Stone-cutting products. Art products from stone Stone-cutting art products
1.2 Range of products made of hard and soft stone
The usual widely used products made of hard stone are all kinds of caskets, caskets, boxes, vases, ink devices, semi-finished products for the jewelry industry. Large gift caskets (made in series of several pieces) are usually set in silver, and caskets and caskets of medium and small sizes are framed with thin belts of gilded bronze. Caskets and caskets are produced by the Leningrad "Russian Gems" and Sverdlovsk factories, caskets are made from the world-famous dark red, so-called wax, and colorful "calico" jasper of the Orskoye deposit (Urals). Round (cylindrical) toilet boxes with a diameter of 50 to 95 mm are made from jasper of different varieties and colors, most often from Kalkan. Small boxes are often decorated only with a thin metal band running along the line connecting the top and bottom of the box. Larger boxes often have embossed decorations on the lid in the form of a bunch of berries: currants, raspberries, blackberries or strawberries. Since the last century, among the Ural stone cutters, the skill of virtuosic imitation of ripe, juicy, as if now only plucked berries and fresh bright green leaves has been living, passing from grandfathers to grandchildren, by selecting pieces of colored stone that are suitable in color and shade. Black currants are usually made from agate, strawberries from wax jasper, leaves from malachite or serpentine, roots from dark pink eagle, etc. This is a delicate, painstaking work that requires great patience and taste.
Some types of stone-cutting artistic products made from solid stone are decorated with mosaics or stone inlays. There were two types of mosaic: Florentine and Russian. The technique of the so-called Florentine mosaic is that pieces of colored stone are selected according to the artist's drawing, glued together on a cement lining, making a bright colorful picture together. Florentine mosaic has long been used to make the top boards of tables - table tops. Such a mosaic is used in the manufacture of large decorative wall panels or maps. The technique of Russian mosaic, invented by Russian masters, is that the product is made from a relatively inexpensive soft stone (for example, marble) and then glued on top of thin plates of a rare and expensive stone (malachite or lapis lazuli), the plates are selected one to another so that the natural the pattern of the stone was not disturbed. At the same time, it seems that the product is monolithic, machined from a whole piece. In our time, in the manufacture of large caskets and caskets, the method of pasting the metal frame of the product with thin plates of stone plywood is often used. The finished casket gives the impression of being entirely carved from orlets or lapis lazuli.
A traditional type of stone-cutting art products from the Ural hard stones is a hill of gems. It is a decorative structure in the form of a miniature hill, which presents a variety of types of precious and ornamental stones found in nature. These stones are collected as a kind of collection. They are presented in raw, polished or faceted form. Some stones are given as individual crystals, others as intergrowths of crystals and druze. The slide to some extent imitates the natural conditions of occurrence of stones. A set of samples is mounted on a cement base. The most common sizes of slides are 15-40 cm in height, slides of gems are intended for museums, exhibitions, school mineralogical rooms, and also serve as decoration for desks. Gorki show the diversity and richness of the colored stone deposits in Russia and reflect the art of composition of stone cutters.
Mass production of stone-cutting artistic products from soft stone in Russia began in the 80s of the 19th century. Decorative items made of soft stone occupy a significant place. Processing soft stone is very simple. It is easily cut with a cross-cut or circular saw, and cutting of artistic products is carried out manually using chisels, rasps and other simple tools. A colorful and easily workable soft stone is most suitable for making small sculptures and small household items, mainly desktop items: ashtrays, salt shakers, vases, boxes, etc.
Small products are most often completely cut on a lathe, and then additionally strengthened by hand with ornamental cutting. The sculpture is carved by hand after preliminary turning of the stone on a lathe. Finished products are ground and polished with the help of dried and specially processed horsetail stalks.
The semi-finished product is divided into the following groups: - fur - skins of winter and spring types of fur-bearing animals; b astrakhan-hark skins of lambs of various breeds of sheep; b sheepskin-fur and sheepskin-fur - skins of adult sheep of various breeds; ь fur...
The use of fur and leather in the interior
There is a varied range of semi-finished fur products. Sable has the most valuable, wearable, beautiful, silky, lush, shiny fur with a color ranging from sandy to dark brown, almost black...
The use of fur and leather in the interior
The astrakhan-lamb semi-finished product includes skins of lambs of sheep of various breeds. · Karakul - the skin of a one- to three-day-old lamb from the Karakul sheep. The astrakhan fur has curls of various sizes and shapes...
The use of fur and leather in the interior
The sheepskin-fur and fur coat semi-finished product includes the skins of various breeds of sheep. Sheepskin is one of the main types of fur and fur raw materials. · Fur sheepskin is tanned, sheared skins of fine fleece...
The use of fur and leather in the interior
Semi-finished fur products include skins that are removed from young domestic animals in the spring. · Fawn - skins of suckling calves (up to 1 month) of reindeer that have not yet switched to pasture...
The use of fur and leather in the interior
Fur with an elastic long spine is widely used - seals, fur seals, sea otters. · Fur seal produces the best quality skin at the age of 3 years. The hairline has a thick, elastic, long, shiny black (sometimes with gray) spine...
Stone cutting products
The technology for processing hard stone consists of the following stages: - sorting of raw materials; - sawing; - drilling (plucking); - padding; - grinding; - polishing. The stone is sorted by color and pattern; a significant indicator of quality...
Stone cutting products
Stone-cut art products are considered complete only if there are no cracks or poorly polished areas on their surfaces ...
Krasnoselsky jewelry industry
Professionals work on the creation of jewelry, many of which are jewelers for several generations. The equipment installed at the factory ensures the accuracy of the products. Jewelry is checked at every stage of production...
Set of pottery drinking ware "Bird chime"
In ceramics, the term "turning" means the work of making a body of a geometrically correct form of rotation with the help of a rotating circle. The potter's wheel is a tool...
Souvenir items in the decorative and applied arts of Siberians
The stamp of artistic genius lies on all Russian art of the 18th century. The decorative art of this era represents the greatest phenomenon in Russian and world artistic culture...
Technology for making jewelry by engraving by Yakut craftsmen
Hand engraving To be a master of your craft, you should practice a lot and hard. This immutable truth is especially relevant when it comes to engraving...
Artworks with stone carvings are classified according to:
- their purpose - utilitarian products (toilet items, smoking accessories), decorative and souvenirs,
- material used - products made of hard, medium hard and soft stones,
- method of stone carving - with three-dimensional carving and engraving,
- and by theme - products that reflect the work and life of people, wildlife, ancient monuments, etc.
In Russia, there are also products of the Ural, Altai, Nizhny Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Krasnodar, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk masters, and stone-cutting art of other regions.
Online stores sell products from different regions and from different stones - you can find both classic products (beads made of round stones, etc.) and modern designer jewelry made from gems, in which even not very expensive stones fully reveal their beauty - These types of jewelry are truly beautiful.
Ural stone products
Stone cutting art in the Urals developed in the first half of the 18th century. The second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries are known for intensified palace construction, when stone became needed more than ever. Masters of the Yekaterinburg Lapidary Factory, founded in 1726, produce, on state orders, from malachite, jasper, lapis lazuli and other types of hard stone a wide variety of products for decorating the facades and interiors of palaces, vases of various shapes, sizes, colors, bowls, paperweights, floor lamps with overlays made of precious and semi-precious stones, and other products. 
