What is common in the fate of the first Decembrists. With a sweet paradise and in Siberia. What did the wives of the Decembrists go for. Monument to the "Wives of the Decembrists" in Irkutsk

Residents of settlements in Ancient Rus' built wooden huts. Since there were plenty of forests in the country, everyone could stock up on logs. Over time, a full-fledged house-building craft was born and began to develop.

So by the 16th century in princely Moscow, areas filled with log cabins were formed, which were ready for sale. They were transported to the capital of the principality by river and sold at low prices, which made foreigners surprised at the cost of such housing.

To repair the hut, only logs and boards were required. Depending on the required dimensions, it was possible to choose a suitable log house and immediately hire carpenters who would assemble the house.
Log cabins have always been in high demand. Due to frequent massive fires, cities (sometimes even due to careless handling of fire) and villages had to be restored. Enemy raids and internecine wars caused great damage.

How were huts built in Rus'?

The logs were stacked in such a way that they were interconnected at all 4 corners. Wooden buildings were of two types: summer (cold) and winter (equipped with a stove or hearth).
1. For the sake of saving wood, a semi-earth technology was used, when the lower part was dug out in the ground, and on top there was a cage with windows (they were tightened with a bull bladder or closed with a shutter-lid).

For such housing, light, sandy, non-moisture soil was more preferable. The walls of the pit were sheathed with boards, and sometimes covered with clay. If the floor was rammed, then it was also treated with a clay mixture.
2. There was another way - laying a finished pine log house in the excavated earth. Between the walls of the pit and the future house, crushed stone, stones and sand were poured. There were no structures inside the floor. And there was no ceiling as such. There was enough covered with straw and dry grass and branches of the roof, which was supported on thick poles. The standard area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe hut was approximately 16 square meters. m.

3. Wealthier peasants of Ancient Rus' set up houses that were completely above the ground and had a roof covered with boards. An obligatory attribute of such housing was a stove. In the attic, premises were organized, which were mainly used for household needs. Portage windows were cut through the walls. They were ordinary openings, which in the cold season were covered with shields made of boards, that is, they were “clouded”.
Up to the XIV century. in the huts of wealthy residents (peasants, nobles, boyars), windows were made not of portage, but of mica. Over time, glass has replaced mica plates. However, back in the 19th century. in the villages, window panes were a great and valuable rarity.

How did they live in Russian huts?

In Rus', the huts were very practical housing, which was installed in such a way as to keep warm. The entrance to the house was on the south side, on the north side there was a blank wall. The space was divided into 2 parts: cold and warm stands, their area was not the same. The first housed livestock and implements; the warm one was equipped with a stove or hearth, and beds were placed for rest.

Russian huts were stoked in a black way: smoke swirled on the floor and came out of the door, because of which the ceiling and walls were covered with a thick layer of soot. In wealthy houses, the furnace was carried out in a white way, that is, through the chimney in the furnace.
In the houses of the boyars, an additional third floor was built - the tower. As a rule, there were rooms for the wife or daughters. The type of wood that was used in the construction of housing was important. Representatives of the upper class chose oak, as it was considered the most durable material. The rest built buildings from pine logs.

Old Russian mansions

In Rus', a mansion was called a hut made of a wooden frame, which was made up of several buildings connected to each other. Together, the buildings formed the princely court.

Each component had its own name:

• lodnitsa - sleeping quarters;
• medusha - a pantry for storing stocks of honey and mash;
• soap room - a room for washing, a bathhouse;
• Gridnitsa - front hall for receiving guests.

The decoration of the old Russian hut

The furnishings and interior of the wooden hut were organized in accordance with traditions. Most of the space was given to the stove, which was located on the right or left side of the entrance. This attribute performed several functions at once: they slept on it, cooked food in the oven, and when there was no separate bathhouse in the yard, they also washed in the oven!

Opposite the stove (diagonally) placed a red corner - a place for the owner and guests of honor. There was also a place for icons and shrines that protected the dwelling.
The corner opposite the stove was a kitchen space, which was called the woman's kut. Peasant women were at the stove for long evenings: in addition to cooking, they were engaged in needlework there - they sewed and spun in the light of a torch.

The men's kut had its own household chores: they repaired inventory, weaved bast shoes, etc.
The huts were furnished with the simplest furniture - benches, a table. They slept on beds - wide benches set high against the wall of the stove.

Peasant houses were not decorated with decorative elements. In the chambers of the princes, carpets, animal skins and weapons were strewn on the walls.

In the morning the sun was shining, but only the sparrows screamed loudly - a sure sign of a blizzard. In the twilight, frequent snow fell, and when the wind picked up, it was so dusty that even an outstretched hand could not be seen. It raged all night, and the next day the storm did not lose strength. The hut was covered with snow to the top of the basement, on the street there are snowdrifts in human height - you can’t even go to the neighbors, and you can’t get out of the outskirts of the village at all, but you don’t really need to go anywhere, except perhaps for firewood in a woodshed. There will be enough supplies in the hut for the whole winter.

In the basement- barrels and tubs with pickles, cabbage, mushrooms and lingonberries, bags of flour, grain and bran for poultry and other livestock, bacon and sausages on hooks, dried fish; in the cellar potatoes and other vegetables are poured into piles. And there is order in the barnyard: two cows are chewing hay, with which the tier above them is littered to the roof, pigs are grunting behind a fence, a bird is dozing on a perch in a chicken coop fenced off in the corner. It's cool here, but there's no frost. Built of thick logs, carefully caulked walls do not let in drafts and keep the heat of animals, rotting manure and straw.

And in the hut itself, I don’t remember the frost at all - a hotly heated stove cools down for a long time. It’s just that the kids are bored: until the storm ends, you won’t get out of the house to play, to run. Babies are lying on the floor, listening to fairy tales that grandfather tells ...

