Household chemicals composition and purpose. Modern household chemicals: main types and groups. Types of adhesives

Everywhere, wherever we live and wherever we work, household chemicals are present in our lives. Natural and synthetic cleaners and detergents supplied to us by modern manufacturers allow us not to spend a lot of time and effort on cleaning. You just need to imagine which particular means is best to use for a particular purpose - and the result will not be long in coming. You can buy detergents literally everywhere - from a kiosk near your home to a hypermarket. The main thing in this case is to choose the right one. And to do this, you need to imagine exactly what types of goods are offered to us by suppliers of detergents.

The entire variety of household chemicals can be divided into the following main groups:

general purpose detergents;
kitchen detergents;
dishwashing detergents;
disinfectants for bathrooms;
means for cleaning glass (mirror) surfaces;
floor cleaning products;
textile cleaning products (carpets and furniture);
laundry detergents;
insect repellents (insecticides).

You can buy all-purpose detergents at absolutely any hardware store. These include, for example, laundry soap, multifunctional cleaning powders (for example, Pemolux), as well as liquid products (for example, Progress detergent). They are especially often used in public places (offices, industrial premises, various institutions), as they allow you to save on the purchase of household goods. After all, the wholesale sale of detergents is carried out at lower prices, and replacing several detergents with one, universal one, allows you to purchase it in large volumes. And it is more convenient to use one tool on the scale of production or a large institution.

The list of kitchen detergents is quite wide and includes many specialized pastes, powders, gels and liquids. Products for cleaning ovens, washing stoves, against scale and grease - they all differ in that they allow you to remove persistent specific (food) stains.

Dish detergents can also come in different types. The most popular gel-like foaming products are convenient to apply to dishes, they wash off well and smell pleasant. They often contain antibacterial components. Detergents for children's dishes stand apart in this series - they are made exclusively from natural ingredients, without the use of fragrances, preservatives and dyes.

If we are talking about cleaning the bathroom, that is, the bathtub and toilet, then this requires not just cleaners, but detergents and disinfectants. After all, it is in these rooms that microorganisms that are dangerous to health especially actively multiply: microbes, viruses and fungi. That is why bath and toilet products often contain chlorine or its derivatives, or other antibacterial additives.

Glass and mirror cleaners are usually available in liquid form. Particularly popular are spray bottles, which allow you to quickly and easily apply the product to a vertical surface. The wholesale sale of detergents of this type is especially in demand from cleaning companies - after all, they are the ones most often ordered to wash glass in residential and public buildings.

Floor cleaning products are specialized and universal gels and liquids, which, as a rule, are produced in concentrated form and diluted with water immediately before use. The variety of modern floor coverings has led to a wide range of this type of household chemicals: here you can see a special detergent for laminate flooring, a parquet cleaner, and a liquid for washing stone floors.

However, not only hard but also soft coverings can be used for the floor: carpet or rug. Special cleaners are also provided for them. As a rule, the same detergents are used to clean upholstered furniture. Buying foams and sprays for carpets and furniture in bulk is the best solution for dry cleaning businesses, as well as hotels and catering establishments.

Laundry detergents are not only the washing powders familiar to all of us from childhood, but also washing liquids, as well as bleaches, stain removers, fabric softeners, and water softeners. These detergents are often purchased in bulk not only by business representatives, but also by ordinary housewives. After all, washing powder is a constant expense in any home, and it can be stored for a very long time. The cost of detergents, if they are modern and of high quality, can amount to a considerable amount, so it is quite logical for the housewife to want to save money by purchasing them at a wholesale price.

“I’ll buy the latest generation of detergents and all problems will be solved,” thinks a visitor to a hardware store. And he's almost right. The only hygiene problem that cannot be solved by cleaning alone is insects in the house. Cockroaches, mosquitoes, bedbugs, ants - no one is safe from these unwanted neighbors. Therefore, it is advisable to have insecticides on hand - special means to combat insects. These can be sprays, powders, baits, crayons, liquids and fumigation plates.

Another important point. It is necessary to distinguish between household and technical detergents. Technical detergent (TMC) is designed to remove very persistent stains over a large area, and therefore it is usually more aggressive and toxic than household chemicals. You shouldn’t strive for efficiency at the expense of your health.

The Dezkhim online store offers you a wide range of household chemicals. Any cleaning and detergent products in a wide variety of packaging, as well as the sale of perfumes and cosmetics wholesale and retail - all this is at your service any day of the week. Delivery of detergents in any volume exactly on time to the specified address, various types of payment, favorable conditions for wholesale buyers. Contact Dezhim!

Detergents and cleaning products are classified as everyday goods. When making a purchasing decision, consumers pay attention to price, brand, packaging, but pay much less attention to the composition of household chemicals.

When doing laundry, cleaning, washing dishes and windows, people use industrial products every day in their everyday lives. It is impossible to imagine our life without synthetic detergents (SDCs), cleaning powders or soaps. However, in recent years, one can increasingly hear discussions about the dangers of their components. To understand this issue, let’s consider the composition of home cleaning products in detail.

Main Components

Most household chemicals do contain potentially dangerous elements, such as:

Surfactants (surfactants). They are a necessary component of all cleansing substances. They are the ones who promote cleansing due to molecules of a special structure. Thanks to the surfactant, fat particles combine with water and are washed out. High concentrations disrupt the lipid barrier on the skin and can provoke an allergic reaction.
Phosphates and phosphonates. Used as water softeners. Extremely adversely affect the environment. Getting into water bodies with wastewater, they cause abundant flowering and, as a result, the death of the inhabitants. In humans, they can cause skin diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis), an allergic reaction, and irritation of the respiratory system. Currently, more and more manufacturers are replacing phosphates with less hazardous zeolites and polycarboxylates.
Compounds containing chlorine and its derivatives. Found in bleaches and mold-killing products. Many substances containing chlorine have been banned in European countries since 1987, as their connection with heart and vascular diseases has been proven. In addition, they may irritate the mucous membranes of the ENT organs.
Formaldehyde. Used as a preservative. Carcinogen.
An aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide (ammonia) is found in window cleaning fluids. Its vapors have an irritating effect on the respiratory system.
Nitrobenzene is a toxic organic substance. Found in furniture polishes. May cause shortness of breath and vomiting.
Methylphenols and phenol. Used as potent antiseptic additives. Toxic. Can cause disruption of the functioning of internal organs.

