The consequences of improper feeding. Mistakes of parents when introducing complementary foods and their consequences
How can a young mother understand where to start complementary foods for her child? What to watch out for when introducing new foods to a child's diet? What symptoms should alert?
There is no need to rush with food. Even when it seems to the mother that the child is not gaining weight, or adult food is already suitable for him. Because the purpose of complementary foods is not to increase the weight of the child and not to please the child with sweets or what adults find especially tasty.
I would like to start by recalling the experience of all mankind. To date, it is generally recognized that it is better when children under 6 months of age eat only mother's milk. Complementary foods serve to diversify the nutrients that the child should receive, according to his age: minerals, vitamins. And also in order to very gradually acquaint with adult food, rejecting the possibility of harm.The experience of a loved one who raised their children will help a young mother. Especially when she herself is not yet sure how the child should react to new products. That is, when a mother is worried, or her child's behavior and stool remain normal, a hint from the side will be valuable to her.
The experience of the doctor is especially important. To avoid possible health disorders - this just requires a regular examination by a pediatrician. His medical practice allows you to see with many nuances how a child develops. And there is no need to deviate from the standard timing of the introduction of complementary foods. It is especially not necessary to make a decision on the start of complementary foods on your own in cases where this is the first child for the mother.
There are children who are not as strong as the standards ascribe. They tend to be less accepting of new foods, less able to cope with getting used to them due to possible intestinal upset or allergic reactions. The doctor may advise you to wait with complementary foods, for the benefit of the child himself.
What is right for your baby to start complementary foods the right way?
Complementary foods can begin with vegetable puree, or cereals. And with what to start each specific child, it is necessary to decide individually.Porridge is better for children who are less likely to gain weight, prone to allergic reactions; whose digestive organs are especially sensitive; as well as children who respond to changes in the mother's diet.
What kind of porridge to choose is also better to consult a pediatrician than a seller or a friend. The choice is now very large. Swiss-made products are considered the standard for the quality of finished baby food products. There always remains the quite good option that our grandmothers had: ground and home-brewed cereals.
Vegetable puree will be the first food for children who grow and develop well. It is better to choose vegetables that grow in our area. And those that are of the usual size, and not gigantic, most likely, fertilized with nitrates.
Now there is a great temptation to buy exotic fruits for children: bananas, mangoes, pineapples and others. At least until the age of one year, the child should not do this! These products are transported from far away. And in order to keep them well for a long time, carriers resort to various methods, which can do more harm to the child than benefit her. And our stomachs are not so well adapted to the digestion of fruits that we do not grow.
Symptoms in the intestines indicating aversion to the new food
First of all, I note: in order to avoid unwanted disorders during the introduction of complementary foods, complementary foods should occur by training. That is, gradually, from a small amount of the product - from half a teaspoon.After this dish, the child should still get his usual food - milk. Only then can the intestines gradually adapt to food that it did not know before. This pattern of increasing the amount of a new product over the course of a week helps to observe quite clearly how the product affects the child.
The first manifestations of the fact that the child does not accept complementary foods are stool disorders, more often stool, bloating. The child may refuse the next portion of food, eat less than the previous time, be restless.
If the product is continued to be given to the child, the unwanted symptoms increase. There may be vomiting, mucus in the stool, dehydration caused by frequent stools.
In case of adverse reactions, you should consult a doctor in time: either postpone the introduction of this product, or immediately cancel and replace it with another one. Well, if digestive disorders become serious (bloody streaks in the feces, diarrhea), an urgent medical examination is simply necessary.
Assessment of the body's reaction with the last meal is erroneous
Parents often tend to believe that the food that the child received at the last feeding caused digestive disorders. It is impossible to say this with accuracy. There are many other possible reasons. These are congenital malformations in the intestine (diverticula, pyloric stenosis), and the accumulation of infection in the child's body or acquired surgical pathology (intestinal volvulus).Therefore, do not draw conclusions only on the basis of recent actions and symptoms. But it is important to seek medical help in time.
Possible skin reactions with first feeding
If the child has a tendency to reactions such as rashes and diathesis, it will be very useful for the mother to keep a food diary. After the products consumed by the mother, the substances enter her milk after 3-5 hours. Thanks to the diary, you can observe what exactly caused the allergy in the child.It happens that allergens from products do not manifest themselves immediately, but act by accumulation: first in the mother's body, then in her milk, then in the child's body, and only then they result in obvious allergic manifestations.
One must be extremely careful with the so-called "obligate" allergens - products that are known to cause an allergic reaction in many people. These are, first of all, honey, chocolate, eggs, red fish, concentrated broths, spices, red fruits, citrus fruits and others.
Long-term consequences of improper introduction of complementary foods
They are not immediately visible, so they are dangerous. But if they are, the treatment will be protracted. Therefore, it is so important to consult a doctor who knows the child for a sufficiently long time and will not allow negative consequences to develop gradually.Mothers these days have better access to information than our grandmothers. But it happens that even now mothers are convinced of the undeniable correctness of some ancient methods of feeding. For example, they are convinced of the legendary benefits of semolina. And now this porridge is not often recommended for children.
