Patriotic education definition. What is patriotic education, goals and objectives. Municipal educational institution

Most people who think about the world around them and themselves in this world inevitably come to the mystery of their own Universe, their own roots, the meaning of life and mission within the time frame of their own existence. These reflections are inevitably grouped around the concepts of family, place of birth, surrounding people, Motherland. Comprehension of their depth leads to reasoning about patriotism. The specificity of the motherland in its deepest foundations is determined by those socio-cultural factors that were formed at the early stages of the formation of a person and society, which form his property in the space of genetic memory.

In the Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary, published in 2003, the following definition of patriotism is given: “... love for the fatherland, for the native land, for one's cultural environment. With these natural foundations of patriotism as a natural feeling, its moral significance as a duty and virtue is combined. A clear awareness of one's duties in relation to the fatherland and their faithful fulfillment form the virtue of patriotism, which from ancient times had a religious significance ... ”1 Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch.ed. B.M. Bim-Bad - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2003; P.185

Patriotism as an idea and the driving force of society and the state was considered by thinkers in ancient times. Various aspects of this sociocultural phenomenon are revealed in the works of such thinkers as Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, F. Bacon, A. Chartier, N. Machiavelli, C. Montesquieu, J.-J. Rousseau, J. G. Fichte, G. V. .F.Hegel, Z.Freud, J.P.Sartre, K. Jaspers and others.

In the galaxy of domestic thinkers who have made a significant contribution to the development of the problems of patriotism are M. V. Lomonosov, A. S. Khomyakov, N. M. Karamzin, F. I. Tyutchev, V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, F. M. Dostoevsky, V. S. Solovyov, N. F. Fedorov, L. N. Tolstoy, G. P. Fedotov, N. O. Lossky, S. L. Frank, G. V. Plekhanov, P. B. Struve, V. V. Rozanov, S. N. Bulgakov, and others. Russian society, which is of great importance for its future fate.

Patriotism is a kind of format of life orientations of a Russian citizen in the implementation of his life strategy corresponding to the real social interests and expectations of the surrounding team, society and the state, impressed in his mind, found in the sense of his own existence and objectified in the way of life.

Patriotism- this is a voluntarily accepted position of individuals, in which the priority of the state is not a limitation, but an incentive for individual freedom and conditions for the formation and development of civil society. This defines patriotism as a universal norm that regulates any relationship, interests or activity in only one direction: in the possibility of all this to be correlated with originality, which is experienced as a feeling and image of the Motherland (imperative aspect).

Patriotism- a moral and political principle, a social feeling, the content of which is love for the fatherland and the willingness to subordinate its private interests to its interests. Patriotism implies pride in the achievements and culture of one's homeland, the desire to preserve its character and cultural characteristics and identify oneself with other members of the nation, the willingness to subordinate one's interests to the interests of the country, the desire to protect the interests of the homeland and one's people. The historical source of patriotism is the fixed existence of separate states for centuries and millennia, which formed attachment to their native land, language, and traditions. In the context of the formation of nations and the formation of national states, patriotism becomes an integral part of public consciousness, reflecting national moments in its development. (Glossary)

Patriotism- love for the fatherland, devotion to it, the desire to serve its interests with its actions.

Patriotism- one of the deepest feelings, fixed for centuries and millennia of isolated fatherlands "(Lenin V.I., Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 37, p. 190). issue as a quote

The content and direction of patriotism are determined, first of all, by the spiritual and moral climate of society, its historical roots that feed the social life of generations. The role and significance of patriotism increase at sharp turns in history, when the objective trends in the development of society are accompanied by an increase in the tension of the forces of its citizens (wars, invasions, social conflicts, revolutionary upheavals, aggravation of crises, struggle for power, natural and other disasters, etc.) . The manifestations of patriotism in such periods are marked by high noble impulses, special sacrifice in the name of one's people, one's Motherland, which makes one speak of patriotism as a complex and, of course, an extraordinary phenomenon.

Patriotism can manifest itself in the following forms:

polis patriotism - existed in ancient city-states (polises);

imperial patriotism - supported feelings of loyalty to the empire and its government;

ethnic patriotism (nationalism) - at the base it has feelings of love for its ethnic group;

state patriotism - at the base are feelings of love for the state.

leavened patriotism (cheers-patriotism) - at the base lie hypertrophied feelings of love for the state and its people.

Patriotism in modern Russia presupposes corresponding active socio-cultural and other activities of a person in a team, the participation of the team in social processes, and the activation of the role of society in the affairs of the state. It always acts as a personal position or relationship to society, it becomes the content of a person’s freedom, the power of his life activity and is an internal measure of the viability of an individual, a team, society and the state.

In the current situation of Russia's development, more than ever, it is necessary to revive spirituality, educate the population, especially young people, in the spirit of patriotism, love for the Fatherland, stop propaganda of violence, cruelty, a way of life that is not characteristic of us. Without the rise of civic consciousness, the patriotic potential of the population and Russian statehood, one cannot count on success in the revival of the Fatherland. In the implementation of patriotic education, new conceptual approaches are needed, first of all, the realization that the formation of patriotism cannot occupy a secondary place or be the subject of speculation in the political struggle.

Modern problems of patriotic education are studied in various branches of the humanities. Theoretical and methodological problems are presented in:

Philosophical (Baykova V.G., Borodin E.T., Benkendorf G.D., Zarvansky V.M., Vishnevsky S.S., Ilyichev N.M., Krylova N.B., Lutovinov V.I., Makarov V.V., Mirsky R.Ya., Sukhotina L.D., Nikandrov N.D., Sverdlin M.A., Rogachev P.M., Skurlatov V.I.)

Historical (Gulyga A.V., Krupnitsky D.V., Platonov O.S., Kharlanova Yu.V., Ilyina V.A., Kruglov A.A., Naumov S.V., Rybakovsky L.L., Bikmeev M.A., Zhilin P.A., Kukushkin Yu.S., Pryakhin D.A., Ermichev A.A., Yarvelyan V.I., Voynilov G.Yu., Kozhukhova E.A.), political scientists studies (Babushkina V.A., Levashov V.N., Petrosyan Yu.S., Ivanova S.Yu., Safaeva R.A., Yavchunovskaya R.A.).

Pedagogical research (Agapova I.A., Belozertsev E.P., Bondarevskaya E.V., Bublik L.A., Bykov A.K., Bikmetov E.Yu., Vyrshchikov A.N., Grigoriev D.V. , Ippolitova N.I.)

Patriotic education- this is a systematic and purposeful activity of state authorities and organizations to form citizens of a high patriotic consciousness, a sense of loyalty to their Fatherland, readiness to fulfill civic duty and constitutional obligations to protect the interests of the Motherland.

Patriotic education is aimed at the formation and development of a person who has the qualities of a citizen - a patriot of the Motherland and is able to successfully fulfill civic duties in peacetime and wartime.

The goal of patriotic education, defined by the state concept "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation", is the development in Russian society of high social activity, civic responsibility, spirituality, the formation of citizens with positive values ​​and qualities, capable of manifesting them in the creative process in the interests of the Fatherland, strengthening the state , ensuring its vital interests and sustainable development. The modernization of patriotic education has recently become one of the priority areas of educational policy, which is undoubtedly influenced by the processes of cultural integration of the Russian population. A direct consequence of these processes is the revision of the provisions traditional for each regional system of patriotic education, their expansion, as well as the recently increasing trend of isomorphism of the patriotic functions of educational disciplines, manifested in the state's desire to develop a unified approach to solving the problems of patriot education. The mechanism of patriotic education is meaning-creating activity, aimed at developing a person's own meanings of serving the Fatherland in the process of individualization, personification and socialization.

The content of patriotic education is a semantic field in which there is an exchange of understood, accepted, recognized (i.e. recognized) and appropriated ways of thinking, consciousness, behavior, relationships, activities of human-forming subjects - (educators and educated, as well as educated among themselves) . It represents an energy exchange between the subjects of education with information, value attitudes, types and methods of communication, cognition, activity, games, behavior, the selection and assimilation of which is individually selective. The basis of the content of patriotic education should be the basic culture of the individual.

Its priority areas are the culture of life self-determination, family relations; economic and labor culture, political, democratic and legal culture, intellectual, moral and communicative culture; ecological, artistic and physical culture. Following the approaches generally accepted in Russian pedagogy (V.V. Kraevsky, I.Ya. Lerner) to the structure of the content of education, the following components can be distinguished:

Knowledge about reality from the perspective of patriotism;

Experience in imitation of the patriotic activities of heroes;

Experience in serving the Fatherland;

The content characteristics of patriotic education, which serve as the basis for determining invariant target parameters, can be established through the system of semantic correspondences of the phenomenon of patriotism in modern studies on philosophy, sociology, psychology and the history of pedagogy, which makes it possible to describe patriotic education as a pedagogical phenomenon in all its complexity and inconsistency. , in the unity of static and dynamic aspects.

It is necessary to highlight a number of requirements for the selection of the content of patriotic education:

Compliance of goals and objectives with the interests of ensuring the national security of Russia;

Ensuring compliance with the logic of the deployment of the content of education, the logic of personality development;

Sufficient scientific level of conceptuality of programs, models;

Accounting for real opportunities in patriotic education.

The main areas of patriotic education include:

Spiritual and moral- awareness by the individual of higher values, ideals and guidelines, socially significant processes and phenomena of real life, the ability to be guided by them as defining principles, positions in practical activities and behavior. It includes selfless love and devotion to one's Fatherland, pride in belonging to a great nation, in its accomplishments, trials and problems, veneration of national shrines and symbols, readiness for worthy and selfless service to society and the state. In pedagogical science of the last quarter of the twentieth century, it was developed in the following studies: (Allerzaev M.Ch., Alpatsky I.I., Bondarevskaya E.V., Vlasova T.I., Solovtsova I.A., Senyuk D.S., Nemkova E.M., Kodieva R.I., Parpara A., Andreev E.M., Yanovsky R.G., Sukhotina L.G., Ivanova S.Yu., Shishatsky A.T., Monakhov O.N. , Benkendorf G.L., Peven L.V., Kaliszewski A., Savinova K.G., Knyazev L.N., Safaeva R.A., Belyaeva L.N., Yavchunovskaya R.A., Vishnevsky S. S., Laptev P.N., Cherny S.I., Yuldasheva K., Bublik L.A., Kumykov A.N., etc.)

Historical and local history- knowledge of historical and cultural roots at the level of sensory experience of involvement in the past, awareness of the uniqueness of the Fatherland, its fate, inseparability from it, pride in participation in the deeds of ancestors and contemporaries and historical responsibility for what is happening in society and the state. It orients a person to the study of the centuries-old history of the Fatherland, the place and role of Russia in the world and historical process, military organization in the development and strengthening of society, in its protection from external threats, understanding the mentality, mores, customs, beliefs and traditions of our peoples, the heroic past various generations who fought for the independence and independence of the country. (Gorbova M.A., Duz L.P.,

Orchagin E.N., Latortsev A.P., Lisetskaya G.V., Gurtovenko I.I., Mikhnev N.N., Pushkarev L.N., Ikonnikov Yu.M., Derensky E.I., Trubkin M. .Ya., Burlykina L.I., Tolstopyatov I.V.)

Civil patriotic- this is the education of legal culture and law-abidingness, high morality and general culture, a clear civic position, constant readiness for conscious, disinterested, voluntary service to one's people and the fulfillment of one's constitutional duty. Civic-patriotic education is characterized by such a concept as citizenship and should be primarily aimed at shaping the personality of those traits that will allow it to be a full-fledged participant in public life. The areas in which it is necessary to conduct the process of civil and patriotic education should include the formation of self-esteem, moral ideals, legal culture, discipline, an active social position, readiness to fulfill one's constitutional duty. This direction is based primarily on the existing legal framework between the state and the citizen, which in practice gives young people all the necessary rights and contributes to their implementation, which causes them legitimate pride in their country, the formation of a deep understanding of constitutional duty, the formation of skills for assessing and valuing political and political legal events and processes in society and the state, military policy, the main provisions of the country's security concept and military doctrine, the place and role of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies in the political system of society and the state. (Podgornov A.V., Sivolobova N.A., Smirnov S.N., Kolchina N.S., Sallagova Z.B., Rakhimov O.Kh.-A) cultural and historical continuity, the formation of an active life position, the manifestation of a sense of nobility and compassion, the manifestation of concern for the elderly. Without broad cultural associativity in the process of reproduction of a person of culture, a citizen and a patriot, the creative and culture-generating possibility of modern education is not possible. (Valiev I.I., Vasiliev G.I., Golovanov V.A., Dementiev D.N., Dyachenko V.V., Zarvansky V.M., Kazimirskaya T.A., Kozlov A.A., Konovalova G.A., Kostruleva I.V.)

Military patriotic- this is an integral part of patriotic education and its highest form, focused on the formation of high patriotic consciousness among young people, the ideas of serving the Fatherland, the ability to defend it armed, instilling pride in Russian weapons, love for Russian military history, military service and military uniforms, preserving and the multiplication of glorious military traditions. (Agapova G.V., Alieva S.A., Aronov A.A., Zhiltsov N.A., Zaichikov A.N., Zlygostev Yu.K., Ivanov V.G., Kashintsev A.A., Konstantinov S.A., Kuzmenkov N.F., Lomtev Yu.A., Milchekova I.V., Bikhneev N.N., Podberezkin A.I., Pyatikov A.I., Radionov E.G., Saliev R. A., Samarets G.A., Senshov N.A., Solodkova M.V., Chistyakov S.N., Shinkorenko A.A., Olenin S.A., Bachevsky V., Akchurin R.S.)

