Management of independent motor activity of children. Independent motor activity of children. Analysis and discussion of the research results
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From the moment of birth, a normally developing child strives for movement. At first, these movements are erratic. However, gradually they begin to acquire a more coordinated character. Movements have a comprehensive effect on the human body, and this effect is immeasurably higher for a growing organism. In whatever conditions the child is brought up, he needs the means for the timely and correct development of movements: a spacious room, aids and objects that encourage him to act, outdoor games, musical OD, as well as GCD for the development of physical qualities. In addition to organized forms of work on the development of movements in the motor mode of children, independent activity occupies a large place. The child has the opportunity to play, to move at his own will. However, here, too, his actions largely depend on the conditions created by adults. With proper guidance of children's motor activity, it is possible to significantly influence the variety of their games, movements, without suppressing initiative.
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The main means of physical education of young children are proper nutrition, extensive use of natural factors of nature, good hygienic care, a well-organized daily routine, methodically correct routine processes (feeding, sleeping, toileting), creating favorable conditions for a variety of activities and, above all, for the development of movements. child
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According to modern data, children move half as much as it is provided for by the age norm, which means that insufficient attention is paid to the independent motor activity of children.
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One of the aspects of the organization of upbringing and personal development is physical culture, which expands the adaptive capabilities of the child. Motor activity helps to improve human health, increases its functionality, the ability to withstand negative environmental factors. This is especially important today, in conditions of a sharply increased pace of life. Motor activity is a necessary condition for the versatile development of a child: he learns the world around him through movements, in them he finds an outlet for his irrepressible thirst for knowledge, energy, and fantasy. Movements create conditions for the development of intelligence, stimulate speech and emotional activity, teach communication; In a word, movement is the life of a child, his element!
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Independent activity of children is one of the main models for organizing the educational process of preschool children: the free activity of pupils in the conditions of a subject-developing educational environment created by teachers, which ensures that each child chooses activities according to interests and allows him to interact with peers or act individually
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Independent motor activity of children affects the following functions: Health: protecting the life and strengthening the health of children, promoting the correct physical and mental development of the child's body, increasing mental and physical performance. Developing: development of movements, formation of motor skills and physical qualities (dexterity, speed, strength, endurance), formation of correct posture. Educational: enriching children's knowledge about their body, health, about ways to strengthen it, preserve it, and take a responsible attitude. Educational: education of positive character traits (courage, determination, perseverance), moral qualities (goodwill, mutual assistance), strong-willed qualities (willpower, ability to win and lose), the formation of a healthy lifestyle habit, the desire to exercise (including not for the sake of achieving success as such, but for your own health).
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The organization of a rational motor mode is one of the main conditions for ensuring a comfortable psychological state of children. In addition, there is a direct relationship, as experts point out, between the motor rhythm and the child's mental performance. Harmful, they note, both insufficient and excessive motor activity. The starting point in the organization of the motor regime of children should be the natural need of the body for movement. It averages from 10 to 15 thousand active movements in space per day for children 6-7 years old; 10-12 thousand - for children 5-6 years old; 8-10 thousand - for children 3-4 years old; 6-8 thousand - for children 2-3 years old. About 60-70% of this number of movements should fall on the period of the child's stay in an educational institution.
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Increasing the independent motor activity of children can be considered as one of the effective means of preserving the health of the child, improving his physical fitness, enriching the motor experience, increasing creative and cognitive potential. Children's need for movement is most fully realized in their independent activities. Independently, but under the guidance of the educator, the development of all basic movements takes place. That is why it is so important to create the conditions necessary for each child to have the opportunity to move as much as he wants, so that his activities are meaningful and varied. “... A child in preschool childhood should feel muscular joy and love movement, this will help him carry through his whole life the need for movement, join sports and a healthy lifestyle.”
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Each of the regime segments of independent motor activity is a certain "improving dose" in the form of movements, physical activity, working on the child's health, his correct physical development and physical fitness, gives the child the opportunity to communicate with peers and caregivers, i.e. social comfort, and the development of motor skills is an opportunity for self-expression. When should children move on their own? Anytime they want it! Therefore, the conditions for movements must be thought out. Be sure each of the children should receive their "motor dose" during the morning intake, after breakfast before the OD, for a walk, after a daytime sleep. Each of the regime segments corresponds to special requirements for the intensity of movements. During the morning reception, motor activity is calm, moderate. The teacher is busy receiving children, cannot pay due attention to direct guidance, and therefore creates conditions in advance for simple movements that are well known to children and do not require insurance: lay flat tracks, cords, arcs, skittles on the floor, change their location several times, something cleans up quickly.