Even if the child is gaining weight weakly enough, the doctor will not advise feeding him semolina. Or maybe just once a week. The fact is that this porridge removes calcium from the body. The bones of the child become weaker, fragile. And since they are still being formed, there may be a curvature of the legs, 0-shaped or X-shaped. There may also be manifestations of rickets, retraction of the chest, curvature of the spine.
Chest deformities cause the lungs to be compressed by the inwardly concave ribs and not have enough room for proper breathing (lung excursions). Then the child has a tendency to frequent respiratory diseases, have a severe and protracted course.
It happens that because of an allergic reaction, it is necessary to limit the child in some product. But in order for the child to receive the necessary substances, it is still necessary to find a replacement for this product.
So, there are many good things in life, and your child will have time to try everything. So don't rush prematurely and help him form a good taste!
For children, the process of feeding provides many necessary functions, the most important of which is obtaining the amount of nutrients necessary for growth and development.
Babies with only a cleft lip without palatal integrity usually have no problems with nipple latching and sucking. Babies with cleft lip and palate or one cleft palate require some modification of the feeding method, as they have an abnormal communication between the nasal and oral cavities, which prevents the creation of negative pressure necessary for full sucking. Newborns with cleft palate must squeeze milk out of the nipple by pinching it between the tongue and the remainder of the hard palate and maxillary alveolar process.
When milk is squeezed into the mouth of a child with cleft palate, some of it will go into the nose. In addition, during feeding, more air can enter the stomach than in healthy children. This requires frequent repositioning of the baby while feeding to provide air. In the first weeks of life, such swallowing of air can lead to such disorders as regurgitation of food or even slight vomiting. Usually, the child outgrows all these problems within a few months, as the tone of the muscles - gastric closures increases and the activity of the muscles of the digestive tract is coordinated. If some of these symptoms persist for a long time, contact your pediatrician.
Feeding children with cleft lip and/or palate
For babies with clefts, as with other newborns, there are two best ways to feed: breastfeeding and bottlefeeding. Cup-feeding is not the method of choice, and if breastfeeding or bottle-feeding is normal, there is no need to resort to this method.
Breast-feeding
There are different points of view regarding breastfeeding children with clefts. Although it is undeniable that breast milk is the best food for a baby. When a baby with a cleft lip or palate is first breastfed, there may be some difficulties that are automatically associated with the existence of the cleft. Meanwhile, feeding a child requires a certain period of trial and error, which is necessary before normal feeding is established.
A baby born with only a cleft lip often has no more difficulty feeding than a baby without a cleft lip, as the breast tends to fill the void, accommodating and sealing the baby's mouth as much as possible.
Feeding children with a through cleft lip and palate is also possible in the absence of other problems. However, additional patience and modification of feeding technique will be needed to provide the baby with an adequate supply of nutrients, reduce maternal stress, and optimize the baby's responses.
- Massaging the breast before feeding promotes the reflex separation of milk, which in turn facilitates the flow of milk into the baby's mouth.
Warm compresses applied 20 minutes before feeding to the mammary glands provide good blood flow to them.
Frequent breastfeeding (every 2-3 hours) in the first 2 weeks of life is often recommended to establish normal lactation.
Sometimes mothers are advised to increase their fluid intake. - The areola (dark area around the nipple) finger pressure technique is used to help increase the protrusion of the nipple, making it easier to grab and hold in the baby's mouth. The nipple will enlarge during breastfeeding.
Sometimes the process of feeding complicates the appearance of cracks on the nipple. Such cracking may be due to infection or drug therapy. In such cases, to facilitate the feeding of the child, special pads are used to ensure the normal shape of the nipple and alleviate the mother's condition. Subsequently, when the cracks disappear, the nipple will bulge normally. - If, after several attempts, the baby is unable to hold the nipple, or you get the impression that the baby is not completely satiated, collect the remaining milk with a breast pump and finish feeding this milk from the bottle. In any case, when you bottle-feed your baby, you should always give your baby the breast first and then the bottle. With gradual adaptation, increasing strength and patience of your baby, the process of breastfeeding can become longer.
Bottle feeding
It happens that the establishment of a normal sucking force during attachment to the breast is impossible, especially in children with bilateral cleft lip and palate, in which the child cannot compensate for the pathological communication between the mouth and nose. In such cases, the only way to obtain is to bottle feed with expressed breast milk. It is advisable to feed the baby with milk expressed using a breast pump for several weeks or, if possible, longer. Even when your baby has been breastfed but has been delayed due to surgery or other reasons, you can bottle feed your baby with expressed milk until you can return to normal breastfeeding. In addition, there are currently ways to harvest breast milk for a certain period. Questions about how and when to store milk should be discussed with your pediatrician. In addition, there are now a large number of breast pumps that significantly reduce the pumping time and provide maintenance for a long time.
Baby feeding position
It is very important that the breastfeeding parent finds the most comfortable position for himself. Sometimes, for comfort, it is useful to use a pillow to support the child. It also makes it easier to support the child with a footrest, on which the parent can lean with one or both feet. Since feeding a baby can take up to 30 minutes. several times a day, the adult feeding the baby should find the most comfortable and relaxed position for himself.
The baby should be well supported during feeding, usually in a slightly elevated position, or sitting. This position helps prevent milk from entering the nose and choking the baby.
