Indicator strips for the determination of ketones in urine. Test strips for the determination of acetone in urine
The kidneys remove most of the waste products from the body, so urinalysis is of great diagnostic value. In diabetes mellitus, strips for determining acetone in urine are an express method. They help to instantly identify its presence and stop ketoacidosis at the very beginning.
test strips
Sensor test strips for acetone (ketone bodies) are a pre-prepared set of laboratory reagents that are applied to a white plastic, rarely paper, substrate. The width of the strips is 5-6 mm, the length is 50-60 mm. For multifunctional strips with several indicators, it is 130-140 mm. A reagent containing sodium nitroprusside is located 1-2 mm from the edge of the substrate. Depending on the concentration of ketone bodies in the test sample during the course of the reaction, it turns into different shades of purple.
All components of the strips are non-toxic. In order to use them, it is not necessary to have special medical skills and knowledge. The test strip taken out of the package is intended for single use. It must be applied within an hour.
What are test strips for?
In the blood, acetone or ketone bodies in a normal ratio are present in a very small amount, in such a way that they are not detected when examining urine. Ketones are an intermediate element of metabolism, which is formed during the synthesis of glucose, the breakdown of fats and proteins. Ketone bodies create and store energy, participate in many processes that are responsible for the integrity and accumulation of the body's energy resources.
What does it mean - acetone in the urine?
This substance is toxic to all tissues, but most dangerous to the nervous system. With an excess of ketone, a person feels:
- abdominal pain;
- vomiting;
- weakness.
Sometimes there are severe cases when the rapid growth of ketone bodies leads to a ketoacidotic coma. With the help of test strips, you can find out the presence of organic substances, and by staining - determine their approximate concentration.
The most common causes of acetone in the urine of a child are:
- violation of metabolic processes and digestibility of carbohydrates;
- severe overwork;
- recent intestinal infection.
Overeating and untimely nutrition can lead to an excess of this substance in the urine. Acetonuria in the blood is observed in the postoperative period, as well as with:
- a significant increase in insulin;
- diabetes mellitus itself and excess doses of drugs in its treatment;
- exhaustion of the body;
- a diet that excludes carbohydrate-containing foods;
- low fluid intake;
- high temperature;
- stressful state of the body during pregnancy.
This method of analysis is inexpensive and quite accurate, therefore it is used at home, clinics and medical centers.
Preparation for analysis
To conduct a urine test for acetone, you need to take:
- a clean jar, optionally sterile;
- test strip;
- toilet paper or undyed tissue to blot the strip.
Instructions with descriptions are attached to the packaging, it must be studied. Reagents deteriorate in high humidity, so the tube is protected from moisture. Therefore, after each use, the container with test strips for the determination of acetone in urine should be tightly closed so that no air enters.
Starting the analysis, you need to get one strip, while you need to take it by taking the edge that is opposite the indicator. Dip for 2-3 seconds in the urine. Remove, remove excess and place analyzer side up on a clean and dry surface. After 3 minutes, the result will be ready. The resulting color of the reagent must be compared with that indicated on the packaging scale.
Definition scale
Normally, the strips for determining acetone in the urine are colorless, which indicates that there are no ketone bodies in the urine. If the substance contains less than 0.5 mmol / l, then the result is considered negative. Their slight increase is indicated by a light pink color, indicating one plus. This condition is called mild ketonuria. Although not life-threatening, diagnosis and treatment are necessary.
Two or three pluses indicate a strong increase in the level of ketone bodies - pink and crimson, respectively. This is a state of moderate severity of ketonuria, when immediate treatment is required, the patient's health is in danger. A purple tint indicates a strongly elevated level of acetone in the urine. In practice, this color corresponds to four pluses. This color is the result of the development of ketoacidosis - a severe degree of ketonuria. Immediate inpatient treatment is required.
Rules for the use of strips
To conduct the test, you will need at least 5 ml of urine. The biological fluid must be fresh, collected no more than 2 hours before the test. With long storage, acidity increases, and the results are distorted.
The nuances of using strips:
- For the correct determination of ketone bodies, water and foreign substances must not enter the urine.
- The dishes in which the secreted liquid is collected should not be placed in a room with a very high or low temperature, and sunlight should not fall on it.
- Rapid testing must be performed in a room where the temperature does not exceed 30 °C and not lower than 15 °C.
- The place of application of the reagent should not be touched with fingers.
- It is recommended to explore the morning portion.
- When collecting urine, women should not allow vaginal discharge and menstrual blood to enter it. Rinse before urinating only with clean water.
- If the strips after analysis turn into a color that is not on the scale, then this indicates improper storage or an expired shelf life.
There are different names for strips for determining acetone in urine. Each brand has its own advantages and features. Therefore, it is important to take into account all the nuances of their use.
"URIKET-1"
This is a test strip for acetone in urine with one indicator. They are used to determine the level of ketone bodies in urine. This analyzer determines the smallest level of acetone concentration in urine, has high sensitivity and specificity.
In pharmacies, "Uriket-1" can be purchased in packs of 25, 50, 75 and 100 pieces at an affordable cost. The strips are good for two years.
The most accurate indicators of the amount of acetone are achieved in the morning portion of urine. In order for the results to be of high quality, it is necessary to take clean dishes to collect urine, on the surface of which there are no cleaning products.
How to use:
- The test strip should be immersed in urine for 5 seconds, then shake off to remove excess liquid.
- The results are evaluated after 7 seconds.
- Normally, the strip remains white. Pink color indicates a slight increase in ketone bodies, and purple indicates their strong increase.
"ACETONTEST"
Test strip indicator for acetone in urine "Acetonetest" is sold in a plastic package of 25 or 50 pieces. The shelf life of these products is 12 months.
After opening the package, you can use it for 30 days. Among similar products, the cost of "Acetonetest" is the lowest.
How to use:
- Diagnosis with these test strips begins with the collection of a medium portion of fresh urine in a clean container.
- After that, the analyzer must be pulled out of the tube, which should be tightly closed.