Heroic-patriotic- it is also an integral part of patriotic education, focused on promoting heroic professions and significant heroic and historical dates in our history, instilling pride in participation in the deeds of ancestors and their traditions. (Lazarev Yu.V., Lukyanova V.P., Milchekova I.V., Petryankina A.P., Poluyanova R.A., Romanovskaya E.V., Sokolovskaya Yu.B., Shitikova O.N., Garbuzova V.V., Khlystova N.A., Okuneva Yu.E., Radionov E.G., Lutovinov V.I., Ivanenkov S.P., Kuszhanov A.Zh., Kartashev K.I., Frolov V. F., Okeanov V.P., Kirilenko V.I., Yushenkov S.N., etc.)

Sports and patriotic- aimed at shaping a person's competitiveness in the labor market, developing strength, dexterity, endurance, nurturing the will to achieve victory, self-affirmation, competitiveness, the need to lead a healthy lifestyle and block negative and bad habits. The implementation of the system of sports and patriotic education will make it possible to become one of the means of preventing diseases, promoting health, maintaining high human performance, raising the patriotism of citizens, preparing them for the defense of the Motherland, developing and strengthening friendship between peoples and guarantees the rights of citizens to equal access to physical exercises and sports. (Galkin S.V., Sadovnikov E.S., Kudinov A.A., Vyrshchikov A.N., Penkovsky E.A., Tuzhilin A.P., Kozlov A.A. et al.)

To consider the concept of "patriotic education", it is necessary to explain what "patriotism" is, since the term "patriotic education" originates from "patriotism".

In the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, the term "patriotism" is interpreted as "loyalty and love for one's fatherland, for one's people."

Patriotism is one of the deepest human feelings, expressing love for the Motherland, readiness to serve its interests, pride in one's people. This is inextricably linked with the education of feelings of honor, duty, responsibility of a person in society.

The enduring nature of patriotism, its significance in the life of different peoples and every person, its influence on the development of society makes it possible to attribute patriotism to the category of social and moral values. Values ​​are understood as: "any object (including the ideal one) that is of vital importance for the subject (individual, group, stratum, ethnic group). In a broad sense, not only abstract attractive meanings or situational values ​​can act as values, but also stably important for the individual specific material goods. In a narrower sense, it is customary to speak of values ​​as spiritual ideas contained in concepts that have a high degree of generalization. Being formed in the mind, these values ​​are comprehended in the course of the development of culture ".

In educational, pedagogical and reference literature, patriotism is seen as a complex phenomenon, as an integral part of the socio-moral orientation of the individual. This is due to the following factors: 1) the allocation of key concepts in the structure of patriotic education, such as the Motherland and the Fatherland - involves the inclusion of the following components in the content of patriotism - love for the Motherland, loyalty to the Fatherland and serving it, which determines the combination of a positive emotional attitude to the native land and to their country, society at this stage of its development; 2) love for one's native places, one's native language, respect for one's people, for their customs and traditions, etc. refers to moral feelings that characterize a person's experiences on the basis of correlating people's actions with moral norms. These norms are developed in society, taking into account universal values ​​and specific historical features. Encouraging a person to serve the Fatherland, patriotism has a social character, is socially conditioned. It is realized as a moral principle, as a moral feeling, as a moral quality.

IN AND. Dahl, who was one of the first to define the concept of "patriotism", writes about it:

"1) honoring the place of one's birth and place of permanent residence as one's homeland, love and care for this territorial formation, respect for local traditions, devotion to this territorial region until the end of one's life;

2) respect for their ancestors living in this territory, love and tolerance for fellow countrymen, the desire to help them.

Patriotism is a synthesis of spiritual, moral, civic and ideological qualities of a person.

Patriotism and patriotic education in the reference and educational literature is not always considered as a separate category of the educational system. In the main pedagogical sources, patriotic education acts as an integral part of any upbringing process.

The pedagogical dictionary explains patriotic education as: "a systematic and purposeful activity to form a high patriotic consciousness, a sense of loyalty to one's Fatherland, readiness to fulfill civic duty and protect the interests of the motherland. Patriotic education is aimed at the formation and development of a person who has the qualities of a citizen - a patriot of the Motherland and is capable of successfully fulfill civil duties in peacetime and wartime.The basis for the formation of patriotic feelings and consciousness of citizens are the heroic events of national history;outstanding achievements of the country in the field of politics, economics, science, culture and sports.Measures aimed at fostering patriotism: organizing and holding festivals , military-sports games, competitions, military-themed art exhibitions, "memory watches", anniversary events dedicated to memorable dates, meetings of youth with veterans, carrying out search operations for the burial of the unburied remains of soldiers who fell in the Great Patriotic War, as well as the creation of military museums and labor glory, the organization of profile shifts for young patriots, etc. The main thing in patriotic education is to stimulate the civic activity of pupils, aimed at accelerating progress and overcoming shortcomings. It is important to form a critical attitude towards the negative phenomena of the past and present, to strive to overcome them.

The state program, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 5, 2010 No. 795, notes the need to develop scientific and theoretical foundations and methodological recommendations on the problems of formation and development of the personality of a Russian patriot. Patriotic education contains the highest meanings of human existence, connected with the history of the Fatherland, with the memory of bygone generations and their glorious deeds. "Patriotism is the core of spiritual and moral education, the most important resource for the growth of social energy aimed at reviving the country."

Patriotic education is the process of interaction between educators and pupils, aimed at the development of patriotic feelings, the formation of patriotic beliefs and stable norms of patriotic behavior. The goal of patriotic education is to educate a convinced patriot who loves his Motherland, devoted to the Fatherland, ready to serve him with his work and protect his interests.

The author of the article "Modern approaches to the patriotic education of preschoolers" L.N. Dergach, writes: "The problem of patriotic education of the younger generation is one of the most urgent today. This problem has fallen out of sight of a significant part of scientists and practitioners for more than 10 years. Patriotic education of preschoolers is not only the education of love for one's home, family, school, city (village), to the native nature, the cultural heritage of their people, their nation and a tolerant attitude towards representatives of other nationalities, but also "cultivating a respectful attitude towards the worker and the results of his work, his native land, the defenders of the Fatherland, state symbols, the traditions of the state and public holidays ". All this can be correlated with the patriotic education of the younger schoolchild and speaks of the continuity of patriotic education.

Patriotic education is inextricably linked with international education, which is interpreted by F.F. Slipchenko as "the upbringing of the most important spiritual, moral, cultural and historical values ​​that reflect the specifics of the formation and development of our society and state, national identity, lifestyle, worldview and fate of Russians. It includes selfless love and devotion to their Fatherland, pride in belonging to a great people , to its accomplishments, trials and problems, veneration of national shrines and symbols, readiness for worthy and selfless service to society and the state. Propaganda of the ideas of internationalism, friendship of peoples, education of schoolchildren in an atmosphere of internationalism ".

Patriotic education is the formation of patriotic views and beliefs, feelings and norms of behavior. Patriotic education is impossible without the development of civil culture, which includes legal, political, labor, economic, environmental and peacekeeping culture. The content of the work on the formation of a civic culture among students includes the education of responsibility for the fate of the Fatherland, knowledge of one's rights and obligations, respect for the laws of the state, readiness to fulfill them. Patriotic education includes the education of a respectful attitude towards other peoples, respect and understanding of their traditions. Thus, patriotic education is a complex of work on the formation of the personality of a citizen - a patriot.

In view of the foregoing, we concluded that the essence of patriotic education lies in love for the Motherland, for native places, for the native language; respect for the past of their Motherland, for the customs and traditions of their people, knowledge of the history of their Motherland, understanding of the tasks facing the country and their patriotic duty; respect for other peoples, their customs and culture, intolerance for racial and national hostility; the desire to strengthen the honor and dignity of the motherland, respect for the army and readiness to defend the motherland, serve its interests.

Municipal educational institution

"Deevskaya secondary school"

Patriotic education

in a general education institution

Executor:

Dunaeva Ekaterina Alexandrovna,

deputy director of the school

educational work,

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………........3

§1. Patriotic education: definition of the concept, tasks, principles……………………………………………………………………………………....6

§ 2. The content of the activities of an educational institution for the patriotic education of students……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

§3. Local history work as a form of patriotic education of students……………………………………………………………………………………..32

Conclusion ...........................................................................................................34

List of literature used………………………………………………….37

Application………………………………………………………………………….40

Introduction

The Russian land is a land of generous nature, unshakable traditions and rich

the events of history. The patriotic education of the younger generation has always been one of the most important tasks of the modern school, because it is at this age that there are all the prerequisites for instilling a sacred sense of love for the Motherland.

Patriotism is one of the most important features of the comprehensive development of the individual from the most significant, enduring values ​​inherent in all spheres of the life of society and the state. It is the most important spiritual asset of the individual, characterizes the highest level of its development and manifests itself in its active self-realization for the benefit of the Fatherland. Schoolchildren should develop a sense of pride in their homeland and their people, respect for its great achievements and worthy pages of the past.

Patriotism is manifested in the actions and activities of a person, arising out of love for one's "small homeland". Patriotic feelings, having passed through a number of stages on the way to their maturity, rise to a nationwide patriotic self-consciousness, to a conscious love for their Fatherland.

Patriotism is love for the Motherland, devotion to one's Fatherland, the desire to serve its interests, readiness, up to self-sacrifice, to protect it. At the personal level, patriotism acts as the most important stable characteristic of a person, expressed in his worldview, moral ideals, and norms of behavior. Patriotic education is aimed at the formation and development of a person who has the qualities of a citizen-patriot of the Motherland, capable of successfully fulfilling civic duties in peacetime and wartime. The role of the school in this regard is invaluable.

Unfortunately, at present, even in the history books, very little is said about the role of our people in the Great Patriotic War. Schoolchildren have almost no ideals, they do not know or know very little about those who provided them with a future, defended it for them. Perhaps that is why young people do not want to serve in the army, although the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that military service is their sacred duty. Schoolchildren should develop a feeling of love for their Motherland, they should raise a generation of people who are convinced, noble, ready for a feat, who could be proudly called the word "patriot".

In the conditions of the school, patriotism is instilled in the course of working with historical materials that reveal the traditions of the Russian people, the heroic struggle, and feats. Schoolchildren begin to form, as it were, the beginning of patriotism, but if it is not directed, not realized, then it may remain unclaimed and schoolchildren may find their application in a completely different way. The research problem is to identify pedagogical conditions that would contribute to the patriotic education of schoolchildren. Therefore, the topic of patriotic education is relevant.

The purpose of patriotic education:

· development in the individual of high social activity, civic responsibility, spirituality, the formation of a personality with positive values ​​and qualities capable of manifesting them in the creative process in the interests of the Fatherland.

· Preservation of the continuity of generations on the basis of historical memory, examples of the heroic past of the people, familiarization with the traditions and culture of the country, development of the best qualities of Russian patriots in students.

The purpose of this work is to identify the methods and techniques used in educational work on the formation of patriotic education in a general education institution.

1. Substantiate the principles of patriotic education.

2. To identify methods and techniques of patriotic education of schoolchildren.

3. Show effective forms of education of a patriot at school.

The object of research is the process of patriotic education in a general education institution.

The subject of the research is the pedagogical conditions of work on the patriotic education of schoolchildren.

The hypothesis of the study is that the education of patriotism in secondary school students becomes pedagogically effective if:

· the general goal of patriotic education of schoolchildren is interpreted broadly;

· Based on the basic program, a set of classes has been developed.

Planned result:

· the development of an integral system of patriotic education, which makes it possible to form in students a high general culture, patriotic feelings and consciousness on the basis of the historical values ​​of Russia and their native land;

· instilling in students love for their "small" Motherland, native land and its wonderful people;

Formation of a responsible understanding among students of their civic duty and constitutional obligations;

creation of favorable conditions for the moral, intellectual and physical formation of the personality of the child and the younger generation

Research methods:

1. The study of pedagogical and methodological literature on the research problem.

2. Observation of the activities of schoolchildren, conversations, thematic events.

§ 1. Patriotic education: definition of the concept, tasks, principles

The historical experience of the formation and development of our Fatherland indicates that the most important means of forming a civil society, strengthening the unity and integrity of the multinational Russian Federation is the patriotic education of citizens. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a degradation of the previously established system of patriotic education. Cynicism, aggressiveness, moral relativism began to appear in the minds of people. In other countries, on the contrary, patriotic education is being strengthened, loyalty to the Motherland, respect for the state flag and coat of arms are being cultivated. Many American schoolchildren believe that the world owes the victory in World War II to the United States, and not to the Soviet Union. If we now lose patriotism, the national pride and dignity associated with it, then we can completely lose ourselves as a people.

Recently, nationalist sentiments have significantly increased in Russian society. Negativism, demonstrative attitude towards adults, cruelty in extreme manifestations have increased in the children's and youth environment. Crime has sharply grown up and "younger". Many children today found themselves outside the educational environment, on the street, where they learn the difficult science of upbringing in harsh conditions. Over the past decade, we have practically lost an entire generation, whose representatives could potentially become true patriots and worthy citizens of our country.