The beginning of decorative processing of soft stones in the Urals dates back to the mid-19th century. Deposits were discovered near the Iren River white gypsum stone and selenite. Thanks to its decorative properties and softness, gypsum ornamental stone became the main material for artistic crafts - the famous figurines of elephants made of selenite were already in great demand then.
Craftsmen hand-turned simple items: photo frames, ashtrays, shoe-shaped trays and other small items.
In the second half of the 19th century, there was a reduction in stone-cutting production, because due to the abolition of serfdom, enterprises lost their free labor force. Some large stone-cutting enterprises have closed. The production of artistic products with stone carvings was continued by small private handicrafts and single craftsmen.
With the revival of crafts in the stone-cutting industry, a division of labor occurred: the extraction and processing of hard stone began to be mainly carried out by state industry for the needs of construction, etc., and soft stone - by artistic craft enterprises.
One of the best enterprises producing artistic stone-cutting products is the Russian Gems factory in Yekaterinburg. Stone cutters use selenite, white anhydrite, colored stone. The manufacturing technique consists of turning, relief carving and engraving. 
The products are distinguished by their generalized and conventional forms and subtle ability to use a certain technique to reveal the natural properties and colors of stones, a real artistic flair. For example, decorating the surface of stone in products with small cuts creates a play of chiaroscuro.
The theme is dominated by images of animals, fish, and human figures. Many products are made based on fairy tales and legends.
Today, even in modern products, ancient forms and ornaments are reflected, which receive a new meaning.
At some enterprises of art products, stone-cutting works are produced from gypsum stone, quartzite and soapstone, making the most of the texture and color of the stone, using a shallow ornamental cut. Metal is often used to decorate stone (in figurines and other products). The metal finish very beautifully sets off the smooth polished surface of the colorful stone in the pattern.
The work of Ural stone cutters is stone berries.
For some products (especially jewelry and stone mosaics), different stones are combined in one product.
The material is usually hard rocks - eagle and jasper various colors. These and other stones are used to make vases, caskets, silver jewelry with inserts from the Ural ornamental stones.
Jewelry and cutting enterprises produce from various precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones ( diamonds, emeralds, sapphires, amethysts, aquamarines, turquoise, malachite, lapis lazuli, jasper, jade and others), jewelry is made from synthetic stones with gold and silver: brooches, rings, medallions, bracelets, beads... These jewelry are sold both in shops at factories and in various online stores.
Some of the jewelry is made using a combination of metal and stone. For example, the openwork metal links of the bracelet alternate with stone inserts: in brooches there is a ribbon with granulation or applied filigree and inserts of colored stone. A distinctive feature of the products is the rigor and simplicity of geometrized forms and the rhythmic repetition of the filigree pattern ornament.
Artwork made of stone from the Altai region
The production of artistic stone products in the Altai Territory arose at the end of the 18th century. In 1786, the first grinding factory was founded - a mill for cutting and processing stone. 
The Kolyvanovskaya Imperial Grinding Factory was opened a little later, at the beginning of the 19th century. She produced huge bowls, ceremonial dishes, tabletops and other products for the royal palaces. Blanks were produced for the Peterhof lapidary factory.
The production of small decorative items and utilitarian items dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Currently using:
- hard stones: gray and white granite, Revnev green-fiber and surgut jasper, jade,
- stones of medium hardness - with grey-violet porphyry, Voskresensky, Oroktay marble, yellow-rose quartz,
- as well as soft stones, for example Beloretsk quartzites etc.
The factory makes various decorations, jewelry inserts, caskets, vases, commemorative medals and a variety of stone souvenirs. Many items are richly ornamented.
One of the modern factories is Altai Stone Cutters LLC.
Arkhangelsk artistic stone products
The Arkhangelsk plant of stone-cutting products was founded relatively recently, in 1952. The materials are local hard and soft stones. Arkhangelsk craftsmen use hard ornamental stones agate various shades, from soft - white anhydrite, soapstone dark green shades, as well as various colors and shades light plaster.
Masters also process serpentine, peculiarly using the effects of black-green polished and light rough surface of the stone. The manufacturing technique consists in turning, volumetric and relief carving, stone engraving.
Arkhangelsk products are mainly characterized by northern themes: the Nenets, their work and life, as well as northern historical monuments (the Solovetsky Monastery and others).
Products of Nizhny Novgorod stone-cutters
and masters from other regions of Russia
Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen produce products mainly from selenite, calcite, gypsum stone, using turning, volumetric and relief carving, engraving. 
Here we see household items, animal figurines, decorative items, gift stone items, etc. Many masters use gypsum stone from white-pink to dark brown, calcite from light yellow to dark brown tones, gray-green soapstone.
Schoolchildren are interested in stone carving. Previously, the secrets of the profession were passed on from father to son. The work is almost jewelry. Even excessive professionalism can ruin a figurine.
In the south of Russia, craftsmen make various products from hard rocks of local stone, such as orlets, Caucasian agate.
A prominent place in the work of masters is occupied by decorative vases made of white and pink stone of various shapes.
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
KRASNOYARSK STATE TRADE AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTE in Minusinsk
Department of Secondary Vocational Education
discipline: Economic goods
on the topic: "Stone-cutting products"
Completed by students Teacher:
3rd year gr. TN-09-1MMakhina S.V.
Kara-Sal Shonchalai,
Mongush Mengi
Minusinsk 2010
Introduction
1. General information
1.1 Stone processing technology
1.2 Range of products made of hard and soft stone
1.3 Variety of stones
1.4 Product quality requirements and transportation
2. Stone cutting in Tuva
2.1 About the magic stone "agalmatolite"
2.2 The plot and theme of Tuvan stone-cutting
2.3 Masters of Tuvan stone-cutting art
Conclusion
Bibliography
Applications
Introduction
Nature is a great artist. She creates stones that are unique in their beauty. Their palette is varied - all the colors of the rainbow, all the colors of sunny silver are presented here. Man only discovers this amazing beauty and strives to get closer to it. And it is not surprising that collecting stones has long been a passion for many people.
Stone carving is one of the oldest folk art crafts.
Stone-cutting art in Russia was developed already in the 9th - 12th centuries. It reached its greatest prosperity at the end of the 17th century. The Urals became the main center for the production of stone-cutting products.
The purpose of this essay is to give the most general idea of stone-cutting art in general and to better introduce the truly unique art of stone-cutting of the Republic of Tyva.
The objectives of this essay are to disclose general information about stone-cutting products, stone processing technology, the variety of stones, requirements for the quality of products, stone-cutting in Tuva, the magic stone agalmatolite, the plot and theme of Tuvan stone-cutting, and introduction by masters of Tuvan stone-cutting art.