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On a walk, children should move a lot, actively. Movements can be complex, as it is possible to teach each child separately and provide him with the necessary insurance. The teacher himself determines the time, content, duration, venue, number of students, guided by his knowledge of the individual characteristics of the kids. An important role in the independent activity of the child is played by outdoor games with rules, with their help initiative, organizational skills and creativity develop. These games contribute to the formation of the children's team and the observance of the rules adopted in them. In the evening, you can use games that promote the development of accuracy and dexterity of movements: checkers, exercises with health balls, hand expanders, etc. It is very good if older children are taught to play chess, which develop logic and active thinking, concentration and purposefulness.
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The main activity in preschool age, as you know, is the game. Therefore, the motor environment should be saturated with various equipment and sports equipment that helps to satisfy the need for movement.
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One of the reasons for the low physical activity of children in independent games is the insufficient and irrational use of physical education aids and sports equipment (balls, hoops, jump ropes, bicycles, scooters, etc.). Taking into account the individual characteristics of children and relying on their interests, the teacher can show different options for more active actions with benefits than those performed by the child, help enrich the game plot, fill it with a variety of movements.
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To meet the motor needs of children, special conditions must be created based on the following principles: continuity (from morning to evening); voluntariness (cause desire, not force); availability of exercises; alternation of organized forms with independent motor activity.
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Communication has a significant impact on the motor activity of preschoolers in games. The introduction of movements into games using aids increases the duration of children's communication
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The formation of the skills of independent motor actions in a child is facilitated by various small and large physical education aids, toys. The third year of life - toys are selected that stimulate the initial independent actions - these are wheelchairs, strollers, cars, balls, balls that are used for throwing, rolling into the gate, rolling and rolling down the hill. Large physical education aids are used: slides, ladders, gates, benches, boxes, etc., on which the child practices climbing, crawling, stepping over, etc. The fourth year of life - motor toys, small aids and games: balls of different sizes, bags, rings, ring throwers and ball throwers, throwing shields, hoops, short and long ropes, as well as bicycles, etc. are given for throwing and throwing exercises. , contributing to orientation in space, leading to the assimilation of the rules of safe movement along the street. For 5-6-year-old children, sports games are widely used - towns, serso, ring toss, basketball, badminton, table tennis, etc. These games help prepare for school, go in for sports. Children independently and creatively participate in ball school games, organize relay races and games with elements of competition. The teacher observes these games and corrects their course.
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In the process of guiding the motor activity of children, a significant place should be given to showing a variety of movements with physical education aids. It is important to take into account the individual manifestations of each child. So, overly mobile children should be shown actions that require accuracy or special care when using the manual, for example, roll the ball along a narrow board into the collars; hit the target with a sandbag, etc. Sedentary children can be offered active actions and movements that do not require accuracy: throw the ball into the distance and run after it; jump from hoop to hoop, jump rope, etc.
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Thus, two main stages can be distinguished in the guidance of children's motor activity. First, direct contacts of the educator with each child are established, his interest in games, exercises and physical education aids, his relationships with peers are revealed, and his motor experience is revealed. For the development of independent activity of children, the necessary conditions are created: timely assistance to each child in the choice of games and exercises, physical education aids, and a place to play. At this stage, the following methods and techniques can be applied: joint exercise of the child with the teacher or with other children; explanation and demonstration of more complex elements of movements; promotion. The main direction of the guidance of children's motor activity in the process of independent activity is its enrichment with various movements.
Independent motor activity is an activity that occurs at the initiative of the child.
Its advantage lies in the fact that the child himself chooses movements, moves at his own pace, pauses, alternates between them. According to physiologists (I. A. Arshavsky, S. M. Grombakh), children in this type of activity satisfy their need for movement to a greater extent than for organized activity.
At an early age, independent motor activity has its own specifics.
What is it?
The motor activity of babies is closely connected with the game, and, consequently, with objects, toys, and aids.