Security measures

When purchasing household chemicals for home care and laundry, pay attention to their composition. Choose samples with a surfactant and phosphate content of no more than 5%, hermetically packaged, without a pungent odor. Do not mix different products. Follow the storage and disposal regulations for these products.

Note! Work with household chemicals must be carried out using personal protective equipment.

It should be remembered that all of the above compounds are contained in quantities prescribed by regulatory documents. However, there are rules and regulations for the use of these products that you should know in order not to harm your health.

Household chemicals are means for caring for property: clothing, premises, cars. Household chemicals also include disinfectants, repellents and glue. More than half (in monetary terms) of household chemical goods are laundry detergents: washing powder, washing gel, fabric softener and laundry aids. The second largest category (about a quarter of the market) is hand and dishwasher detergents. Next come cleaning agents, disinfectants and bleaches. In fourth place is windshield washer for cars.

Household chemicals include laundry soap, sales of which are declining every year. With the help of household chemicals we can do housework and more. Every home has a supply of chemicals for various purposes: from adhesives to washing powders. If stored improperly, they can pose a serious danger. Before using any product, you must carefully study the instructions for its use and recommendations on safety rules that must be followed. The storage location of all toxic drugs should be absolutely inaccessible to children. Do not store unknown substances in the house, as well as any cans or packaging that are not labeled with the contents.

Even if the chemical is expensive, and it remains at the bottom, do not pour it into a smaller container from another drug. Your confidence that you remember exactly what kind of money is stored in a particular bank may turn out to be erroneous and cost you and your loved ones dearly. All chemicals must be stored separately from food products to completely eliminate the possibility of poisoning.

You just need to imagine which particular means is best to use for a particular purpose - and the result will not be long in coming. You can buy detergents literally everywhere - from a kiosk near your home to a hypermarket. The main thing in this case is to choose the right one. And to do this, you need to imagine exactly what types of goods are offered to us by suppliers of detergents.

The entire variety of household chemicals can be divided into the following main groups:

· general purpose detergents;

· kitchen detergents;

· dishwashing detergents;

· disinfectants for bathrooms;

glass cleaners

· (mirror) surfaces;

· floor cleaning products;

textile (carpet) cleaning products

· and furniture);

· laundry detergents;

· insect repellents (insecticides).

The list of detergents for the kitchen is quite wide and includes many specialized pastes, powders, gels and liquids. Products for cleaning ovens, washing stoves, against scale and grease - they all differ in that they allow you to remove persistent specific (food) stains.

Detergents for children's dishes stand apart in this series - they are made exclusively from natural ingredients, without the use of fragrances, preservatives and dyes.

However, not only hard but also soft coverings can be used for the floor: carpet or rug. Special cleaners are also provided for them.

As a rule, the same detergents are used to clean upholstered furniture. Buying foams and sprays for carpets and furniture in bulk is the best solution for dry cleaning businesses, as well as hotels and catering establishments.

The cost of detergents, if they are modern and of high quality, can amount to a considerable amount, so it is quite logical for the housewife to want to save money by purchasing them at a wholesale price. “I’ll buy the latest generation of detergents and all problems will be solved,” thinks a visitor to a hardware store. And he's almost right. The only hygiene problem that cannot be solved by cleaning alone is insects in the house. Cockroaches, mosquitoes, bedbugs, ants - no one is safe from these unwanted neighbors. Therefore, it is advisable to have insecticides on hand - special means to combat insects. These can be sprays, powders, baits, crayons, liquids and fumigation plates.

The main raw materials for the production of household chemicals are various emulsifiers, fragrances, active ingredients, surfactants, pigments, vegetable fats, glycols, silicone gel, shea butter, gelled benton, carbomers, waterproof gel, film-forming substances, sericite, talc, lecithin, natural perhydrosqualene, polyvinylpyrolidone, viscose fibers, carnauba, candelilla, beeswax, UVA and UVB sun filters, lanolin derivatives, microcrystalline wax, vegetable starch, bleaches and enzymes

Let us briefly describe these types of raw materials.

Emulsifiers improve the quality of finished products and the manufacturability of the production process due to their ability to form and maintain emulsions of two or more immiscible substances, such as oil and water. In addition, the emulsifier allows you to obtain a more concentrated emulsion.

Many medicinal and cosmetic plant substances are applied to the skin by being mixed with oil components. Natural emulsifiers - wax and lecithin - do not prevent the lotion from penetrating into the skin, while chemical emulsifiers interfere with this process. The most commonly used emulsifier in the chemical industry is Poloxamer 407, a synthetic polymer obtained from ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.

Fragrances- These are flavoring substances that are added to cosmetics and household chemicals in order to give the product a specific smell. In the list of components they are designated by the word "Fragrance" (in the USA) or "Parfum" (in EEC countries). Flavoring agents may be natural plant extracts or a mixture of several artificially produced substances. Fragrances and dyes are often the cause of adverse reactions of the body to a cosmetic product.

When soap and some other water-soluble substances are added, the surface tension of water decreases. Soap and other detergents are classified as surfactants. They reduce the surface tension of water, thereby enhancing the cleaning properties of water (in particular, soap is the sodium salt of stearic acid).

Vegetable oils (vegetable fats), obtained from seeds or fruits of plants by pressing or extraction. Density 0.900-0.980 g/cm3, color from light yellow to dark brown. Some are solid, but more often liquid. There are drying vegetable oils (linseed, hemp), semi-drying (sunflower, cottonseed) and non-drying (castor, coconut). Vegetable oils are used to produce soaps, shampoos and other materials.

Glycols- These are organic moisturizers, derivatives of vegetable oils. Thanks to them, the natural balance of skin moisture is maintained. Included in gels and lotions (propylene glycol).

Carbomers or carbopols- high molecular weight polymers that are used as thickeners and stabilizers in cosmetic preparations. Refresh and soothe the skin, have an anti-inflammatory and antifungal effect. Restore hydrophilicity.