1 General information about stone-cutting products
Stone-cutting artistic products are products made from ornamental stones intended for decorating residential and public interiors. (Products made from precious stones belong to the group of jewelry.) They are divided into decorative products, which serve only for decoration purposes, and utilitarian-decorative ones, which, along with decorative ones, also have a service purpose and are household items. Decorative items include vases, stone panels, table sculptures; to utilitarian and decorative: writing utensils, glasses for pencils, ashtrays, toilet vases, boxes for various purposes, table lamps, floor lamps, etc. In a public interior, stone-cut artistic products are displayed on special stands - consoles or in glass cases and stands. In domestic settings, they are used as table decorations and decorative items that complement the decoration of a desk, dressing table, glass shelf of a bookcase or book shelf.
Ornamental stones used for the manufacture of stone-cutting artistic products are divided into hard, medium-hard (semi-hard) and soft. Products made from hard and semi-hard stone differ from products made from soft stone not only in greater hardness and strength, but also in processing technology, design, and assortment. On the hardness scale (see Abrasive materials), hard ornamental stones have a hardness of 5.5 to 7; their surface cannot be scratched with a knife. Medium hard stones have a hardness of 3.5-4 and are easily scratched with a knife. Soft stones have a hardness of 1.5-2.5, are easily scratched with a fingernail and cut with a knife. The group of hard ornamental stones includes: orlets (rhodonite), jasper, chalcedony (agate), malachite, jade, lapis lazuli, jadeite, Amazonian stone, quartzite, belorechit. The group of medium-hard stones includes marble, porphyry, onyx, and marble-like limestones. Marble is especially widely used in the manufacture of stone-cutting artistic products. The group of soft stones includes gypsum stone, selenite, serpentine, calcite, talc, and amber.
The production of stone-cutting artistic products from hard and semi-hard stone has been known since ancient times. In ancient China and ancient India, jade was especially valued, considered an eternal and sacred stone; small sculptures and toiletries were made from it: vases, cups, boxes, seals, rings, bracelets, fan frames, etc. And ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia . Persia gave birth to the art of glyptics, the art of making gems - carved convex (stones) and in-depth (intaglio) reliefs from agate and other hard stones. Later this art moved to Greece, and then in the Middle Ages and in modern times it was revived in France. Russian stone-cutters of the 18th - 19th centuries wrote a glorious page in the history of stone-cutting art. They made decorative vases from colored stones of various types (orlets, belorechit, malachite, lapis lazuli and jasper), ranging from colossal vases and bowls with a diameter of 3 m to miniature toilet vases and cups with almost transparent walls. In former times, these products served as decoration for palaces and mansions of the nobility, and today they are stored in major museums. The creation of such stone vases was associated with an enormous amount of labor, since the hard stone had to be beaten, polished and cut almost entirely by hand. Nowadays, stone is processed mechanically at state stone processing plants.
1 .1 Stone processing technology
Hard stone processing technology consists of the following stages:
Sorting of raw materials;
Sawing;
Drilling (plucking);
padding;
Grinding;
Polishing.
The stone is sorted by color and pattern; an essential quality indicator, which is paid attention to when sorting, is uniformity and the absence of cracks. Sawing hard stone is done on mechanical circular saws or on a diamond carving machine, where a diamond is placed between the stone being processed and the working surface of the soft iron saw, which is used to set the iron saw. Drilling, cutting and various mechanical processing of hard stone are carried out on drilling machines using steel and copper cutters. Fitting the required shape (tamping) is done on a tamping machine with a rotating carborundum wheel.
Grinding and polishing are carried out on grinding and polishing machines; Emery and carborundum are used as grinding and grinding materials, and crocus, tanerde, and tripoli are used as polishing materials.
Products made from hard and semi-hard stone are most often very simple in shape, because the even, smooth, additionally undecorated surface of a well-polished product made from hard stone in itself makes a great artistic impression. When polishing, the natural pattern of the stone clearly stands out, subtle color transitions clearly appear, dark and light veins and crystalline inclusions become visible, all together forming bizarre, never-repeating fantastic patterns.
1.2 Range of products made of hard and soft stone
The usual widely used products made of hard stone are all kinds of caskets, caskets, boxes, vases, ink devices, semi-finished products for the jewelry industry. Large gift caskets (made in series of several pieces) are usually set in silver, and caskets and caskets of medium and small sizes are framed with thin belts of gilded bronze. Caskets and caskets are produced by the Leningrad "Russian Gems" and Sverdlovsk factories, caskets are made from the world-famous dark red, so-called wax, and colorful "calico" jasper of the Orskoye deposit (Urals). Round (cylindrical) toilet boxes with a diameter of 50 to 95 mm are made from jasper of different varieties and colors, most often from Kalkan. Small boxes are often decorated only with a thin metal band running along the line connecting the top and bottom of the box. Larger boxes often have embossed decorations on the lid in the form of a bunch of berries: currants, raspberries, blackberries or strawberries. Since the last century, among the Ural stone cutters, the skill of virtuosic imitation of ripe, juicy, as if now only plucked berries and fresh bright green leaves has been living, passing from grandfathers to grandchildren, by selecting pieces of colored stone that are suitable in color and shade. Black currants are usually made from agate, strawberries from wax jasper, leaves from malachite or serpentine, roots from dark pink orlets, etc. This is a delicate, painstaking work that requires great patience and taste.
Some types of stone-cutting artistic products made from solid stone are decorated with mosaics or stone inlays. There were two types of mosaic: Florentine and Russian. The technique of the so-called Florentine mosaic is that pieces of colored stone are selected according to the artist's drawing, glued together on a cement lining, making a bright colorful picture together. Florentine mosaic has long been used for the manufacture of the top boards of tables - table tops. Such a mosaic is used in the manufacture of large decorative wall panels or maps. The technique of Russian mosaic, invented by Russian masters, is that the product is made from a relatively inexpensive soft stone (for example, marble) and then glued on top of thin plates of a rare and expensive stone (malachite or lapis lazuli), the plates are selected one to another so that the natural the pattern of the stone was not disturbed. At the same time, it seems that the product is monolithic, machined from a whole piece. In our time, in the manufacture of large caskets and caskets, the method of pasting the metal frame of the product with thin plates of stone plywood is often used. The finished casket gives the impression of being entirely carved from orlets or lapis lazuli.
A traditional type of stone-cutting art products from the Ural hard stones is a hill of gems. It is a decorative structure in the form of a miniature hill, which presents a variety of types of precious and ornamental stones found in nature. These stones are collected as a kind of collection. They are presented in raw, polished or faceted form. Some stones are given as individual crystals, others as intergrowths of crystals and druze. The slide to some extent imitates the natural conditions of occurrence of stones. A set of samples is mounted on a cement base. The most common sizes of slides are 15-40 cm in height, slides of gems are intended for museums, exhibitions, school mineralogical rooms, and also serve as decoration for desks. Gorki show the diversity and richness of the colored stone deposits in Russia and reflect the art of composition of stone cutters.
Mass production of stone-cutting artistic products from soft stone in Russia began in the 80s of the 19th century. Decorative items made of soft stone occupy a significant place. Processing soft stone is very simple. It is easily cut with a cross-cut or circular saw, and cutting of artistic products is carried out manually using chisels, rasps and other simple tools. A colorful and easily workable soft stone is most suitable for making small sculptures and small household items, mainly desktop items: ashtrays, salt shakers, vases, boxes, etc.