The most ancient Russian huts - until the 13th century - were built without a foundation, almost a third buried in the ground - it was easier to save heat. They dug a hole in which they began to collect crowns of logs. Plank floors were still far away, and they were left earthen. On the hard-packed floor a hearth was laid out of stones. In such a semi-dugout, people spent winters together with domestic animals, which were kept closer to the entrance. Yes, and there were no doors, and a small inlet - just to squeeze through - was covered from the winds and cold weather with a shield of half-logs and a cloth canopy.

Centuries passed, and the Russian hut got out of the ground. Now it was placed on a stone foundation. And if on piles, then the corners rested on massive decks. Those who are richer they made roofs from tesa, the poorer peasants covered the huts with wood chips. And the doors appeared on forged hinges, and the windows were cut through, and the size of the peasant buildings increased markedly.

The traditional huts are best known to us, as they are preserved in the villages of Russia from the western to the eastern limits. This a five-wall hut, consisting of two rooms - a vestibule and a living room, or a six-wall when the actual living space is divided by another transverse wall into two. Such huts were erected in villages until very recently.

The peasant hut of the Russian North was built differently.

In fact, the northern hut is not just a house, but a module for the complete life support of the family of a few people during a long, harsh winter and a cold spring. A sort of spaceship on a joke, the ark, traveling not in space, but in time - from heat to heat, from harvest to harvest. Human habitation, premises for livestock and poultry, stores of supplies - everything is under one roof, everything is protected by powerful walls. Is that a woodshed and barn-hayloft separately. So they are right there, in the fence, it is not difficult to break a path to them in the snow.

northern hut built in two tiers. Lower - economic, there is a barnyard and a storehouse of supplies - basement with a cellar. Upper - housing for people, upper room, from the word mountain, that is, high, because above. The warmth of the barnyard rises, people have known this since time immemorial. To get into the upper room from the street, the porch was made high. And, climbing it, I had to overcome a whole flight of stairs. But no matter how snowdrifts piled snowdrifts, they will not notice the entrance to the house.
From the porch, the door leads to the canopy - a spacious vestibule, it is also a transition to other rooms. Various peasant utensils are stored here, and in the summer, when it gets warm, they sleep in the hallway. Because it's cold. Through the canopy you can go down to the barnyard, from here - the door to the chamber. You just have to be careful when entering the chamber. To keep warm, the door was made low and the threshold high. Raise your legs higher and do not forget to bend down - an uneven hour will fill a bump on the lintel.

A spacious basement is located under the upper room, the entrance to it is from the barnyard. They made basements with a height of six, eight, or even ten rows of logs - crowns. And having started to engage in trade, the owner turned the basement not only into storage, but also into a village trading shop - he cut through a window-counter for buyers to the street.

However, they were built differently. In the museum "Vitoslavlitsy" in Veliky Novgorod there is a hut inside, like an ocean ship: passages and transitions to different compartments begin behind the street door, and in order to get into the upper room, you need to climb up the ladder-ladder under the very roof.

You cannot build such a house alone, therefore in the northern rural communities a hut for the young - a new family - was set up the whole world. All the villagers built: they cut together and they carried timber, sawed huge logs, laid crown after crown under the roof, together they rejoiced at what had been built. Only when wandering artels of artisan carpenters appeared did they begin to hire them to build housing.

The northern hut from the outside seems huge, but there is only one dwelling in it - a room with an area of ​​twenty meters, and even less. Everyone there lives together, old and young. There is a red corner in the hut, where icons and a lamp are hanging. The owner of the house sits here, guests of honor are also invited here.

The main place of the hostess is opposite the stove, called kut. And the narrow space behind the stove - closed. This is where the expression " huddle in a nook"- in a cramped corner or tiny room.

"It's light in my upper room..."- sung in a popular not so long ago song. Alas, this was not the case for a long time. For the sake of keeping warm, small windows in the upper room were cut down, they were covered with bull or fish bubbles or oiled canvas, which hardly let light through. Only in rich houses could one see mica windows. The plates of this layered mineral were fixed in curly bindings, which made the window look like a stained-glass window. By the way, there were even windows made of mica in the carriage of Peter I, which is kept in the collection of the Hermitage. In winter, plates of ice were inserted into the windows. They were carved on a frozen river or frozen in shape right in the yard. It came out brighter. True, it was often necessary to prepare new “ice glasses” instead of melting ones. Glass appeared in the Middle Ages, but as a building material the Russian village recognized it only in the 19th century.

Long time in the countryside, yes, and in the city stove huts were laid without pipes. Not because they didn’t know how or didn’t think of it, but all for the same reasons - as it were better to keep warm. No matter how you block the pipe with dampers, the frosty air still penetrates from the outside, chilling the hut, and the stove has to be heated much more often. The smoke from the stove got into the room and went out into the street only through small chimney windows under the very ceiling, which were opened for the duration of the firebox. Although the stove was heated with well-dried "smokeless" logs, there was enough smoke in the chamber. That is why the huts were called black or chicken.

Chimneys on the roofs of rural houses appeared only in the XV-XVI centuries, yes, and then where the winters were not too severe. Huts with a pipe were called white. But at first they did not make pipes of stone, but knocked down from wood, which often caused a fire. Only at the beginning XVIII century Peter I by special decree ordered in the city houses of the new capital - St. Petersburg, stone or wooden, to put stoves with stone chimneys.

Later, in the huts of wealthy peasants, in addition to Russian ovens, in which food was prepared, began to appear brought to Russia by Peter I dutch ovens, convenient for their small size and very high heat dissipation. Nevertheless, stoves without chimneys continued to be laid in the northern villages until the end of the 19th century.