Due to the post-crisis phenomena present in the socio-economic, political, cultural and other spheres of public life, it is required to raise the level of upbringing and education of the younger generation. One of the key areas of this activity is the creation of conditions for the education and development of the personality of a citizen and patriot of Russia, ready and able to defend its interests. The situation in our country has caused concern among employees of educational and cultural institutions, state and public figures. They believe that patriotic education is an important means of forming a civil society, strengthening the unity and integrity of the Russian Federation.

Analyzing history, we come to the conclusion that the history of Russia is largely the history of wars in which Russians showed heroism and courage, endured incredible hardships and hardships. Therefore, schoolchildren need to be told in the name of which certain feats were performed, our distant ancestors and recent predecessors sacrificed their fortune, love, life itself in the name of the interests of the Fatherland.

Patriotic education is one of the most important directions of state policy in education, because it has always been one of the most important tasks of the modern school, because childhood and youth are the most fertile time for instilling a sacred sense of love for the Motherland. The education of patriotism is a tireless work to create in schoolchildren a sense of pride in their homeland and their people, respect for its great achievements and worthy pages of the past. The school has a lot to do: its role in this regard is undeniable. There is an obvious need to develop and implement priorities in the fundamental principles of patriotic education.

According to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2001 No. 122, the state program "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2001-2005" was developed, as well as the subprogram of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "Creation of conditions for civil formation, patriotic, spiritual and moral education of youth. Perpetuating the memory of the defenders of the Fatherland "within the framework of the federal target program" Youth of Russia "(2001-2005), which defined the concept, content, problems of patriotic education, goals and objectives, a system of program activities, mechanisms for implementing programs, which was the basis for organizing activities with kids. It has not been fully implemented and therefore it became necessary to adopt a second program.

In 2005, the Government of the Russian Federation developed the second State Program "Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation for 2006-2010". This program was developed in accordance with the Concept of Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation and taking into account the proposals of the federal executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, scientific and educational institutions, public organizations, creative unions and religious denominations. The program has state status and is a continuation of the 2001-2005 program. The main goal of the program is to improve the system of patriotic education, which ensures the development of Russia as a free, democratic state, the formation of a high patriotic consciousness among the citizens of the Russian Federation, loyalty to the Fatherland, readiness to fulfill constitutional duties.

In the Sverdlovsk region, on the basis of state programs, a regional state target program for 2007-2009 "Patriotic education of citizens of the Sverdlovsk region" has been developed, the purpose of which is to improve the quality of patriotic education in a general education institution.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. Continue creating a system of patriotic education.

2. To improve the normative-legal and organizational-methodological base of patriotic education.

3. Wider involvement of public organizations and labor collectives.

4. To improve the quality of patriotic education in general educational institutions, turning them into centers of patriotic education of the younger generation.

5. Carry out organizational and propaganda activities in order to further develop patriotism as the core spiritual component of Russia.

The main directions of the Program implementation include:

1. Improving the process of patriotic education.

2. Development of scientific - theoretical and methodological foundations of patriotic education.

3. Coordination of the activities of public organizations in the interests of patriotic education.

4. Information support in the field of patriotic education.

5. The use of state symbols of Russia in patriotic education.

The Programs indicate the mechanisms for implementation, resource provision, evaluation of the effectiveness of implementation.

The "Concept for the Modernization of Russian Education for the Period up to 2010" defines the priority areas of education, among which the most important is the increase in the educational potential of the educational process. The tasks of forming schoolchildren's civic responsibility and legal self-awareness, spirituality and culture, initiative, independence, tolerance, and the ability to successfully socialize in society are set. The school is supposed to be oriented not only to imparting a certain amount of knowledge to students, but also to the development of the moral qualities of the individual, including patriotism.

For Russia, one of the largest multinational countries in the world, the most important goal of upbringing and education is the formation of Russian patriotism among citizens, a sense of friendship between peoples and religious tolerance. True patriotism is humanistic in its essence, includes respect for other peoples and countries, for their national customs and traditions, and is inextricably linked with the culture of interethnic relations. When solving educational problems, the teacher should be guided by the principles of education. He must take into account not only the nature of education itself, but also the various circumstances and conditions under the influence of which the process of socialization of the young generation proceeds.

School - as a social institution, should prepare for life. And life is not only academic knowledge. The entire educational process should be directed to the upbringing of a patriot, defender of the Fatherland. A special place in it is given to extracurricular work to prepare young people for the defense of the Motherland. Although the documents on school reform set the task of "covering" all students with various mass and individual forms of educational work outside of school time, however, without analyzing the essential features of this process, its features under the new historical conditions, all attempts to "encompass" will lead to formalism. There is no doubt that the role of educational work today has changed significantly. New trends in the field of education are due to the renewal of society, the ongoing processes of humanization, democratization, the need to form a new political thinking, improve all aspects of our lives: politics, culture, the development of a modern system of spiritual priorities, update the content of moral orientations, strengthen the moral factor in regulating relations and activities of people. These objective factors today determine all aspects of our life, including the comprehension of goals, the choice of content, forms and methods of educational activities. The development of a person in school as a personality and a subject of activity is a mandatory development: intelligence, self-confidence, self-improvement, respect for others, for one's homeland. All this taken together can be called the humanistic psychology of education and training. No effective socio-pedagogical interaction with a teenager is possible without taking into account his motivation. Behind objectively absolutely identical actions, actions of schoolchildren, there may be completely different reasons, that is, the motivating sources of these actions, their motivation may be different. Ideals, interests of the individual, social attitudes, values ​​can also act as motives. It is necessary to know the peculiarities of the character of schoolchildren, to create such a psychological climate at school so that the children themselves become interested in what the teachers offer them, that is, in order to form patriotism in the system of educational work at school, one must know not only the essence and content of education, but also those internal psychological pedagogical components, which in their totality act as carriers of the specified quality.

When starting planning, we should not forget that the end result of the work of the school - to form a feeling of love for the Motherland, readiness to selflessly defend it if necessary - is a product of the educational process as a whole, the whole complex of influences on students, all activities for the formation of students' personality. Therefore, any attempt to plan work on patriotic education separately from the work plan of the school, as a whole, will inevitably lead to the limitation and utility of the plan, to its inferiority and imperfection. Despite the variety of forms of planning patriotic education, one should not forget that the abundance of directions can lead to significant difficulties in choosing and organizing the forms and methods of educational work, introduce elements of disorder and significantly complicate the planning process. Different classifications of means of patriotic education are possible according to the forms of conduct and organization, the place of conduct and the composition of students. But the typology of the means of patriotic education in terms of their functions and the formation of schoolchildren's readiness to defend the Motherland most adequately meets the tasks of a holistic approach. Growing up, a person with a special understanding begins to treat the feeling of heroism. Kind and noble heroes and their deeds leave their mark on children's souls, and Russian history has always been rich in heroes. Therefore, stories about valor, exploits and glory always find the right response in the hearts of the children, exciting their imagination, which will undoubtedly sow the first seeds of love for their native land.

It is very important, when carrying out work on patriotic education, to take into account that today you can’t impose anything on children. This can cause them protest, alienation, you need to try to do it unobtrusively, making students interested in the opportunity to show their talents and abilities. The significance of studying the system of patriotic education of students lies in the fact that it is at school that the education of a citizen of the country is considered as one of the main means of national revival.

Teachers, guided by the principles of patriotic education, are called upon to help strengthen friendly relations between the peoples of Russia through the education of citizens of feelings of Russian patriotism. The principles of patriotic education constitute an interconnected, integral system, guided by which teachers ensure the effective fulfillment of the goals and objectives of education, embody pedagogical practice in the content of education and upbringing, subject to the obligatory condition of public and state regulation of the activities of educational institutions and culture, public organizations, the media and the family for patriotic education . Describing the situation created in the camp by V.V. Putin says that the very word "patriotism" is now used in an ironic or abusive sense. However, for the majority of Russians, it has retained its original, completely positive meaning. This is a feeling of pride in one's Fatherland, its history, accomplishments. Having lost patriotism, the national pride and dignity associated with it, we are losing ourselves as a people capable of great accomplishments (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, December 30, 1999). Recently, the word "patriotism" has regained its high meaning.

Much has been written about the importance of introducing a child to the culture of his people, because turning to the father's heritage brings up respect, pride in the land on which you live. Therefore, children need to know and study the culture of their ancestors. The most important component of the educational process in the modern Russian school is the formation of patriotism and a culture of interethnic relations, which are of great importance in the socio-civil and spiritual development of the student's personality. Only on the basis of uplifting feelings of patriotism and national shrines is love for the Motherland strengthened, a sense of responsibility for its power, honor and independence appears, the preservation of the material and spiritual values ​​of society, and the dignity of the individual develops. Many thinkers and teachers of the past, revealing the role of patriotism in the process of personal development of a person, pointed to their many-sided formative influence. K.D. Ushinsky believed that patriotism is not only an important task of education, but also a powerful pedagogical tool: “Just as there is no person without pride, so there is no person without love for the Fatherland, and this love gives education the right key to a person’s heart and powerful support to fight against his bad natural, personal, family and tribal inclinations. Patriotism acts in the unity of spirituality, citizenship and social activity of the individual, who is aware of his inseparability, inseparability from the Fatherland.

Thus, patriotic education is one of the main tasks of an educational institution. Currently, there is a lot of methodological literature on this issue. But often it covers only certain aspects of the patriotic education of children and there is no coherent system that reflects the fullness of this issue. Apparently this is natural, since the feeling of patriotism is multifaceted in content. This is love for their native places, and pride in their people, and the desire to preserve and increase the wealth of their country.

Patriotic education is a complex pedagogical process. It is based on the development of moral feelings. The feeling of the Motherland begins with admiration for what the child sees in front of him, what he is amazed at and what evokes a response in his soul. And although many impressions are not yet deeply realized by him, but passed through children's perception, they play a huge role in the formation of the personality of a patriot. K.D. Ushinsky said that "... education, if it does not want to be powerless, should be popular ...". The works of oral folk art not only form love for the traditions of their people, but also contribute to the development of the individual in the spirit of patriotism.

Of great importance in the education of patriotism is the emotional impact. Feeling is the central link between knowledge and action. The emotional factor is important, emotions that have a motivating effect on performance. They are in the education of a sense of patriotism, as well as any other moral quality, - the most necessary component of efficiency. A sense of pride in the great achievements of Russian scientists, travelers, doctors, athletes, delight in the beauty and uniqueness of the country's nature, a feeling of gratitude for the feats of arms of the Russian people who saved Europe from the invasion of the Napoleonic army and the fascist plague, and then - bitterness for the huge human sacrifices of the 20th century , anxiety and pain for the economic and social problems of today's Russia, and most importantly, a sense of responsibility for the present and future of the country and people, in the formation of which lies the effectiveness of the development of patriotism in adolescents.

Traditions are also of great importance in the upbringing of the younger generation. In a number of the most important traditions, one can name the following: boundless devotion to the people, intransigence towards the enemies of the Fatherland, fidelity to public, military duty, readiness for self-sacrifice, high humanism of actions. All these traditions live and develop in our society. Heroic traditions not only become an element of our worldview, our spiritual culture, but also materialize in the exhibits of museums and rooms of military glory, the history of parts and ships, monuments and memorials, celebrations of outstanding dates in the history of our people. Many of the traditions are enshrined in rituals. They are solemn, strict, concise and full of deep inner meaning. The bearers of traditions are not only individual heroes, warriors who glorified themselves and the Fatherland with their exploits, but also entire teams, military units, ships, formations. Heroic traditions, as a living bundle of past military experience that we inherited, are used in a variety of ways and forms. The tradition makes it possible to respect the heroic history, preserve the most rational forms of behavior and action, and also allows, with the help of certain rituals, to pay tribute to the heroes who created feats. Heroic traditions, as it were, call new generations to continue and develop noble customs. In heroic traditions there are always vivid images of heroes, groups that teenagers strive to imitate, to be like them.

In patriotic education, the example of adults is of great importance. Nature, parents, relatives, Motherland, people - not by chance words with the same root. According to A.N. Vyrshchikov, this is “a kind of space of patriotism, which is based on the feeling of the Motherland, kinship, rootedness and solidarity, love, which is conditioned at the level of instinct. It is necessary, because we do not choose parents, children, the Motherland, the place of our birth” . Based on specific facts from the life of older family members (grandparents, participants in the Great Patriotic War, their labor and military exploits), it is necessary to instill in children such important concepts as “duty to the Motherland”, “love for the Fatherland”. It is important to bring students to the understanding that we won because we loved our Motherland, that no one doubted that Victory in this war would be ours. The motherland honors its heroes who gave their lives for the happiness of people. Their names are immortalized in the names of streets, squares, monuments and memorials have been erected in their honor. Show through the small big, the relationship between the activities of one person and the lives of all people - that's what is important for the education of patriotic feelings. To be a citizen, a patriot is by all means to be an internationalist. Therefore, the upbringing of love for one's Fatherland, pride in one's country should be combined with the formation of a benevolent attitude towards the culture of other peoples, towards each person individually, regardless of skin color and religion.