While breastfeeding, a mother can use several positions that can make the process much easier. The first position is when the child sits on a mattress or pillow, his back is supported by the mother's forearm, and her head is supported by her hand. In this position, gravity helps the nipple to be placed in the baby's mouth.
It is very important to push the chest away from the baby's nose so as not to interfere with adequate breathing.
Another position is when the child sits on the mother's lap, facing her, and the child's legs are widely spaced, covering the mother's stomach. Sometimes it is necessary to use a pillow in order to lift the child higher.
In order to suckle effectively, the baby's lower jaw must be in a stable position. If the mother supports the child by the lower jaw or chin, then the baby will not get tired so quickly. It is also helpful to have the baby's head turned first to one side and then to the other during feeding. Such a change allows the muscles of the oral region to work evenly. When bottle-feeding, it is important that the baby is supported in an elevated position. The nipple should be placed in the area where all the tissues are most preserved.
How to choose the right time to feed
When a baby starts crying loudly and seems agitated, there is a good chance that he is very hungry and this can make feeding difficult. It is necessary to feed the child before he becomes too hungry. The child eats better when he is slightly hungry and does not feel much discomfort.
Many parents find that it is possible to learn their baby's feeding schedule by watching for certain "signals" of the baby during awakening (eye movements under closed eyelids, mouth movements, or hands approaching the mouth). However, it must be remembered that the child does not eat the same amount of liquid during each feeding. It depends on the time elapsed between feedings.
Help with food entering the nose
Even when a fed baby is in a semi-elevated position, there is still a risk of milk entering the nose (nasal regurgitation). Sometimes such regurgitation can be associated with a sudden change in body position. Parents should not be overly concerned, therefore, as food entering the nose is quite common at first. It does not harm the baby and will gradually decrease as the baby grows. When regurgitation occurs, it is necessary to temporarily stop feeding and give the baby some time to cough or sneeze. This will allow the baby to clear the nasal passages and you can continue feeding. However, if your child has persistent regurgitation that is frequent and severe, you should consult your doctor.
Use of palatal obturators
Some specialists involved in the treatment of children with cleft lip and palate believe that when feeding children with cleft palate, it is necessary to use obturators (special palatine plates that repeat the curvature of the palate), as they separate the oral and nasal cavities, which can greatly facilitate feeding. Such obturators tend to damage the mucosa. A more reliable result is obtained when the fitting of the obturator is carried out in the first few days of life. If you agree to use such a device, then you must closely contact a specialist who will manufacture, try on and adjust the device, periodically replacing it with a new one.
Most babies born with cleft palate and lip can be adequately fed without the use of such a device when parents use combinations of feeding positions, appropriate feeding patterns (bottle or breastfeeding) and appropriate technique.
Introduction of solid food
Your child should be ready for pureed food at the same age as other children. Pureed food should be introduced at 4-6 months of age. Feeding should be done with a spoon, not a bottle. This is the time when the child begins to be interested in the difference in tastes and states. Again, the transition from an elevated position to a sitting position reduces the number of episodes of regurgitation. Initially, the child should receive a small amount of liquid (no lumps) cereal porridge mixed with artificial formula until he can feel the pieces of food in his mouth. Pureed food should be given to the child until he is very hungry, otherwise the child will refuse to eat. The child must be gradually accustomed to more adult food, which takes time and patience. At first, the baby will try to suck in the new food, which can again lead to episodes of food entering the nose. If this happens, give the child some water to drink. As soon as the child learns to swallow food, the density of the porridge can be increased by mixing it with less milk. After that, you can add other complementary foods. If a child continues to have difficulty learning to eat solid foods for a long time, advice should be sought from specialists involved in the treatment of children with cleft lip and palate.
1. How often does a child need to burp air?
Frequent regurgitation usually occurs in children who swallow large amounts of air during feeding. The baby usually signals the impending regurgitation by slowing down or stopping suckling. This is the time when the baby can burp, and not at the moment of active sucking.
2. Does the cleft area need to be cleaned?
A child's mouth, whether or not there is a cleft, tends to self-clean. Some newborns with cleft lip do not need additional cleaning, but this decision should be made with your pediatrician. Removal of small amounts of curdled milk in the area of the cleft can be successfully done by giving the child a few sips of water. In either case, a gentle, gentle wipe over the child's face and mouth area with a damp cloth may be required. The use of cotton swabs or rinsing with a syringe is not recommended, as this can damage the baby's delicate mucous membrane.
3. How to carry out feeding during the early postoperative period?
The surgeon who will operate on your child will definitely tell you about the features of feeding the baby after the restoration of the lip or palate. Mostly, parents should change the way of feeding immediately after surgery, and then the usual way of feeding will be restored. You will no doubt receive advice on restrictions and the introduction of a new way of feeding a few weeks before the operation, so that you can gradually get used to this way.
4. When can cup feeding be introduced?
Cup feeding for a baby with a cleft can be done in the same way as for other babies. Most children are ready for this way of eating at the age of 8-9 months. There are many types of cups for children, which can greatly reduce the adjustment period, as some cups may make a child drink better than others. It helps to establish this way of feeding before the palate repair, especially if your child is already ready for the operation. Drinking from a cup will not adversely affect your newly operated lip and will allow you to return to your normal feeding habits more quickly after surgery. Since bottle-feeding is not allowed after a palatectomy, gradually weaning your baby from bottle-feeding will allow you to avoid unnecessary whims after the operation.