The stove is the warmest sleeping place - a stove bench, which traditionally belongs to the oldest and youngest in the family. A wide shelf stretches between the wall and the stove - a shelf. It is also warm there, so they put it on the floor sleep children. Parents were located on the benches, and even on the floor; the bed time has not yet come.

Why were children in Rus' punished, put in a corner?

What did the corner itself mean in Rus'? Each house in the old days was a small church, which had its own Red Corner (Front Corner, Holy Corner, Goddess), with icons.
It is in this Red Corner parents set their children to pray to God for their misdeeds and in the hope that the Lord would be able to reason with a naughty child.

Russian hut architecture gradually changed and became more complex. There were more living quarters. In addition to the vestibule and the upper room appeared in the house room - a really bright room with two or three large windows already with real glasses. Now most of the family's life took place in the room, and the upper room served as a kitchen. The room was heated from the rear wall of the furnace.

And wealthy peasants shared a vast a residential log cabin with two walls crosswise, thus blocking four rooms. Even a large Russian stove could not heat the entire room, and here it was necessary to put an additional one in the room farthest from it dutch oven.

Bad weather rages for a week, and under the roof of the hut it is almost inaudible. Everything goes on as usual. The hostess has the most trouble: in the early morning to milk the cows and pour grain for the birds. Then steam the bran for the pigs. Bring water from a village well - two buckets on a yoke, one and a half pounds with a total weight, yes, and you have to cook food, feed your family! The kids, of course, help in any way they can, as it has always been customary.

Men have fewer worries in winter than in spring, summer and autumn. The owner of the house is the breadwinner- Works tirelessly all summer from dawn to dusk. He plows, mows, reaps, threshes in the field, cuts, saws in the forest, builds houses, gets fish and forest animals. As the owner of the house earns, so his family will live all winter until the next warm season, because winter for men is a time of rest. Of course, one cannot do without male hands in a rural house: fix what needs to be repaired, chop and bring firewood into the house, clean the barn, make a sleigh, arrange dressage for the horses, and take the family to the fair. Yes, in a village hut there are many things that require strong male hands and ingenuity, which neither a woman nor children can do.

The northern huts, cut down by skillful hands, stood for centuries. Generations changed, and the ark houses still remained a reliable refuge in harsh natural conditions. Only the mighty logs darkened with time.

Museums of wooden architecture Vitoslavlitsy" in Veliky Novgorod and Small Korely» near Arkhangelsk there are huts whose age has exceeded one and a half centuries. Ethnographers searched for them in abandoned villages and ransomed them from the owners who moved to the cities.

Then carefully dismantled transported to the museum territory and restored in its original form. This is how they appear before numerous sightseers who come to Veliky Novgorod and Arkhangelsk.
***
crate- a rectangular one-room log house without outbuildings, most often 2 × 3 m in size.
Cage with oven- hut.
Podklet (podklet, podzbitsa) - the lower floor of the building, located under the cage and used for economic purposes.

The tradition of decorating houses with carved wooden architraves and other decorative elements did not originate in Russia from scratch. Initially, wooden carving, like ancient Russian embroidery, had a cult character. The ancient Slavs applied to their homes pagan signs designed to protect dwelling, provide fertility and protection from enemies and natural elements. No wonder in stylized ornaments you can still guess signs denoting sun, rain, women raising their hands to the sky, sea waves, depicted animals - horses, swans, ducks or a bizarre interweaving of plants and outlandish paradise flowers. Further, the religious meaning of the wooden carving was lost, but the tradition of giving an artistic look to various functional elements of the facade of the house has remained to this day.

In almost every village, village or city, you can find amazing examples of wooden lace decorating the house. Moreover, in different areas there were completely different styles of wooden carving for decorating houses. In some areas, predominantly blind carving is used, in others sculptural, but basically, houses are decorated with slotted carving, as well as its variety - carved decorative wooden invoice.

In the old days, in various regions of Russia, and even in different villages, carvers used certain types of carving and ornamental elements. This is clearly visible if we look at photographs of carved architraves made in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In one village, certain elements of carving were traditionally used on all houses, in another village, the motifs of carved platbands could be completely different. The farther these settlements were from each other, the more the carved platbands on the windows differed in appearance. The study of old house carvings and architraves in particular gives ethnographers a lot of material to study.

In the second half of the 20th century, with the development of transport, printing, television and other means of communication, ornaments and carvings that were previously inherent in one particular region began to be used in neighboring villages. A widespread mixing of wood carving styles began. Looking at photographs of modern carved architraves located in one settlement, one can be surprised at their diversity. Maybe it's not so bad? Modern cities and towns are becoming more vibrant and unique. Carved architraves on the windows of modern cottages often incorporate elements of the best examples of wooden decor.

Boris Rudenko. For more details, see: http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/21349/ (Science and Life, Russian hut: an ark among the forests)

Lesson on fine arts on the theme "Decoration of the Russian hut." VII class.

The topic is designed for two lessons.

Used textbook"Decorative and applied art in human life". Goryaeva N.A., Ostrovskaya O.V.; Moscow "Enlightenment" 2003.

Class type : Binary lesson (double lesson).

Lesson type: Learning new material.

Model used : Model 1.

The purpose of the lesson: To acquaint students with the interior of the Russian hut.

Lesson objectives :

1. To form in students a figurative idea of ​​​​the organization and wise arrangement of the internal space of the hut.

2. Give an idea of ​​the life of Russian peasants of the XVII-XVIII centuries.

3. With the help of drawings, consolidate the knowledge gained.

4. Raise interest in the life of the peasants, the traditions of our people.

Lesson provision:

For the teacher . 1) Reproductions of samples of household items.

2) Literature exhibition: “Russian hut” by N.I. Kravtsov; T.Ya. Shpikalov "Folk Art"; Textbook for grade 8; magazine "Folk Art" (1990, No. 2).

3) Demo PC.