Small products are most often completely cut on a lathe, and then additionally strengthened by hand with ornamental cutting. The sculpture is carved by hand after preliminary turning of the stone on a lathe. Finished products are ground and polished with the help of dried and specially processed horsetail stalks.
1.3 Variety of stones
Artistic persuasiveness, beauty of stone sculptures depends on the successful selection of the most suitable stone in terms of texture and color. From selenite, with its layered structure, silky texture and, as it were, a luminous honey-yellow golden translucent surface, very beautiful elegant goldfish are obtained; Selenite fox cubs and squirrels look good. Grayish-brown calcite with indistinct dark stripes serves to reproduce bears, dogs, sparrows. The unexpected and varied color of gypsum stone from various deposits, ranging from the most delicate pure white, yellowish white, pinkish with the finest golden or bluish veins to dark gray, mottled, almost black, and sometimes greenish or bluish, makes it possible to create table sculptures on a variety of stories. The expressiveness and decorativeness of stone-cutting sculpture is determined by the clarity and expressiveness of the silhouette. In desktop sculpture, the main condition of decorativeness must be observed: the silhouette of an animal, bird or person must be clear, distinct and look good from a distance. Stone sculptures with human figures are made only from plain light stone without spots and veins. Caskets and boxes made of soft stone are usually decorated with ornamental carvings, relief or openwork on the lid and on the side surfaces. Since light penetrates into the thickness of soft stone to a considerable depth, the relief should be the sharper and the ornamental cutting the deeper, the more transparent the surface of the stone. The texture and natural beauty of soft stone are most fully revealed in turned-based products; a vase or a cup looks the more attractive and decorative, the more beautiful in texture and color the stone itself, from which they are carved. Some stone-cutting art products combine stone of different grades, colors and textures. This technique increases the decorativeness of the product. So, for example, a transparent goldfish made of selenite successfully decorates the lid of a powder box made of light gypsum stone. The combination of stone and metal, traditional for the art of stone cutting, is also widely used in soft stone. Decorative household products made of gypsum stone, calcite and selenite (toilet boxes, toiletries, vases decorated with simple smooth metal bands made of brass or oxidized or anodized aluminum) have a very modest and austere appearance and are very close in nature to the design style of modern mass furniture with its simple shapes and polished surfaces, and to inexpensive drapery and upholstery fabrics. Products made from amber are very popular: miniature sculptures depicting animals and birds, cigarette holders, brooches, cufflinks, beads, etc. Night lamps made of soft stone are widely known. They are made in the form of an owl with glass eyes, a vase, a fish, a bud, a bouquet of flowers. Night lamps are made from a whole piece of stone, from which a cap is selected (hollowed out or cut out); a thin layer of stone remains, translucent when the lamp is lit in it, and the texture of the stone, places of varying density, and inclusions are revealed, thereby creating fantastic patterns full of grace.
1.4 Product quality requirements and transportation
Stone-cut artistic products are considered full-fledged only if there are no cracks or poorly polished areas on their surfaces. The product must be correct and beautiful in its shape and proportions and polished to a mirror shine. The delicate polished surface of a stone cutter, made from both soft and hard stone, can be easily scuffed and scratched during transportation. Therefore, it is recommended to transport stone-cutting art products in special packaging: in boxes lined with cotton wool, or wrapped in soft paper and placed in boxes covered and stuffed with straw. This also protects fragile soft stone products from splitting during transit.
2.Tyva stone-cutting business
Tyva is a region of hereditary masters of the art of stone carving. Since time immemorial, this art arose - Tuvan stone carving. Tuvans, especially people of the older generation, consider animals, animals, their habits and life in nature to be the highest manifestation of the beauty and harmony of existence.
In Tuvan sculpture of small forms, masters give free rein to thought and imagination, not just depict an animal, but also strive to express its state, mood (the stubborn strength of a bull, the mighty beauty of a sarlyk, the grace of a deer or roe deer, the patient slowness or rebellious passion of a young animal), cover the figurine with a rich, even ornamental pattern, reproducing fur or mane in a stylized form, they create original fairy-tale poems in a piece of stone.
2.1 About the magic stone "agalmatolite"
The Bai-Taigi Mountains, the vicinity of ancient Teeli, are rich in deposits of colored agalmatolite, which the Tuvans call “Chonar dash” - a stone that can be cut.
Agalmatolite is an opaque decorative ornamental stone, a type of pyrophyllite mineral. Various figures and decorations are cut from agalmatolite.
It is no coincidence that its name comes from the Greek words agalma - “statue”, “statue” and lithos - “stone”. The term "agalmatolite" was first introduced into mineralogical nomenclature in 1797.
Agalmatolites are white, gray with greenish and yellowish tints. Less common are stones of red and even dark cherry color. Due to its smooth, soapy surface, agalmatolite is called “wax stone” or “wen stone”.
In addition to Southeast Asia, there are agalmatolite deposits in the Southern Urals, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, the Czech Republic, Romania and the USA. Extensive deposits of agalmatolite exist in Mongolia and Tuva.
The stone is so soft that it can be easily processed with a knife or chisel. During sacrifices, figurines carved from agalmatolite often replaced the sacrificial animals themselves. In Russia, before the revolution, decorative miniature pagodas made of this stone, which was therefore called pagodite, were sold at Siberian fairs.
Due to the fact that it is easy to process, it has been used since ancient times: agalmatolite beads are found in burials over 16 thousand years old.
In China, already in ancient times, household items, small artistic items and decorative objects were carved from agalmatolite. And it was valued very highly, especially if it was artificially painted in different colors (most often azure).
In Kievan Rus in the X-XIII centuries. Architectural details of temples were carved from Volyn agalmatolites. It was called “figurative” (it was used in the production of three-dimensional icons) and “soap” stone. In the East - “pagodite” (figurines of fantastic and other animals, architectural monuments and pagodas were carved from it). An interesting feature: after firing, the stone becomes harder.
To appease the gods, it was considered necessary to sacrifice a large animal to them, but it could be replaced with a successfully made imitation of stone. Agalmatolite can be used as an ornamental, decorative and facing stone. As an ornamental stone, agalmatolite is used in our country by folk craftsmen of Buryatia, Tuva, as well as in Korea and Japan.
Agalmatolite is formed as a result of low-temperature hydrothermal processes (regardless of the composition of different stone samples).
2.2 The plot and theme of Tuvan stone-cutting
Mastering the art of stone carving is not as easy as it seems at first glance: many images of animals are associated with folk epic, with its poetic symbolism, and have deep roots in ancient Eastern mythology.
The plot and theme of Tuvan sculpture are fixed by a long-standing tradition. First of all, these are images of animals living in the mountains and steppes of the region: a horse, a mountain goat - serge, a camel, a Tuvan yak (sarlyk), a deer.
They combine decorative stylization with realistic authenticity and excellent knowledge of the habits of animals and the anatomy of their bodies.
Emphasizing individual forms (for example, lengthening or steeply curling the serge's horns, enhancing the convexity of the sarlyk's mighty neck), the master gives them additional expressiveness, which is also facilitated by a carved ornamental pattern reproducing curls of wool or a mane.
The favorite characters of Tuvan plastic art are fantastic, fairy-tale creatures that go back to the motifs of ancient mythology. Most often one comes across an image of an “arzylan” (lion), which has little in common with a real lion (not found in Tuva). The idea of "arzylan" has long penetrated into Tuva from China and mixed with fiction, legends and myths.