- Immerse the strip for 8 seconds in urine, then remove to shake off excess.
- Lay on a dry horizontal surface.
- After 3 minutes, evaluate the result.
The main feature of these indicators, compared with analogues, is a lower sensitivity to minor increases in ketone bodies. This type of test transmits the deviation only at an acetone concentration of more than 1 mmol / l.
"KETOFAN"
These are test strips with an indicator that determine the level of ketone bodies in urine. They are usable for two years. There are 50 strips in the package. They have an average cost compared to analogues. After the package is opened, you can use it for 1 month.
It is noted that the test strips instantly react to the level of acetone in the biological fluid, because this variety is most often used to monitor the course of diabetes in children.
How to use:
- It is necessary to remove the indicator from the tube, which should then be closed very tightly.
- Dip the test for 2 seconds in the urine, pull it out, shake off the excess or blot with a clean white cloth.
- After 2 seconds, go to the evaluation of the result.
- Normally, the analyzer will show a white color. Depending on how much acetone is in the urine, its color will change from light pink to dark purple.
Test strips "Ketofan" have a distinctive feature, which is that by their shade you can determine the approximate number of ketone bodies.
"KETOGLUK-1"
"Ketogluk" indicator strips are plastic indicators with two sensory elements. One serves to determine the level of glucose, the other determines the amount of acetone in urine. This type of analyzer monitors the course of diabetes. After the package is opened, the products can be used for 60 days.
"Ketogluk-1" can be purchased at an average price. In one package there are 50 pieces of strips with a shelf life of 2 years. The quality of the measurement is affected by the sensitivity of the test. In the case of contamination on the dishes and taking certain medicines, the results may be false.
How to use:
- For express diagnosis of the course of diabetes mellitus, a person needs to collect an average portion of urine; a study of fresh morning urine will show more accurate results.
- As indicated in the instructions for use, the strip should be immersed in the biological fluid for 5 seconds.
- After that, with a sharp wave, remove excess from it, put it on a flat surface with the indicator up.
- After 2 minutes, you can begin to evaluate the results.
- Normally, the indicator will not change color. With an increase in acetone, the strip becomes pink, and then purple.
The modern medical industry has some research methods that (in the presence of certain clinical manifestations) the patient can conduct independently. These include gluco- and cholesterolometers, test strips for pregnancy and for monitoring the amount of acetone in the urine of an adult and a child. To carry out express diagnostics, it is not necessary to visit a medical facility - it can be done at home
Indicator sticks, which allow you to independently determine the presence of acetone bodies in the biological fluid, were developed in the middle of the last century by German scientists from a well-known pharmacological company. Today they are produced in many countries, including Russia. Express systems are characterized by sufficient accuracy of the final data.
That is why they are successfully used both for prophylactic purposes and for monitoring the condition of patients with chronic, metabolic and endocrine pathologies. In our article, we want to talk in more detail about the methods for express diagnosis of acetonuria, what are the popular test strips for determining acetone in urine, the rules for their use and interpretation of indicators.
What is an express method for detecting ketonuria?
The appearance of acetone in the urine is an alarming signal, which first of all requires the immediate consultation of a qualified endocrinologist. It is easy to determine this pathological condition by the pungent smell of the patient's breath and urine excreted by him. A complete diagnostic examination and appropriate therapeutic measures are carried out in a medical institution.
Test strips are designed to measure the level of organic compounds in the human body - intermediate products of fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. They are considered the most effective means for determining the degree of acetonuria. The test strips are a visual indicator of the amount of ketones in the urine.
They are stored in glass, metal or plastic tubes and are available for free sale in the pharmacy chain - they are sold without a prescription. One package may contain from 50 to 500 tests. To independently check the content of acetone bodies in the urine, it is recommended to purchase a package with a minimum number of test strips.
Until the moment of use, they are white, their edge is impregnated with a special reagent (sodium nitroprusside). After contact with a biological fluid, this substance changes color; to read the final test data, the express system instruction contains a color scale and a table for decoding the results.
The intensity of the color index is directly proportional to the amount of ketone bodies in the urine.
The most popular express diagnostic systems are:
- Ketofan;
- Bioscan;
- Uriket;
- Keto glitch;
- Diathan.
For visual assessment of several urine parameters (acidity, protein, ketones, bilirubin, creatinine, glucose, occult blood, leukocytes), Urine RS A10, Aution Sticks 10EA, Dirui H13-Cr, Citolab 10 are used.
Study preparation and rules
Instructions for using indicator test strips may differ depending on their manufacturer, but the basic requirements remain the same. The study is carried out at a temperature of +16 to +28°C. Avoid touching the touch parts of the test material with your hands.
Use the sticks removed from the container within 60 minutes. The urine sample should be collected in a sterile container. To perform the test, freshly collected biological fluid is used. To determine the degree of ketonuria, you must perform the following steps:
- put on medical gloves;
- take the express test out of the package and close its lid tightly again;
- for a few seconds, lower its indicator edge into the collected urine (about 10 ml is enough);
- gently remove excess biological fluid with a dry cloth;
- put the test stick on a clean surface with the touch element up;
- after 2-3 minutes, compare the test result with the scale on the package.
The principle of urine examination using test strips is based on the Legal colorimetric reaction, in which the component of the indicator layer, upon contact with urine, takes on a purple hue.
Interpretation of results
The most reliable are the final data of express diagnostics of the degree of ketonuria, performed in the study of the morning portion of urine. To evaluate the test result, you need to compare the color of the edge of the strip with the shade scale on the package.
It is recommended to study the saturation of the hue of the indicator element in bright light. The lowest level of ketones in urine is 0.5 mmol/l, the highest is 15.0. The express test allows not only to detect ketone bodies, but also to determine the degree of their increase.
The final data of the study are divided into the following groups:
- There is no change in the color of the indicator edge of the strip - a negative result, which indicates the absence of acetone in the urine.
- A light pink hue indicates a mild degree of ketonuria. This condition does not pose a danger to human life, but requires a more detailed diagnosis.