Film-forming substances are cosmetic components that, when applied to the skin, hair or nails, form a thin continuous layer or film. They are also used to facilitate the spreading of cosmetic preparations. Manufacturers have about 300 film-forming substances at their disposal. Many of them serve double duty. In addition to film formation, they can play the role of antistatic agents, thickeners, binders, humectants and emulsion stabilizers.

Generally speaking, film-forming agents are divided into three groups: water-soluble film-forming agents; waxes and oils; film-forming substances based on polymers (plastics).

Water-based film-forming substances include surfactants, protein derivatives and amino acids. They are often found in products such as conditioners, moisturizers and hair mousses. Oils are also important film-forming substances. Typically, oil-based film-forming agents are present as an emulsion in a water-based formulation. After the water dries, an oil film remains on the hair or skin. Proteins and amino acids prevent the water from drying out completely and the product retains its moisturizing properties.

Waxes are commonly found in products such as lipstick, foundation, mascara, eye shadow and eyeliner. Waxes can be of natural origin (for example, beeswax or waxes isolated from plants); may be derived from petroleum or may even be synthetic silicone waxes similar to furniture varnish. Components such as alcohol or oils are also added to a product containing waxes. This is done to soften the waxes and make them easier to apply evenly.

Nail polishes and hair sprays often contain polymer-based film-forming agents. They are usually solutions. A film forms after the solvent evaporates. Hair sprays and some types of mousses contain resin-based polymers, vinyl acetate or silicone polymers. After the solvent evaporates, a thin film of polymer hardens and adheres to the hair shaft, firmly holding the hair in the desired position. The most popular products are those containing vinyl acetate polymer, since vinyl acetate films are easily washed off with water. Inhalation of film-forming substances contained in aerosol cans can cause lung damage, difficulty breathing, sensitization and allergic reactions.

Lanolin, a fat-like substance obtained from sheep's wool, first by leaching with warm water and then with weak carbonic alkalis. Pure anhydrous L. is a yellowish, neutral, odorless, vaseline-like product for the preparation of ointments and various cosmetics. Ordinary L. contains 75% cholesteryl ester and 25% water. L. has the ability to retain about 200% water without losing its ointment-like consistency.

Almost every powder contains optical brightener. But it does not bleach fabrics, but only creates the illusion of whiteness. Particles of optical brightener, which are luminescent dyes, settle on the fabric and highlight ultraviolet rays from the spectrum of incident sunlight, turning them into visible blue, cyan, and violet colors. This provides the white effect.

Washing powders also contain photobleach, which whitens when dried in light.

Real whitening is achieved through the chemical (oxygen-containing) bleach included in the powder. It works effectively at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius, because this is the temperature required to release active oxygen - the working chemical agent. In order for the powder containing chemical bleach to work at lower temperatures, an activator is added to its composition, which makes it possible to achieve the desired effect at a temperature of 20-40 degrees.

Many stains, especially those of protein origin, are washed off very poorly. To facilitate the process, add to washing powders enzymes(enzymes) – substances of biological origin. And the prefix “bio” is added to the name of the powder.

Household chemical goods include adhesives, abrasive products, paint and varnish products, detergents, cleaning and care products for leather goods, lighting and lubricants, mineral fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, household insect and rodent control products, disinfectants products, tools for painting, etc.

Adhesive materials

Adhesives are divided into:

· according to purpose (single-purpose and universal);

· by consistency (solid, liquid, powder);

· according to the drying method (cold and hot hardening);

· by the nature of gluing (reversible, irreversible);

· by the nature of the adhesive material (plant, animal, mineral origin, synthetic).

Vegetable adhesives. Wallpaper is a mixture of dextrin and starch with the addition of copper sulfate and an antiseptic. Animal glues: flesh glue, bone glue and casein glue.

Casein glue is a mixture of casein (skim milk protein), slaked lime, soda, copper sulfate and other components. Adhesives of mineral origin. An aqueous solution of sodium and potassium silicates (liquid glass) is used as office glue. Synthetic adhesives are obtained by dissolving thermoplastic and thermosetting resins in organic solvents. Synthetic adhesives are universal, have high adhesive ability, water resistance and resistance to microorganisms.

Abrasive products

Abrasive products are used for grinding and polishing surfaces of various materials, as well as for straightening and sharpening tools.

Abrasive products are classified according to the material used: artificial abrasive materials (silicon carbide, crushed and sifted technical glass, etc.), synthetic materials (synthetic diamond crystals obtained from graphite with nickel), natural abrasive materials (pumice, emery, quartz).

Abrasive materials are classified by hardness using a mineralogical scale (Mohs scale). The scale consists of 10 minerals: the hardest is diamond (10 points), the softest is talc (1 point).

Based on the grain size, abrasive materials are distinguished between coarse-grained abrasives, grinding powders and micropowders.

Abrasive materials are fixed on a rigid or flexible base. Abrasive materials are produced in the form of wheels, bars, abrasive cloths and pastes.

Paint and varnish products

The raw materials for the production of paints and varnishes are products from the processing of oil, coal and gases.

Paint and varnish products are drying oils, paint compositions, varnishes, enamels, pigments and auxiliary materials - putties, primers, putties, driers, solvents, etc.

When dry, paint and varnish products form films that protect surfaces from environmental influences and improve their aesthetic properties.

Drying oils are film-forming and binding materials based on natural and synthetic oils. Drying oils are divided according to raw materials into natural, semi-natural and artificial.

Varnishes are solutions of film-forming substances in organic solvents. When dry, varnishes form transparent, hard, shiny films. The film-forming substances in varnishes are synthetic and natural resins, drying oils, and bitumens. Alcohol, acetone, and turpentine are used as solvents; thinners - white spirit, benzene. Varnishes are produced in a wide range - different in the nature of the film-forming substance, in purpose, in color, and in terms of application conditions.

Pigments, or dry paints, are organic or mineral coloring substances that are insoluble in water, oils, and varnishes. The main properties of pigments: color, hiding power (covering power), coloring power (intensity), light fastness, oil absorption, dispersity (degree of particle size reduction), toxicity, chemical stability. Pigments are achromatic (white, black, gray) and chromatic (yellow, red, blue, brown, green).

Oil paints are a ground mixture of pigments, drying oils, and fillers. Most oil paints dry no later than 24 hours. Oil paints are distinguished by purpose (for interior and exterior work), by type of binder, by color, by consistency (thickly grated, thinly grated - ready for use).