For students. Albums. Pencils, eraser, paints (watercolor, gouache). Workbook on fine arts.

Lesson plan:

Org. part - 1-2 minutes.

Report the goals and objectives of the new material - 1-2 minutes.

The story of the teacher "Life of the peasants."

Practical work. Drawing the interior of the hut.

Summary of lesson 1.

Work in color.

Summary of 2 lessons

I. Organizational moment

Establish proper discipline in the classroom. Mark absent. Report the goals and objectives of the new material.

II. The story of the teacher "Life of the peasants"

rice. 1. Interior view of the hut.

Since ancient times, we have read and watched Russian folk tales. And often the action in them took place inside a wooden hut. Now they are trying to revive the traditions of the past. After all, without studying the past, we will not be able to assess the present and future of our people.

Let's go up to the red carved porch. It seems to invite you to enter the house. Usually, on the porch, the owners of the house greet dear guests with bread and salt, thus expressing hospitality and a wish for well-being. Passing through the canopy, you find yourself in the world of home life.

The air in the hut is special, spicy, filled with aromas of dry herbs, smoke, and sour dough.

Everything in the hut, except for the stove, is wooden: the ceiling, smoothly hewn walls, benches attached to them, half-shelves stretching along the walls, below the ceiling, shelves, a dining table, stoltsy (stools for guests), simple household utensils. Be sure to hang a cradle for the child. Washed out of the tub.

rice. 2.

The interior of the hut is divided into zones:

At the entrance to the hut, on the left is Russian stove.

rice. 3. Russian oven

What role did the stove play in the life of a peasant hut?

The stove was the basis of life, the family hearth. The stove gave heat, cooked food and baked bread in it, washed children in the stove, the stove relieved ailments. And how many fairy tales are told to children on the stove. No wonder it says: "The oven is beautiful - there are miracles in the house."

Look how important the white bulk of the stove lay down in the hut. In front of the mouth of the furnace, a hearth is well arranged - a wide thick board on which pots and cast irons are placed.

Nearby in the corner are tongs and a wooden shovel for removing bread from the oven. Standing on the floor next to wooden tub with water. Next to the stove, between the wall and the stove, there was a golbets door. It was believed that behind the stove, above the golbets, a brownie lives - the patron of the family.

The space near the stove served as the female half.

fig.4. red corner

In the front right corner, the brightest, between the windows was located red corner, red bench, red windows. It was a landmark to the east, with which the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe peasants about paradise, blissful happiness, life-giving light and hope was connected; to the east they turned with prayers, conspiracies. It was the most honorable place - spiritual center of the house. In the corner, on a special shelf, stood icons in frames polished to a shine, decorated with embroidered towels and bunches of herbs. There was a table under the icons.

Important events in the life of a peasant family took place in this part of the hut. The dearest guests were seated in the red corner.

From the door, along the stove, a wide bench was arranged. On which the neighbors who came in sat. On it, men usually did chores - weaving bast shoes, etc.. The old owner of the house slept on it.

Above the entrance, in half a room under the ceiling, near the stove they strengthened wooden floors. The children were sleeping on the floors.

Occupied a significant place in the hut wooden loom- Krosno, on it women wove woolen and linen fabrics, rugs (tracks).

Near the door, opposite the stove, there was a wooden bed on which the owners of the house slept.

fig.5.

For a newborn, an elegant dress was hung from the ceiling of the hut. cradle. It was usually made of wood or woven from wicker. Swaying gently, she lulled the baby to the melodious song of a peasant woman. When dusk descended, they burned a torch. For this served forged svetets.

rice. 6.

In many northern villages of the Urals, houses with painted interiors have been preserved. See what outlandish bushes have blossomed.

III. Practical work.

Students are invited to sketch the interior of a Russian hut with a pencil.

Various types of interior huts are considered:

An explanation of the construction of the interior of the hut on the example of different options.

VI. Repetition with students of the material covered.

Thus, we have come to the next section of our topic "Decoration of the Russian hut." Now everyone is trying to revive the traditions of the cultural and spiritual life of the Russian people, but for this you need to understand and study everything. And the first question to the class:

What is the appearance of the hut?

What was the main material used in the construction of the hut?

What natural materials were used in the manufacture of dishes and household items?

What zones was the interior of the hut divided into?

What rules did you apply when building the interior of the hut?

What riddles and sayings do you know on the topic “Russian hut?”

(“Two brothers look, but they don’t come together” (floor and ceiling)

“One hundred parts, one hundred beds, each guest has his own bed” (logs in the wall of the hut)) etc..

II lesson.

VII. Continuation of the practical part - interior drawing in color.

When coloring, all shades of brown, ocher, not bright yellow are used. Stages of drawing in color:

We paint the walls in different shades of brown.

We paint the floor and ceiling with another shade of ocher.

The glass in the window is grey.

Furniture is the next shade of brown.

The stove can be painted light gray, light light brown.

VIII. Exhibition of children's works. Analysis.

Students post their work in a designated area. Students are encouraged to review their own work. Using leading questions:

What would you like to show in your work?

What means of artistic expression did you use?

How are these works similar and how are they different?

Have you used the laws of perspective in your work?

What are your impressions of this work?

Teacher evaluation. I liked the way you worked, I liked your work on the construction, on the color scheme, on the ability to correctly convey the life of Russian peasants.

IX. Completion of the lesson and homework.

At the end of the lesson, students are informed that we will continue the work of getting to know the traditions of the Russian people in the next lesson.

Folk music is played at the end of the lesson.

The students get up and put their jobs in order.