When solving the issues of patriotic education, each teacher must build his work in accordance with local conditions and the characteristics of children, taking into account the following principles:

Selection of knowledge that is most relevant for a child of this age;

· Continuity and succession of the pedagogical process;

· A differentiated approach to each student, the maximum consideration of his psychological abilities, capabilities and interests;

Rational combination of different types of activities;

· Active hike;

Developing character of training.

In the target program for managing the patriotic education of students, three components can be distinguished: target, scientific and methodological, organizational and practical.

1. Target component:

It reflects the essence, structure, signs of readiness to defend the Motherland as the goal of patriotic education of students. It should define specific criteria for the effectiveness of educational influences at various age stages of personality development, in various types of activities.

· Preschoolers: the formation of ideas about the heroic past of our Motherland, the excitement of children's interest in a patriotic theme: love for the Fatherland, its workers and defenders, their native land, for the military past of the people, its Armed Forces.

Criteria for the effectiveness of work with preschoolers: the ability of a preschooler to participate in conversations on patriotic topics, an emotional response to games with elements of militarization, physical hardiness in accordance with the standards for a given age.

· Junior students: possession of ideas about the Motherland, its heroic past, present and future, labor and combat traditions, instilling respect for symbols - the coat of arms, flag, anthem of Russia, feelings of love for the soldiers of the Russian Army, fostering interest in the heroic, in military activity, arousing desire for the future join the ranks of the armed forces of the Russian Army, the accumulation of emotional experience of experiencing the heroic events of our Motherland.

Criteria for evaluating work with younger students: students have figurative and specific ideas about the past of our Motherland, the ability to perform various combat roles during a paramilitary game, to show discipline, to restrain direct emotional manifestations that interfere with the performance of tasks.

· Younger and middle teenagers: the ability to correctly assess military events, military-political situations, visible assistance to veterans, bright, emotional events at school.

Criteria for the effectiveness of patriotic work with junior students and middle adolescence: knowledge of the military path of our people, the history of the most important battles and victories, diligence, experience in participating in military sports games.

· older teenager: the formation of an emotional experience of perceiving the heroic history of the Motherland, the desire for self-education of stamina, endurance and other strong-willed character traits, the desire to serve in the armed forces of the Russian Army, the heroic ideal, a civil attitude to work and the defense of the Motherland.

Criteria for the effectiveness of patriotic work with older adolescents: schoolchildren's knowledge of the history of world wars, their causes, the current military-political situation, the inclusion of the upcoming military service in life plans.

· student graduates: understanding of the tasks of the country's defense capability, the presence of conviction of the moral ideal of a person-worker and defender of the Motherland. Moral-political, psychological, military-applied and physical readiness of high school students to serve in the Russian Army.

Criteria for the effectiveness of patriotic work with student graduates: conviction in the need for conscientious performance of military duty and conscious self-preparation for military service, the ability to analyze the political situation in the world, to defend one's position with reason.

2. Scientific - methodological component:

It contains the main scientific and methodological ideas underlying the activities of the student and pedagogical teams in preparing young students for the protection of the spiritual and moral values ​​of the Russian people.

3. Organizational and practical component:

It reveals the content, forms and methods of patriotic education, taking into account the individual age characteristics of students.

Thematic planning contributes to effective and systematic assimilation. Separate topics are desirable to coincide with specific events and holidays, thereby providing a connection with social events.

An equally important condition for the patriotic education of students is a close relationship with their parents. It is wrong to believe that cultivating love in the family, thereby instilling love for the Motherland, there are cases when devotion to one's home coexists with indifference to the fate of the country, and sometimes even with betrayal .. Unfortunately, at present this work is relevant and especially difficult , requires great tact and patience, since in families, especially in young ones, the issues of educating patriotism are not considered important and often cause only bewilderment.

Of great importance are family excursions around the region, city, village, visits to museums with parents, participation in any competitions. Work on patriotic education can be carried out in the classroom, through circles, electives. Lessons can be held in a playful way, during extracurricular hours, various holidays and excursions.

Interesting and informative meetings with famous people of their region. Acquaintance of students with their small homeland can be started with a tour of their native village, city, along the streets where there are old buildings. Students will be surprised to discover the beauty of these houses. Their cultural level will increase, there will be a need to acquire new knowledge about their small homeland, about folk traditions. All this is very important for the formation of patriots, worthy citizens of their Fatherland. A concrete understanding of the role and place of native nature in the life of society and the fate of the Fatherland is manifested in each student in a personally interested, indifferent attitude towards it.

Extra-curricular activities and themed weeks are of great importance. Talking about nature, you can connect it with the events that took place during the Great Patriotic War. Speaking of the forest, we associate it with the partisan movement, because it became a protection and protection for the partisans who liberated their homeland - Russia - from the Nazi invaders. Patriotism - according to the Methodists, there is a deep awareness of one's inseparability with the Fatherland, not only in its historical, cultural and territorial aspect, but also in inseparable involvement with its nature.

Educational work in the classroom will give noticeable results if it is part of the entire work of the school on patriotic education and, in terms of content and methods of implementation, becomes more complicated from class to class.

The teacher of the Russian language and literature I. V. Chernykh from the city of Kirov developed the author's program "Russian Traditional Culture". The purpose of her program is to reveal to children the meaning of the concept of "Small Motherland", to understand why the Motherland is the most precious thing for a person. She proposes to conduct integrated lessons, involving music teachers, craftsmen, old-timers, using information from the local history museum. The lesson is held in a playful way, where students get acquainted with the traditions, rituals, traditions of their people. Music from the works of M.I. Glinka, P.I. Tchaikovsky, chimes, fragments of sacred music, Russian folk songs, poems about the Motherland. The work on Russian subjects is expanding and deepening. After the lessons the children visit the museum, workshops of the city.

The IRRO team of authors led by I.S. Oganovskaya and V.I. Shkerin developed a curriculum for the basic school "History of the Urals". Its implementation made it possible to enrich the historical knowledge of students with the experience of socio-cultural adaptation in the harsh natural, socio-economic conditions of the Urals and introduce them to the spiritual values ​​of world and domestic culture based on the cultural traditions of the Ural region. Academician V.S. Likhachev said: “You can’t just call for patriotism, you need to educate it - educate love for your native places, educate spiritual settledness.”

I got acquainted with the system of educational work on patriotic education in the municipal educational institution "Deevskaya secondary school", where I had a pedagogical practice. The system of civic-patriotic work at school includes a set of measures for the formation of patriotic feelings and consciousness of students. Patriotic education is planned, systemic, permanent, one of the priority areas in the field of educational activities and includes the following areas:

Local history and research (learning by children and teenagers of the traditional culture of their people, the development of creative activity, the preservation and development of Russian culture through the study of folk customs, traditions, crafts. The study of the history of the Fatherland).

· Literary and musical (inculcation of artistic taste, the need to communicate with art, the study of works and creativity of local writers, poets, composers, education of musical culture).

Excursion and tourism (education of the need to study the native land, the study of masterpieces of folk and world culture, the education of a competent viewer who knows how to distinguish highly artistic images of traditional and modern Russian culture from low-grade ones. Acquaintance with the monuments of culture and architecture of Russia).

· Physical culture and health-improving (the formation of a culture of maintaining the improvement of their own health among students, the education of healthy sports rivalry between children's groups. Promotion of a healthy lifestyle).

· Ecological (education of love for nature, the need to protect it from negative influences - pollution, deforestation, extermination of rare plant species, study of the nature of the native land).

· Civil (formation of students' legal culture, free and responsible self-determination in the field of legal relations with society).

· Heroic-patriotic (preserving the memory of heroic events, exploits, the formation of respect for the military profession).

By implementing these directions, the teacher forms in students a high social activity, civic responsibility, high spirituality of a person who has positive values ​​and qualities that can manifest them in the creative process in the interests of the Fatherland.

There is a program of cooperation on patriotic education with the kindergarten and the House of Culture. The opinion that the process of education must begin at preschool age is considered extremely important. During this period, the formation of the spiritual and moral basis of the child, emotions, feelings, thinking, mechanisms of social adaptation in society begins, the process of self-awareness in the world around begins. This segment of a person's life is the most favorable for the emotional and psychological impact on the child, since his images of perception are very bright and strong and therefore they remain in memory for a long time, and sometimes for life, which is very important in the education of patriotism. At each age stage, manifestations of patriotism and patriotic education have their own characteristics. Patriotism in relation to a child of senior preschool age is defined as his need to participate in all matters for the benefit of the people around him, they develop such qualities as compassion, sympathy, self-esteem, awareness of themselves as part of the world around them. During the period of senior preschool age, high social motives and noble feelings develop. How they are formed in the first years of a child's life largely depends on all of his subsequent development. During this period, those feelings and character traits begin to develop that invisibly already connect him with his people, his country. The roots of this influence are in the language of the people that the child learns, in folk songs, music, games, toys, impressions about the nature of his native land, about work, life, mores and customs of the people among whom he lives. Children form the need to do good deeds, deeds, a sense of belonging to the environment and the development of such qualities as compassion, sympathy, resourcefulness, curiosity. It is much easier to work with such children at school. Cooperation with the House of Culture is also useful, because children from kindergarten and school gather there for joint performances during the celebration of Defender of the Fatherland Day.

The school closely cooperates with the local museum of local lore, jointly holds the actions "Mercy", "Veteran", takes its students on excursions to the museums of the region and the city. The school librarian, in order to arouse students' interest in history, exploits, compiles lists of books on a military-patriotic theme, conducts conversations in the library on the books read:

· "Cities - heroes of the Great Patriotic War";

"Wreath of Glory";

· “History of Russia from Rurik to Putin. People, events, facts”;

· "Encyclopedia of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945";

· "The Great Patriotic War in lyrics and prose";

“One victory for all”;

· "Ural forged victory";

· “Poetry of the period of the Great Patriotic War and the first post-war years”;

· "Heroes of military affairs of the Fatherland";

"In the wide steppe";

· "Alexander Nevskiy";

· "Battle of Kulikovo";

“Young Russia”;

«Angel Suvorov. Biography. Science to win";

"War of 1812";

· "Mikhail Kutuzov";

“Marshal Zhukov. Secret life of the soul”;

The teachers of the school use reading works of art very skillfully. They say that our great compatriots in difficult moments, under the weight of enormous responsibility for the fate of the Fatherland, for the fate of millions of people who turned their eyes to them with hope, did not fainthearted, did not lose heart, did not bend. And how many nameless heroes rose to fight the enemy, how many died on the fields of Russian glory. They acquaint schoolchildren with specific, vivid facts of the heroism of Soviet soldiers, with the heroic deeds of children - pioneers and schoolchildren.

Children should know that our land is one - spacious, plentiful, gifted with the richness of nature. There will be a place for everyone on it, it will become a home for every home, if we manage to keep it united and strong, we learn to take care of it and we are ready to defend it. Then all peoples will believe that there is nothing for them to divide the one, eternal, blessed Russian land. Let the words “O brave, courageous sons of Russia! Try to preserve your Fatherland, the Russian land…”. .

Then they hold competitions of poems, songs on military topics, stage works about the war, hold meetings with war veterans, with home front workers, and provide them with constant assistance.

It is interesting to conduct lessons of courage, to which both war veterans and guys who have served in the army are invited. February is the month dedicated to the Defender of the Fatherland Day. During the month, the guys participate in various events: a show of formation and song, a paramilitary relay race, in the competition “Come on, men!” together with their fathers, intellectual games "The Wheel of History", a military history quiz, they write essays about military events, their fellow villagers. They learn poems on a military theme, stage military songs. They conduct search work about the exploits of relatives and friends, heroes of fellow countrymen, help in equipping the exposition of the school museum of military glory, participate in military-patriotic ceremonies. On May 9, the entire school takes part in the rally. Students weave garlands from spruce branches, decorate it with a red ribbon and flowers and lay it at the monument to the fallen soldiers in the Great Patriotic War. They organize a festive concert for war veterans and home front workers, give them flowers and crafts made with their own hands. The media publish articles about veterans, talk about their exploits and congratulate them on Victory Day. At the initiative of the school youth organization “We are the future”, a search squad “Patriot” was created, the motto of which was the lines of one of the poems about the war:

The whole world under the feet of the earth

I live. I breathe. I sing.

But always in my memory

Killed in battle.

Let me not name all the names

There is no blood relatives.

Isn't that why I live

That they died.

What I owe them - I know

And let not only a verse,

My life will be worthy

Their soldier's death.

The purpose of this club is:

The development of the best qualities of a Russian patriot in students, the preservation of the continuity of generations on the basis of patriotic memory, examples of the heroic past of the people, familiarization with the traditions and richest culture of the country.

· To form a moral attitude to the historical heroic past of Russia, the culture of its peoples, nature.

· To form a sense of civic responsibility for the fate of the country, people, readiness to protect the interests of the state.

· Develop a sense of respect for the older generation, its heroic past.

· Through the study and adoption of folk traditions and culture, develop the creative abilities of students.

· Involve students in socially significant activities aimed at mercy, charity, develop social activity.

· To develop a sense of national dignity on the basis of a tolerant attitude towards other peoples of Russia, to prevent manifestations of national extremism among the youth.

· To educate young people against aggression, violence and war.

· To promote the physical development of students, to develop a sense of responsibility for their health and lifestyle, to create conditions for sports.

· Contribute to the preparation of young men for service in the Russian Armed Forces.