- A rich pink and crimson color appears as a result of a large number of ketone bodies - characterizes the average degree of acetonuria, requiring immediate treatment.
- The test strip acquires a purple color with keto-acidosis - a high level of ketones in the urine. The condition poses a threat to the life of the patient and requires hospitalization in a hospital.
With a small amount of urine, it is better to use a laboratory test tube - this will avoid bending the strip, detaching the sensory part and obtaining false readings
If you receive doubtful results of express diagnostics (shade changes are not uniform or occurred after 5 minutes), you must repeat the test. It is worth considering the fact that some drugs can affect the outcome of the analysis. That is why after conducting it yourself, you should contact an experienced specialist for a comprehensive examination.
The Importance of Self-Control
Prolonged acetonuria contributes to the occurrence of diabetic coma, diseases of the nervous system and brain. It is very important for children, expectant mothers and patients with diabetes to control the amount of ketones in the urine. A test to detect their increase must be given when:
- the appearance of severe headache, nausea and vomiting;
- increase in body temperature;
- general malaise;
- lack of appetite.
These symptoms may be clinical signs of dysfunction of the nervous system or a sharp fluctuation in the concentration of glucose in the blood. An untimely urine test can result in the rapid development of pathology and lead to serious complications, disorders of the nervous system, sharp fluctuations in sugar levels and hypoglycemic coma.
However, it should be remembered that it is impossible to diagnose and try to treat the disease on your own! In order to prevent the occurrence of a pathological process, you need to eat right, observe the drinking regime, do not abuse alcohol and rationally distribute physical activity.
It is not always convenient for some patients to take the necessary tests in a polyclinic. The use of strips to determine certain biochemical parameters allows you to conduct the necessary studies at home. In addition, these tests can be carried out regularly (daily, weekly). Strips for the determination of acetone in the urine today are necessary to exclude ketonuria - a formidable complication of diabetes and other conditions.
The determination of urine acetone becomes important in the treatment of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. After all, a high degree of glycemia (elevated blood sugar) leads to the fact that glucose, along with other carbohydrates, begins to break down incompletely. After all, the insulin produced in the pancreas' own cells becomes scarce. The anti-catabolic effect of this hormone is reduced due to its relative and absolute deficiency.
Prolonged fasting, as well as protein deficiency, an irrationally selected diet lead to an increase in the formation of acetoacetic acid, acetoacetate. They are the so-called ketone bodies. Appearing in the blood in large quantities, they lead to a change in the pH to the alkaline side. Urine contains acetone.
- diabetes;
- sudden or rapid weight loss;
- low protein nutrition;
- cachexia (terminal exhaustion);
- kidney disease with impaired function.
For a child, test systems are necessary if they are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus, especially in cases of debut with ketoacidotic conditions.
What is the definition of ketonuria based on?
Strips for acetone in the urine determine qualitatively and quantitatively the degree of ketonuria in both adult patients and children. These are indicator plates that contain chemicals that react to the threshold amount of acetone in the urine. The sodium salt commonly used is nitroprusside. It is painted depending on the degree of ketonuria in various shades of purple.
The indicator substance, which is applied to the strip, is highly sensitive to acetone and other ketone bodies and is 0.5 - 1.0 µmol / l. In addition, test strips for acetone content are characterized by high sensitivity range.
The more ketone bodies in the urine, the more the pH changes towards an alkaline environment. That is why, or at higher concentrations, the urine pH shifts very sharply. During the test, the degree of acetonuria is manifested by a change in the color of the indicator strip. It is compared with the scale printed on the package or on the instructions for use. It is necessary to evaluate the color characteristics in sufficient light after the time prescribed in the technical specifications.
Instructions for use
Usually, all the necessary requirements and comments on the use of test strips for determining acetone in the volume of urine are described in the technical specifications. They contain clear instructions.
Given the possible chemical reactions, the study should be carried out under certain temperature conditions. The temperature should not exceed 30 degrees and be below 15 degrees.
In order not to distort the results of the study, the strip is taken by hand by the edge devoid of the indicator. Urine itself for analysis is taken fresh. It can be used to measure the level for only 2 hours.
If the strip has external defects, do not use it. It is better to contact the manufacturer or the pharmacy that sold the product. Test strips for the determination of acetone in urine can only be purchased in pharmacy chains, as this is a medical item. It is advisable to check the packaging for defects, as well as look at the expiration date and date of manufacture. Expired urine strips are not used in diagnostics.
The strip is pulled out of the package with gloves (rubber or disposable), while trying not to touch the area on which the indicator or reagent is applied. Then it is placed in a test tube or container containing freshly collected urine (no later than 2 hours). Next, you need a dry rag or napkin to dry the indicator pad. After that, under sufficient illumination, the change in the color of the strip is evaluated and compared with the scale. One strip is used only once and then disposed of. The package should be kept away from children to avoid accidental swallowing, “licking” and other damage to the test kits.
The test strip is immersed in a sterile container with urine to a level that completely hides the indicator (for 1-2 seconds)
When to See a Doctor
Test systems for determining the degree of ketonuria are necessary in order not to go to the clinic again. They save patients' time and reserves of hospitals and polyclinics.
But if the acetone in the urine of a child or an adult is constantly elevated, there is a reason to think and sound the alarm. This indicates either a malfunction in the test, or a pronounced decompensation of the disease. In any case, you should consult a doctor and retake tests in a hospital or clinic. With increased acetone, it is very dangerous for the occurrence of convulsive and coma states.
Acetone in the urine (Acetonuria) - causes, symptoms, treatment, diet, answers to questions
Thank you
Acetonuria
Acetonuria(ketonuria) - an increased content of ketone bodies in the urine, which are products of incomplete oxidation of proteins and fats in the body. Ketone bodies include acetone, hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid.Until recently, the phenomenon of acetonuria was very rare, but now the situation has changed dramatically, and more and more often acetone in the urine can be found not only in children, but also in adults.