Adults should make sure that the children have at their disposal toys, aids that stimulate motor activity and increase interest in movements. The task of adults is to teach children how to use them correctly and in a variety of ways.
Toys, aids should be arranged so that the kids, taking them out, make additional movements. Shelves with toys can be hung at different levels. To get a toy, children should bend down to one shelf, and on the contrary, stretch to the other, climb on their toes, etc. A straight path can lead to a garage with cars, and the next time it is winding, to the house - ladders 100 cm high and so on.
Allowances and toys should be in the group in sufficient quantity, however, not too much. This scatters the attention of children and tires their nervous system. At the same time, we must remember that young children are characterized by great imitation. Seeing the ball in the hands of a neighbor, the child wants to take it by all means. Therefore, it is important that there are several toys of the same type.
Gradually, as the children master the action with the aid, the toy, the teacher teaches the kids to act together with one object, for example, roll the ball to each other or roll it one by one along the track.
Benefits need to be changed periodically so that children do not lose interest in them.
As we noted above, the motor experience of babies is still small, therefore, independent motor activity should take place under the supervision of an adult with his direct participation. Watching the children, playing with them, parents, educators see how the interests of the kids are formed, what they are more inclined to. The personal participation of an adult in the games of children activates the kids, creates a joyful mood in them. An adult helps the child to change the type of activity in a timely manner in order to prevent fatigue. For example, a baby squats for a long time and rolls a car back and forth. An adult unobtrusively offers him to take the car by the rope along the bridge (path), etc. However, it is not always necessary to rush with a hint of new actions. Let the baby discover a new movement for himself, encourage him for it. You can create special conditions in which the child must choose the method of action, the object with which he will act. For example, an adult, together with children, builds narrow gates from cubes, skittles, and has large and small balls nearby. The child must choose the right ball himself. He may proceed by trial and error, but in the end he will understand that only a small ball can be rolled into a narrow goal.
If there are two paths in the group, soft and hard, then the baby himself chooses which way to go, crawl or jump.
When creating conditions for independent motor activity, it is good to use obstacle courses, which are most often used by educators in older groups. However, experience shows that they can also be successfully used in early age groups. What is an obstacle course? It consists of a set of sequentially arranged benefits. The aids should be positioned so that the load falls on different muscle groups and children can exercise in different movements.
For example, a solid track is placed, several objects (4-5 pieces) from 5 to 20 cm high, an arc, a rack with a large ball suspended in a net.
Children walk along the board, then step over objects of different heights, crawl under an arc, straighten up, approach the net with the ball and push it away with both hands. The obstacle course can be built in different ways: in a row, semicircle, circle, zigzag or in the form of the letters "P", "G", "L". If an obstacle course is used for a walk, then it is good to combine it with the natural environment, for example, an earthen or snow rampart, a bush that you need to crawl under or go around, a slide, a log, etc. The children perform the movements on their own, but the teacher monitors them , encouraging words.
Great opportunities for the development of independent motor activity open up on a walk. It is important that, in addition to stationary benefits, there are portable benefits on the site: balls, hoops, skittles, buckets, panicles, shovels, sleds, ice floes, tricycles, etc. In winter, independent motor activity will be more meaningful if there are snow buildings: slides, snow ramparts, snow paths, ice paths, multi-colored ice floes, a snowman with a hoop into which children can throw ice, snowballs, etc. At different times of the year, adults think through various motor tasks. For example, in summer - run to a birch, a bush, jump along a path to a certain landmark, crawl under a bush, jump to a rope stretched between trees and ring a bell or remove a tape, etc. In winter, you can walk along a snowy rampart, climb over him, walk along a path made of snow, follow a trail, throw a snowball or an ice floe over a snow shaft, move down a hill, climb a hill, etc.
By creating conditions for independent motor activity of children, adults contribute to the development of their initiative, independence, which ultimately leads to the development of children's creativity.
Ludmila Litvinova
Consultation for educators "Organization of independent motor activity of children in preschool educational institutions"
"JOINT WORK OF THE INSTRUCTOR FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TEACHER BY ORGANIZATION
OF INDEPENDENT MOTOR ACTIVITY OF CHILDREN IN THE CONDITIONS OF DOE"
Nowadays, everyone knows that physical education and sports are good for health. As for the movements for the physical and mental development of the child, this is mentioned in almost all books on parenting.
moving on, the child learns the world around him, learns to love it and purposefully act in it. Movements are the first sources of courage, endurance, determination of a small child.