Now, on the eve of the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the Victory over Nazi Germany, school students are actively participating in the All-Russian and Regional Children's and Youth Literary and Art Competition of creative works “I remember! I am proud”, dedicated to the 65th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The purpose of this competition:

· Formation in the younger generation of a sense of belonging to the history of the Fatherland, its Armed Forces;

· Studying the role of victory in the Great Patriotic War, its significance and influence on the formation of the national identity of Russian citizens;

· Creation of conditions for deeper acquaintance of children and adolescents with the main stages and events of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, examples of military and labor exploits of our compatriots in the name of freedom and independence of the Motherland;

· Raising respect for veterans of the Great Patriotic War;

· Development of creative abilities of students;

· Increasing interest in military history, literature and visual arts.

Students write competition papers on the following topics:

1. "Childhood, scorched by the war."

2. "Battle for Moscow".

3. "Everything for the front, everything for the Victory!"

4. "The feat of the people."

5. "The terrible years of the war - the terrible years of the blockade."

6. "Battle of Stalingrad".

7. "Battle of Kursk".

8. "My relatives during the Great Patriotic War."

9. "Heroes of the Great Patriotic War."

10. "Partisan movement during the war."

11. "Touch the feat with your heart."

12. "Poets and writers about the Great Patriotic War"

13. "Heroes of the Brest Fortress"

14. "The feat of A. Kozhedub" and others.

In addition to competitive works, students answer quiz questions. Already, conferences are being held on civil and military-patriotic education of students, thematic lessons on history, literature, geography, civics, film lectures “And the Saved World Remembers”, musical evenings “When Soldiers Sing”, labor landings, subbotniks for the improvement of monuments to those who died in war, photo exhibitions “No one is forgotten, nothing is forgotten”, class hours on the topics “Sons of the Fatherland”, “Defenders of the Russian land”, “Let them live forever in the treasury of the memory of the people’s war of the sizzling year”, “Days of military glory of Russia”, “Vivat, Russia!”, “And the saved world remembers”, “War does not have a woman’s face”, “Childhood scorched by war”, “Glorious sons of Russia”, “My family in the Great Patriotic War”, “In memory of internationalist soldiers” , “Our army is dear”, “I must serve!”, “Great people of Russia”, “Russia is my Motherland”, “The feat of a simple soldier”.

The school has developed the program "Patriotic education in an educational institution" and there are projects:

· "Memory" - actions, events are aimed at studying the heroic past, fostering deep respect for veterans of all wars, the history of Russia, the courage of its people. Particular attention is paid to the history and events of the Great Patriotic War.

· "Great Victory" - actions, events aimed at celebrating the Day of Victory over the fascist-German invaders, fostering a sense of respect for the memory of all victims of fascist terror.

· "My family, my Earth, my Russia" - events, actions meet the objectives of studying, preserving folk traditions, culture of the native land and the country as a whole, biographies of great compatriots, features of nature and its protection. Particular attention in this project is paid to strengthening ties between different generations, family traditions, fostering respect for the older generation, studying and knowing one's roots, family history, clan. This also includes actions aimed at fostering civic responsibility for the fate of Russia, the native land, and the development of students' social activity.

· "Mercy" - a block of events aimed at socially significant actions: assistance to veterans, the elderly and the disabled, patronage of monuments, memorials and other charitable activities.

· "Defenders of the Fatherland" - events are aimed at getting acquainted with the life and work of great compatriots, raising readiness to defend the Fatherland, the physical development of the younger generation, and cultivating respect for the military profession.

Together with the local history museum, a theatrical performance "Letters from the War" was developed and held. Many soldiers' triangles are stored in the local history museum, and, reading them, it becomes clear - the victory in the Patriotic War is not an accident, our people could not help but win!

School teachers believe that patriotic education is the education of respect not only for the traditions of their people, country, but also for the school where the child studies.

The Deevka secondary school also has its own traditions, which are preserved and passed on from one generation of students to another. There are 2 monuments in the village - those who died during the Great Patriotic War and during the Civil War. Both monuments were built with money collected by the villagers. Taking care of them is the sacred duty of school students. In spring, the guys cut trees, plant flowers, paint flower beds, benches, remove snow in winter, and clean paths. Only the school is responsible for holding a rally dedicated to Victory Day. This is the most unforgettable, the most revered, the most national holiday. It is understandable to adults and children, it is celebrated in every family, it was brought up and will be brought up by more than one generation of Russians. This is a celebration of the victory of good over evil, the sunshine of freedom over the darkness of the fascist plague. A real theatrical performance unfolds at the rally, students not only show the types of troops in which their fellow villagers fought, but also their drill training, sing songs loved during the war years. War veterans and home front workers sit in places of honor at the rally. None of them are overlooked. 370 went to the front from the village of Deevo, 210 did not return. Deevtsy fought on almost all fronts. They are especially proud of their fellow villagers who fought in the Ural Tank Corps. They call everyone by name, in their honor they lay a garland of glory, a salute is heard. No one drives schoolchildren to a rally, in a slender column from the school with a school banner in any weather, all students from grades 1 to 11, along with teachers and school workers, go to the monument to the dead soldiers. The rally is sacred. “Look, there are so few left!” - this is the name of the class hours, which are traditionally held every year before May 9th. It's hard not to get excited when listening to the stories of grandparents. And with what enthusiasm read poems about the war, not only schoolchildren, but also kindergarten students. A mini-survey of 3 questions is conducted annually from grades 2-11:

What is patriotism?

Who is a patriot?

Do you consider yourself a patriot?

The purpose of the first survey was:

determine whether students are familiar with such concepts or not.

The students' responses exceeded the teachers' expectations. Almost all students from grades 2 to 11, each in their own way, but answered:

Patriotism is love for the motherland, the readiness to stand up for its defense.

A patriot is a person who loves his Motherland and is ready to defend it.

Many called themselves patriots because they love their land, their Motherland.

Senior school students annually participate in the district and regional military sports games "Zarnitsa" and "Eaglet". In the summer they go to a military-patriotic camp, where they live like real soldiers for a week: getting up at 6 in the morning, then forced marches, classes in the study of the Charter, the Kalashnikov assault rifle, hand-to-hand combat, fire and medical training, sapper business, military printing. The guys get acquainted with the weapons of the Russian troops, ways of surviving in extreme conditions, and participate in military sports competitions. Political information is held, where they are sure to get acquainted with the military past of Russia, the Soviet Union, meet with war and labor veterans, guys who served in Afghanistan and Chechnya, watch films about the Great Patriotic War together, followed by a discussion. In the evening, free time (dances, amateur concerts) and lights out. There are battle alerts at night. “Difficult, but doable,” the guys say. Only a week students live a military life, but the results are stunning: a completely different attitude towards themselves, towards others, growing up before our eyes. Those who smoked begin to lead a healthy lifestyle, enroll in sports circles and sections, and many of the problems of "fathers and children" disappear. It is very pleasant when children write letters from the army to school, recalling with gratitude the month dedicated to the Defender of the Fatherland Day and military-themed events. At parent-teacher meetings, we read letters of thanks from the military units where our children serve.

§ 3. Local history work as a form of patriotic education of students

Local history work is also of great importance in educating patriotism among the younger generation. Much connects a person with the place where he was born and raised. The native land, its people, nature become part of human destiny. Wherever we live, whatever language we speak, Russia is our only common Fatherland. But each of us has his own, dear to the heart corner, where you took your first steps, studied, got a start in life. This place is incomparable to anything else. This is our Little Motherland.

The patriotic education of students begins with the knowledge of the small Motherland, and it is very good that the course "Origins" is gradually being introduced into the curriculum, which has replaced local history. In it, students get acquainted with the history of people's life, genealogy, nature, economy.

In the explanatory dictionary of V.I. Dahl wrote: "Local history is a body of knowledge (historical, geographical) about individual areas or the country as a whole, it is a comprehensive study of one's area - nature, economy, history, life of people - predominantly by local schools." The contribution of local historians to many sciences can hardly be overestimated. The homeland can do without us, we are nothing without it. Every child should feel this great truth. Forms of local history work can be different - classroom and extracurricular. The end result of extracurricular local history work is the school museum. It is very good when it exists directly at the school. He is a great source for studying many subjects. The quality and volume of local history work of schoolchildren, the enthusiasm and scope of their activities largely depend on the teacher. If the teacher is not treated formally, if he is interested, then you can achieve great results. The education of patriotism must begin not from high school, but from elementary school, and even better - from kindergarten. Already from the first school days, the teacher should form in students such important concepts as "Motherland", "Patriot", "Feat". Students visiting the local history museum, looking at various exhibits, replenish their vocabulary, learn a lot of new things. At museums, there are local history circles, in which schoolchildren collect new material, write the annals of their native land. For patriotic education, local history work, the study of the labor and combat traditions of the Russian people, participation in the activities of various societies (the society for the protection of historical and cultural monuments, the society of friendship with other countries) can be widely used.

Local history work can be organized in various directions. The leading of them may be the study of the past of the native land. Now, on the eve of the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, when every day there are fewer and fewer war veterans left, students can provide invaluable assistance to the museum by writing down veterans' stories about their military life. After all, it is better to hear from the lips of a direct participant about some kind of military event than to just read it later. Live communication is most significant for the education of patriotism. The great pedagogical meaning of this work lies in the fact that the children themselves are looking for war heroes, organizing meetings with them, creating rooms and museums of military glory. The work of museums evokes a deep emotional response in children and is a favorable basis for the development of high patriotic feelings. On the basis of the museum, you can organize meetings with veterans of the Patriotic War, home front workers, with soldiers of the Russian Army. The participation of schoolchildren in the protection of monuments to those who died in the war can also significantly enrich the content of the educational work of the school, and the society will receive hundreds of thousands of voluntary and tireless assistants. , veterans-internationalists, participants in the hostilities of recent years, living in the territory of your village or city.

Conclusion.

In this work, I made an attempt to describe and systematize the pedagogical activity of patriotic education in a general education institution. I believe that the formation of patriotic qualities of a person is a purposeful, specially organized process. In the work, I examined the concept of patriotic education, its essence and content. Identified and characterized the methods of formation of patriotic qualities of a person used in pedagogical activity. The patriotic education of schoolchildren is formed from childhood - this is a sense of loyalty to their Fatherland, readiness to fulfill civic duty and constitutional obligations to protect the interests of the Motherland. Patriotic education is aimed at the formation and development of a person who has the qualities of a citizen - a patriot of the Motherland and is able to successfully fulfill civic duties in peacetime and wartime. A patriotic feeling is characteristic of all nationalities and nationalities. This is a feeling that we absorb from childhood "with mother's milk."

The most important acquisition of a person during the period of apprenticeship is faith in oneself, faith in what one knows and can do, self-esteem. These qualities are formed in the process of patriotic education through various means and methods. The heroic struggle, the exploits of the best sons of the Fatherland become the basis of patriotic education. When talking about heroic personalities, it is necessary to emphasize their moral principles and motives for their actions, as this can affect the soul of the child.

The system of military-patriotic work at school includes a system, a set of measures for the formation of patriotic feelings and consciousness of students. The trouble of today is that the upbringing of children, both at school and at home, is mainly done by women. You need to bring up masculinity in your children, and for this, I believe, it is necessary to attract men to work in the school.

Patriotism is the love of the whole people for the Motherland, and it is necessary not only to love, but also to make some kind of contribution. For a person, the Motherland is not just the land on which he lives, but also his environment - family, relatives. I consider myself a patriot because I live in my Motherland, I love my Motherland, I respect it. N.G. Chernyshevsky said: "The historical significance of every Russian person is measured by his merits to the Motherland, his human dignity - by the strength of his patriotism."

I believe that patriotic education should be planned, systematic, permanent and one of the priority areas in the field of educational activities. Patriotism is a moral category. It must be remembered that a person's moral actions are prompted by his consciousness and conviction, which are powerful motives for activity. A conscious individual acts “according to the knowledge” that every person should have pride in the Motherland, understand the role of the state, accept its history and culture. As a moral feeling, true patriotism implies spirituality, humanism, mercy, proclaims spiritual values: reason, peace, goodness, justice, love. This is the content of patriotism as a moral concept.

Defense of the Fatherland worries me, my generation. I would like the children not to remain indifferent, they should know that every nation has its cherished names that are never forgotten. The further, the brighter the holy image of folk heroes becomes in the memory of the descendants, they, like stars in the sky, illuminate the historical path of our people, being an example of sacrificial service to their Fatherland and people. Children should know that the Fatherland is "the land of the fathers". And each father passes on his knowledge and experience to his sons, stands up for the defense of his sons and the "land of the fathers", and the time comes - and the sons create a human shield in the way of the enemy. Our children must remember that the Russian Land was created over centuries. For its integrity and security, millions of people, its defenders, paid with their lives. They hoped that life would become better and happier, if not for children, then for grandchildren, not grandchildren, then great-grandchildren - and their hard work would not be in vain. Therefore, they bequeathed to protect the Russian land - our Motherland.

I believe every student should know these words;

The flame hit the sky

Do you remember Motherland?

Quietly said:

"Get up to help..."

No one asked you for glory

Everyone had a choice:

me or motherland.

The best and most expensive

Your grief-

this is our grief

Your truth is ours

your glory-

this is our glory, Motherland.