The most significant buildings in Rus' were erected from centuries-old trunks (three centuries or more) up to 18 meters long and more than half a meter in diameter. And there were many such trees in Rus', especially in the European North, which in the old days was called the "Northern Territory". Yes, and the forests here, where the "filthy peoples" lived from time immemorial, were dense. By the way, the word "filthy" is not a curse at all. Simply in Latin, paganus is idolatry. And that means that the pagans were called "filthy peoples". Here, on the banks of the Northern Dvina, Pechora, Onega, those who disagree with the opinion of the authorities, first the princely, then the royal, have long taken refuge. It kept its own, ancient, unofficial. Therefore, unique examples of the art of ancient Russian architects have been preserved here to this day.

All houses in Rus' were traditionally built of wood. Later, already in the 16th-17th centuries, stone was used.
Wood has been used as the main building material since ancient times. It was in wooden architecture that Russian architects developed that reasonable combination of beauty and usefulness, which then passed into stone structures, and the shape and design of stone houses were the same as those of wooden buildings.

The properties of wood as a building material largely determined the special form of wooden structures.
On the walls of the huts there were pine and larch tarred at the root, a roof was made of light spruce. And only where these species were rare, they used strong heavy oak or birch for walls.

Yes, and not every tree was cut down, with analysis, with preparation. Ahead of time, they looked out for a suitable pine tree and made cleats (lasas) with an ax - they removed the bark on the trunk in narrow strips from top to bottom, leaving strips of untouched bark between them for sap flow. Then, for another five years, the pine tree was left to stand. During this time, she thickly highlights the resin, impregnates the trunk with it. And so, in the cold autumn, before the day had yet begun to lengthen, and the earth and the trees were still sleeping, they cut down this tarred pine. Later you can’t chop - it will begin to rot. Aspen, and deciduous forest in general, on the contrary, was harvested in the spring, during the sap flow. Then the bark easily comes off the log and, dried in the sun, it becomes strong as a bone.

The main, and often the only tool of the ancient Russian architect was an ax. The ax, crushing the fibers, seals the ends of the logs, as it were. Not without reason, they still say: "cut down the hut." And, well known to us now, they tried not to use nails. After all, around the nail, the tree begins to rot faster. In extreme cases, wooden crutches were used.

The basis of a wooden building in Rus' was a "log house". These are logs fastened (“tied”) together into a quadrangle. Each row of logs was respectfully called a "crown". The first, lower crown was often placed on a stone base - "ryazhe", which was made up of powerful boulders. So it's warmer, and rots less.

According to the type of fastening of logs, the types of log cabins also differed from each other. For outbuildings, a log house "in cut" (rarely laid) was used. The logs here were not stacked tightly, but in pairs on top of each other, and often they were not fastened at all.

When fastening logs "in the paw" their ends, whimsically carved and really resembling paws, did not go beyond the wall outside. The crowns here already fit snugly together, but in the corners it could still blow in winter.

The most reliable, warm, was considered to be the fastening of logs "in the cloud", in which the ends of the logs slightly extended beyond the wall. Such a strange name today

comes from the word "obolon" ("oblon"), meaning the outer layers of a tree (cf. "clothe, envelop, shell"). As early as the beginning of the 20th century. they said: “cut the hut into sapling”, if they wanted to emphasize that inside the hut the logs of the walls are not cramped. However, more often outside the logs remained round, while inside the hut they were hewn to a plane - “scraped into a las” (a smooth strip was called a las). Now the term "oblo" refers more to the ends of the logs protruding out of the wall, which remain round, with a bummer.

The rows of logs themselves (crowns) were connected to each other with the help of internal spikes - dowels or dowels.

Moss was laid between the crowns in the frame, and after the final assembly of the frame, the cracks were caulked with linen tow. Attics were often covered with the same moss to keep warm in winter.

In terms of plan, log cabins were made in the form of a quadrangle (“chetverik”), or in the form of an octagon (“octagon”). Of the several adjacent fours, they were mainly made up of huts, and the eights were used for the construction of the choir. Often, placing quadruples and octals on top of each other, the ancient Russian architect folded rich mansions.

A simple covered rectangular wooden frame without any outbuildings was called a "cage". “Cage with a cage, tell a story,” they used to say in the old days, trying to emphasize the reliability of a log house in comparison with an open canopy - a story. Usually a log house was placed on the "basement" - the lower auxiliary floor, which was used to store supplies and household equipment. And the upper crowns of the log house expanded upward, forming a cornice - a “fall”.

This interesting word, derived from the verb "fall down", was often used in Rus'. So, for example, the upper cold common bedrooms in the house or mansions, where the whole family went to sleep (fall down) from a heated hut in the summer, were called “polushas”.

The doors in the cage were made as low as possible, and the windows were placed higher. So less heat left the hut.

The roof over the log house was arranged in ancient times without nails - "male". For this, the completion of the two end walls was made from decreasing stumps of logs, which were called “males”. Long longitudinal poles were placed on them in steps - “dolniks”, “lie down” (cf. “lie down, lie down”). Sometimes, however, they were called males, and the ends came down, cut into the walls. One way or another, but the whole roof got its name from them.

Roofing diagram: 1 - gutter; 2 - chill; 3 - stamic; 4 - slightly; 5 - flint; 6 - princely sleg ("knes"); 7 - general slug; 8 - male; 9 - fall; 10 - prichelina; 11 - chicken; 12 - pass; 13 - bull; 14 - oppression.

From top to bottom, thin tree trunks, cut down with one of the branches of the root, were cut into the slegs. Such trunks with roots were called "hens" (apparently for the similarity of the left root with a chicken paw). These upward branches of the roots supported a hollowed-out log - a "stream". It collected water flowing from the roof. And already on top of the hens and lay down the wide boards of the roof, resting with the lower edges in the hollowed out groove of the flow. The upper joint of the boards - the “horse” (“prince”) was especially carefully blocked from rain. Under it, a thick “ridge slug” was laid, and from above the joint of the boards, like a hat, was covered with a log hollowed out from below - a “helmet” or “skull”. However, more often this log was called "cold" - something that covers.