The experience of breastfeeding is extremely important for both parents and their child. Newborn children adapt more easily, and infants learn faster if the parents have the necessary support, patience and love. Remember that there are many experienced professionals ready to provide you with the support you need.
Of course, every mother wants to give her baby all the most delicious and healthy. That is why parents begin to regale their baby with juices and a variety of "mashed potatoes" for almost a month. But early feeding is fraught with many dangers for the health of the baby.
Nature has created a unique product for feeding newborns - breast milk. It fully satisfies the nutritional needs of newborns. And importantly, the body of a newborn is very well adapted for the assimilation of breast milk. But the child grows and the moment comes when the grown-up baby already lacks the nutrients of breast milk, and he already needs to be introduced to the food of "adults". In other words, introduce complementary foods - new products for the baby, which gradually replace feeding with breast milk or formula.
When?
Specialists in the field of baby food and pediatricians believe that complementary foods should be introduced at the age of 4-6 months. Many scientific studies, as well as a large practical experience accumulated to date on infant nutrition, have made it possible to clearly substantiate these recommendations. It is at this age that feeding only breast milk ceases to fully satisfy the needs of the child, and, approximately, by this age, many body functions involved in the assimilation of new foods begin to mature. So by 3-4 months, the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach increases, digestive enzymes are activated. At the same age, the permeability of the intestinal mucosa for large molecules that can cause allergic reactions decreases, and the production of local immune protective factors increases. By 4-5 months, the child becomes ready for chewing movements and eating from a spoon, the reflex of "pushing out" thick food with the tongue gradually fades away, and the mechanisms that ensure the swallowing of thick food mature. In this regard, it is clear that up to 4 months the child's body is simply not ready for the assimilation of food other than breast milk (or formula), and in most cases, he does not need it.
Quite often, the early introduction of complementary foods (at 3-4 months) causes adverse reactions from the physiologically unprepared child's body. The most commonly observed dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract in the form of abdominal pain, intestinal colic, regurgitation, vomiting and stool disorders. It is good if these reactions are short-term and not severe. But there are situations when early complementary foods (especially if the rules for its introduction are not followed) provoke a serious disruption of the digestive system, and then the child will need quite a long time to restore impaired functions, and treatment will be necessary. Allergies are another common complication of early introduction of complementary foods. Its development is facilitated by the high permeability of the intestinal wall for large molecules, the immaturity of digestive enzymes and the immune system. In some cases, an allergic reaction is mild and short-term in the form of a skin rash. But sometimes the early introduction of a new product provokes the development of long-term and difficult-to-treat allergic diseases, for example, atopic dermatitis - a chronic inflammation of the skin of an allergic nature, bronchial asthma, etc. Allergies cause a whole range of ongoing adverse processes in the child's body. The immature immune system, which has very important functions in the body, suffers especially: it distinguishes its cells from strangers, forms the body's adaptation to food and habitat, protects the body from damaged and tumor cells and from infections. In case of early allergic reactions, the proper maturation of the immune system is disturbed, and subsequently, a tendency to allergic diseases and frequent infections are possible. If the child has not yet matured the mechanisms of swallowing thick food, then he may choke, regurgitation, vomiting, a negative attitude of the baby to feeding may occur, and there is also a danger of inhaling such food. Early introduction of complementary foods during breastfeeding reduces the frequency of breastfeeding, which leads to a decrease in maternal lactation and may lead to cessation of breastfeeding. There are long-term consequences of early introduction of complementary foods. Early feeding creates an increased burden on the child's immature organs, especially the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys. And in the future, when the baby is already older, these organs are weaker and more vulnerable to adverse effects. For example, weakness of the gastrointestinal tract can manifest itself at preschool age with abdominal pain, vomiting and stool disorders, and at school age, the development of inflammatory processes in the stomach and intestines (gastroduodenitis, colitis) is already possible. Thus, the first complementary foods must be introduced at a favorable time for this.
Individual approach
And, of course, it is very important to take into account the individual characteristics of the child to decide on the timing of the introduction of the first complementary foods. Children are born different (full-term, premature, with different weight and height, etc.), they grow and develop very differently, have different nutrition (breast, artificial, mixed), and the composition of breast milk in women is different. It is advisable for one child to introduce complementary foods from 4 months, while for another it is better to wait until 6. For example, if the mother is fully nourished, and the child is breastfed and develops well, then complementary foods can be introduced from 6 months. Also, children who have a hereditary burden of allergies should not rush with the introduction of complementary foods. In another case, if the child is bottle-fed and gains weight poorly, complementary foods can be introduced earlier - from 4 months. Of course, all individual cases cannot be listed, therefore, in each specific situation, the mother should consult a doctor.
Juice first?