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Do you love your country? - the question is like a bolt from the blue. Silence. The facial expression is as if a husband, after 50 years of marriage, suddenly asks his wife: “Do you love me?”

Do you love your country? - the question is like a bolt from the blue. Silence. The facial expression is as if a husband suddenly asks his wife after 50 years of marriage: “Do you love me?”.

Often we do not think about how we feel about the country in which we live. They say something in the news about the importance of instilling patriotism in children, about the fact that programs for the patriotic education of the younger generation have been adopted at the federal level. They say yes they say, "and Vaska listens and eats."

Sometimes, though, you feel like a patriot when you support a Russian sports team and sing the national anthem. You will hang the St. George ribbon on the car in honor of May 9. You remember, you sigh: “Here, they say, there used to be patriots, they gave their lives for their Motherland, and now ... the wrong people went, the patriots degenerated.”

Often you stand in a huge queue at Sberbank, you fall into an open hatch on the road, an icicle falls on your head from the roof, and instead of words of love for your homeland, we say something completely different. We scold Mother Russia. Is this also a form of patriotism?

Are those patriots who justify the brutal reprisal against the Tajik janitor by their concern for the motherland: should the native land be cleansed of dirt?

Is it possible to be a patriot in some situations, but not in others?

As you can see, today there is an ambiguous situation with the manifestation of patriotism among adult Russians. Most adults do not understand the essence of patriotism, what can we say about children, what kind of education of patriotism in these conditions occurs in them.

They echo, by and large, their parents and teachers. When necessary, patriots: they told the veterans to give flowers - they gave them, to go to the parade - they went, but few people are interested in what is going on inside the children. A beautiful picture is important.

Can we talk about patriotic education, if in family conversations, in ordinary life, children now and then encounter the conversations of adults who condemn today's Russia, with its corrupt government, resource-based economy, and soulless society?

With the help of system-vector psychology of Yuri Burlan, we will try to understand the essence of patriotism and patriotic education.

What is patriotism

To understand a phenomenon, the first step is to analyze its concept. In Wikipedia we find the definition: “Patriotism (from the Greek compatriot, fatherland) is a moral and political principle, a social feeling, the content of which is love for the Fatherland and the willingness to subordinate one’s private interests to its interests.”

According to the system-vector psychology of Yuri Burlan, the secret of patriotic education is the following: the basis of paternal feelings, principles, and a warm attitude towards the Motherland is love. Love for one's country is the other side of hatred. Where there is hate, there is no love.

Archpriest Dimitry Smirnov quite rightly remarked: "Patriotism is love for one's country, not hatred for someone else's".

Where does patriotism begin?

Patriotic education is the education of love for the Motherland. Love for the Fatherland, for the place where you were born and raised. The education of patriotism begins from childhood. A child comes into this world with properties given to him by nature - vectors that are initially at the basic level of development of their properties. Such a small animal with archetypal behavior. At the animal level, patriotism is the protection and defense of your territory, which ensures your survival.

"While we burn with freedom,

As long as hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, we will devote to the fatherland
Souls are wonderful impulses!

A. S. Pushkin

Or not filled.

Classics of patriotic education

It is traditionally believed that patriotic education is an integral part of school and family education. In addition, patriotic education of preschool children is carried out in kindergarten. At school age, historical social disciplines, the educational system of the school with the help of additional education, and various extracurricular activities are called upon to educate patriotism.

Yes, veterans are welcome. They remember significant historical dates. Concerts, exhibitions, excursions to places of military glory are held. Raising patriots.

It is believed that children's public associations and patriotic clubs play an important role in the patriotic education of the new generation.

Discord and vacillations

If we consider modern pedagogical approaches to patriotic education, then their fundamental principles are the continuity of generations, knowledge of history, tolerance.

Realizing that in practice most of the youth are consumerist, extremely cynical about the Motherland, often showing their patriotism by joining the ranks of skinheads, officials even thought about introducing separate lessons of patriotism.

Do you represent the USE in patriotism? Patriotic education is ... and options a, b, c. So far, they have limited themselves to introducing a course of secular ethics or the foundations of religion. They tried the old formula of the Minister of Education of the times of Nicholas I S. S. Uvarov - “Autocracy. Orthodoxy. Nationality" - to resurrect in modern realities. Raise patriotism in children, respect for state institutions through religion.

However, attempts to improve the quality of patriotic education remain inconclusive.

Poll results

Young people justify their anti-patriotic sentiments by saying that the words of adults are strongly dissonant with their deeds (how many children of officials serve in our army?). The most important problems in our society, instead of being solved, are either hushed up, or polished, or ridiculed, but not solved, so the education of patriotism cannot have the proper effect:

Then what's the point of living in Russia? (“Golden youth” votes with their feet.)

And what did the Motherland give me? (Because I am a Russian, my bank account was not replenished, as, say, in the United Arab Emirates.)

We came in large numbers here ... Drive everyone with a filthy broom from Russia. They interfere with my life well.

So, the fact remains: despite the long post-Soviet attempts to educate the new generation as patriots of their country, we see a complete fiasco. A large number of teenagers are either nationalists, or have a very mercantile attitude towards the Motherland, or plan to emigrate. The patriotic is out of fashion.

New laws, programs for patriotic education are good, competent, but, alas, they do not work. Hostility, hatred in society only increases like a snowball.

The reasons for such a deplorable state of patriotic education in our country are revealed by Yuri Burlan at the training "System-Vector Psychology".

Be born and become a patriot

Patriotism is love for the Fatherland, for one's people, for one's history and culture. From the point of view of the system-vector psychology of Yuri Burlan, patriots are not born, but become, that is, all people are initially born with innate properties that a person has to develop up to and including puberty and realize throughout life. Along with the right development comes the education of patriotism. At the same time, the conditions of upbringing and the environment are essential for fulfilling natural desires.

A person becomes a person only in society, the greatest pleasure, as well as grief, comes from the communication of a person with another person. Accordingly, the level of development of society, the team into which the child enters, is very important for his personal development, his feeling of the fullness of life, since conditions are created (or not created) there for the disclosure of his potential.

Patriotism is a property inherent in people who possess. For them, the life values ​​are home, family, Motherland, justice, fidelity, decency, honesty, friendship, brotherhood.

And if in Soviet times favorable conditions were created in society for the successful realization of anal people (they could easily get a good education, marry a decent, “clean” woman, achieve honor and respect at work), today it is extremely difficult for them to survive.

They do not know how to adapt, dodge to please circumstances, quickly change their principles, find benefits from any situation, like those who have a skin vector. , are “golden heads” (with upper vectors) and “golden hands”, professionals in their field who tend to work in one place for a long time and polish their skills and abilities.

Now skin values ​​are in demand in society: material wealth, a career, and there is also a demand for skin qualities - flexible thinking, the ability to quickly process information, retrain, and easily adapt to changing conditions. Skin men are more valued in the marriage market.

Accordingly, anal people have few opportunities in modern Russian society for full realization, they do not feel at ease, they feel general dissatisfaction.

Getting into the world of skin values, the anal child does not get what he wants - there is no value of strong friendship, honesty in relationships, they do not praise and do not appreciate excellent studies. As a result, the bright sides of the anal vector often do not develop, especially if the upbringing of the anal child is carried out by skin parents who do not understand who is in front of them (driven, scolded for slowness and slow-wittedness), and anal teachers dissatisfied with life. In this case, the feeling of patriotism does not develop and the child becomes a nationalist. He does not love his homeland, but hates everything foreign. It doesn't look like patriotism at all.

It is much easier today for those who have not found a place under the sun to unite against America, against the Tajiks, against the neighboring republic, than in the name of love for Russia, since hatred, rejection of another culture is much easier to develop than love for one's own. In a positive state, anal people love the Motherland, are ready to selflessly defend it, serve for the good of the Fatherland.

Thus, the patriotic upbringing of children cannot exist separately from the level of development of society itself; it cannot work overnight with the help of new laws. After the collapse of the USSR, personal and collective shortages of people with an anal vector, true patriots of the country, who were its powerful rear, ensured the unification of the whole society on healthy patriotism - love for the Fatherland, accumulated for a long time.

Only when creating comfortable conditions for the development and realization in society of each person (both skin, and anal, and others) can we get rid of the collective anchors that do not allow us to educate patriots (and be them ourselves), and also look confidently into the future.

The article was written based on the materials of the training " System-Vector Psychology»

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Introduction

1.3 Specificity and technology of modern patriotic education

Chapter 2 Specificity and technology of modern patriotic education in cultural and leisure institutions

2.1 The specificity and technology of modern patriotic education in cultural and leisure institutions on the example of elements of patriotic education in the program of elementary school in Moscow

2.2 The specificity and technology of modern patriotic education in cultural and leisure institutions on the example of cultural and leisure institutions in St. Petersburg and the regions.

Conclusion

List of sources

Introduction

Patriotic education is a systematic and purposeful activity of state authorities and organizations to form citizens of a high patriotic consciousness, a sense of loyalty to their Fatherland, readiness to fulfill civic duty and constitutional obligations to protect the interests of the Motherland.

Modern Russian society is in the process of reforming all areas of public life, and the ongoing changes bring to the fore qualitatively new tasks of creating a sovereign, democratic, economically developed state. Their solution requires the formation of citizens, especially young people, for whom the future of the country, an active life position, high moral, psychological and activity qualities, among which an important place is occupied by responsibility to society and patriotism. This actualizes the issues of civic-patriotic education, requires a new reading of the traditions of domestic pedagogy, an analysis of a wide range of factors influencing the processes of organizing education: the conditions of a market economy, when a person can not only freely dispose of his professional capital, but also act as a job creator, freedom of conscience, the impact of globalization processes that require a high tension of moral strength from a young person and increased requirements for personal and professional levels of development.

Recent events have confirmed that economic disintegration, social differentiation of society, devaluation of spiritual values ​​have had a negative impact on the public consciousness of most social and age groups of the country's population, have sharply reduced the educational impact of Russian culture, art and education as the most important factors in the formation of patriotism. The gradual loss by our society of the traditionally Russian patriotic consciousness has become more and more noticeable. Objective and subjective processes have significantly exacerbated the national question. Patriotism began to degenerate into nationalism. The true meaning and understanding of internationalism has been largely lost. Indifference, selfishness, individualism, cynicism, unmotivated aggressiveness, disrespectful attitude towards the state and social institutions have become widespread in the public consciousness. There is a steady downward trend in the prestige of the military and public service.

Under these conditions, the urgency of solving at the state level the most acute problems of the system of education of patriotism as the basis for consolidating society and strengthening the state is obvious.

Ascertaining the plurality of institutions of social influence on the personality of a young person in his spare time, it is necessary to highlight the impact of youth public organizations. In this context, we can say that today youth public organizations are a phenomenon of socio-cultural activity of the younger generation.

By themselves, youth public organizations are a special kind of public associations. They can act both as an institution of socialization and as an instrument for shaping the socio-cultural needs of a young person's personality, being equally involved in the processes of upbringing and formations of development. It is necessary to introduce programs of a patriotic nature into the leisure sphere of youth life.

The purpose of the work: to identify the specifics and features of the technology of patriotic education in cultural and leisure institutions

1. To study the structure, meaning and functions of patriotic education.

2. Consider modern technologies of patriotic education in cultural and leisure institutions.

3. To identify the main methods of patriotic education in leisure and cultural institutions.

4. To study the history of the development of patriotic education.

Subject: the process of patriotic education in cultural and leisure institutions

Object: specificity and technology of patriotic education in cultural and leisure institutions.

patriotic education culture leisure

Chapter 1 Meaning, implementation and methods of patriotic education

1.1 Concepts and principles of patriotism and patriotic education

The modern understanding of patriotism is characterized by multivariance, diversity and ambiguity. In many ways, it is explained by the complex nature of this phenomenon, the multifaceted nature of its content and the variety of forms of manifestation. In addition, the problem of patriotism is considered by different researchers in various historical, socio-economic and political conditions, depending on personal civic position, attitude towards one's Fatherland, on the use of various fields of knowledge, etc.

The term "patriotism" is used not only in research literature, but also in speeches, discussions, articles, election programs of politicians and political parties, movements, cultural figures, artists, etc. The range of interpretation of the term is very large: from ideally elevated to abusively humiliating.

Patriotic education is aimed at the formation and development of a person who has the qualities of a citizen of a patriot of the Motherland and is able to successfully fulfill civic duties in peacetime and wartime.

An integral part of patriotic education is the military-patriotic education of citizens in accordance with the Federal Law "On military duty and military service."

Speculative views based on patriotism are forms of so-called false patriotism. All of them are seen as deliberate perversions of the true meaning and significance of the patriotic idea.

The content of this concept is quite fully disclosed in the monograph by I.E. Kravtsova: “Patriotism is love for one's fatherland; to their native places ("land of the fathers"), to their native language, to advanced culture and traditions, to the products of the labor of their people, to a progressive social and state system. Patriotism is selfless devotion to one's Motherland, readiness to defend its independence.

I.F. Kharlamov considers patriotism as an interconnected set of moral feelings and behaviors, including love for the Motherland, active work for the good of the Motherland, following and multiplying the labor traditions of the people, respect for historical monuments and customs of the native country, affection and love for native places, the desire to strengthen honor and dignity of the Motherland, readiness and ability to defend it, military courage, courage and selflessness, brotherhood and friendship of peoples, intolerance to racial and national hostility, respect for the customs and culture of other countries and peoples, the desire to cooperate with them.