Why didn’t they just cover the roof of wooden huts in Rus'! That straw was tied into sheaves (bundles) and laid along the slope of the roof, pressing with poles; then they chipped aspen logs on planks (shingles) and with them, like scales, they covered the hut in several layers. And in ancient times they even covered with turf, turning it upside down and laying a birch bark.

The most expensive coating was considered "tes" (boards). The very word "tes" well reflects the process of its manufacture. An even log without knots was split lengthwise in several places, and wedges were hammered into the cracks. The log split in this way was split lengthwise several more times. The irregularities of the resulting wide boards were hemmed with a special ax with a very wide blade.

The roof was usually covered in two layers - “undercut” and “red tess”. The lower layer of the tess on the roof was also called a rocker, since it was often covered with a “rock” (birch bark, which was chipped from birch trees) for tightness. Sometimes they arranged a roof with a break. Then the lower, flatter part was called the "police" (from the old word "floor" - half).

The entire pediment of the hut was importantly called the “brow” and was richly decorated with magical protective carvings.

The outer ends of the under-roofing slabs were covered from the rain with long boards - "prichelina". And the upper joint of the berths was covered with a patterned hanging board - a “towel”.

The roof is the most important part of a wooden building. “There would be a roof over your head,” people still say. Therefore, over time, it became a symbol of any house and even an economic structure of its “top”.

"Riding" in ancient times was called any completion. These tops, depending on the wealth of the building, could be very diverse. The simplest was the "cage" top - a simple gable roof on a cage. The “cubic top” was intricate, resembling a massive tetrahedral onion. Terems were decorated with such a top. The “barrel” was quite difficult to work with - a gable covering with smooth curvilinear outlines, ending with a sharp ridge. But they also made a “crossed barrel” - two intersecting simple barrels.

The ceiling was not always arranged. When burning furnaces "in black" it is not needed - the smoke will only accumulate under it. Therefore, in a living room it was made only with a “white” firebox (through a pipe in the furnace). At the same time, the ceiling boards were laid on thick beams - “matits”.

The Russian hut was either a “four-wall” (simple cage) or a “five-wall” (a cage partitioned off inside by a wall - “overcut”). During the construction of the hut, utility rooms were attached to the main volume of the cage (“porch”, “canopy”, “yard”, “bridge” between the hut and the yard, etc.). In the Russian lands, not spoiled by heat, they tried to bring the whole complex of buildings together, to press them against each other.

There were three types of organization of the complex of buildings that made up the courtyard. A single large two-story house for several related families under one roof was called a "purse". If the utility rooms were attached to the side and the whole house took on the form of the letter “G”, then it was called the “verb”. If the outbuildings were adjusted from the end of the main frame and the whole complex was pulled into a line, then they said that this was a “beam”.

A “porch” led to the house, which was often arranged on “helps” (“releases”) - the ends of long logs released from the wall. Such a porch was called "hanging".

The porch was usually followed by "canopy" (canopy - shade, shaded place). They were arranged so that the door did not open directly onto the street, and heat did not come out of the hut in winter. The front part of the building, together with the porch and the hallway, was called in ancient times the "sprout".

If the hut was two-story, then the second floor was called the "tale" in the outbuildings and the "room" in the living quarters.
On the second floor, especially in outbuildings, there was often an “import” - an inclined log platform. A horse with a cart loaded with hay could climb along it. If the porch led directly to the second floor, then the porch platform itself (especially if there was an entrance to the first floor under it) was called a “locker”.

There have always been many carvers and carpenters in Rus', and it was not difficult for them to carve the most complex floral ornament or reproduce a scene from pagan mythology. The roofs were decorated with carved towels, cockerels, skates.

Terem

(from the Greek. shelter, dwelling) the upper residential tier of the ancient Russian choir or chambers, built above the upper room, or a separate high residential building on the basement. The epithet "high" has always been applied to the tower.
The Russian tower is a special, unique phenomenon of centuries-old folk culture.

In folklore and literature, the word terem often meant a rich house. In epics and fairy tales, Russian beauties lived in high towers.

In the terem, there was usually a light-filled room with several windows, where women were engaged in needlework.

In the old days, towering above the house, it was customary to richly decorate. The roof was sometimes covered with real gilding. Hence the name of the golden-domed tower.

Amusements were arranged around the towers - parapets and balconies, fenced with railings or gratings.

Palace Terem of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye.

The original wooden palace, Terem, was built in 1667-1672 and amazed with its magnificence. Unfortunately, 100 years after the start of its construction, due to dilapidation, the palace was dismantled, and only thanks to the order of Empress Catherine II, all measurements, sketches were made before it was dismantled, and a wooden layout of the Terem was created, according to which it became possible to restore it today .

During the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the palace was not only a place of rest, but also the main country residence of the Russian sovereign. Meetings of the Boyar Duma, councils with heads of orders (prototypes of ministries), diplomatic receptions and military reviews were held here. The wood for the construction of a new tower was brought from the Krasnoyarsk Territory, then processed by craftsmen near Vladimir, and then delivered to Moscow.

Izmailovsky Tsar's Terem.
Made in the classical old Russian style and incorporated architectural solutions and all the most beautiful of that era. Now it is a beautiful historical symbol of architecture.

The Izmailovsky Kremlin appeared quite recently (construction was completed in 2007), but immediately became a prominent landmark of the capital.

The architectural ensemble of the Izmailovo Kremlin was created according to the drawings and engravings of the royal residence of the 16th-17th centuries, which was located in Izmailovo.

The interior decoration of the Russian hut is an integral part of the history and culture of Russia. It was she, the old hut, that became the main part of folklore and even the heroine of many fairy tales and legends. Recall at least the hut on chicken legs - the fabulous home of Baba Yaga, a terrible sorceress who scares young children. She is often circled around the finger by the main fairy-tale characters.

