitting terribly at the same time, but they are crawling and collecting, otherwise there are precious beads on the floor!!! My conscience will not allow me to leave it there (and my family probably won’t be happy about it) How can this be done quickly? How can you prevent your knees and back from hurting from crawling on the floor for a long time?
Everything is very simple, like everything ingenious. What's a vacuum cleaner for???
We take an ordinary vacuum cleaner, remove the nozzle from it and leave a bare hose, on which a piece of a round pipe usually sticks out (on which all nozzles are attached). We take a small but deep bowl, i.e. a bowl (saucepan, box, jar, etc.) with high edges. And one more thing... remember this phrase “if your tights are torn, don’t throw them away,” but the best thing for this purpose is not tights, but nylon knee-highs, or socks; in principle, I donated a new sock for this purpose (but of course tights will fit, you just have to cut them a little to the right size)...
We pull the elastic band of the sock onto the pipe (the bell of the vacuum cleaner), push the sock itself inside, when you turn on the vacuum cleaner, hold the sock on the pipe so that it does not get sucked in completely and start collecting beads. As soon as it starts to suck poorly, it means that enough collected beads have already accumulated in the sock and they are already interfering with the normal operation of the vacuum cleaner. We bring the vacuum cleaner pipe to the bowl not very low and turn off the vacuum cleaner.
All the collected beads that ended up in the sock are poured into a bowl; to be sure, you can shake the sock out, or better yet, pull it out of the tube and turn it inside out, thereby pouring the beads into the bowl. That is why you need high sides at the bowl, so that when the beads suddenly fall out of the tube, they do not spill onto the floor. Even 300 grams of beads can be collected from the floor in just five minutes.
Happy bead collecting!! (but of course it’s better not to spill it...)

History of the development of bead embroidery

Artembroideryhas a centuries-old history. Findings of archaeologists dating back to the 9th – 12th centuries indicate thatembroideryexisted already in the era of Ancient Rus'.
The most elegant and effective among all types was embroidery with silver and gold threads using precious stones, mother-of-pearl and freshwater pearls.
The art of embroidery was constantly evolving, but it was widespread mainly among women of noble families and nuns. Silver and gold threads in combination with gems and pearls were used to embroider the rich clothes of kings and boyars, as well as church vestments. These clothes were made from expensive fabrics, silk and velvet. This art was valued and was included in the circle of educational sciences and compulsory activities of women.
Diligence in handicrafts was revered as a special virtue.
Since the 18th century, the art of embroidery penetrates all segments of the population and becomes the main occupation of peasant girls. It was generally accepted that if a wife is a needlewoman, then this is the wealth of the family, a guarantee of goodness, comfort and warmth in the house. For a peasant bride, the fame of a good needlewoman and craftswoman was like a second dowry.

By the middle of the 18th century, pearl embroidery embroidery golden threads gradually fade into oblivion, and are replaced by beads. Russia itself did not produce beads, but nevertheless, during that period, the development of bead needlework was so popular and reached such perfection that the end of the 18th and mid-19th centuries went down in history as the “golden age of Russian beads.”

Beadsthey decorated the interiors of palace halls, sometimes upholstery and even walls were covered with beads. Beaded paintings, chasubles on icons, boxes, wallets, book bindings and even glass holders decorated the houses of rich people and landowners' estates.

The largest museums in Moscow and St. Petersburg have rich ancient collections of beads.
Every nation inherits creativity from previous generations, created by hand. All this was accumulated and preserved for many centuries in order to later germinate in later creativity. Many secrets of the old masters, unfortunately, were lost, but those that have been preserved and those that have come down to us open up a marvelous, unique world of ancient art.
Now the problem of studying, preserving, and reviving Russian folk home crafts is being increasingly considered. Beadwork is also being revived and is rapidly becoming fashionable. I would like to believe that on the wave of general nostalgia, the wonderful tradition of giving friends and family your handicrafts, which are valuable because they retain the warmth of human hands and are not impersonal by mass production, will be revived.