T.N. Mapkorskaya, referring patriotism to moral qualities, includes in his love for the Fatherland, readiness to defend it, inextricable connection with internationalism, intolerance to any manifestations of nationalism and chauvinism, adherence to folk culture, knowledge of national traditions, national dignity, pride and honor, which finds its embodiment in citizenship.

The essence of patriotic education in modern conditions can be interpreted as the development of a sense of personality, patriotic consciousness, based on the humanistic spiritual values ​​of one's people.

So, until recently, instead of educating collectivism, the idea of ​​educating individualism, egocentrism began to be introduced; This leads to the fact that the concepts of "patriotism", "patriot" acquire a negative connotation. V.V. Putin noted in an interview with regret that the word "patriotism" is "sometimes used in an ironic or even abusive sense. However, for most Russians, it has retained its original, completely positive meaning. This is a sense of pride in their fatherland, its history, achievements. This is a desire make our country more beautiful, richer, stronger, happier... if we lose patriotism, the national pride and dignity associated with it, we will lose ourselves as a people capable of great accomplishments."

However, processes of partial loss of patriotism also occur in Russian society, especially among young people, for such reasons as:

* "... the majority of those who do not have the opportunity, cannot or do not want to work, especially to engage in production work";

* a sharp desire for the economic status of young people, a significant part of which are on the verge of poverty and destitution due to falling living standards, reduced spending on food, recreation, education, household needs, etc.;

* "the deterioration of health (both physical and mental), the demographic situation in society, which led to the degradation of the gene pool, the decline in moral, intellectual potential and the decline in the role of youth as a social resource in general;

* intensification of the spiritual crisis of youth, devaluation of its most important socio-economic values, the predominance of negative, asocial motives in behavior, adaptation to changed living conditions, primarily in material terms, and often in an illegal way.

But, as A.V. Usov, "if we want to save our country, if we want to revive the former greatness of our Motherland, we need to radically reconsider our attitude to the education of school and student youth." Moreover, in domestic pedagogy there are many developments in the field of educating the younger generation, including the education of patriotism of the highest feeling in a person, which is like a social cement that binds people into an honest, friendly society, a feeling that, according to K.D. . Ushinsky, "the last to die even in the villain."

Singling out patriotic education as a conditionally independent direction of educational work, it is necessary to note its organic relationship with other areas (civil, moral, labor, aesthetic and other types of education), which is a much more complex combination than the ratio of part and whole. This is also due to the fact that:

· Patriotism, especially if we keep in mind its genesis, arises and develops as a feeling, becoming more and more socialized and elevated through spiritual and moral enrichment;

understanding of the higher development of the feeling of patriotism is inextricably linked with its effectiveness, which in a more concrete sense is manifested in active social activity, actions and deeds carried out by the subject for the benefit of the Fatherland;

Patriotism, being a deeply social phenomenon in its nature, is not only a facet of the life of society, but the source of its existence and development, acts as an attribute of the viability, and sometimes the survival of society;

· as the primary subject of patriotism is a personality, a priority social and moral task, which is the awareness of one's historical, cultural, national, spiritual and other belonging to the Motherland as the highest principle that determines the meaning and strategy of her life, full of service to the Fatherland;

· true patriotism in his spirituality.

Patriotism as an exalted feeling, an irreplaceable value and source, the most important motive for socially significant activity, is most fully manifested in an individual, a social group that has reached the highest level of spiritual, moral and cultural development. True, essentially spiritual patriotism presupposes selfless, selfless service to the Fatherland up to self-sacrifice.

In connection with this opinion, the style of the teacher, when organizing the educational process, it is legitimate to take into account the remark of E.A. Anufriev that the systematic deep enrichment of all aspects of educational work with patriotic content is a necessary condition for the education of a patriot.

The implementation of patriotic education is based on a set of principles that reflect the general laws and principles of the educational process:

1. the conditionality of patriotic education by the development of society and the events taking place in it;

2. the conditionality of the content, forms and methods, means and techniques of patriotic education by the age and individual characteristics of students;

3. dialectical unity and organic connection between the educational material and the content of extracurricular and extracurricular activities;

4. integration of patriotic education with other areas of educational work;

5. reliance on new concepts of organization and implementation of the educational process and on a new understanding of the basic pedagogical concepts;

6. reliance on the positive in the personality of the pupil and the creation of a favorable psychological atmosphere in the process of pedagogical interaction;

7. coordination of interaction between the school, family and the public in the system of patriotic education.

Taking into account the peculiarities of patriotic education in modern society, the goal of this process is defined as the education of a convinced patriot who loves his Motherland, devoted to the Fatherland, ready to serve him with his work and protect his interests.

Is not it. Mishchenko, noting that the moral qualities of a person, which determine his orientation, are divided into three groups that characterize a person’s relationship to himself, other people and society, to various types of activities and to various material values, suggests considering patriotism as a complex, multifaceted integral quality, covering all three groups, manifested in the attitude of the individual to people, society, labor and other activities, to material values ​​and formed in the process of implementing this system of interconnected relations.

1.2 History of the development of patriotic education

Education is a mechanism of interaction between generations, ensuring the entry of the rising generations into the life of society, becoming active subjects of a specific historical process.

In different historical eras, depending on the socio-economic conditions of society and the ideology prevailing in it, various aspects were invested in education.

Issues of patriotic education of the younger generation in the spirit of love for the Motherland and devotion to the Fatherland, law-abiding citizens of the state have always been in the center of attention of scientists throughout the history of human development. Great philosophers and educators have paid considerable attention to this issue since ancient times.

In the concepts of education of ancient Greece, a characteristic feature was the consideration of a person only in relation to the state, and not in itself. Citizens of small independent slave-owning states-polises could not imagine themselves outside the Motherland, which guaranteed their existence, and therefore the welfare of the policy was considered the highest goal of each citizen and the entire state. Democritus argued that the result of education should be a moral person, moderate in everything, acting in accordance with public duty.

K.A. Helvetius considered the true goal of education to be the formation in each person of a deep understanding of personal and social good: if the hearts of citizens are opened for humanity, and the mind for knowledge, then a generation of new patriotic people will appear. In his opinion, public education, organized by the state, can form patriots from children, ensuring their personal happiness and the well-being of the nation. Emphasizing the need for patriotic education, he wrote: "The virtues of a civilized person are love for justice and for the fatherland."

In Russian science, a lot of research is also devoted to the problem of patriotic education. Outstanding teachers considered patriotism, a person's desire for the prosperity of the Motherland, to be the basis of his spiritual life. So,

By the beginning of the 19th century, the main directions of education of citizenship and patriotism were formed: strengthening young people in the rules of faith, i.e. education of morality, education of the mind and heart - knowledge of the heroic history of one's country, the study of rights and obligations. The Church has always had a huge impact on the consciousness of Russians, the main content of the rights and duties came to the Russians through sermons.

At the beginning of the 19th century, revolutionary pedagogy began to take shape in Russia, whose representatives considered citizenship as the need to fight for changing the existing order in the country through the violent overthrow of the autocracy (A.N. Radishchev, Decembrists, V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov). The position of the humanist educators was softer, aimed at self-improvement of a person, increasing the level of his education, strengthening the rules of faith, the formation of a conscious need to work for the good of society and benefit the state at the stage of the social ladder on which he is (N.I. Novikov, I. P. Pnin, N. M. Karamzin, V. A. Zhukovsky, N. M. Karamzin, I. I. Martynov, I. F. Bogdanovich, S. P. Shevyrev, I. I. Kunitsyn, K. D. Ushinsky, N. F. Bunakov, V. Ya. Stoyunov, A. A. Musin-Pushkin, I. M. Yastrebtsov, M. G. Gavrilov, V. N. Soroka-Rossinsky, P. F. Kapterev, H .JI. Yarosh). Representatives of both directions recognized as a priority reliance in education on the character traits inherent in the Russian people, their native language, literature, and religion. In the 19th century, in connection with the rapid development of higher education in Russia, attention was also paid to education within the walls of universities (K.P. Yanovsky, A.P. Nechaev, V.P. Vakhterov, V.M. Bekhterev).

A.N. Radishchev noted that "a true man and a son of the fatherland are one and the same", he "if he is sure that his death will bring strength and glory to the fatherland, then he is not afraid to sacrifice his life." Revealing the important qualities that, in his opinion, should be inherent in every person, he wrote: “He is directly noble, whose heart cannot but tremble with tender joy at the single name of the fatherland.”

Ya.A. Comenius noted that one of the main areas of education should be to instill in the child the desire to benefit from his services to as many people as possible. He wrote in the Great Didactics: "Then only a happy state would come in private and public affairs, if everyone were imbued with the desire to act in the interests of the general well-being."

A.P. Kunitsyn in his “Instruction to Pupils” emphasized that the main tasks of educating the younger generation should be: “to instill in the heart of the son the ancestral virtues that made an entire generation immortal; grant fellow citizens a true competitor in public good.

Philosopher and teacher of the 19th century I.Yu. Yastrebtsov emphasized that “every person has his own duties, which consist in being useful to mankind, the Fatherland and himself”, moreover, the duty to the Fatherland requires “to share your abilities with him ... It is useless to sacrifice your benefits insanely for the Fatherland; even more foolish to sacrifice them to his detriment.” Defining the concept of "Fatherland", the scientist noted that "it is not only the land on which a person lives. It is an idea that develops in the religion, language, sciences, customs of the people to which a person belongs and for whose physical well-being a certain proportion of waters and lands with their animal, vegetable and mineral products serves. These works, in addition to physical benefits, also have moral benefits, contributing in their own way to the development of the general idea of ​​the people; therefore, they are enclosed purely in the circle of that sympathy that encompasses everything that belongs to the Fatherland and everything that favors it, everything domestic. Duty is based not only on the indeterminate disposition of the heart, but on the positive principles of reason. Considering the concept of "patriotism", the author emphasizes that "patriotism can be just as false or unreachable as inappropriate charity. There is much in common between charity and patriotism. Contemptible is feigned charity, despicable is also feigned love for the Fatherland, but both inexplicably ennoble the soul when they are pure.

The importance of patriotic education was also emphasized by another Russian scientist A.F. Aftonasiev, who believed that education should prepare a person for society, for life in the state, should “grow and form in him concepts, feelings and will according to the spirit, laws and requirements of the society in which a person will live, according to the vastness of that field, on which it is intended to operate."

K.D. Ushinsky, developing the principle of nationality in education, especially emphasized the importance of educating children in love for the Motherland, humanity, diligence, and responsibility. At the same time, he noted the enormous influence of labor on the formation of personality: “Just as there is no person without pride, so there is no person without love for the fatherland, and this love gives upbringing the right key to a person’s heart and a powerful support for fighting his bad natural, personal, family and ancestral tendencies."

V.G. Belinsky also considered one of the main tasks of educating the development of a sense of patriotism in children: “Every noble person is deeply aware of his blood relationship, his blood ties with the fatherland ... To love your homeland means to ardently desire to see in it the realization of the ideal of humanity and their own to help it."

N.G. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Dobrolyubov, considering the issues of educating the younger generation, defined as its main goal the preparation of a citizen who loves his homeland and takes an active part in public affairs. To do this, it is necessary to give the young man the right to develop normally and freely, to instill in him the right outlook on life, firm ideas about goodness, truth, duty, to cultivate firmness of will, independence in judgment, diligence, patriotism.

Attention in the education of citizenship and patriotism was sharpened at the beginning of the 20th century, especially with the outbreak of the First World War. The victories of the German army were explained by the fact that Germany has a national school, but in Russia it does not. Unconditional recognized the desire to develop in young people love and respect for the country to which he belongs, at the same time, teachers were aware of the danger of excessive enthusiasm for the formation of the concept of the exclusivity of their nation. A middle path was proposed - by cultivating a positive attitude towards one's state, history, culture, and religious basis, one should not ignore the achievements of other nations.

The social upheaval of 1917 interrupted the development of Russian pedagogical thought. For 70 years, pedagogy has considered the education of citizenship and patriotism only through the prism of revolutionary expediency - the willingness to renounce everything that connected the people with the pre-revolutionary past, the denial of Orthodox morality, the concept of private property, respect for the memory of ancestors. True citizenship and patriotism could only be Soviet (V.I. Lenin, N.K. Krupskaya, A.P. Makarenko, V.A. Sukhomlinsky, L.V. Metelitsa, R.I. Khmelyuk, M.P. Rogachev , M.A. Sverdlin). But, despite the unprecedented persecution of the church and large-scale anti-religious propaganda throughout the Soviet period, the government failed to completely squeeze out the concept of faith from the consciousness of Russians (M.V. Shkarovsky, D.V. Pospelovsky). The entire system of civil-patriotic education in the Soviet country was based on a single Marxist-Leninist ideology. The leading civic and patriotic qualities of the personality were accepted by the readiness to fight for communist ideals, manifested in political, social labor activity. But the Soviet system of civic-patriotic education had its positive aspects - it embraced young people at all levels of education, had an extensive network of youth public organizations, actively indoctrinated into the minds of young people such civic qualities that are valuable in any society - respect for the rule of law, diligence, love for their country, but the emphasis was shifted from the interests of the individual to the interests of the state, the independence and activity of a citizen were severely limited by a one-party dictatorship, gradually cultivating a dependent attitude towards the state among young people.