So, Ivan Tsarevich turns to her for help in order to save his beloved from the terrible fate, and not without cunning receives the gifts of the old sorceress. Grandmother-Yozhka is a negative character who helps Koshchei the Immortal, the Serpent Gorynych and the Cat Bayun in the creation of atrocities. But at the same time, this "heroine" is quite cheerful, funny and satirical.

About origins

The word "hut" in Rus' had many interpretations depending on the place of residence of people, and therefore was called differently. There are such synonyms as: yzba, istba, izba, fire and source. These words are often used in Russian chronicles, which, again, speaks of the inseparability and connection of housing with human life. Such a phrase has a direct connection with such Russian verbs as "drown" or "stoke". This building had, first of all, a functional load, since it was designed to warm in cold weather and shelter from natural conditions.

What was the hut in general

It is difficult to imagine the interior of a Russian hut without a stove, since it was she who was the center of the room and her favorite part. It is known that many East Slavic peoples, Ukrainians, Russians and Belarusians, retained the term "stoker". Well, as mentioned earlier, it denoted a heated building. These were pantries for storing stocks of vegetables, and living quarters of various sizes.

To know how to draw the decoration of a Russian hut, you need to understand what it meant to a person. A significant event was the construction of a house for a peasant. It was not enough to solve a practical problem and secure a roof over your head. First of all, the house was a full-fledged living space for the whole family. The decoration of the hut had to be, as far as possible, filled with all the necessary blessings of life, provide the residents with warmth, give them love and a sense of peace. Such housing can be built only according to the ancient precepts of the ancestors, and the peasants have always observed the traditions very carefully.

About traditions

During the construction of the house, particular importance was given to the choice of location, so that the building would subsequently be light, dry and high. Ritual value was no less important.

A happy place is one that has passed the strict test of time and was inhabited earlier: it became prosperous for the former owners who lived here. Territories near burial places, baths that were built there earlier, as well as near the road were considered unsuccessful. It was believed that the devil himself walks along this path and can look into the dwelling.

About building material

The materials for the construction of the hut were chosen very carefully. The Russians used pine or larch logs for the construction. These trees have long and even trunks, lie evenly and tightly adjoin each other. They keep the internal heat well and do not rot for a long time. The choice of logs in the forest was a rather difficult task; for centuries, a set of rules, an algorithm for selecting a log, were passed from fathers to children. Otherwise, if you choose the wrong, unusable material, the house will bring trouble and misfortune.

Even the interior decoration of the peasant's hut could not be cut down sacred trees. They could bring serious illnesses into the house. There was a belief that said that such special breeds should only live in the forest and die a natural death. If the ban is violated, they will bring death and grief to the house.

Dry wood was also unsuitable for construction. The place where the trees grew was also important. The tree that grew at the crossroads of forest roads is "violent" and can bring great misfortune to the house - destroy the log house and thereby kill the owners of the house.

Rites

The process of building a house was not complete without rituals among the Slavs. At the beginning of construction, a sacrifice was made. In this case, a chicken or a ram was considered a victim. Such a process was carried out when laying the first crown of the hut. Money, wool and grain were placed under the logs as symbols of wealth, prosperity, love, family warmth. Also, incense was placed there as a sign of the holiness of the house, as well as a kind of amulet against evil spirits. At the end of the work (construction), all participants in the process sat down at the table and treated themselves to delicious dishes.

The sacrifices were carried out for a reason. The sacrifice was to create a fortress for the house and protect it from adversity. Sometimes a person was brought as a gift to the gods, but this is in rare cases in order to protect the entire tribe from enemies. Most often, cattle were betrayed to suffering: a bull or a horse. During archaeological excavations on old houses, it was their skeletons, as well as horse skulls, that were found.

For the ceremony, a special hole was made, the remains had to be placed there. She was under the red corner, where the icons and other amulets were located. There were other favorite animals for building sacrifice. Such a favorite for the Slavs was a rooster or chicken. This is evidenced by the tradition of placing weathercocks in the form of cockerels, as well as the image or statuette of this animal on the roof of the house.

One can cite as an example the immortal classic work of N.V. Gogol "Viy". All evil spirits disappeared after the cock crow. Therefore, the "screamer" is called upon to protect the dwelling from evil spirits. Photos, the decoration of the Russian hut, which is shown in all its glory, are presented in this article.

Roof device diagram

The roof was also made according to a special scheme:

• gutter;
• chill;
• stamic;
• slightly;
• flint;
• princely sleg (knes);
• general slug;
• male;
• fall;
• prichelina;
• chicken;
• pass;
• oppression.

General view of the hut

The decoration of the Russian hut outside, such as our great-grandfathers imagined and built, was special. According to the old traditions, the huts were built for thousands of years. The Russian decoration of the hut depended on where the person lived and to which tribe he belonged, since each tribe had its own traditions and laws by which they could be distinguished.

And even now it is impossible not to distinguish the huts on the European territory of Russia. After all, log houses predominated in the north, since there were plenty of forests there. In the south, there were huge reserves of clay, so mud huts were built from it. The interior decoration of the Russian hut was also designed in the same way. Photos are a good example of this.

According to ethnographers, not a single folk thought was created immediately in its original form, such as we can observe now. History, culture, and with them the thought of people, is changing and developing, bringing harmony, beauty and the great power of love to everything that has been created. This also applies to the dwelling, which was formed and became more and more functional and comfortable. These statements are proved by the mass of archaeological excavations carried out.

The Russian decoration of the hut largely depended on the climatic conditions in which people lived, and on the available building material. So, in the north there was moist soil and dense forests full of logs suitable for the construction of dwellings, while in the south other products predominated and were actively used. Based on this, a semi-dugout was common in the southern regions. This doom was with a recess of one and a half meters into the ground, respectively, had a bulk floor. This type of dwelling in Rus' existed until the 14th-15th centuries.