In our country, there are methodological recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of 1999, according to which fruit juices should be introduced into the child's diet first from 3 months of age. However, the accumulated practical experience in recent years makes its own adjustments on this issue and does not allow us to speak in favor of such an early introduction of juices as unambiguously. It is possible that these recommendations will be revised in the future. In practice, early administration of juices often causes gastrointestinal disturbances. And if the child suffers from intestinal colic, has regurgitation or unstable stools, then it is generally worth the wait with the introduction of juices, they can also be introduced in the 2nd half of life, after vegetable puree and porridge. Also, early administration of juices is not recommended for children with a tendency to allergies, including those with a hereditary burden for allergies. It is better for babies who are introduced to complementary foods from 6 months not with juices, but with vegetable puree or porridge - as more nutritionally valuable foods, which, in addition, contribute to the development of chewing and swallowing thick foods. The recommendation for the early introduction of juices is based on the fact that juices are easier for children to take (can be given through a nipple), prepare the digestive system for the introduction of the main complementary foods, contain vitamins and trace elements. However, juices are often irritating to the child's immature gastrointestinal tract. And the amount of vitamins and microelements that a child can absorb from juice is quite small. Thus, in most cases, early (from 3 months) administration of juice does not have much value, but it can often lead to a breakdown in the digestive system or an allergic reaction.
Rules for the introduction of complementary foods
Complementary foods are introduced carefully, start with? a teaspoon, then gradually, within 7-10 days, increase the amount of complementary foods to the age norm. During these 7-10 days, no more new products are given to the baby. Begin the introduction of complementary foods with monocomponent products.
Marina Narogan
pediatrician, Ph.D. honey. Sci., Scientific Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
Feeding introduction. How to do everything right so as not to harm the health of the baby?
Thank you
The introduction of complementary foods in the diet of the baby - this is a rather crucial moment that scares almost all young mothers. Feeding is nutrition, which they begin to introduce to babies from about 5 to 6 months of their life. This food can be an addition to both breastfeeding and artificial feeding. Complementary foods at this age are really needed, as it helps to enrich the growing body with all the necessary nutritional components, especially carbohydrates, proteins and fats. First twelve months of life baby are the most important, since it is during this period that the foundations of the general state of health, including the immune system, are formed. Given this fact, every parent is obliged to provide their baby with proper nutrition.
How to do everything right so as not to harm the health of the baby?
What are the main reasons for the introduction of complementary foods?
First of all, it is the need for additional introduction into the growing body of both minerals and vitamins, microelements, as well as energy. In addition, new foods contribute to the development of the chewing apparatus and the entire digestive system, while also developing the motor function of the intestine. Complementary foods contribute to the development of completely new taste qualities.Feeding and taste development:
Taste belongs to the category of the most important sensations, which tend to cause extremely positive emotions. All foods that will be introduced into the baby's diet should be healthy, tasty and varied. Sweets on the menu should be as small as possible, since it is sweet dishes that are a predisposing factor to the development of allergic reactions, dental caries, obesity and other pathological conditions. Remember that it is not so easy for a baby to get used to new tastes, which is why he may not be entirely willing to eat certain foods offered to him. Be patient, a few more attempts and the child will definitely fall in love with a new dish.What are the signs that a child is ready to introduce new foods?
1. The child is 6 months old;2. He sits confidently without support;
3. Weight from birth increased by 2 times;
4. The baby shows interest in the food you eat;
5. He has an extinction of the expulsion reflex ( regurgitation disappears);
6. The child is often applied to the breast;
7. He turns his head on his own and turns away from the spoon if this or that product does not suit his taste;
8. He is perfectly healthy.
Approximate scheme for the introduction of complementary foods:
| Name of products and dishes | 4 months | 5 months | 6 months | 7 months | 8 months | 9 months | 9 - 12 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruit juices (ml) | 5 - 30 | 40 - 50 | 50 - 60 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 - 100 |
| Fruit puree (ml) not earlier than 14 days after the introduction of juice | 5 - 30 | 40 - 50 | 50 - 60 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 - 100 |
| Curd (g) | 10 - 30 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 50 | ||
| Yolk (pcs.) | 0,25 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | |||
| Vegetable puree (g) | 5 - 100 | 150 | 150 | 170 | 180 | 200 | |
| Porridge (g) | 5 - 100 | 150 | 150 | 180 | 200 | ||
| Meat puree (g) | 5 - 30 | 50 | 60 - 70 | ||||
| Kefir and other fermented milk products or whole milk (ml) | 100 | 200 | |||||
| Fish puree (g) | 5 – 30 - 60 | ||||||
| Wheat bread (g) | 3 - 5 | 5 | 5 | 10 - 15 | |||
| Cookies, crackers (g) | 3 - 5 | 5 | 5 | 10 - 15 | |||
| Vegetable oil (g) | 1 - 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | |
| Butter (g) | 1 - 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Metabolic and physiological characteristics of the child's body, which determine the timing of the introduction of new products:
1. Reducing the excessive permeability of the intestinal mucosa - 3 months;2. Maturation of local immunity processes in the intestinal area - 3 - 4 months;
3. The maturation of the enzymatic processes of absorption, as well as the digestion of food:
- increased production of pepsin and some other enzymes - 3 - 4 months;
- decrease in pH ( concentration) gastric juice, as well as increased production of hydrochloric acid - 3 months;
- increased amylase activity ( an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates) - from 2 - 3 months to 12 months;
Early and late complementary foods:
Early introduction of new products is a direct path to the development of allergic reactions. In addition, in such cases, the child may experience intolerance to certain foods. Excessive amounts of fat and carbohydrates in the daily menu can lead to the development of obesity. The late introduction of new products is, in turn, a direct path to a lag in both mental and physical development. In addition, the baby may develop protein-calorie deficiency. It is very important to pay attention to the composition of the menu. A monotonous diet increases the risk of developing a wide variety of deficient conditions. The list of such conditions can include iron deficiency anemia, hypovitaminosis, rickets, and malnutrition.