In depicting these “arzylans,” Tuvan masters are especially generous with their imagination. The image of a fairy-tale dragon spewing flame is widespread. 3
A significant proportion of the products are items such as chess with their specific eastern iconography (for example, “arzlan” - queen, camel - chess bishop, Buddhist monk, lama - king), as well as ink utensils, pencil boxes, ashtrays and many other small items.
Stories from history and modernity penetrate into folk sculpture, images of people - horsemen, shepherds, hunters, and even portraits are found.
2.3 Masters of Tuvan stone-cutting art
With the commonality of iconography, traditions, basic techniques and forms in this art, the endless wealth of creative individualities of the masters is revealed.
For example, master M.Kh. Cherzi is strong in its richness and subtlety of ornamentation and decorative effects.
H.K. paid less attention to ornamentation. Toibukhaa, but the modeling of his sculptures, the plastic expression of movement, and spatial composition are rich. Even in miniature figures, the accuracy and purity of the images of faces is striking. With great skill he succeeded in multi-figure compositions and rhythmic coordination of movements of a pair or group of animals. Master B.S. Bayyndy loved calm, statistical forms, emphasizing the stability and strength of animals. It is these features that the master strives to convey in the composition “Bullfight” (1977), avoiding the dynamism that the plot itself requires.
The outstanding stone carver V. Salchak came up with a new direction in stone cutting art - the creation of hollow figures. The most sacred thing among Tuvans is their home, the yurt. He made a hollow agalmatolite miniature of her (2004). The peculiarity of hollow figures is that they can be made in a larger size than monolithic figures from Chonar - Dasha, and this gives unlimited scope for imagination.
Vladimir Salchak examined the chonardash and discovered that it also sings: “blue-white stones sing well, they sing louder. The reddish stone sounds a little duller and more dreary. We also studied its light transmittance. The same stone transmits light differently "Especially when the yurt has not yet been decorated and is made of stone, when in the evening you illuminate it with a lamp from below and it plays with colors - it's a sight to behold."
Among the stone-cutters of the older generation, Bayyr Sarygovich Bayyndy is a recognized master. His works became a striking example for the creative inspiration of subsequent young agalmatolite carvers. The plastic art of Bayyr Sarygovich revealed one of the brilliant facets of Tuvan folk art.
Stone-cutting works of B. S. Bayynda are kept in the collections of the National Museum of the Republic of Tyva, art museums of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Barnaul, Moscow and St. Petersburg. The plastic art of Bayyr Sarygovich Bayynda is one of the significant layers of the “golden” fund of fine art in Tuva.
Conclusion
We have examined only a small part of this truly unique, ancient, original art of stone cutting, and have only touched lightly on the origins and foundations of the culture of our ancestors. We felt how generous and rich our land is.
Time does not stand still, new masters are born, new styles and directions appear, new schools are opened in which this skill is taught. The continuity of generations is preserved. And a real master is one who sincerely loves, appreciates, and takes care of his native land. Only then will nature reveal its secrets and show all its beauty with the help of this type of art.
Bibliography
1. Ondar, S. Melody of stone / S. Ondar // Newspaper "Center of Asia". – 2008. - No. 42. – P.8
2. Chervonnaya S. Artists of the Republic of Tyva / S. Chervonnaya / – St. Petersburg; "Artist of Russia". - 1995
3. Lyashko, A. Commodity research and examination of cultural goods, goods for aesthetic and intellectual development: textbook / A.A. Lyashko, A.P. Khodykin. – M.: Publishing and trading corporation “Dashkov and K°”, 2007. – 298 p.
4. Putolova, L. Gems and colored stones / L. Putolova. - M.: "Nedra", 1991.
5. Website "Folk Crafts of Russia"
Applications
R.A Arakchaa "Sarlyk (yak) with a calf" 1977
K.H. Toibukhaa "Horse"
E.B. Bayyndy "Bullfight" 1977
B.S. Dupchur "The Camel Driver" 1980
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
KRASNOYARSK STATE TRADE AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTE in Minusinsk
Department of Secondary Vocational Education
discipline: Economic goods
on the topic: "Stone-cutting products"
Completed by students Teacher:
3rd year gr. TN-09-1MMakhina S.V.
Kara-Sal Shonchalai,
Mongush Mengi
Minusinsk 2010
Introduction
1. General information
1.1 Stone processing technology
1.2 Range of products made of hard and soft stone
1.3 Variety of stones
1.4 Product quality requirements and transportation
2. Stone cutting in Tuva
2.1 About the magic stone "agalmatolite"
2.2 The plot and theme of Tuvan stone-cutting
2.3 Masters of Tuvan stone-cutting art
Conclusion
Bibliography
Applications
Introduction
Nature is a great artist. She creates stones that are unique in their beauty. Their palette is varied - all the colors of the rainbow, all the colors of sunny silver are presented here. Man only discovers this amazing beauty and strives to get closer to it. And it is not surprising that collecting stones has long been a passion for many people.
Stone carving is one of the oldest folk art crafts.
Stone-cutting art in Russia was developed already in the 9th - 12th centuries. It reached its greatest prosperity at the end of the 17th century. The Urals became the main center for the production of stone-cutting products.
The purpose of this essay is to give the most general idea of stone-cutting art in general and to better introduce the truly unique art of stone-cutting of the Republic of Tyva.
The objectives of this essay are to disclose general information about stone-cutting products, stone processing technology, the variety of stones, requirements for the quality of products, stone-cutting in Tuva, the magic stone agalmatolite, the plot and theme of Tuvan stone-cutting, and introduction by masters of Tuvan stone-cutting art.
1 General information about stone-cutting products
Stone-cutting artistic products are products made from ornamental stones intended for decorating residential and public interiors. (Products made from precious stones belong to the group of jewelry.) They are divided into decorative products, which serve only for decoration purposes, and utilitarian-decorative ones, which, along with decorative ones, also have a service purpose and are household items. Decorative items include vases, stone panels, table sculptures; to utilitarian and decorative: writing utensils, glasses for pencils, ashtrays, toilet vases, boxes for various purposes, table lamps, floor lamps, etc. In a public interior, stone-cut artistic products are displayed on special stands - consoles or in glass cases and stands. In domestic settings, they are used as table decorations and decorative items that complement the decoration of a desk, dressing table, glass shelf of a bookcase or book shelf.
Ornamental stones used for the manufacture of stone-cutting artistic products are divided into hard, medium-hard (semi-hard) and soft. Products made from hard and semi-hard stone differ from products made from soft stone not only in greater hardness and strength, but also in processing technology, design, and assortment. On the hardness scale (see Abrasive materials), hard ornamental stones have a hardness of 5.5 to 7; their surface cannot be scratched with a knife. Medium hard stones have a hardness of 3.5-4 and are easily scratched with a knife. Soft stones have a hardness of 1.5-2.5, are easily scratched with a fingernail and cut with a knife. The group of hard ornamental stones includes: orlets (rhodonite), jasper, chalcedony (agate), malachite, jade, lapis lazuli, jadeite, Amazonian stone, quartzite, belorechit. The group of medium-hard stones includes marble, porphyry, onyx, and marble-like limestones. Marble is especially widely used in the manufacture of stone-cutting artistic products. The group of soft stones includes gypsum stone, selenite, serpentine, calcite, talc, and amber.