Acetone can be found in the urine of every person, only in very small concentrations. In a small amount (20-50 mg / day), it is constantly excreted by the kidneys. In this case, no treatment is required.
Causes of acetone in urine
In adults
In adults, this phenomenon can be caused by a number of reasons:- The predominance of fatty and protein foods in the diet, when the body does not have the ability to completely break down fats and proteins.
- Lack of food containing carbohydrates.
In such cases, it is enough to balance the diet, do not eat fatty foods, add foods containing carbohydrates. Adhering to a simple diet that will remove all nutritional errors, it is quite possible to get rid of acetonuria without resorting to treatment. - Physical exercise.
If the reasons lie in increased sports, you need to contact a specialist and adjust the load that would suit the body. - Rigid diet or prolonged fasting.
In this case, you will have to give up fasting and contact a nutritionistso that he can choose the optimal diet and foods necessary to restore the normal state of the body. - Type I diabetes mellitus or an exhausted state of the pancreas in long-term type II diabetes mellitus.
In this state, the body does not have enough carbohydrates for the complete oxidation of fats and proteins. Depending on the reasons that provoked the appearance of acetone in the urine in diabetes mellitus, the tactics of managing the patient is chosen. If the reason lies in the simple observance of a strict diet (although this is unreasonable behavior for diabetics), then such acetonuria will pass a few days after the normalization of nutrition or the addition of foods containing carbohydrates to the diet. But when a patient with diabetes does not decrease the level of acetone in the urine even after taking carbohydrates and simultaneous injections of insulin, you should seriously think about metabolic disorders. In such cases, the prognosis is unfavorable and is fraught with diabetic coma, if urgent measures are not taken.
- Cerebral coma.
- Heat.
- Alcohol intoxication.
- precomatose state.
- Hyperinsulinism (attacks of hypoglycemia due to an increase in insulin levels).
- A number of serious diseases - stomach cancer, stenosis (narrowing of the opening or lumen) of the pylorus or esophagus, severe anemia, cachexia (severe exhaustion of the body) - are almost always accompanied by acetonuria.
- Uncontrollable vomiting in pregnant women.
- Eclampsia (severe toxicosis in late pregnancy).
- Infectious diseases.
- Narcosis, especially chloroform. In patients in the postoperative period, acetone may appear in the urine.
- Various poisonings, for example, phosphorus, lead, atropine and many other chemical compounds.
- Thyrotoxicosis (increased levels of thyroid hormones).
- Sequelae of injuries affecting the central nervous system.
In children
In children, acetone in the urine appears as a result of malfunctions of the pancreas, which can occur for many reasons. Until the age of 12, the pancreas develops. At this time, she simply may not be able to cope with all the blows that fall on her. When the pancreas is suppressed, a significantly smaller amount of enzymes is produced than necessary. The main causes of childhood acetonuria:
- Nutritional errors.
Overeating, fatty foods, foods containing chemical flavors, preservatives and dyes are an incomplete list of childhood nutritional disorders that can lead to the appearance of acetone in the urine of a child. - Increased excitability or stress (which parents mistake for simple whims).
- Overwork.
In an effort to make a child prodigy out of a child, parents enroll the baby in numerous sections and circles. They forget that a child can just get tired. - Worms, diathesis, dysentery.
Only a doctor can help here by prescribing the appropriate treatment. - Uncontrolled intake of antibiotics.
- Heat.
Acetone in urine during pregnancy
During pregnancy, the appearance of acetone in the urine is somewhat of a mysterious phenomenon. No one can yet say the exact cause of acetonuria in pregnant women, but nevertheless, experts identify several factors that contribute to the occurrence of this syndrome: - Negative environmental impact.
- The future mother has great psychological stress, not only in the present, but also in the past.
- Decreased immunity.
- The presence of chemicals in the products used - dyes, preservatives and flavorings.
- Toxicosis, in which the main symptom is constant vomiting. At the same time, it is simply necessary to restore the water balance in the body - drink water in small sips or even inject liquid intravenously. With the right treatment, acetone disappears from the urine within two days or even earlier.
Acetone in urine - symptoms
You can suspect "extra" acetone in the urine with the following symptoms:- unpleasant odor when urinating;
- the smell of acetone from the mouth;
- mental depression;
- lethargy of the patient.
- Loss of appetite . The child may even refuse water because he is constantly sick.
- Complaints of the baby for weakness.
- Excitability, which is replaced by drowsiness and lethargy.
- Spasmodic pains in the abdomen, most often in the navel.
- Vomiting after every meal.
- Temperature increase.
- Paleness, dry skin, unhealthy blush.
- Dryness of the tongue.
- The smell of acetone from the mouth, from vomit and from urine.
Determination of acetone in urine
Acetone urine test
Recently, the procedure for determining acetone in urine has been greatly simplified. At the slightest suspicion of a problem, it is enough to purchase special tests in a regular pharmacy, which are sold by the piece. It is best to take several strips at once. The test is done every morning for three consecutive days. To do this, you need to collect the morning urine and lower the strip into it. Then take it out, shake off excess drops and wait a couple of minutes. If the strip turns from yellow to pink, this indicates the presence of acetone. The appearance of purple hues may indicate severe acetonuria.
The test, of course, will not show exact numbers, but it will help determine the level of acetone, at which you need to urgently consult a doctor.
Urinalysis for acetone
To clarify the level of acetone, the doctor writes out a referral to a routine clinical urinalysis, where it is determined along with other indicators.Urine collection for analysis is carried out according to the usual rules: after hygiene procedures, morning urine is collected in a dry and clean dish.
Normally, there are so few ketone bodies (acetone) in the urine that they are not detected by conventional laboratory methods. Therefore, it is believed that acetone in the urine should not be normal. If acetone is detected in the urine, its amount is indicated in the analysis by pluses ("crosses").
One plus means that the reaction of urine to acetone is weakly positive.
Two or three pluses is a positive reaction.
Four pluses ("four crosses") - a sharply positive reaction; the situation requires immediate medical attention.