Iron-deficiency anemia - This is a syndrome accompanied by a violation of the production of hemoglobin due to a lack of iron.
Hypovitaminosis is a condition that occurs when there is a violation of the correspondence between the expenditure of vitamins and their entry into the body.
Under the concept " rickets » hides a disease of infancy and early age, which is characterized by a violation of bone formation due to vitamin deficiency D.
Hypotrophy
is an eating disorder that is characterized by a varying degree of deficiency in total body weight.
Late introduction of complementary foods often affects the formation of far from the most correct eating habits in the future.
Five commandments of the first complementary foods from Dr. Komarovsky:
- no need to use the experience of grandmothers;
- do not rush;
- no variety;
- no need to get carried away by quantity;
- no violence.
Rules for the introduction of complementary foods:
1.
Supplementary food can be introduced only when the child is completely healthy; 2. Complementary foods should only be given before breastfeeding;
3. All complementary foods should be homogeneous ( homogeneous) in their consistency, so that the child has the opportunity to swallow them without difficulty;
4. All dishes should be given warm using a spoon; during meals, the child should be in a sitting position;
5. In no case should you give the same type of complementary foods 2 times a day;
6. All products must be introduced gradually according to the existing sequence, another type of complementary foods can be introduced only when complete adaptation occurs ( addictive) to the previous product;
7. During the introduction of a new product, you should carefully monitor any changes in the stool, if no changes are observed, then the next day, increase the amount of the proposed dish;
8. It is strictly forbidden to introduce new foods into the diet if you are preparing a child for any preventive vaccination;
9. Initially, vegetable or fruit purees should consist of one single type of vegetable or fruit, it is best to opt for potatoes and zucchini in the first couple, since these products do not tend to cause allergic reactions and flatulence;
10. If you decide to feed your child with porridge, make sure that it consists of gluten-free cereals, namely corn or buckwheat flour or rice;
11. It is strictly forbidden to introduce cottage cheese into the diet of a baby if he is not yet six months old;
12. Raw vegetables and fruits can be given only at 7 - 8 months;
13. In no case do not give broths up to a year, since they contain a fairly large amount of purine bases ( organic natural compounds), which tend to have a negative impact on the work of not fully matured kidneys;
14. If you decide to cook soup puree, then use vegetable broth as a base;
15. Be careful with kefir, as this product can provoke an imbalance in the acid-base balance;
16. Children at the age of 9 months should not eat fish and meat more than 2 times a week, and it is best to opt for low-fat varieties;
17. Between meals, you can give fruit juices, but without sugar.
18. Cheese is allowed to enter the menu only from 1 year.
When should complementary foods not be introduced?
1. the child is sick;2. he has an intestinal disorder;
3. he has recently received a preventive vaccination or is preparing for it;
4. there is an increase in body temperature.
Fruit and vegetable juices:
Both vegetable and fruit juices are in the category of educational complementary foods, as they have a liquid consistency that resembles breast milk. Juice contributes to the enrichment of the baby's body with microelements, mineral components and vitamin WITH. In addition, it satisfies the needs of the child's body in water. All juices are divided into monocomponent and polycomponent. Monocomponent juices are juices that contain only 1 vegetable or fruit. So, for example, it can be apple, carrot or plum juice. Multicomponent juices contain 2 or more types of vegetables or fruits. Multi-component juices may consist of apple and pumpkin or blackcurrant, apple and banana. Without a doubt, such juices are much more useful, but their introduction is especially dangerous, since in the event of an allergic reaction, parents will not know which component it arose on.Juices can be clarified or with pulp. The largest number of juices that are intended specifically for babies are clarified. If we talk about juices with pulp, then they contain the so-called dietary fibers, which tend to have a stimulating effect on the motor function of the intestine. As a result, stool disorders caused by incomplete maturation of the intestinal mucosa can make themselves known. Given this fact, experts recommend introducing such juices in a later period of life. In most cases, juices consist only of natural carbohydrates. Sugar is rarely found in them. The introduction of juice is recommended to start with 0.5 teaspoon. Within 5 - 7 days, its total amount can be increased to 30 - 40 milliliters.
Apple juice - the very first training food. It is very important that the juice is made from green varieties of apples. Moreover, it should not contain sugar. Since apple juice contains a large amount of organic acids and natural carbohydrates, its use increases appetite and also enhances the production of digestive juices.
pear juice - "pantry" of folic acid, which takes an integral part in the process of hematopoiesis. In addition, in this juice there is an accumulation of phosphorus, fiber, calcium, magnesium and cobalt. Its use improves peristalsis ( wall contraction) intestines, and also eliminates certain violations of the digestive process.