The production of stone-cutting artistic products from hard and semi-hard stone has been known since ancient times. In ancient China and ancient India, jade was especially valued, considered an eternal and sacred stone; small sculptures and toiletries were made from it: vases, cups, boxes, seals, rings, bracelets, fan frames, etc. And ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia . Persia gave birth to the art of glyptics, the art of making gems - carved convex (stones) and in-depth (intaglio) reliefs from agate and other hard stones. Later this art moved to Greece, and then in the Middle Ages and in modern times it was revived in France. Russian stone-cutters of the 18th - 19th centuries wrote a glorious page in the history of stone-cutting art. They made decorative vases from colored stones of various types (orlets, belorechit, malachite, lapis lazuli and jasper), ranging from colossal vases and bowls with a diameter of 3 m to miniature toilet vases and cups with almost transparent walls. In former times, these products served as decoration for palaces and mansions of the nobility, and today they are stored in major museums. The creation of such stone vases was associated with an enormous amount of labor, since the hard stone had to be beaten, polished and cut almost entirely by hand. Nowadays, stone is processed mechanically at state stone processing plants.
1 .1 Stone processing technology
Hard stone processing technology consists of the following stages:
Sorting of raw materials;
Sawing;
Drilling (plucking);
padding;
Grinding;
Polishing.
The stone is sorted by color and pattern; an essential quality indicator, which is paid attention to when sorting, is uniformity and the absence of cracks. Sawing hard stone is done on mechanical circular saws or on a diamond carving machine, where a diamond is placed between the stone being processed and the working surface of the soft iron saw, which is used to set the iron saw. Drilling, cutting and various mechanical processing of hard stone are carried out on drilling machines using steel and copper cutters. Fitting the required shape (tamping) is done on a tamping machine with a rotating carborundum wheel.
Grinding and polishing are carried out on grinding and polishing machines; Emery and carborundum are used as grinding and grinding materials, and crocus, tanerde, and tripoli are used as polishing materials.
Products made from hard and semi-hard stone are most often very simple in shape, because the even, smooth, additionally undecorated surface of a well-polished product made from hard stone in itself makes a great artistic impression. When polishing, the natural pattern of the stone clearly stands out, subtle color transitions clearly appear, dark and light veins and crystalline inclusions become visible, all together forming bizarre, never-repeating fantastic patterns.
1.2 Range of products made of hard and soft stone
The usual widely used products made of hard stone are all kinds of caskets, caskets, boxes, vases, ink devices, semi-finished products for the jewelry industry. Large gift caskets (made in series of several pieces) are usually set in silver, and caskets and caskets of medium and small sizes are framed with thin belts of gilded bronze. Caskets and caskets are produced by the Leningrad "Russian Gems" and Sverdlovsk factories, caskets are made from the world-famous dark red, so-called wax, and colorful "calico" jasper of the Orskoye deposit (Urals). Round (cylindrical) toilet boxes with a diameter of 50 to 95 mm are made from jasper of different varieties and colors, most often from Kalkan. Small boxes are often decorated only with a thin metal band running along the line connecting the top and bottom of the box. Larger boxes often have embossed decorations on the lid in the form of a bunch of berries: currants, raspberries, blackberries or strawberries. Since the last century, among the Ural stone cutters, the skill of virtuosic imitation of ripe, juicy, as if now only plucked berries and fresh bright green leaves has been living, passing from grandfathers to grandchildren, by selecting pieces of colored stone that are suitable in color and shade. Black currants are usually made from agate, strawberries from wax jasper, leaves from malachite or serpentine, roots from dark pink orlets, etc. This is a delicate, painstaking work that requires great patience and taste.
Some types of stone-cutting artistic products made from solid stone are decorated with mosaics or stone inlays. There were two types of mosaic: Florentine and Russian. The technique of the so-called Florentine mosaic is that pieces of colored stone are selected according to the artist's drawing, glued together on a cement lining, making a bright colorful picture together. Florentine mosaic has long been used for the manufacture of the top boards of tables - table tops. Such a mosaic is used in the manufacture of large decorative wall panels or maps. The technique of Russian mosaic, invented by Russian masters, is that the product is made from a relatively inexpensive soft stone (for example, marble) and then glued on top of thin plates of a rare and expensive stone (malachite or lapis lazuli), the plates are selected one to another so that the natural the pattern of the stone was not disturbed. At the same time, it seems that the product is monolithic, machined from a whole piece. In our time, in the manufacture of large caskets and caskets, the method of pasting the metal frame of the product with thin plates of stone plywood is often used. The finished casket gives the impression of being entirely carved from orlets or lapis lazuli.
A traditional type of stone-cutting art products from the Ural hard stones is a hill of gems. It is a decorative structure in the form of a miniature hill, which presents a variety of types of precious and ornamental stones found in nature. These stones are collected as a kind of collection. They are presented in raw, polished or faceted form. Some stones are given as individual crystals, others as intergrowths of crystals and druze. The slide to some extent imitates the natural conditions of occurrence of stones. A set of samples is mounted on a cement base. The most common sizes of slides are 15-40 cm in height, slides of gems are intended for museums, exhibitions, school mineralogical rooms, and also serve as decoration for desks. Gorki show the diversity and richness of the colored stone deposits in Russia and reflect the art of composition of stone cutters.
Mass production of stone-cutting artistic products from soft stone in Russia began in the 80s of the 19th century. Decorative items made of soft stone occupy a significant place. Processing soft stone is very simple. It is easily cut with a cross-cut or circular saw, and cutting of artistic products is carried out manually using chisels, rasps and other simple tools. A colorful and easily workable soft stone is most suitable for making small sculptures and small household items, mainly desktop items: ashtrays, salt shakers, vases, boxes, etc.
Small products are most often completely cut on a lathe, and then additionally strengthened by hand with ornamental cutting. The sculpture is carved by hand after preliminary turning of the stone on a lathe. Finished products are ground and polished with the help of dried and specially processed horsetail stalks.