Enamel paints are obtained by grinding pigments or their mixtures with plasticizer fillers in varnishes. Enamels are divided according to the type of varnish used (oil, glyphthalic, pentaphthalic, nitro enamels, etc.).

Water-based paints are suspensions of pigments in aqueous solutions of binders. Water-based paints are divided according to the type of binder into adhesive, casein, silicate, and lime.

Auxiliary paint and varnish materials.

Drying agents are substances that are added to oil-containing paints and varnishes to speed up drying.

Solvents, thinners - acetone, white spirit, turpentine, thinners for oil paints, etc.

Materials for finishing work - primers, putties, putties.

Detergents

Detergents are divided into laundry and toilet soap, synthetic detergents, and laundry aids.

Laundry soap is sodium salts of fatty acids, often with the addition of other substances, which have a detergent effect.

The main raw materials for the production of laundry soap are fat processing products. Laundry soap is classified according to its fatty acid content (72, 70 and 65%), the highest quality is 72%.

Synthetic detergents (CMC) contain from 20 to 40% surfactants, as well as other useful additives (optical brighteners, antistatic agents, disinfectants, various biological additives for removing protein contaminants, etc.).

CMC is classified by consistency - powder, liquid, paste; by purpose - for products made of cotton and linen, for products made of wool, silk, artificial and synthetic fibers, universal.

Universal CMCs are suitable for washing fabrics of all types, contain surfactants up to 10%, pH value 9.5, and optical brightener is usually added to them.

Washing auxiliaries: bleaching, bluing, antistatic, starching, water softening agents.

Cleaning products are classified by purpose:

· for cleaning kitchen utensils, bathtubs, sinks, ceramic tiles;

· for removing stains and cleaning clothes;

· for furniture care;

· for the care of cars, bicycles, motorcycles;

· floor care products.

The range of products represents a wide group of products; they can also be divided into abrasive and non-abrasive. In addition to surfactants, cleaning products include alkaline salts, solvents, and disinfectants. Depending on their consistency, cleaning products can be powdered, paste or liquid.

Mineral fertilizers are used to increase plant growth and productivity. The main chemical elements used as fertilizers are nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. Mineral fertilizers are produced as single-component and mixed complex; ordinary and concentrated; liquid, granular and powder.

In addition to mineral fertilizers, organic and bacterial fertilizers (peat, azotobacterin, etc.) are sold.

Microfertilizers are chemical elements (manganese, boron, copper, zinc, etc.) needed by plants in small quantities.

Pest control products (insecticides) - these include entobacterin, decis, karate, etc.

Weed control products (herbicides) - Roundup, Lenacil, etc.

Products to combat household insects, rodents, disinfectants, deodorants

Products for the control of household insects - for the destruction of cockroaches, flying insects, moths, furniture grinder beetles, mice and rats - borax, borax, dichlorvos, woodtox, zoocoumarin.

Disinfectants - monochloramine, bleach, Belizna liquid, etc.

Deodorants are products for cleaning and refreshing air in residential and public areas. Available in the form of tablets and aerosols.

Various household chemicals

Products for the care of clothing, shoes and household items. This subgroup of products includes cleaning products and stain removers for clothing and household items; shoe care products (protective creams, coloring compounds, etc.)

Car cosmetics. Products for this purpose include products for washing and polishing car bodies; means for cleaning and caring for individual vehicle components; means for protection against corrosion of car elements; products for other purposes (rust removers, products for preparing a car for painting, etc.).

Products for caring for plants and animals. This group includes mineral and organic fertilizers, activators and growth stimulants, plant and animal protection products, etc.

Abrasive materials. Abrasive materials include: wheels, bars, sandpapers, pastes used for processing various surfaces of lesser hardness (sharpening, grinding, polishing, lapping, etc.). Natural mineral materials (diamond, corundum, sandstone), as well as artificial and synthetic materials of high hardness are used as abrasive particles.

The demand for household chemicals is growing at a rapid pace, their use is expanding, and production is increasing. The surprisingly rapid development of the chemical industry in the 90s and, at the same time, the growth of the needs and demands of the population, led to a sharp increase in the output of household chemicals.

The Russian market of household chemical goods (HCH) includes over 700 types of different types of products. A study of the current state of the TBH market showed intensive growth in demand in recent years. At the same time, growth rates differed in the largest product groups.

On the other hand, TBH are classified as consumer goods, so there have been no significant changes in the volume and structure of consumption of these products amid the crisis.

Currently, consumption of household chemical products in Russia lags behind developed countries. The determining factor in the formation of the market for household chemicals is the standard of living of the population.

Projected income growth of the population. Allows and hopes in the future for the restoration of purchasing power and, accordingly, for the active development of consumer demand.

In everyday life, we use many chemical compounds to maintain cleanliness and disinfection. However, all these household chemicals can cause great harm to our health.

Various cleaning products and detergents contain surfactants, acids, alkalis, enzymes, bleaches, abrasives, fragrances, and volatile organic compounds. The presence of these drugs in the house does not contribute to a healthier atmosphere.

The thing is that, although household chemicals are synthetic, their main components are biologically aggressive, since they are used for cleaning and disinfection.

Substances that have the property of destroying other substances (even if it is dirt) can also harm humans.

Household chemicals very often cause skin irritation, inflammation and eczema. Volatile organic compounds irritate the mucous membrane of the eyes, causing inflammatory reactions.

The odors of household chemicals can also irritate the nasal mucosa and cause a runny nose, difficulty breathing and coughing, even inflammation of the bronchi and even asthma attacks.

Some chemicals found in household chemicals cause dilation of the blood vessels in the brain, which causes migraine attacks (migraine sufferers are usually very sensitive to odors). Household chemicals even negatively affect digestion, causing nausea and heartburn, as well as increasing salivation. Damage to the stomach and intestines can also affect the functioning of the nervous system, which is expressed in a feeling of fatigue or increased irritability.

The human body's reaction to household chemicals mainly depends on the state of the human immune system and its ability to resist harmful external influences. The most sensitive to household chemicals are children, allergy sufferers, people with very delicate skin, and pregnant women.