Which doctor should I contact with acetone in the urine?
Since the presence of acetone in the urine can be caused not only by various diseases, but also by physiological causes (overwork, unbalanced nutrition, etc.), it is not necessary to consult a doctor in all cases of acetonuria. The help of a doctor is necessary only in cases where the appearance of acetone in the urine is due to various diseases. Below we will consider the doctors of which specialties you need to contact with acetonuria, depending on the disease that provoked it. If, in addition to acetone in the urine, a person is tormented by constant thirst, he drinks a lot and urinates a lot, the oral mucosa feels dry, then this indicates diabetes mellitus, and in this case, you should contact endocrinologist (make an appointment).
In the presence of acetone in the urine against the background of high body temperature or an infectious disease, you should contact general practitioner (make an appointment) or infectious disease specialist (sign up) who will conduct the necessary examination and find out the cause of the fever or inflammation, followed by the appointment of treatment.
If acetone in the urine appeared after the abuse of alcoholic beverages, then you need to contact narcologist (sign up) who will carry out the necessary treatment aimed at removing the toxic decomposition products of ethyl alcohol from the body.
If a high concentration of acetone in the urine is due to anesthesia, then it is necessary to contact resuscitator (sign up) or a therapist to carry out activities aimed at the speedy removal of toxic products from the body.
When there are symptoms of hyperinsulinism (periodic attacks of sweating, palpitations, feelings of hunger, fear, anxiety, trembling in the legs and arms, loss of orientation in space, double vision, numbness and tingling in the limbs) or thyrotoxicosis (nervousness, excitability, imbalance, fear , anxiety, rapid speech, insomnia, impaired concentration of thoughts, fine trembling of the limbs and head, palpitations, protrusion of the eyes, swelling of the eyelids, double vision, dryness and pain in the eyes, sweating, high body temperature, low weight, intolerance to high environmental temperatures, pain in the abdomen, diarrhea and constipation, muscle weakness and fatigue, menstrual irregularities, fainting, headache and dizziness), then you should contact an endocrinologist.
If a pregnant woman has acetone in her urine, and at the same time she is worried about frequent vomiting or a complex of edema + high blood pressure + protein in the urine, then you should contact gynecologist (make an appointment), since such symptoms make it possible to suspect complications of pregnancy, such as severe toxicosis or preeclampsia.
If acetone appeared in the urine after suffering injuries of the central nervous system (for example, brain contusion, encephalitis, etc.), then you should contact neurologist (make an appointment).
If a person intentionally or accidentally poisoned himself with any substances, for example, he took atropine or worked in a hazardous industry with lead, phosphorus or mercury compounds, then you should contact toxicologist (make an appointment) or, in his absence, to a therapist.
If an adult or a child has severe abdominal pain in combination with diarrhea, and possibly with vomiting and fever, then you should contact an infectious disease specialist, since the symptoms indicate dysentery.
If a child has a high concentration of acetone in the urine is combined with diathesis, then you need to contact a therapist or allergist (make an appointment).
When acetone in the urine is found against the background of pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, weakness, dizziness, taste perversion, "seizure" in the corners of the mouth, dry skin, brittle nails, shortness of breath, palpitations, then anemia is suspected, and in this case it is necessary to contact hematologist (make an appointment).
If a person is too thin, then the presence of acetone in the urine is one of the signs of such extreme exhaustion, and in this case it is necessary to consult a general practitioner or Rehabilitologist (sign up).
If, against the background of acetone in the urine, a person regularly vomits previously eaten food, splashing noise in the stomach after abstaining from food for several hours, visible peristalsis in the stomach, belching sour or rotten, heartburn, weakness, fatigue and diarrhea, then stenosis is suspected pylorus of the stomach or esophagus, and in this case it is necessary to contact Gastroenterologist (make an appointment) And surgeon (make an appointment).
If acetone in the urine is combined with pain in the stomach, heaviness in the stomach after eating, loss of appetite, aversion to meat, nausea and possibly vomiting, satiety with a small amount of food and poor general well-being, fatigue, then gastric cancer is suspected, and in this case, please contact oncologist (make an appointment).
What tests and examinations can a doctor prescribe for acetone in the urine?
When acetone appears in the urine against the background of physiological factors, special examinations are not needed, since such a phenomenon is temporary and will pass without treatment after the provoking factor is eliminated. But if acetone in the urine appeared against the background of symptoms of other, serious diseases, then it is necessary to undergo an examination in order to clarify the diagnosis and carry out the necessary treatment. Below we will consider what tests and examinations a doctor can prescribe with acetone in the urine, when this indicator is combined with various symptoms indicating a particular disease.
If acetone in the urine is combined with symptoms indicative of hyperinsulinism (periodic attacks of sweating, palpitations, hunger, fear, anxiety, trembling in the legs and arms, loss of orientation in space, double vision, numbness and tingling in the limbs), then the doctor necessarily appoints a daily measurement of the concentration of glucose in the blood. In this case, the glucose level is measured every hour or every two hours. If, according to the results of daily monitoring of blood sugar levels, deviations from the norm are detected, then the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism is considered established. And then additional examinations are performed to understand the cause of hyperinsulinism. First of all, a fasting test is performed, when the level of C-peptide, immunoreactive insulin and blood glucose is measured on an empty stomach, and if their concentration is increased, then the disease is caused by organic changes in the pancreas.
To confirm that hyperinsulinism is provoked by pathological changes in the pancreas, tests for sensitivity to tolbutamide and leucine are additionally performed. If the results of the sensitivity tests are positive, then it is mandatory to appoint Ultrasound (make an appointment), scintigraphy (make an appointment) And magnetic resonance imaging of the pancreas (make an appointment).
But if, during a fasting test, the level of C-peptide, immunoreactive insulin and glucose in the blood remains normal, then hyperinsulinism is considered secondary, that is, due not to pathological changes in the pancreas, but to a disorder in the functioning of other organs. In such a situation, to determine the cause of hyperinsulinism, the doctor prescribes an ultrasound scan of all abdominal organs and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (make an appointment).