After this time period, they began to build ground buildings with a wooden floor, as they learned how to process logs and make boards from them. They also made houses raised above the ground. They were more multifunctional, as they had 2 floors and provided opportunities for a comfortable life, storage of vegetables, hay and housing for livestock in one house.

In the north, with an abundance of dense forests and a fairly damp cold climate, semi-dugouts quickly turned into ground houses, faster than in the south. The Slavs and their ancestors occupied a fairly large territory and differed from each other in centuries-old traditions, including in the construction of housing. But each tribe in the best way adapted to the surrounding conditions, so it cannot be said that some huts were worse. Everything had its place. Now you can understand how to draw the decoration of a Russian hut.

More about construction

Below is a photo. The decoration of the Russian hut on it is demonstrated the most typical for Ladoga, corresponding to the time period of the 9th-11th centuries. The base of the house was square, that is, the width was equal to the length, which reached 5 meters.

The construction of a log hut required a careful and thorough approach, since the crowns had to match, and the logs had to fit snugly against each other, otherwise all the work was in vain.

The bars had to fit as tightly as possible in order to protect the inhabitants from cold winds and drafts. Therefore, recesses were made in the log house through one log. Another beam was placed in this hole with a convex edge. The grooves between them were insulated with swamp moss, which carried not only thermal insulation value, but also antibacterial. From above this building was smeared with clay.

About the nuances of construction

The interior of the Russian hut sometimes assumed an earthen floor, which was poured with water and rammed, which made it hard and smooth. During cleaning, a layer of dirt was simply swept away with a broom. But most often, the interior decoration of a peasant hut assumed a wooden floor and raised above the ground to a height of one and a half meters. This was done in order to build an underground. A hatch led from it to a living room with a stove. All vegetable stocks were kept underground.

The Russian decoration of the hut of wealthy people assumed another superstructure on top. From the outside, this house looked like a three-story house.

About outbuildings

The interior of the Russian hut also had several nuances. Russian people often attached a hallway with large wide windows to their dwelling. It was called Seni. So, at the entrance to the house, it was necessary to first go into the hallway, and then enter the upper room. This hallway was 2 meters wide. Sometimes the vestibule was connected to a cattle shed, therefore, accordingly, they were made larger.

In addition, this extension had a lot of other purposes. Goods were kept there and something needed was made in bad weather, since the peasant never sat idle. In the summer, you can also put guests to bed after a noisy holiday. Scientists-archaeologists gave the name “two-chamber” to such a dwelling, since it consisted of 2 rooms.

The interior decoration of a peasant hut could not do without a cage. Since the beginning of the 10th century, this room has served as an additional bedroom, which was used only in summer because it was not heated. Food could be stored there all year round. And in winter - even perishable dishes, because it is always cold there.

How the carpet was built

The roof in the hut was made according to several techniques: it could be wooden, shingled, hewn or from shingles. With the development of history, and with it the skills of the people, in the time period of the 16-17th centuries, the Slavs developed a unique concept of covering the roof with birch bark, which protected from leakage. It also carried an aesthetic purpose, as it betrayed the diversity of the building. A little earth and turf was laid on the roof. This was the old "smart technology" to protect the house from fire.

Dugouts and semi-dugouts, as a rule, did not have windows. Because of this, the interior of the Russian hut looked, of course, not the way we used to imagine. There were small window openings covered with the stomachs of cattle. However, later, when the hut "grew" above the ground, they began to make large glazed windows that not only let in light, but also made it possible to see what was happening on the street. The external decoration of the Russian hut assumed glazed ones, which at the beginning (10th century) were only for wealthy owners.

The toilet in Rus' was called "back" and was located, as a rule, in the hallway. It was a hole in the floor, which "looked" down towards the ground level, where cattle were usually kept. He appeared in the huts since the 16th century.

About building windows

The Russian decoration of the hut at a later time was not presented without windows. Usually the window opening consisted of 2 adjacent logs, which were cut in half. A rectangular frame was inserted there, having a valve that "went" in a horizontal direction.

The interior space of the hut

The interior of the Russian hut consisted of one to three living quarters. The entrance to the house began from the canopy. The room intended for habitation was always very warm and heated by a stove. The interior of the hut (photo) perfectly illustrates the life of commoners of those times.

As for wealthy peasants and people with a high rank, in their dwelling there was a place and an additional room, which was called the upper room. The hosts received guests in it, and it was also very warm, bright and spacious. Heated with a Dutch oven.

The interior of the Russian hut could not be imagined without an oven, which occupied most of the room, which was located at the entrance. However, in the southern part of the country, it was located in a far corner.

The interior decoration of the Russian hut was distinguished by a special, but at the same time quite simple, placement of objects. The dining table usually stood in a corner, diagonally across from the stove. Directly above it was a "red corner" with icons and other amulets. There were benches along the walls, above them there were shelves built into the walls. Such interior decoration of the Russian hut (photo) was found almost everywhere.

The oven had a multifunctional load, since it brought not only warmth and delicious food, but also had a sleeping place.

The interior of the Russian hut also demonstrates that there was much in common with the traditions of the East Slavic peoples, but there were also differences. In the north of Rus', people built stone ovens. They got their name because they were built of stone without the use of any bonding solution.

In the areas of Staraya Ladoga, the base of the stone firebox was one and a half meters in diameter. The decoration of a peasant hut in the Izborsk region assumed a stove made of clay, but on a stone base. In length and width, it reached up to 1 meter, as well as in height.

In the southern regions of the East Slavic countries, the oven was built larger and wider, its stone foundation was laid with an approximate calculation of one and a half meters in length and 2 in width. In height, such furnaces reached 1.2 meters.