Apart from organized types of physical culture activities in the daily routine of preschoolers should occupy a significant place independent motor activity. However, here too, actions children depend on conditions created by adults. With the right guidance independent activities can significantly influence the variety of games, movements, without suppressing initiatives the child himself.
Independent motor activity is organized at different times of the day: in the morning before breakfast, between classes, during play hours after naps and during walks (morning and evening). Active action should be interspersed with quieter activities.
When planning independent motor activities, it is important to take care of creating a physical culture and game environment (space sufficient for movements, variety and alternation of manuals and toys, allocate special time in the daily routine for children's independent games. To create novelty and diversity of the physical culture and game environment, the teacher during the day can bring in various physical education aids and group them in different ways. This contributes to the all-round development children and allows you to avoid the monotony of movements.
Given that the walk has more time and space for independent creative games of children, you must have appropriate equipment, physical education aids, toys. On the sports ground, it is necessary to provide free space, paths for running, places for jumping, throwing, cycling, scooter, manuals for exercises in climbing (arcs, towers, etc.) balance training (straight and inclined beams, various equipment (jump ropes, hoops, balls, rackets and shuttlecocks, etc.). In winter, children should freely use sleds, ice-boats, etc.
IN independent motor activity of children individual characteristics must be taken into account.
So, children with high levels of DA ( hyperactive children, as a rule, monotonous activity is inherent with a lot of aimless running. These children are distinguished by the inability to perform movements at a moderate pace and the unwillingness to engage in calm activities, alternate active actions with passive ones.
At children low YES (sedentary children) low-intensity games predominate. These children tend to prefer to play alone or in pairs. Sedentary children do not want to participate in collective sports games, as they constantly experience uncertainty in their actions.
For children with an average level of DA, a variety of activities, saturated with games and sports exercises of varying degrees of intensity, are characteristic.
The teacher should influence the children's choice of appropriate exercises and games, providing them with the necessary equipment, manuals, explaining the methods of movement. He teaches children play together, encourages more dexterous children who are fluent in movements, help their peers.
An important technique in the leadership of YES children is the teacher's contribution to independent story games requiring active movements, contributing to the regulation motor activity of children with different mobility (combining them for joint games).
The task of the FC instructor is to teach children's movement technique, ways of performing various physical exercises, contributing to the formation of the need for these types of activities, the formation of interest in children for sports. caregiver in his work with children, he closely cooperates with the FC instructor, they work in the system, but at the same time it is educator establishes close direct contact with each child, reveals the presence motor experience, finds out and develops his interest in games and sports. The teacher organizes and directs the independent motor activity of children, based on the knowledge and skills acquired by the child in the classroom with a physical education instructor.
Constant, joint work of a physical instructor education and educator group can lead to the desired results in solving problems of general physical preschool education.
Related publications:
Photo report of the corners of health, physical education, motor zone for independent physical activity of children. Completed by: Gorskaya Natalia.
Consultation for parents "The importance of physical activity for the growth and development of the child" The value of physical activity for the growth and development of the child. It is generally accepted that motor activity in the life of the body.
Children in physical education classes should be, first of all, interesting. And the lesson plays an important role in creating an exciting atmosphere.
Consultation for educators "Organization of work on the health protection of preschool children in modern conditions" One of the most important areas in the work of the preschool educational institution team is caring for the health of pupils. Innovativeness of our approach to the organization.
Consultation for educators "Increasing the motor activity of educators" Consultation for educators “Increasing the motor activity of educators” “All the endless variety of external manifestations of the brain.
Marina Buryakova
Independent motor activity of children
in a group room
Problem motor activity of children in a group environment has always worried us. In a group with many children, furniture, toys, it is impossible to run, throw a ball or jump rope. Complete physical development children, health promotion and improvement of body functions is an integral part of pedagogical work in our kindergarten. Insufficient motor activity unfavorably develops on the growing body of the child and leads to a deficit of cognitive activity, knowledge, skills, to muscle passivity and a decrease in the body's performance.