If acetone in the urine is fixed against the background of symptoms of thyrotoxicosis (nervousness, excitability, imbalance, fear, anxiety, rapid speech, insomnia, impaired concentration of thoughts, fine trembling of the limbs and head, palpitations, protrusion of the eyes, swelling of the eyelids, doubling, dryness and pain in eyes, sweating, high body temperature, low weight, intolerance to high ambient temperature, abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation, muscle weakness and fatigue, menstrual irregularities, fainting, headache and dizziness), then the doctor prescribes the following tests and examinations:
- The level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood;
- The level of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the blood;
- Ultrasound of the thyroid gland (make an appointment);
- Computed tomography of the thyroid gland;
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) (make an appointment);
- Thyroid scintigraphy (make an appointment);
- Thyroid biopsy (make an appointment).
When the presence of acetone in the urine is combined with constant thirst, frequent and copious urination, a feeling of dryness of the mucous membranes, then diabetes mellitus is suspected, and in this case, the doctor prescribes the following tests and examinations:
- Determination of the concentration of glucose in the blood on an empty stomach;
- Determination of glucose in urine;
- Determination of the level of glycosylated hemoglobin in the blood;
- Determination of the level of C-peptide and insulin in the blood;
- Glucose tolerance test (enroll).
Determination of glucose in the blood and urine, as well as a glucose tolerance test, are mandatory. These laboratory methods are quite enough to make a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, in the absence of technical feasibility, other studies are not assigned and not carried out, since they can be considered additional. For example, the level of C-peptide and insulin in the blood makes it possible to distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes (but this can also be done by other signs, without analysis), and the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin makes it possible to predict the likelihood of complications. In order to identify complications of diabetes, the doctor may prescribe Ultrasound of the kidneys (make an appointment), rheoencephalography (REG) (to sign up) brain and rheovasography (make an appointment) legs.
If acetone in the urine is detected against the background of a high body temperature or an infectious disease, then the doctor prescribes a general and biochemical blood test, as well as various tests to identify the causative agent of the inflammatory process - PCR (sign up), ELISA, RNGA, RIF, RTGA, bacteriological culture, etc. At the same time, to conduct tests to identify the causative agent of infection, depending on the location of its localization, various biological fluids can be taken - blood, urine, feces, sputum, bronchial lavage, saliva, etc. For the presence of which pathogens tests are performed, the doctor determines each time individually, depending on the clinical symptoms that the patient has.
When acetone appeared in the urine due to alcohol abuse, the doctor usually prescribes only a general and biochemical blood test, a general urinalysis, as well as Ultrasound of the abdominal organs (make an appointment) in order to assess the general condition of the body and understand how pronounced functional disorders are on the part of various organs.
If acetone in the urine is found in a pregnant woman, then the doctor must prescribe complete blood count (make an appointment) and urine, determination of protein concentration in urine, biochemical blood test, blood test for the concentration of electrolytes (potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium), blood pressure measurement, blood coagulation analysis (with the obligatory determination of APTT, PTI, INR, TV, fibrinogen, RFMK and D-dimers).
When acetone appears in the urine after suffering injuries of the central nervous system, the doctor, first of all, performs various neurological tests, and also prescribes general and biochemical blood tests, rheoencephalography, electroencephalography (sign up), dopplerography (to sign up) brain vessels and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. In addition, depending on the results of the examinations, the doctor may additionally prescribe any other research methods necessary to identify the pathology of the central nervous system and clarify its nature.
When acetone in the urine appears simultaneously with suspicion of poisoning with heavy metal salts, phosphorus, atropine, the doctor must prescribe a complete blood count, blood coagulation test and a biochemical blood test (bilirubin, glucose, cholesterol, cholinesterase, AsAT, AlAT, alkaline phosphatase, amylase , lipase, LDH, potassium, calcium, chlorine, sodium, magnesium, etc.).
When acetone in the urine appears in a child with symptoms of diathesis, the doctor prescribes allergy tests (make an appointment) for sensitivity to various allergens, as well as determining the level of IgE in the blood and a complete blood count. Tests for sensitivity to allergens allow you to understand which foods, herbs or substances the child has an overreaction to, provoking diathesis. A blood test for IgE and a complete blood count make it possible to understand whether it is a true allergy or a pseudo-allergy. After all, if a child has a pseudo-allergy, then it manifests itself in exactly the same way as a true allergy, but is due to the immaturity of the organs of the digestive tract, and, therefore, these reactions of excessive sensitivity will pass when the baby grows up. But if a child has a true allergy, then it will remain for life, in which case he needs to know what substances cause hypersensitivity reactions in him in order to avoid their exposure to his body in the future.
If acetone in the urine is present against the background of pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, weakness, dizziness, taste perversion, "seizure" in the corners of the mouth, dry skin, brittle nails, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, dizziness - anemia is suspected, and in this case, the doctor prescribes the following tests and surveys:
- General blood analysis;
- Determination of the level of ferritin in the blood (enroll);
- Determination of the level of transferrin in the blood;
- Determination of the level of serum iron in the blood;
- Determination of the iron-binding capacity of blood serum;
- Determination of the level of bilirubin in the blood (enroll);
- Determination of the level of vitamins B 12 and folic acid in the blood;
- Examination of feces for occult blood;
- Bone marrow puncture (sign up) counting the number of cells of each germ ( myelogram (make an appointment));
- X-ray of the lungs (make an appointment);
- Fibrogastroduodenoscopy (make an appointment);
- Colonoscopy (make an appointment);
- CT scan;
- Ultrasound of various organs.
However, for other anemias, a blood test for the concentration of bilirubin and ferritin, as well as a stool test for occult blood, is prescribed. If the level of bilirubin is elevated, then the anemia is hemolytic, due to the destruction of red blood cells. If there is hidden blood in the feces, then anemia is hemorrhagic, that is, due to bleeding from the organs of the digestive, genitourinary or respiratory tract. If the level of ferritin is reduced, then iron deficiency anemia.