Carrot-apricot juice - contains in its composition a huge amount of pectin, dietary fiber and fiber. This juice is especially useful for all those babies who suffer from constipation, as it tends to enhance the growth of beneficial intestinal microflora. In addition, he fights against various pathologies of the skin, enhances the secretion of bile, reduces the amount of cholesterol. Carrot-apricot juice should be given on an empty stomach.
prune juice - endowed with a number of useful properties due to the presence of dietary fiber and pectin in it. This juice is recommended to be given with a weakened immune system, as well as with a tendency to constipation.
Fruit puree:
fruit purees
it is considered to be the second type of complementary foods, which is recommended to be introduced into the baby's menu only 2 weeks after the juice. Modern experts distinguish 3 types of such puree, namely homogenized, puree-like and coarsely ground. Homogenized puree is intended for children whose age varies from 3.5 to 5 months. Puree puree can be given from 6 to 8 months, but coarse puree is intended for children from 9 to 12 months. The daily amount of such puree is equal to the age of the child in months multiplied by 10. All fruit and vegetable purees have a denser consistency, since they also contain vegetable fibers that are involved in the regulation of intestinal motor function. Blueberry puree - suitable for all babies without exception. This berry has a fairly powerful anti-inflammatory and disinfectant effect. It contains both manganese and a tannin called tannin, a provitamin A, aromatic acids, carbohydrates and many other components. Blueberries tend to improve vision, increase appetite, improve brain function, regulate hematopoiesis, and also provide the body with the necessary amount of energy.
Broccoli puree – enriched with beta-carotene and various vitamins, mainly vitamin WITH. The introduction of this product into the diet will help improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system, as well as prevent the development of iron deficiency anemia. Regular consumption of this puree helps cleanse the body of cholesterol and improve metabolic processes in the liver. Broccoli is an excellent means of prevention and atherosclerosis.
carrot puree - has a very beneficial effect in the very first place on biliary activity. In addition, carrots have bactericidal and antioxidant properties. This vegetable normalizes epithelialization ( formation of epithelium in the affected areas) of the intestinal mucosa and contributes to its emptying. It is especially useful to give carrot puree to all those babies who have a fairly low growth rate. Carrot puree is considered to be an excellent means of preventing respiratory pathologies, as well as recurrent ( frequently repeated) bronchitis.
Cauliflower puree - has a high nutritional value. As part of this puree, there is an accumulation of a large amount of mineral salts, vitamins, vegetable fiber, as well as trace elements.
Grain food:
Cereal complementary foods, that is, cereals, are considered to be a traditional type of complementary foods, which must be introduced into the diet closer to 6 months. Cereals are enriched with a large amount of carbohydrates, which supply the growing body with the energy it needs. In addition, the composition of cereals includes microelements, proteins of plant origin and vitamins of the group IN, which tend to have a stimulating effect on the work of the gastrointestinal tract. Note that cereals in the form of a powder, unlike dry milk cereals, have a number of advantages, namely:- consumption safety;
- guaranteed chemical composition;
- the presence of a large number of trace elements and vitamins.
We cook porridge ourselves:
To cook porridge yourself, you should first carefully sort and rinse the cereal, and then grind it in a coffee grinder. Pour the resulting flour with cold water and leave to cook, stirring occasionally. To improve the taste of porridge, as well as increase its nutritional properties, add about 20-30 milliliters of adapted milk formula or expressed breast milk to it right before feeding. After that, pour the porridge into a plate and let it cool. As for salt and sugar, it is best not to add them to porridge, especially if the child is not yet a year old. Over time, you can add butter to the porridge. Dairy products:
The composition of fermented milk products contains a large amount of phosphorus, calcium, riboflavin and protein. All these products tend to suppress the growth of pathogenic ( pathogenic) microorganisms. They are also an excellent means of preventing allergic reactions, malignant neoplasms, atherosclerosis and gastrointestinal pathologies. Particularly useful for the child's body are kefir, yogurt and hard cheeses.The use of dairy products helps:
- improve intestinal motility;
- reduce the amount of cholesterol;
- improve the absorption of proteins, fats and milk sugar;
- enhance the secretory activity of the digestive glands.