The organization of a sports corner in the group will help to improve the quality of all age groups. In the sports corner there should be small sports benefits: balls of different sizes (from a small tennis ball to a large beach ball for babies and a medicine ball weighing 1 kg for older children, hoops (with a diameter of 15-20 cm, 50-60 cm, gymnastic sticks of different lengths, jump ropes. You can sew and fill the bags yourself. Small (6/\9 cm, weight 150g) throw at horizontal and vertical targets, and large (12 \/ 16cm, weight 400g) are used to develop correct posture by wearing them on the head.
Interesting for exercises colored cord - pigtail (length 60 - 70cm). It is woven from three cords of different colors, the ends are sheathed; a button is sewn on one of them, a loop on the other. With such a cord, exercises are performed as with a gymnastic stick, and, having made a circle out of it, it can be used for jumping and climbing.
In each age group, it is desirable to have a so-called inflatable log with a length of 1 - 1.5 m. It can be made from an old mattress or blanket. Finished "log" cover with a sewn cover made of washable material. The child first crawls through it, then steps over, puts toys, sits on it, rolls it, pushes it away.
Textile rugs in different colors 25x25 cm with multi-colored geometric shapes in the center (options for the design of the front side of the rugs may be different). The underside of the mats must be made of non-slip material. The purpose of playing with mats such as "Classics", "Giant Steps", "fun track", "Take Your Place"- is the development of spatial imagination and perception, gross motor skills, coordination; formation of cross movements; consolidation of knowledge of color, shape, exercise in jumping and running.
"Quiet Trainer"- silhouettes of children's hands pasted on the wall in random order from the floor to 1.5 m, silhouettes of legs from the floor to 70 cm; on the wall, above the silhouettes of the palms, an image of berries is pasted. The purpose of games with "quiet trainer" is: development of coordination, training of the muscles of the back and legs, training of the muscles of the shoulder girdle and arms; development of spatial imagination and perception.
One of the most exciting and necessary aids is a stepladder. It has a general strengthening effect on the body of the child. Ladder - step-ladder consists of two spans connected to each other by a toothed bar, which allows the installation of the ladder obliquely at different angles. The width of each span is 45 cm, the height is 100-150 cm, the distance between the crossbars is 12 - 15 cm, their diameter is 2.5 - 3 cm. The height of the vertical ladder is 150 - 200 cm.
It is good to have benefits for the prevention of flat feet. Their use increases skin - muscle tone, improves blood circulation and redox processes in muscles, joints, tissues. Such aids can also be bought at a sports store or prepared by yourself. Wicker path - the path is woven from a cord with a diameter of 0.6 - 0.7 cm using the macrame or knitting method.
Bags of stones. Pour pebbles - pebbles or expanded clay into a linen bag measuring 40x40 cm in such an amount that, by putting the bag on the floor, you can distribute the pebbles over its area in one layer.
For you should purchase simulators of the simplest type. They are a reliable means of preventing hypodynamia. To the simplest simulators relate:
1. Children's expanders (for hands and torso). Children's expanders (carpal) designed to strengthen the muscles of the hands, for example, the child squeezes the ring, leans forward and rolls it. When performing exercises for the abdominal press in a sitting and lying position, the child clamps the ring between the feet.
2. Disk "Health" promotes the development of coordination of movements, strengthens the muscles of the trunk and legs.
3. Gymnastic roller - promotes the development and strengthening of the muscles of the shoulder girdle, back, abdominals, and the development of coordination.
4. Step - the platform develops mobility in the joints, forms the arch of the foot, posture, trains balance.
Stretch cords are ordinary cords or a wide elastic band with loops at the ends. They are mounted on opposite sides of the hall at a height corresponding to the indicators of different age groups for crawling, crawling and bouncing. The cords are removable and attached to the straps with hooks. It is better to have several sets of cords to ensure greater density and repetition during exercises.
Throwing target - made of foam rubber and leatherette with a size of 70x70 cm. On one or both sides, a target is depicted according to the dimensions indicated in "The program of education and training in kindergarten" for each age group. The targets are attached to the gymnastic wall with removable hooks; the ball, hitting such a target, does not bounce to the side.