1.3 Variety of stones
Artistic persuasiveness, beauty of stone sculptures depends on the successful selection of the most suitable stone in terms of texture and color. From selenite, with its layered structure, silky texture and, as it were, a luminous honey-yellow golden translucent surface, very beautiful elegant goldfish are obtained; Selenite fox cubs and squirrels look good. Grayish-brown calcite with indistinct dark stripes serves to reproduce bears, dogs, sparrows. The unexpected and varied color of gypsum stone from various deposits, ranging from the most delicate pure white, yellowish white, pinkish with the finest golden or bluish veins to dark gray, mottled, almost black, and sometimes greenish or bluish, makes it possible to create table sculptures on a variety of stories. The expressiveness and decorativeness of stone-cutting sculpture is determined by the clarity and expressiveness of the silhouette. In desktop sculpture, the main condition of decorativeness must be observed: the silhouette of an animal, bird or person must be clear, distinct and look good from a distance. Stone sculptures with human figures are made only from plain light stone without spots and veins. Caskets and boxes made of soft stone are usually decorated with ornamental carvings, relief or openwork on the lid and on the side surfaces. Since light penetrates into the thickness of soft stone to a considerable depth, the relief should be the sharper and the ornamental cutting the deeper, the more transparent the surface of the stone. The texture and natural beauty of soft stone are most fully revealed in turned-based products; a vase or a cup looks the more attractive and decorative, the more beautiful in texture and color the stone itself, from which they are carved. Some stone-cutting art products combine stone of different grades, colors and textures. This technique increases the decorativeness of the product. So, for example, a transparent goldfish made of selenite successfully decorates the lid of a powder box made of light gypsum stone. The combination of stone and metal, traditional for the art of stone cutting, is also widely used in soft stone. Decorative household products made of gypsum stone, calcite and selenite (toilet boxes, toiletries, vases decorated with simple smooth metal bands made of brass or oxidized or anodized aluminum) have a very modest and austere appearance and are very close in nature to the design style of modern mass furniture with its simple shapes and polished surfaces, and to inexpensive drapery and upholstery fabrics. Products made from amber are very popular: miniature sculptures depicting animals and birds, cigarette holders, brooches, cufflinks, beads, etc. Night lamps made of soft stone are widely known. They are made in the form of an owl with glass eyes, a vase, a fish, a bud, a bouquet of flowers. Night lamps are made from a whole piece of stone, from which a cap is selected (hollowed out or cut out); a thin layer of stone remains, translucent when the lamp is lit in it, and the texture of the stone, places of varying density, and inclusions are revealed, thereby creating fantastic patterns full of grace.
1.4 Product quality requirements and transportation
Stone-cut artistic products are considered full-fledged only if there are no cracks or poorly polished areas on their surfaces. The product must be correct and beautiful in its shape and proportions and polished to a mirror shine. The delicate polished surface of a stone cutter, made from both soft and hard stone, can be easily scuffed and scratched during transportation. Therefore, it is recommended to transport stone-cutting art products in special packaging: in boxes lined with cotton wool, or wrapped in soft paper and placed in boxes covered and stuffed with straw. This also protects fragile soft stone products from splitting during transit.
2. Stone cutting in Tuva
In Tuvan sculpture of small forms, masters give free rein to thought and imagination, not just depict an animal, but also strive to express its state, mood (the stubborn strength of a bull, the mighty beauty of a sarlyk, the grace of a deer or roe deer, the patient slowness or rebellious passion of a young animal), cover the figurine with a rich, even ornamental pattern, reproducing fur or mane in a stylized form, they create original fairy-tale poems in a piece of stone.
2.1 About the magic stone "agalmatolite"
The Bai-Taigi Mountains, the vicinity of ancient Teeli, are rich in deposits of colored agalmatolite, which the Tuvans call “Chonar dash” - a stone that can be cut.
Agalmatolite is an opaque decorative ornamental stone, a type of pyrophyllite mineral. Various figures and decorations are cut from agalmatolite.
It is no coincidence that its name comes from the Greek words agalma - “statue”, “statue” and lithos - “stone”. The term "agalmatolite" was first introduced into mineralogical nomenclature in 1797.
Agalmatolites are white, gray with greenish and yellowish tints. Less common are stones of red and even dark cherry color. Due to its smooth, soapy surface, agalmatolite is called “wax stone” or “wen stone”.
In addition to Southeast Asia, there are agalmatolite deposits in the Southern Urals, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, the Czech Republic, Romania and the USA. Extensive deposits of agalmatolite exist in Mongolia and Tuva.
The stone is so soft that it can be easily processed with a knife or chisel. During sacrifices, figurines carved from agalmatolite often replaced the sacrificial animals themselves. In Russia, before the revolution, decorative miniature pagodas made of this stone, which was therefore called pagodite, were sold at Siberian fairs.
Due to the fact that it is easy to process, it has been used since ancient times: agalmatolite beads are found in burials over 16 thousand years old.
In China, already in ancient times, household items, small artistic items and decorative objects were carved from agalmatolite. And it was valued very highly, especially if it was artificially painted in different colors (most often azure).
In Kievan Rus in the X-XIII centuries. Architectural details of temples were carved from Volyn agalmatolites. It was called “figurative” (it was used in the production of three-dimensional icons) and “soap” stone. In the East - “pagodite” (figurines of fantastic and other animals, architectural monuments and pagodas were carved from it). An interesting feature: after firing, the stone becomes harder.
To appease the gods, it was considered necessary to sacrifice a large animal to them, but it could be replaced with a successfully made imitation of stone. Agalmatolite can be used as an ornamental, decorative and facing stone. As an ornamental stone, agalmatolite is used in our country by folk craftsmen of Buryatia, Tuva, as well as in Korea and Japan.
Agalmatolite is formed as a result of low-temperature hydrothermal processes (regardless of the composition of different stone samples).
2.2 The plot and theme of Tuvan stone-cutting
Mastering the art of stone carving is not as easy as it seems at first glance: many images of animals are associated with folk epic, with its poetic symbolism, and have deep roots in ancient Eastern mythology.
The plot and theme of Tuvan sculpture are fixed by a long-standing tradition. First of all, these are images of animals living in the mountains and steppes of the region: a horse, a mountain goat - serge, a camel, a Tuvan yak (sarlyk), a deer.
They combine decorative stylization with realistic authenticity and excellent knowledge of the habits of animals and the anatomy of their bodies.
Emphasizing individual forms (for example, lengthening or steeply curling the serge's horns, enhancing the convexity of the sarlyk's mighty neck), the master gives them additional expressiveness, which is also facilitated by a carved ornamental pattern reproducing curls of wool or a mane.
The favorite characters of Tuvan plastic art are fantastic, fairy-tale creatures that go back to the motifs of ancient mythology. Most often one comes across an image of an “arzylan” (lion), which has little in common with a real lion (not found in Tuva). The idea of "arzylan" has long penetrated into Tuva from China and mixed with fiction, legends and myths.
In depicting these “arzylans,” Tuvan masters are especially generous with their imagination. The image of a fairy-tale dragon spewing flame is widespread. 3
A significant proportion of the products are items such as chess with their specific eastern iconography (for example, “arzlan” - queen, camel - chess bishop, Buddhist monk, lama - king), as well as ink utensils, pencil boxes, ashtrays and many other small items.
Stories from history and modernity penetrate into folk sculpture, images of people - horsemen, shepherds, hunters, and even portraits are found.
2.3 Masters of Tuvan stone-cutting art
With the commonality of iconography, traditions, basic techniques and forms in this art, the endless wealth of creative individualities of the masters is revealed.
For example, master M.Kh. Cherzi is strong in its richness and subtlety of ornamentation and decorative effects.
H.K. paid less attention to ornamentation. Toibukhaa, but the modeling of his sculptures, the plastic expression of movement, and spatial composition are rich. Even in miniature figures, the accuracy and purity of the images of faces is striking. With great skill he succeeded in multi-figure compositions and rhythmic coordination of movements of a pair or group of animals. Master B.S. Bayyndy loved calm, statistical forms, emphasizing the stability and strength of animals. It is these features that the master strives to convey in the composition “Bullfight” (1977), avoiding the dynamism that the plot itself requires.