Household chemicals weaken or destroy beneficial microflora. Long-term use of harmful substances can cause allergies and loosening of adipose tissue cells.

Even household chemicals diluted in water can cause harm to people with sensitive skin.

When household chemicals are used for cleaning and disinfection, harmful substances from them enter the air, which is then inhaled by people living in the apartment. Every day, in one apartment, several liters of water poisoned by chemicals are poured into the sewer, which then ends up in rivers and lakes, from which water flows back into the apartments. It turns out to be a vicious circle - the environment is polluted by cleaning products designed to clean it.

Household chemicals harm our health every day. People use it to wash dishes, bathtubs and sinks and often don't rinse them thoroughly enough. Because of this, some household cleaning products remain on the dishes, the surface of the bathtub and subsequently end up in the stomach or on the skin.

According to research results, the degree of air pollution with chemicals in the kitchen and bathroom of any housewife is much higher than outside the home.

The constant impact of these drugs on the body undermines the immune system and becomes an indirect cause of the development of chronic diseases.

According to dermatologists, many sources of allergens can be found in an apartment: they are present in washing powder, clothes cleaning products, polishing and waxing surfaces, textile treatments, insecticides and poisons for rodent control, air fresheners, scented candles, etc. d.

Harmful substances contained in household chemicals

Household chemicals (washing powders, cleaning products for clothes, home textiles, various surfaces, dishes, bathrooms, etc.) contain binding active substances: chlorine, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, phenol, formaldehyde, acetone, ammonia, enzymes, bleaches, abrasives, fragrances, etc.

All of them have a negative effect on the human body.

All harmful substances can be divided into the following groups:

– disrupting the functioning of the endocrine glands (they negatively affect the course of biological processes and cause neurological, behavioral and reproductive disorders);

– persist in the environment and do not decay over a long period of time;

– bioaccumulative (accumulate in our body and can be transmitted from generation to generation).

Among all harmful substances, the following pose the greatest danger:

– parabens(easily penetrate the skin and cause harm from the inside);

– phthalates(can cause premature birth, adversely affect sperm);

– fragrances(general name for more than 100 substances that are potentially resistant to allergic components);

– titanium dioxide(easily penetrates through the skin into the lymphatic system, causing a toxic effect on the body);

– triclosan(an antibacterial agent added to some toothpastes and cleaning products. Very polluting to the environment);

– alkylphenol ethoxylate(may disrupt endocrine glands. Contained in some laundry detergents, stain removers, hair dyes, detergents, hair care products, spermicides);

– rapidly evaporating organic compounds. These include tuolene (risks babies being born with neurological disorders and developmental delays) and xylene (can cause birth defects and is found in most aerosols and air fresheners). These substances are harmful not only when used, but also when stored.

According to research published in the journal Washington Toxics Coalition, if a pregnant woman is frequently exposed to volatile organic compounds, she has a 25% increased incidence of headaches and a 19% increased risk of postpartum depression.

Washing powders

Every day new washing powders appear, promising to get rid of laundry and long soaking, whiten, remove all existing stains, etc. All this is presented as an effective means that saves our energy.

However, few people think that everything promised is achieved by increasing the level of highly active substances in the composition of washing powders. These reagents, in turn, are highly allergenic.

For an allergic reaction to occur, contact with a very small amount of a harmful substance is sufficient. Therefore, to maintain health, you should very carefully (for hand washing - at least 3 times) rinse your laundry with powder after washing.

However, rinsing alone cannot completely get rid of allergens. When pouring washing powder, some of the substances included in its composition enter the air from the box and then into the lungs.

Most of the washing powders on Russian shelves contain polyphosphates, which are dangerous not only to health, but also to the environment.

The basis of soap is lye. In advertising of any soap, the emphasis is placed on this, or more precisely, on one of the properties of alkali - neutral reaction (pH 5.5). Soap actually has a neutral reaction in itself. However, when mixed with water, this alkaline balance shifts significantly towards the properties of water rather than soap. After all, for every gram of soap there is at least 100 ml of water. As a result, when soap is mixed with water, its valuable pH 5.5 quality simply dissolves.

But in fact, when using antiseptic soap, the opposite effect occurs, since the antibacterial substances contained in it also destroy beneficial microorganisms on the skin, which prevent pathogenic bacteria from multiplying. The skin is virtually left without protection against infections and bacteria.

Meanwhile, human skin is an organ whose main function is to protect the body from harmful external influences.

To do this, the skin also uses a protection method such as attracting beneficial microorganisms. For this purpose, the skin glands secrete special substances; in addition, the surface of the epidermal cells contains special antigenic determinants that fix exclusively beneficial microorganisms.

However, this entire complex defense mechanism breaks down after using soap with antiseptics for washing. A person becomes more susceptible to contracting various diseases, including life-threatening ones.

Dish detergents

Recently, many types of dishwashing detergents have appeared on store shelves. Manufacturers, trying to make their products more attractive to the buyer, add aromatic additives, special additives to maintain or strengthen skin health, etc. It seems that these products are not only absolutely safe, but also beneficial for health.

However, not everything is as rosy as the advertisement says. Most detergents contain antiseptics from the detergent group. The main property of detergents is to increase the surface tension of liquids (the result of this effect is rainbow soap bubbles).

If such a substance enters the intestines, it will lead to indigestion, flatulence and dysbacteriosis.

Bleach and chlorine detergents

In 1822, the Parisian pharmacist A. Labarraque produced a bleaching solution identical to the modern “Ace”, slightly improving the method for producing “javel water”. Thus, the new generation of bleach has actually been used in France since the 19th century.

Thus, “Ac” bleach is a solution of sodium hypochlorite, as stated on the label.

Insect repellents

To protect against insects, the modern market offers a variety of insecticides. Of these, even the most harmless in appearance are very poisonous and harmful to the body not only of insects, but also of humans.

Thus, the American Environmental Protection Agency has banned the use of chlorpyrifos, a substance that is a component of such products as Globol, Raptor, etc. Chlorpyrifos belongs to the group of organophosphates - substances that were developed back in Nazi Germany for use as nerve agents. gases Currently, these substances have been adapted for “peaceful” purposes. However, like all nerve gases, chlorpyrifos has the ability to affect the nervous system, including insects.