Meat food:
Meat is a universal product, however, it can be introduced into the baby's diet only after his gastrointestinal tract is fully formed. It is meat that is the main supplier of complete proteins of animal origin, which are so necessary for the formation of red blood cells. Under the erythrocytes are hidden red blood cells, which tend to increase the level of hemoglobin. Available in meat and extractive ( organic) components necessary to stimulate digestive function.Cow's milk for babies:
It is forbidden to introduce milk as an additional food product at an early age, as it can cause the development of intestinal bleeding, followed by the formation of iron deficiency anemia, that is, microcytic anemia resulting from a strong decrease in iron stores in the body. Babies who consume whole milk may develop intolerance to its proteins.Egg as food:
Eggs have a fairly high biological value due to the presence of a large amount of amino acids, lipids, iron, as well as saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. All these components play an important role in both the physical and mental development of the baby. In addition, they improve the intake of animal proteins. Before use, it is very important to subject the eggs to a thorough heat treatment in order to protect the baby from salmonella poisoning.Fish and seafood:
Fish and seafood are one of the main sources of complete proteins and amino acids. In addition, these products contain polyunsaturated fatty acids that have a beneficial effect on the development of the central nervous system. They also contain trace elements such as zinc and iron. There is a lot of iodine in sea fish.What mom needs to know when making juice at home:
- we follow all the rules of personal hygiene ( well-washed hands, short nails, a scarf on the head);
- utensils intended for making juice should not be used for other purposes;
- before making juice, the pot, as well as other necessary utensils, should be washed in hot soda water using a brush, then the utensils should be boiled for 10 minutes;
- we also use soda water to wash the juice bottle, after which we boil the bottle for 10 minutes;
- immediately after boiling, it is recommended to close the bottle with a tight stopper made of sterile cotton wool;
- utensils intended for making juice should be stored in a separate clean and closed container;
- brushes used for washing dishes should be washed in soda water, after which we boil and dry them thoroughly;
- the prepared juice should be given to the baby immediately after preparation. In summer, it can be stored for no more than 120 minutes, but in winter - no more than 240 minutes.
Is it possible to feed a child with kissel?
Experts do not recommend giving jelly to babies, so as not to provoke overfeeding. Both fruits and berries are best given fresh or canned, as during cooking they lose the greatest amount of vitamins and minerals.How can you teach a child to bite?
In such cases, an apple comes to the rescue. Take a small apple, peel it and place it in your baby's hand. It is very important that the apple is whole, because in this form, pieces do not break off from it. The child will initially scrape it with his teeth, and then begin to bite off a piece.Should children wash their hands before eating?
Yes need. The thing is not only hygiene, but also the fact that water is a very strong irritant of the nerve endings of the skin. Irritation of such endings increases appetite and enhances the production of active digestive juices.Complementary foods and dysbacteriosis:
Dysbacteriosis is a violation of the normal ratio of microflora in the body, resulting in a violation of both absorption and assimilation of nutrients. In children suffering from dysbacteriosis, various disturbances in the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract are most often observed, which is why complementary foods should be introduced to them very carefully, which will help to avoid fatal ( life-threatening) lack of vitamins and nutrients. Careful introduction of new products will help to avoid the development and diathesis, as well as atopic dermatitis ( a chronic disease that occurs in children with a genetic predisposition to allergic pathologies).The introduction of complementary foods for atopic dermatitis:
If the diagnosis of "atopic dermatitis" has already been made, then new products are allowed to be introduced only when there are no fresh elements of the rash on the skin. Such children should not be introduced to new foods before 6 months of age. The very first complementary foods should consist of vegetable puree, it is best to opt for zucchini or cauliflower puree. Initially, you can give no more than a quarter of a teaspoon of complementary foods. The general rule is: 1 product in 7 - 10 days. It is very important to have a special food diary, in which you will need to enter all the foods that cause an exacerbation of this disease. In the event of very strong reactions from the skin, you should get the advice of a specialist who will prescribe the necessary local and systemic treatment.The introduction of complementary foods for lactase deficiency:
Lactase deficiency is a congenital or acquired pathological condition, accompanied by a lack or complete absence of the lactase enzyme, which is responsible for the breakdown of milk sugar. The organisms of such children are not able to absorb milk. The main symptoms of lactase deficiency are:
- flatulence (excessive formation of gases in the intestines);
- diarrhea after drinking milk;
- insufficient weight gain;
- signs of dehydration.
Introduction of complementary foods to premature babies:
Premature babies are especially in need of vitamins and nutrients, which is why they should be introduced to complementary foods much earlier than all other babies. So, for example, vegetable and fruit juices are introduced to them at the age of 1 to 3 months. Initially, the juice should be no more than 5 drops. Giving juice to a premature baby should be after meals. As for beetroot, strawberry and strawberry juices, it is strictly forbidden to give them during the first 12 months of life. The thing is that these juices are endowed with a fairly powerful allergenic effect. Fruit purees are introduced to such babies at the age of 2 months. As early as 3 months, they can begin to give egg yolk. In the same period, you need to start introducing cottage cheese. Porridge is introduced into the diet from 4 months. To prevent the development of anemia, meat should be introduced from the 5th month. At 8 months, the baby can be pleased with unsweetened cookies, bread, vegetable soup or meat broth.What to do if complementary foods cause constipation?
Improper introduction of complementary foods is dangerous not only by the occurrence of rashes on the skin. Quite often, new foods cause development and constipation, which is very harmful to a growing organism. In babies, constipation occurs in the form of a feedback reaction to a particular new product. Thus, the body shows that it is not able to cope with a new product for it. If you notice that your baby has begun to suffer from constipation, then first change the mode of introduction of new products. New food can be given to such children no earlier than 6 months, and these should be special products of industrial preparation in the form of mashed potatoes. Such purees are much safer for children's intestines. As for homemade dishes, they can be used no earlier than 8 months. Abdominal massage will also help to cope with constipation, which should be carried out 3-4 times a day for 10 minutes. To strengthen the muscles of the abdominal wall and improve bowel function, put your baby on your stomach as often as possible.Before use, you should consult with a specialist.