Further studies are carried out only if hemolytic or hemorrhagic anemia is detected. With hemorrhagic anemia, colonoscopy, fibrogastroduodenoscopy, x-ray of the lungs are prescribed, Ultrasound of the pelvic organs (make an appointment) and abdomen to identify the source of bleeding. With hemolytic anemia, a bone marrow puncture is performed with a smear examination and counting the number of various hematopoietic stem cells.
Analyzes to determine the level of transferrin, serum iron, iron-binding capacity of serum, vitamin B 12 and folic acid are rarely prescribed, since they are classified as auxiliary, since the results they give are also obtained by other, simpler examinations listed above. For example, determining the level of vitamin B 12 in the blood makes it possible to diagnose B 12 deficiency anemia, but the same can be done by a general blood test.
If a high concentration of acetone in the urine is accompanied by regular vomiting some time after eating, splashing noise in the stomach a few hours after eating, visible peristalsis in the stomach, rumbling in the stomach, sour or rotten belching, heartburn, weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, then the doctor suspects stenosis (narrowing) of the pylorus or esophagus, and prescribes the following tests and examinations:
- Ultrasound of the stomach and esophagus (make an appointment);
- X-ray of the stomach with a contrast agent (make an appointment);
- Esophagogastroduodenoscopy;
- Electrogastrography;
- Blood test for hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit level;
- Biochemical blood test (potassium, sodium, calcium, chlorine, urea, creatinine, uric acid);
- Analysis of the acid-base state of the blood;
- Electrocardiogram (ECG).
When, in addition to acetone in the urine, a person has heaviness in the stomach after eating, satiety with a small amount of food, aversion to meat, poor appetite, nausea, sometimes vomiting, poor general health, fatigue, the doctor suspects stomach cancer and prescribes the following tests and examinations:
- Gastroscopy with a fence biopsy (make an appointment) suspicious areas of the stomach wall;
- X-rays of light;
- Ultrasound of the abdominal organs;
- Multislice or positron emission tomography;
- Analysis of feces for occult blood;
- General blood analysis;
- Blood test for tumor markers (sign up)(main - SA 19-9, SA 72-4, REA, additional SA 242, PK-M2).
If the results of gastroscopy and histology of the biopsy do not reveal cancer, then other studies are not carried out. But if cancer is detected, then an x-ray of the lungs is required to detect metastases in the chest, and either ultrasound, or multislice computed tomography, or positron emission tomography is done to detect metastases in the abdominal cavity. A blood test for tumor markers is desirable, but not mandatory, since stomach cancer is detected by other methods, and the concentration of tumor markers makes it possible to judge the activity of the process and will help to monitor the effectiveness of therapy in the future.
Treatment of acetonuria
Treatment of acetonuria depends on the causes and severity of the process. Sometimes it’s enough just to adjust the daily routine and diet. With high numbers of acetone in the urine, urgent hospitalization of the patient is necessary.First of all, the doctor will prescribe a strict diet and plenty of fluids. Water should be drunk often and little by little; children should be given a teaspoon every 5-10 minutes.
In this case, a decoction of raisins and solutions of special drugs, such as Regidron or Orsol, are very useful. It is also recommended to drink non-carbonated alkaline water, chamomile infusion or dried fruit decoction.
If a baby or an adult cannot drink due to severe vomiting, intravenous drip fluid is prescribed. With severe vomiting, injections of the drug Cerucal sometimes help.
In addition to drinking plenty of water, toxins can be removed from the body with the help of absorbent preparations, such as White Coal or Sorbex.
To alleviate the condition of the child, you can make him a cleansing enema. And at a high temperature for an enema, prepare the following solution: dilute one tablespoon of salt in one liter of water at room temperature.
Diet with acetone in the urine
A diet with acetonuria must be observed. You can eat meat boiled or stewed, in extreme cases, baked. It is allowed to eat turkey, rabbit and beef.
Vegetable soups and borscht, low-fat fish and cereals are also allowed.
Vegetables, fruits, as well as juices, fruit drinks and compotes perfectly restore the water balance and at the same time are a source of vitamins.
Of all fruits, quince is the most useful in any form. Since this fruit is quite tart in taste, it is best to cook compote or make jam from it.
You can not use fatty meat and broths, sweets, spices and various canned food with acetonuria. Fried foods, bananas and citrus fruits are excluded from the menu.
Komarovsky about acetone in the urine
Famous pediatrician and TV presenter Komarovsky E.O. repeatedly raised the topic of acetone in the urine of children and devoted a special program to acetonuric syndrome.Komarovsky says that in recent years the appearance of acetone in the urine has become very common in children. The doctor considers this phenomenon to be associated with an unbalanced diet of children and more frequent cases of chronic stomach diseases in childhood. With a diet overloaded with protein and fatty foods, with a lack of carbohydrates, and even if the child has any digestive dysfunction, the resulting ketone bodies are not processed, but begin to be excreted in the urine.
In his program, Komarovsky intelligibly explains to parents how to build a child's nutrition in order to prevent the development of acetonuria.
Acetone in the urine of a child: answers to questions - video
Before use, you should consult with a specialist.With the help of the kidneys, most of the waste products are excreted from the body, so urinalysis has significant diagnostic value. In diabetes mellitus, a test strip is used as an express method to determine the presence of acetone in the urine. Thanks to them, acetone can be detected in a matter of minutes and stopped at the very beginning.
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In addition to diabetics, test strips will be useful for determining the concentration of ketone bodies in children prone to acetonemia, pregnant women, people on a strict diet. This method of analysis is quite accurate and at the same time inexpensive, therefore it is used not only at home, but also in medical centers, hospitals and even clinical diagnostic laboratories.
What are test strips for?
Glucose is a universal energy supplier for the body, thanks to its splitting, our vitality is maintained, and the functioning of organs is ensured. With a lack of carbohydrates in food, increased energy needs, the absence or severe deficiency of insulin, not enough glucose enters the cells of the body, so the body begins to feed on its own proteins and fats.