A person, even with short-term contact with this substance in high concentrations, experiences headache, nausea, sensory disturbance and paralysis, and in severe cases, coma can develop, and death is not excluded.

In this regard, the safest way to protect against mosquitoes in the house is to install a special mesh on the windows.

Products used in repairs and gardening

Paints, solvents, preservatives, pesticides, oils, varnishes, sealing materials contain toxic components, which are quickly evaporating organic compounds.

Paints also contain alkylphenols, which have the property of causing hormonal imbalance in the body.

Creosote was banned for home use in 2004.

Nowadays, when repairing, it is difficult to completely abandon chemicals. However, home renovation using the most modern building materials involves the use of many products that doctors list as hazardous to health and capable of causing serious illnesses.

Household products containing formaldehyde

Scientific research conducted in the 90s. XX century, showed that asthma is becoming more common every year. The reason for this is considered to be changes occurring in the environment. The greatest harm to health, according to scientists, is caused by formaldehyde, which is contained in floor coverings, paints, wallpaper, home textiles, cleaning products, clothing and furniture. It is the most active contributor to environmental change.

Studies of the environment in classrooms with young children have shown that where levels of formaldehyde in the air are higher, children are more likely to suffer from asthma and allergies. Research results also showed that people who clean premises and work related to any cleaning are more likely to suffer from asthma among various groups of the population.

7019 children under the age of 3.5 years were also examined for susceptibility to allergies and asthma. The work was aimed at identifying the relationship between the frequent use of household chemicals by women during pregnancy and cases of allergies in subsequently born children.

Research results have shown that in 10% of women who frequently used household products containing formaldehyde during pregnancy, children at an early age are 2 times more likely to suffer from asthma.

Among the remedies used by women were:

– disinfectants (87.4% of cases);

– bleaches (84.8%);

– air fresheners (68%);

– glass cleaning products (60.5%);

– carpet cleaning products (35.8%);

– paints, varnishes (32.2%);

– pesticides, insecticides (21.2%).

Household products containing dioxins

This is a group of chemicals that have very high toxicity. Dioxins are not produced by synthesis - they are formed as additional substances as a result of many chemical processes, so they can be present in many foods and water.

Dioxins are chemically stable - they are not destroyed by microorganisms. In addition, these substances can accumulate in the human body, adding up to toxic effects.

The dangers of dioxins began to be discussed seriously when these dangerous compounds were discovered in the milk of lactating European women.

The main route of their entry into the body is chlorinated water. The dangers of disinfecting tap water by treating it with molecular chlorine have been discussed since 1980, but this purification method is still in use.

Dioxins can also be formed during the paper production process. They dissolve well in fats, so they easily pass into products that are wrapped in this paper. Dioxins enter the human body with food. The use of such paper for packaging baby diapers, sanitary tampons, handkerchiefs, etc. is especially dangerous, since dioxins easily penetrate from the paper onto these items, and then into the body through the skin and mucous tissues.

In 1976, an explosion occurred at a trichlorophenol production plant in the Italian city of Seveso. A toxic cloud with a high concentration of dioxins formed. It covered the territory where 17 thousand people lived. As a result, among these people, mortality from cardiovascular diseases and cancer (mainly from cancer of the lymphatic system, hematopoietic organs and gastrointestinal tract) has increased.

The main symptoms of intoxication are drowsiness and depression. Even in minute concentrations, dioxins can suppress the immune system and disrupt the body’s ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. As a result, mental and physical performance drops sharply.

In high concentrations, dioxins can cause carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and embryotoxic effects, and can also lead to disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system.

To protect your body from dioxins, you should follow the following recommendations:

– use filters to purify tap water or buy specially purified water;

– use special cling film rather than paper for packaging products;

– try to purchase food products grown far from industrial areas;

– do not use herbicides that also contain dioxins in high concentrations.

Methods of protection against harmful substances

Currently, many companies are turning to the production of health-friendly household chemicals. But truly gentle chemistry is not as effective as conventional chemistry. Therefore, no matter how convincing advertising is of the usefulness of the proposed chemicals, manufacturers will never agree to reduce the effectiveness of their products for the sake of caring for the health of their consumers.

What can be done to maintain health, especially if the skin is already sensitive or doctors have discovered that the child has allergies or asthma? In this case, doctors often advise using alternative remedies prepared according to ancient recipes.

In addition, when choosing cleaning products, it is advisable to give preference to products with a simpler composition, without dyes and fragrances. From time to time it is useful to change your preferences in household chemicals.

You should also try to use cleaning products only when it is really necessary, without overusing them. So, you should not often use air fresheners or products that are diluted with water. When using household products, you should always pay attention to the instructions that come with them.

It is recommended not to use household chemicals containing chlorine, ammonia, phenol, formaldehyde and acetone too often. It is advisable to purchase more gentle products labeled “for sensitive skin.” In addition, you should pay attention to what is written on the label and in the instructions included with the cleaning products.

Household chemicals should be stored in tightly closed containers and in a room where the inhabitants of the house are least likely to visit. It is best to use gels, liquid or granular products rather than powders.

There is a hypothesis that one of the reasons for the rapid spread of allergies among the world's population is the excessive sterility of our current environment, which disrupts the normal formation of the human immune system.

In order to prevent direct contact with aggressive substances, you need to use household gloves and protective creams. It is advisable to limit yourself and your household in the use of household chemicals and cosmetics in aerosol cans. In addition, it is necessary to thoroughly rinse off household chemicals so as not to come into further contact with active substances remaining on objects.

The room in which household chemicals were used should be ventilated more often. You can also install an air purifier at home.

The most important thing is not to purchase a lot of cleansers. It is enough to have only dishwashing and laundry detergents.

Household chemicals are means for caring for property: clothing, premises, cars. Household chemicals also include disinfectants, repellents and glue.

More than half (in monetary terms) of household chemical goods are laundry detergents: washing powder, washing gel, fabric softener and laundry aids. The second largest category (about a quarter of the market) is hand and dishwasher detergents. Next come cleaning agents, disinfectants and bleaches. In fourth place is windshield washer for cars.