Independent motor activity of children, about the benefits of which much has been written, is an excellent means of physical and emotional development of the individual. Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of the conditions for the development of movements of preschool children in different age groups.
younger age
The child actively learns the world, using for this still a small supply movements: crawling, climbing, climbing, throwing, rolling, etc. His movements are not yet coordinated, his steps are mincing and noisy when walking and running, there is no coordination in the work of arms and legs, with sudden movements he often falls. But how many positive emotions a little researcher gets from satisfying the need for movement given to him by nature!
In this regard, for independent motor activity of children in the group room it is advisable to have the following set of physical education equipment and small inventory:
The board is smooth (length 1.5 m, width 20 cm);
gymnastic bench (length 2 m, height 15 cm, width 20 cm);
Ribbed board (length 1.5 m, width 20 cm);
Two arcs for crawling and rolling balls (height 50 cm, width 50 cm);
two cubes (rib 25-30 cm);
Climbing boxes (height 20.15 and 10 cm, width and length 50, 47 and 44 cm, respectively);
Ladder-ladder (height 1.5 m);
balls (diameter 6-8 cm, 10-15 cm, 20-25 cm)- five of each size;
One or two inflatable balls (diameter 40 cm);
Rolling toys (two sets of different types);
Log (length 1.5 m, diameter 20 cm);
Health-improving and preventive path (fine gravel, footprints, fabric of different textures, massage mats, etc.);
Large toys on wheels (at least four);
Cord (length 10 m, diameter 10-12 mm);
Rattles, rings, sultans, ribbons, flags - by number children;
Four gymnastic sticks (length 75-80 cm);
gymnastic pole (length 1.8-2 m).
Optimal for development motor The sphere of the child is a multifunctional modular sports and play equipment - a transformer. Interesting and useful for the complex development of movements "Cubes".
middle group
According to research, in the fifth year of life, preschoolers experience a significant increase in indicators motor activity. The child becomes more mobile and seems tireless. However, its possibilities are still small. He is poorly oriented in space, not dexterous enough, therefore, careful control over the intensity and content of his independent motor activity.
Sports and gaming equipment specially designed for a group room is universal - small-sized, lightweight, with a pronounced entertainment and developmental orientation:
Skittles (one or two sets);
A game "Darts" (with Velcro balls);
Rackets with Velcro balls;
Floor and hanging ring throwers;
A game "Towns" (made of plastic);
Foam and cloth balls;
Two or three jump ropes, cord;
Sultans, ribbons, flags, plastic dumbbells (two or three sets);
Two or three bags weighing 200 g;
Two or three hoops;
Tambourine, musical hammer;
Health-improving and preventive path (fine gravel, footprints, fabric and materials of different textures, massage mats, etc.).
senior preschool age
Due to a sufficiently high level of orientation in space and volitional regulation, the child behaves confidently in a limited space, can slow down the movement, change its direction, switch to another, which makes it activity in a group room more secure. Accumulated motor experience allows children to meaningfully spend their free time, organize games with peers, on one's own use a variety of equipment.
Gym equipment
At the senior preschool age, psychophysical qualities develop and child's motor skills: speed (5 years, strength and flexibility (5-6 years), endurance (6 years, eye and coordination of movements (6.5 years). In addition, there is a difference in interests and preferences among heterosexuals. children.
Preschoolers tend to be highly coordinated motor actions and sports games, to training devices that allow you to perform a variety of movements, so the physical education corner in the older groups has its own characteristics.
An indicative list of equipment for a standard physical education corner:
A game "Towns" (made of plastic);
Ping pong rackets and balls (two sets);
Skittles (one or two sets);
Small basketball hoop and cloth balls;
A game "Darts" (with Velcro balls);
Ring toss;
One or two rubber expanders;
Treadmill mini-track;
Two or three jump ropes and elastic bands;
Sultans, ribbons, pigtails;
Two or three hoops;
Board sports games;
simulators (foot, manual);
massagers (foot, manual).
Older preschoolers prefer same-sex companies and, accordingly, certain types of movements. Boys are more attracted to exercises aimed at developing strength, speed, dexterity, and accuracy; girls - for the development of coordination, plasticity, flexibility, expressiveness of movements.
The list of equipment is compiled taking into account the preferences of both boys and girls.
Thus, creating a safe development environment for independent motor activity of children appropriate to their age and needs, will promote health, expand motor experience, the formation of a persistent interest in physical exercises, skills self-organization and communication with peers