The outstanding stone carver V. Salchak came up with a new direction in stone cutting art - the creation of hollow figures. The most sacred thing among Tuvans is their home, the yurt. He made a hollow agalmatolite miniature of her (2004). The peculiarity of hollow figures is that they can be made in a larger size than monolithic figures from Chonar - Dasha, and this gives unlimited scope for imagination.
Vladimir Salchak examined the chonardash and discovered that it also sings: “blue-white stones sing well, they sing louder. The reddish stone sounds a little duller and more dreary. We also studied its light transmittance. The same stone transmits light differently "Especially when the yurt has not yet been decorated and is made of stone, when in the evening you illuminate it with a lamp from below and it plays with colors - it's a sight to behold."
Among the stone-cutters of the older generation, Bayyr Sarygovich Bayyndy is a recognized master. His works became a striking example for the creative inspiration of subsequent young agalmatolite carvers. The plastic art of Bayyr Sarygovich revealed one of the brilliant facets of Tuvan folk art.
Stone-cutting works of B. S. Bayynda are kept in the collections of the National Museum of the Republic of Tyva, art museums of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Barnaul, Moscow and St. Petersburg. The plastic art of Bayyr Sarygovich Bayynda is one of the significant layers of the “golden” fund of fine art in Tuva.
Conclusion
We have examined only a small part of this truly unique, ancient, original art of stone cutting, and have only touched lightly on the origins and foundations of the culture of our ancestors. We felt how generous and rich our land is.
Time does not stand still, new masters are born, new styles and directions appear, new schools are opened in which this skill is taught. The continuity of generations is preserved. And a real master is one who sincerely loves, appreciates, and takes care of his native land. Only then will nature reveal its secrets and show all its beauty with the help of this type of art.
Bibliography
1. Ondar, S. Melody of stone / S. Ondar // Newspaper "Center of Asia". – 2008. - No. 42. – P.8
2. Chervonnaya S. Artists of the Republic of Tyva / S. Chervonnaya / – St. Petersburg; "Artist of Russia". - 1995
3. Lyashko, A. Commodity research and examination of cultural goods, goods for aesthetic and intellectual development: textbook / A.A. Lyashko, A.P. Khodykin. – M.: Publishing and trading corporation “Dashkov and K°”, 2007. – 298 p.
4. Putolova, L. Gems and colored stones / L. Putolova. - M.: "Nedra", 1991.
5. Website "Folk Crafts of Russia"
Applications
R.A Arakchaa "Sarlyk (yak) with a calf" 1977
K.H. Toibukhaa "Horse"
E.B. Bayyndy "Bullfight" 1977
B.S. Dupchur "The Camel Driver" 1980
Stone cutting art(English) Stone carving art – The art of stone carving) is the use of imagination and skill in stone processing to create aesthetic objects - stone carvings, the aesthetics of which can be shared with others. Stone cutting art is a genre of decorative and applied art. The decorative manifestation of stone processing is called stone cutting, and the creation of decorative stone products that are unique in beauty and complexity is called stone cutting art. In modern stone-cutting art, colored hard semi-precious ornamental stones are most often used.
The origins of stone cutting art
Stone cutting art originated in the most ancient times and is one of the oldest material manifestations of culture, when stone was the main material for most things. The main centers of origin of stone-cutting art are: China, America, Europe and Russia.
China. Nephritis. Everyday scenes and landscapes.
In cultural regions such as China And Central America, the exact period of the birth of stone-cutting art is not possible to determine; the age of the traditions of stone-cutting art in these regions is estimated at thousands of years. In China, among the archaeological finds of the 3rd-1st millennia BC. e. There are samples of jade products.
In Europe The main center of stone-cutting art is Germany. There is an opinion that the art of stone cutting first originated in the city of Idar-Oberstein in 50 BC, when Julius Caesar visited this city. However, in accordance with the instructions of the “city fathers” from 1609: « no foreigner can join the art of stone cutting in Idar-Oberstein, and the skills must be passed on from generation to generation", it would be correct to consider the point of origin and the beginning of the active development of stone-cutting art, the beginning XVII(17th) century.
It is believed that in Russia stone cutting art begins at the beginning XVIII(18) century in the Urals, when Tsar Peter I, in 1720, appointed Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev as the first mining chief of the Ural and Siberian factories, and the scale of construction in St. Petersburg and its environs led to orders for architectural details, interior items and decor. Around the same time in the 18th (18th) century, following the Urals, the active development of stone processing arose in St. Petersburg itself, as a result of the creation.
History of Russian stone-cutting art
In Russia, stone-cutting art has a long history. For example, in the burials of the Slavic nobility X-XIII(10-13) centuries, necklaces and earrings made of rock crystal and carnelian are found, and many imported stones and products made from them are also found, which were brought mainly from Byzantium and China.
Yekaterinburg Lapidary Factory
The turning point, as well as the origin of the stone-cutting art of Russia, is considered to be the beginning XVIII(18) century, when Tsar Peter I, in 1720, appointed Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev as the first mining chief of the Ural and Siberian factories. This marked the beginning of a targeted search and development of semi-precious deposits.
Already in 1774 has grown into a powerful gem processing enterprise. The works of Ural stone-cutters of that time decorated the interiors of the royal residences, elements of which are presented today in. The emergence in Yekaterinburg of one of the world's largest centers for processing colored stones was due to the mineralogical wealth of the Ural Mountains.
In 1851 Russia participated for the first time in . Since then, Ural gems have become known and loved all over the world.
At first XX(20) century, the stone-cutting art of Russia acquires its classical form as a result of the activities of the firm of Carl Faberge. The Faberge firm is the most famous Russian jewelry company in the world, a supplier to the imperial court, worked closely with, resorted to the help of Ural specialists in selecting stone for important orders, entrusted the production of stone parts for imperial objects, and found talented artists among the Ural residents who increased the fame of Faberge. The most important task of stone-cutting art in Russia should be considered the creation of works of a monumental nature.
After the revolution, with the advent of Soviet power, stone-cutting art fell into decline, and only with the advent of stone-cutting art, the traditions of Russian stone-cutting art began to be revived.
After the collapse of the USSR, in the early 90s, one of the first private stone-cutting companies producing stone-cutting figurines was, whose masters revived the classical genre direction “Russian types” in the Ural stone-cutting art.
Modern Russian schools of stone-cutting art
"Bosom Friends"
Today, the Russian school of stone carving is one of the strongest in the world. In Russian stone-cutting art, three main centers have historically developed around the main cutting factories.
- - a factory for artistic stone processing, located in Yekaterinburg, founded in 1751.
- - a factory for artistic stone processing, located in St. Petersburg, founded in 1725.
- - a plant in the village of Kolyvan, Kuryinsky district, Altai Territory, founded in 1802.
Today in Russia it is customary to distinguish two main schools of stone-cutting art:
- with the capital of the Ural stone-cutting art - Yekaterinburg.
- which also includes the outskirts of St. Petersburg.
The level of skill of modern Russian schools of stone-cutting art is constantly growing. However, for the general public, modern stone-cutting art in Russia remains little known and practically unfamiliar to most.