Free legal advice:

The entire variety of household chemicals can be divided into the following main groups:

· general purpose detergents;

· kitchen detergents;

· dishwashing detergents;

Free legal advice:

· disinfectants for bathrooms;

glass cleaners

· floor cleaning products;

textile (carpet) cleaning products

· laundry detergents;

Free legal advice:

· insect repellents (insecticides).

Detergents for children's dishes stand apart in this series - they are made exclusively from natural ingredients, without the use of fragrances, preservatives and dyes.

Free legal advice:

However, not only hard but also soft coverings can be used for the floor: carpet or rug. Special cleaners are also provided for them.

Free legal advice:

Let us briefly describe these types of raw materials.

Free legal advice:

Fragrances- These are flavoring substances that are added to cosmetics and household chemicals in order to give the product a specific smell. In the list of components they are designated by the word ‘Fragrance’ (in the USA) or ‘Parfum’ (in EEC countries). Flavoring agents may be natural plant extracts or a mixture of several artificially produced substances. Fragrances and dyes are often the cause of adverse reactions of the body to a cosmetic product.

Free legal advice:

Generally speaking, film-forming agents are divided into three groups: water-soluble film-forming agents; waxes and oils; film-forming substances based on polymers (plastics).

Free legal advice:

Washing powders also contain photobleach, which whitens when dried in light.

Free legal advice:

· according to purpose (single-purpose and universal);

· by consistency (solid, liquid, powder);

· according to the drying method (cold and hot hardening);

· by the nature of gluing (reversible, irreversible);

Free legal advice:

· by the nature of the adhesive material (plant, animal, mineral origin, synthetic).

Vegetable adhesives. Wallpaper is a mixture of dextrin and starch with the addition of copper sulfate and an antiseptic. Animal glues: flesh glue, bone glue and casein glue.

Free legal advice:

Abrasive materials are fixed on a rigid or flexible base. Abrasive materials are produced in the form of wheels, bars, abrasive cloths and pastes.

Free legal advice:

Auxiliary paint and varnish materials.

Free legal advice:

· for cleaning kitchen utensils, bathtubs, sinks, ceramic tiles;

· for removing stains and cleaning clothes;

· for furniture care;

Free legal advice:

· for the care of cars, bicycles, motorcycles;

· floor care products.

Free legal advice:

Pest control products (insecticides) - these include entobacterin, decis, karate, etc.

Weed control products (herbicides) - Roundup, Lenacil, etc.

Free legal advice:

Various household chemicals

Free legal advice:

On the other hand, TBH are classified as consumer goods, so there have been no significant changes in the volume and structure of consumption of these products amid the crisis.

Projected income growth of the population. Allows and hopes in the future for the restoration of purchasing power and, accordingly, for the active development of consumer demand.

Household chemicals

By purpose (single-purpose and universal);

By consistency (solid, liquid, powder);

According to the drying method (cold and hot hardening);

By the nature of gluing (reversible, irreversible);

According to the nature of the adhesive material (plant, animal, mineral origin, synthetic).

Vegetable adhesives. Wallpaper is a mixture of dextrin and starch with the addition of copper sulfate and an antiseptic.

Animal glues: flesh glue, bone and casein.

Casein glue is a mixture of casein (skim milk protein), slaked lime, soda, copper sulfate and other components.

Adhesives of mineral origin. An aqueous solution of sodium and potassium silicates (liquid glass) is used as office glue.

Synthetic adhesives are obtained by dissolving thermoplastic and thermosetting resins in organic solvents. Synthetic adhesives are universal, have high adhesive ability, water resistance and resistance to microorganisms.

Abrasive products are used for grinding and polishing surfaces of various materials, as well as for straightening and sharpening tools.

Abrasive materials are classified by hardness using a mineralogical scale (Mohs scale). The scale consists of 10 minerals: the hardest is diamond (10 points), the softest is talc (1 point).

Based on the grain size, abrasive materials are distinguished between coarse-grained abrasives, grinding powders and micropowders.

Abrasive materials are fixed on a rigid or flexible base.

Abrasive materials are produced in the form of wheels, bars, abrasive cloths and pastes.

The raw materials for the production of paints and varnishes are products from the processing of oil, coal and gases.

Paint and varnish products are drying oils, paint compositions, varnishes, enamels, pigments and auxiliary materials - putties, primers, putties, driers, solvents, etc.

When dry, paint and varnish products form films that protect surfaces from environmental influences and improve their aesthetic properties.

Drying oils are film-forming and binding materials based on natural and synthetic oils. Drying oils are divided according to raw materials into natural, semi-natural and artificial.

Water-based paints are suspensions of pigments in aqueous solutions of binders. Water-based paints are divided according to the type of binder into adhesive, casein, silicate, and lime.

Auxiliary paint and varnish materials.

Drying agents are substances that are added to oil-containing paints and varnishes to speed up drying.

Solvents, thinners - acetone, white spirit, turpentine, thinners for oil paints, etc.

Materials for finishing work - primers, putties, putties.

Detergents are divided into laundry and toilet soap, synthetic detergents, and laundry aids.

Laundry soap is sodium salts of fatty acids, often with the addition of other substances, which have a detergent effect.

The main raw materials for the production of laundry soap are fat processing products. Laundry soap is classified according to its fatty acid content (72, 70 and 65%), the highest quality is 72%.

The peculiarity of powders with bioadditives is that they can be used at temperatures up to 60°C, at pH from 7 to Ped.

CMC is classified by consistency - powder, liquid, paste; by purpose - for products made of cotton and linen, for products made of wool, silk, artificial and synthetic fibers, universal.

Universal CMCs are suitable for washing fabrics of all types, contain surfactants up to 10%, pH value 9.5, and optical brightener is usually added to them.

Washing auxiliaries: bleaching, bluing, antistatic, starching, water softening agents.

Cleaning products are classified by purpose:

For cleaning kitchen utensils, bathtubs, sinks, ceramic tiles;

For removing stains and cleaning clothes;

For furniture care;

For the care of cars, bicycles, motorcycles;

Floor care products.

Serve to increase plant growth and productivity. The main chemical elements used as fertilizers are nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. Mineral fertilizers are produced as single-component and mixed complex; ordinary and concentrated; liquid, granular and powder.

In addition to mineral fertilizers, organic and bacterial fertilizers (peat, azotobacterin, etc.) are sold.