The breakdown of fats is always accompanied by the release of ketone bodies, which also includes acetone. A person does not even notice a small concentration of ketones, it is successfully excreted with urine, breath, sweat.
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An excess of ketone bodies is possible with their active formation, poor kidney function, lack of fluid. At the same time, a person feels signs of poisoning: weakness, vomiting, pain in the abdomen. Acetone has a toxic effect on all tissues, but is most dangerous for the nervous system. In especially severe cases, the rapid growth of ketone bodies can lead to.
If acetone accumulates in the blood, it is bound to pass into the urine. The test strip allows not only to reveal the fact of the presence of ketones, but by its coloring one can also judge their approximate concentration.
Disorders that can lead to the presence of acetone in the urine:
- temporary disruption of metabolism in children. They are more common in active, thin babies. The level of ketone bodies in them can rise rapidly, causing severe intoxication, so it is important to identify their presence at an early stage;
- toxicosis at the beginning of pregnancy;
- uncompensated diabetes mellitus;
- infectious diseases due to malnutrition or against the background of diabetes;
- fever combined with dehydration;
- strict, exhaustion;
- dysfunction of the pituitary gland;
- severe injuries, postoperative period;
- excess insulin, which may be caused by an overdose of drugs for the treatment of diabetes or.
What you need to prepare for analysis
For urine analysis you will need:
- A clean, but not necessarily sterile container for collecting urine - a glass jar or pharmacy container. The test strip must not be bent. If the patient is dehydrated and little urine is produced, a tall, narrow beaker should be prepared.
- An undyed tissue or toilet paper to blot the test strip.
- Package with test strips with a scale printed on it.
Test strips are sold in plastic or metal tubes, usually 50 pieces, but other packages are also found. The strips are usually plastic, less often paper. Each has a sensor element treated with chemicals. At high humidity, the reagents deteriorate, so the tube is protected from moisture. Silica gel desiccant is located on the lid or in a separate bag. After each use, the container must be tightly closed to prevent air from entering. Without the original packaging, test strips should not be stored for more than an hour.
Test strips can have two sensors: for the determination of ketone bodies and glucose. Sugar appears in the urine if kidney function is impaired or in diabetes mellitus, when its blood level is above 10-11 mmol / l. There are also test strips for a comprehensive urine analysis, which have up to 13 sensors, including those for the determination of acetone.
The sensitivity of the touch zone is very high. It changes color when there are only 0.5 mmol/L ketones in the urine. The maximum detectable threshold is 10-15 mmol / l, which corresponds to three pluses in the laboratory analysis of urine.
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Instructions for use at home
To use test strips for the determination of acetone in urine and to correctly interpret the results obtained, no medical knowledge is required, the information from this article is sufficient. Also be sure to read the paper instructions that are included in the carton. Some manufacturers differ in the duration of exposure of the indicator in the urine and the time required to change the color of the strip.
Procedure:
- Collect urine in a prepared container. It should not have traces of sugar, soda, detergents or disinfectants. Before analysis, urine should be stored for no more than 2 hours. You can take any portion of urine, but the most informative study of the morning. According to the instructions, the minimum amount of urine is 5 ml. If the analysis is not done immediately, the material for it is kept in a dark place at room temperature. The urine is stirred before the test strip is placed in it.
- Remove the test strip, close the tube tightly.
- Dip the test strip into the urine for 5 seconds, make sure that all indicators fit into it.
- Take out the test strip and place it on a tissue to remove excess urine.
- For 2 minutes, place the test strip on a dry surface with the sensors up. At this time, several successive chemical reactions will occur in it. If there is acetone in the urine, the sensor to detect it will change color.
- Compare the color of the sensor with the scale located on the tube and determine the approximate level of ketone bodies. The stronger the color intensity, the higher the concentration of acetone.
To obtain reliable results, the analysis is carried out at a temperature of 15-30°C. The analysis will be inaccurate if the urine has been stored for a long time or has been painted in a bright color. The reason for this staining may be some medications and foods, such as beets.
Interpretation of results:
| Keto bodies, mmol/l | Compliance with the general analysis of urine | Description |
| 0,5-1,5 | + | Mild acetonuria, it can be cured on its own. |
| 4-10 | ++ | Average degree. With regular drinking, normal urine output and the absence of indomitable vomiting, it can be managed at home. Young children and people with high blood sugar may need medical attention. |
| > 10 | +++ | Severe degree. Need urgent hospitalization. If a high level of glucose is also determined in the urine, and the patient's condition worsens, it is possible. |
Where to buy and price
You can buy test strips for the presence of acetone at any pharmacy, a prescription is not required for them. When buying, you should pay attention to the expiration date, before its end it should be more than six months. This is how long the indicators retain their functions after opening the package.
The range of test strips in Russian pharmacies:
| Indicators | Trademark | Manufacturer | Price per package, rub. | Quantity in a package, pcs. | Price of 1 strip, rub. |
| Only ketone bodies | Ketofan | Lahema, Czech Republic | 200 | 50 | 4 |
| Uriket-1 | Biosensor, Russia | 150 | 50 | 3 | |
| Bioscan ketones | Bioscan, Russia | 115 | 50 | 2,3 | |
| Ketone bodies and glucose | Ketogluk-1 | Biosensor, Russia | 240 | 50 | 4,8 |
| Bioscan glucose and ketones | Bioscan, Russia | 155 | 50 | 3,1 | |
| Diafan | Lahema, Czech Republic | 400 | 50 | 8 | |
| 5 parameters including ketones | Bioscan Penta | Bioscan, Russia | 310 | 50 | 6,2 |
| 10 urine parameters | UrineRS A10 | High Tech, USA | 670 | 100 | 6,7 |
| Auction Sticks 10EA | Arkray, Japan | 1900 | 100 | 19 | |
| 12 indicators of urine in addition to acetone | Dirui H13-Cr | Dirui, China | 950 | 100 | 9,5 |
- – features and rules for conducting
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