Microfertilizers are chemical elements (manganese, boron, copper, zinc, etc.) needed by plants in small quantities.

Pest Control Products(insecticides) - these include entobacterin, decis, karate, etc.

Weed control products(herbicides) - Roundup, Lenacil, etc.

Products to combat household insects, rodents, disinfectants, deodorants

Products for the control of household insects - for the destruction of cockroaches, flying insects, moths, furniture grinder beetles, mice and rats - borax, borax, dichlorvos, woodtox, zoocoumarin.

Disinfectants - monochloramine, bleach, Belizna liquid, etc.

Deodorants are products for cleaning and refreshing air in residential and public areas. Available in the form of tablets and aerosols.

Various household chemicals

Products for caring for plants and animals. This group includes mineral and organic fertilizers, activators and growth stimulants, plant and animal protection products, etc.

Identification of household chemical products

An important problem of the modern consumer market for goods is their falsification - deceiving the consumer by introducing into circulation goods that have been deliberately altered or have hidden properties and qualities, information about which is obviously incomplete or insufficient. Counterfeit products often include TBH.

Counterfeiting of household chemical goods can be assorted, qualitative and quantitative.

Assortment falsification is manifested in a deliberate change in the names, purpose, type, brand of goods. Illegal use of well-known brands of products is especially common. Thus, counterfeits of Chinese-made fumigators from well-known companies “Ride” and “Raptor” have been identified, which not only do not fulfill their function, but also negatively affect the health of the consumer. The situation is aggravated by the fact that most household chemical products are not subject to mandatory conformity certification. Quite often, motor oils are sold in canisters that do not have protection, without indicating the manufacturer, with markings used until the early 90s of the last century.

Qualitative falsification is especially common. Its main methods are: dilution (cases have been identified where the Fairy cleaning product was diluted with tap water and then repackaged in counterfeit packaging); shortage or absence of individual components (Tide detergent, consisting of crushed chalk, Belizna bleaching agent, instead of 5% active chlorine, contained no more than 1%).

Small producers of TBH falsify products by using lower quality raw materials (for example, in the production of paints and varnishes), violating manufacturing technology or introducing components that imitate the organoleptic characteristics of goods.

Enterprises that produce products in large batches, as a rule, carry out quantitative falsification - they pack products with a significant deviation from the standard weight or volume. GOST R 8.579-2001 used the concept of “fake packaging” for the first time. It means that the package is not filled with more than 30% of the contents, but its appearance creates a false impression of the quantity of the product. This method of falsification is observed in aerosol preparations and powdered products.

Among counterfeiters there are copies, imitations and versions (analogues).

The most common way to counterfeit TBH is copying. At the same time, the illegal manufacturer presents its product as genuine, releasing it under the same name and in packaging of a similar design. For example, counterfeit “Moment” glue differs from the genuine one, as OJSC “Era” (Tosno, Leningrad Region), its legal manufacturer, warns, by the more saturated yellow color of the packaging; the inscription “Made in Russia” without indicating a specific manufacturer; date of manufacture, indicated in Arabic numerals (in the original, in Roman numerals); standard packaging weights are 40 and 100 ml instead of 30, 50, 125 ml; a white tube cap (for genuine glue it is black with stiffeners and a long unsoldered end).

It is quite difficult to identify a fake, especially for an ordinary consumer. To protect their products from counterfeiting, many manufacturers apply a special code, protect the packaging from opening (unauthorized damage), and patent the name, brand, design, logo, and corporate identity.

A method such as imitation allows one to falsify a product and at the same time avoid legal liability. At the same time, the image of the product as a whole, its corporate style, is imitated, but its name is slightly changed, for example: “Pemolux” - “Pemalux”.

And finally - a version (analogue), when someone else's image is used and the manufacturer informs the consumer about this. Analogues, as a rule, are much cheaper than quality goods.

Depending on the place of implementation, we can talk about technological and repackaging falsification.

Most often, TBH is falsified during the manufacturing process. For example, a typical formulation of water-dispersion paints should contain 40-50% binder, 18-22% pigment and 10-20% filler. There are companies that produce paints in which the content of binder and pigment is 5-10 times less, and 2-4 times more filler. At the same time, due to the introduction of special additives, technological characteristics, storage stability, and ease of application are ensured, but the durability of the coating is sharply reduced.

Repacking is used to falsify mainly industrial products supplied in transport containers (bags, barrels, etc.) for construction needs (coatings, adhesives), laundries (CMC), and medical needs (disinfectants). At the same time, the counterfeiter packages the products in small containers, changing their composition in order to reduce the cost.

The problem of counterfeiting goods, including TBH, must be considered from an international perspective. Transnational corporations make it a condition of their activities in Russia to protect copyrights for their products. The problem requires an early solution in connection with the upcoming entry of our country into the World Trade Organization.

The economic aspect of the problem lies in the financial losses incurred by producers of genuine products, consumers purchasing counterfeit goods, and the state in the form of reduced tax and customs payments.

The social aspect is manifested in the need to protect consumer health from counterfeit and often unsafe products. And since not all TBHs are subject to the mandatory certification procedure, we will consider the features of their identification.

Identification is the establishment of compliance of a specific product with a sample and description, i.e. information declared about it, and the basic requirements for this type (name) of product (GOST R 51293-99 “Product Identification. General Provisions”). Identification of TBH can be carried out by sampling and testing in various ways. If when sampling, analysis of accompanying documents, labeling details, and quantities of products is mainly used, then when conducting laboratory tests, the range of methods is wider. To describe the appearance, organoleptic and expert methods are used; identification of the composition, purpose, and consumer properties requires a complex of instrumental, expert and other methods.

The identification of paints and varnishes proposed by S. A. Vilkova can be considered as an example of the work of an expert (see table material below).

Let us remember that the nomenclature of indicators of authenticity (authenticity) of a product and methods for their evaluation have not been developed for all product groups of household chemicals, and this makes it difficult to identify counterfeits. Regulatory documentation (for example, GOST for homogeneous product groups) does not specify the composition and properties of individual items of goods, and samples for comparison (standards) are most often absent. The situation is simplified for goods with a narrow range. For example, in GOST R 51692-2000 “Drying oils. General technical specifications" gives the values of quality indicators for five drying oils, indicating methods for their determination.