After 1917 in Russia, the issues of patriotic education of youth acquired particular relevance and new content. The change in ideology and the definition of the goals of communist education were reflected in the works of teachers of that time. Many statesmen, referring to the issues of educating the younger generation, emphasized the importance of developing young people's love for the Motherland, Soviet patriotism on the basis of introducing children to their native country, the history of the people, its culture, way of life and their active participation in the social and labor life of the country.

In the national school, great attention has always been paid to educating the rising generations of the moral qualities of the individual, collectivism, citizenship, love for their homeland, respect for the history of their homeland, for heraldry, for their people. At the same time, the mass media played an important role in the education of patriotic feelings: radio, highly artistic domestic films, theater, and fiction.

Pedagogical research on the problem of patriotic education in the Soviet period is numerous and varied. They reveal both theoretical and methodological aspects (the essence of the concept of "patriotism" and "Soviet patriotism", its characteristics, ways and means of formation, etc.), and applied (various areas of patriotic education: military-patriotic, education on the labor and combat traditions of the Soviet people, the relationship of patriotic, aesthetic, group education of students of different ages, etc.).

Of particular importance in the study of issues of patriotic education of this period are the works of V.L. Sukhomlinsky, who believed that the school should instill in young people the desire for selfless service to the Motherland, for active labor and social activities. Defining Soviet patriotism as "the noble love of the Soviet people for their socialist fatherland." V.A. Sukhomlinsky emphasized that one of the main educational tasks of the school is to prepare students for simple, everyday, everyday work, work for society as a patriotic activity, and the very activity of children, organized by the teacher for this purpose, is the driving force behind the formation of the personality of a growing citizen. In his works, V.A. Sukhomlinsky also pointed out the difficulties in educating patriotism, explaining them by the fact that in everyday life we ​​do not meet with a measure by which this "hardly comprehensible value" of patriotism could be measured. Love for the Fatherland becomes a strength of mind only when a person has images associated with his native land, language, when a feeling of pride arises from the fact that all this is your Motherland.

A.S. Makarenko, considering the goals of education in the Soviet school, noted that each pupil "must be a brave, courageous, honest, hardworking patriot." At the same time, he emphasized that patriotism is manifested not only in heroic deeds, a real patriot is required not only a “heroic outburst”, but also long, painful, hard work, often even very difficult, uninteresting, dirty work.

In 30-40 years. XX century issues of patriotic education were covered in the works of V.V. Golubkova, V.A. Gruzinskaya, O.M. Lobova, V.A. Nikolsky, A.A. Ozerova, M.M. Sazonova, L.M. Farber and others.

In the period after the Great Patriotic War, the problem of patriotic education of the younger generation is of particular importance. This is due to the fact that patriotic feelings are manifested especially clearly in difficult periods of the country's development, the difficulties of the war and the post-war restoration period led to mass manifestations of heroism and labor patriotism of the Soviet people. These issues were considered in the studies of teachers of that time, in which various aspects of the patriotic education of students in a general education school were revealed and substantiated. It should be noted, however, that all problems were solved on the basis of the decisions of the party and the government, taking into account the ideas of socialism and communism.

Among the pedagogical studies devoted to this problem in the 50-60s, the works of I.S. Maryenko, V.A. Slastenina, M.A. Terentia, F.I. Khvalova and others.

70-80s characterized by the development of various aspects of the patriotic education of the younger generation. The authors of numerous studies consider the problems of the relationship of patriotic education with other areas of educational work, determining the effectiveness of patriotic education for students of different ages, the possibility of various types of student activities in patriotic education, preparing students of a teacher training university for patriotic education of students in a general education school, etc. (N.V. Ippolitova, F. S. Savchenko, T. V. Strago, K. Z. Safiullina, L. A. Sakleshina, V. I. Shakhnenko, etc.).

1.3 Specifics and technology of modern patriotic education in cultural and leisure institutions

At the end of the XX century. and at present, the problem of patriotic education of young people is given much less attention, which, in our opinion, is connected with the processes taking place in society, changes in political and economic guidelines in the development of the country and, consequently, with a change in the conceptual foundations of upbringing and education of the younger generation. However, this problem has not lost its significance in our time. Moreover, it is of particular relevance, since the emergence of a multi-party system in the country, the democratization of public life have led to the fact that the ideas of patriotism are being adopted by various parties and movements of very different, often opposite directions. This leads to the fact that the concepts of "patriotism", "patriot" acquire a negative connotation. In addition, the interpretation of these concepts from the standpoint of communist ideology makes them obsolete from the point of view of some researchers. With this in mind, in the new socio-economic conditions, the problem of patriotic education of youth requires rethinking.

Among the reasons for the need to intensify the patriotic education of young people, we can single out:

1. development of the processes of depoliticization of the education system and democratization of society, increasing the flow of information;

2. the complexity of the processes of transformation taking place in society;

3. expansion of international relations;

4. increased attention to the internal factors of personality development in the process of educational work with the younger generation, etc.

At present, the education of citizenship and love for the Motherland is determined by the Law of the Russian Federation on Education as one of the principles of state policy in the field of education, and the need to intensify work on the patriotic education of young people is emphasized in the State program "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2006-2010", where it is noted that the education of patriotism among Russian citizens is the basis for the consolidation of society and the strengthening of the state.

Taking into account modern research, patriotic education can be considered as a process of interaction between educators and pupils, aimed at the development of patriotism (patriotic feelings, beliefs and stable norms of patriotic behavior).

An analysis of the pedagogical literature on this issue shows that, recognizing patriotic education as a necessary component of educational work, different scientists assign it a different place in the general system of education. Some scientists (L.R. Bolotina, O.I. Pavelko, L.F. Spirin, P.V. Konanykhin and others) consider patriotic education as part of the ideological and political, others (V.V. Belorusova, N.I. Boldyrev, N.E. Shchurkova, I.F. Kharlamov, G.I. Shchukina, L.I. Mishchenko and others) - as part of moral education, others (T.A. Ilyina, I.T. Ogorodnikov and etc.) allocate it to an independent section. In my opinion, this last point of view is quite legitimate, which is objectively due to the essence of patriotism and the content of this concept. To determine the role and place of patriotic education, as M.A. Terenty, the main criterion "is his ultimate goal: the formation of a patriot-man, for whom the meaning of life lies in the desire to do everything for the prosperity of the Motherland" .

Singling out patriotic education as a relatively independent direction of educational work, it is necessary to note its organic relationship with other areas (moral, labor, aesthetic, and other education), which is a much more complex relationship than part and whole.

Patriotic education, being in close relationship with other areas of educational work, permeates, integrates them, and is carried out in a holistic pedagogical process.

The essence of this process is the development by pupils of progressive patriotic experience, which allows to form a value attitude towards patriotism, which reflects the essence of the upbringing process - the transition of the external, objective to the internal, subjective.

The definition of the goal of patriotic education is based on the following philosophical principles:

Any purposeful activity of a person presupposes that he has an idea of ​​its results, therefore the goal means the presence of a conscious idea of ​​the final result of a certain activity;

The goal is an ideally anticipated result of activity, it is generated and determined by objective conditions, exists in relationship with the means, objectively includes the result and the process, and acts as the main guide of human activity, which determines the method and nature of actions.

With this in mind, the goal of patriotic education of students is the formation of patriotism as a social and moral imperative that characterizes their relationship with the Motherland and Fatherland.

Such a formulation of the goal of patriotic education requires an additional analysis of the concepts of "patriotism" and "socio-moral imperative".

As a complex phenomenon, patriotism can be considered in various aspects. In the philosophical aspect, patriotism is a socio-historical phenomenon, due to the socio-political, economic characteristics of a particular society and the presence of "natural" foundations, reflecting the invariant (Motherland) and variable (Fatherland) characteristics of this phenomenon.

In socio-pedagogical terms, patriotism can be considered as a socio-moral value that expresses the attitude of the individual to the Motherland and the Fatherland, acting as objects of a value relationship.

In the psychological and pedagogical aspect, it is legitimate to consider patriotism as a complex moral quality.

A holistic characterization of patriotism is based on a comprehensive analysis of its aspects, based on the application of the method of meaningful generalization and the principle of complementarity. At the same time, patriotism is associated not with a separate political or moral principle and not with a separate moral quality of a person, but with the integrativity of its properties, which allows us to consider patriotism as a social and moral imperative, which is an integral part of the social and moral orientation of the individual.

In modern studies (D.Yu. Hamburg and others), the moral imperative is defined as a set of moral, moral and ethical norms of human society, without which the further development of civilization is impossible. Patriotism, reflecting the totality of social and moral norms of a particular society, is a necessary condition for the further progressive development of the country, the state. Including rational, emotional-psychological and activity components, patriotism acts as an incentive, an impetus to patriotically directed activity. Moreover, this motivation is relatively stable, which allows us to consider patriotism as a social and moral imperative that expresses a person's value attitude to the Motherland and Fatherland and encourages him to patriotically directed activities.

The goal and objectives of the patriotic education of students are implemented on the basis of a set of general pedagogical and specific principles for organizing this process, which reflects the general laws and principles of the integral pedagogical process and the specifics of patriotic education as an integral part of it.

Joining the opinion of leading teachers (V.A. Slastenin, P.I. Pidkasisty and others), I single out the following general pedagogical principles that form the basis of the patriotic education of students:

1. the principle of humanistic orientation;

2. scientific;

3. focus on the formation in the unity of knowledge and skills, consciousness and behavior;

4. continuity, consistency and systematic;

5. visibility;

6. combination of pedagogical management with the development of initiative and independence of pupils;

7. consciousness and activity of pupils;

8. consistency of the requirements of the subjects of pedagogical interaction;

9. links between theory and practice; unity of educational, educational and developmental results of pedagogical interaction, etc.

To the specific principles that reflect the peculiarities of the patriotic education of students, M.A. Terenty relates: the conditionality of patriotic education by the development of society and the events taking place in it; coordination of interaction between the school, family and the public in the system of patriotic education; the conditionality of the content, forms and methods, means and techniques of the historical traditions of the Russian people; the dependence of the content and methods of patriotic education on the age and individual characteristics of students; dialectical unity and organic relationship between the educational material and the content of extra-curricular and out-of-school activities.

Taking into account modern approaches to education, this set of principles can be supplemented by such principles as nationality, integrativity, variability and flexibility, the unity of discrete and continuous.

The principle of nationality in the patriotic education of students involves the use in the educational process of the vast experience of patriotic education of the younger generation, accumulated by Russian pedagogy; acquaintance with folk traditions, customs in raising children; the history of the native land, etc. The legitimacy of highlighting this principle is due to the essence of the concept of "patriotism", reflecting the people's love for their homeland; features of patriotic education in modern conditions, characterized by the growth of the national self-consciousness of the Russian people, increased attention to Russian history, culture, etc.

An important principle, in my opinion, is the principle of integrativity, which is implemented in several aspects: structural, content, organizational. In the structure of the educational process, this principle involves the integration of the processes of education, upbringing and development in a holistic pedagogical process.

In terms of content, this principle is implemented while ensuring the unity of the methodological, theoretical and applied aspects of the process under consideration, as well as its integration with other areas of educational work. In the organizational aspect, this principle involves the use of organic unity and the optimal combination of various forms and methods of organizing pedagogical interaction.

The changes taking place in modern society are reflected in new concepts of organization and implementation of the educational process in a general education school, which involves reliance on a new understanding of basic pedagogical concepts. This fully applies to the process of patriotic education, which, in my opinion, should be carried out on the basis of the principle of flexibility and variability. The first means a timely response to changes in the socio-pedagogical situation, and the second - the use of various combinations of forms and methods of pedagogical interaction, taking into account the characteristics of the contingent of pupils, which is due to the processes of humanization of the education system, the focus of the pedagogical process on creating conditions for the development of the personality of each pupil.

Another specific principle of patriotic education of students is the unity of discreteness and continuity. In philosophical terms, this principle characterizes the process of development of various phenomena. Discreteness, understood as discontinuity, means "granularity" of the process of movement, development. Continuity expresses the unity, interconnection and interdependence of the elements that make up a particular system. When characterizing the patriotic education of students, this principle means the following. This process, carried out continuously, involves the upbringing of patriotic feelings, reliance on the emotional experiences of the pupils. It is well known that knowledge associated with strong emotions that evoke a response in the soul of the pupil is easier to assimilate, “appropriated” by the pupil. However, this does not mean that the process of patriotic education should be based on constant emotional stress. This would lead to the fact that the pupils would "adapt" to invariably strong stimuli, which would significantly reduce the effectiveness of their impact. The frequent use of positive examples related to patriotic education is likely to be unproductive, since the repetition of strong emotional experiences can cause students to react back and reduce their value. All this suggests that the process of patriotic education is continuous in terms of pedagogical interaction and discrete in emotional terms.

The implementation of patriotic education of students on the basis of a combination of general pedagogical and specific principles ensures the integrity and effectiveness of this process.

The content of patriotic education reflects the content of the concept of "patriotism" and includes: education of love for the Motherland, for native places, for the native language; respect for the past of their Motherland, for the traditions and customs of their people, knowledge of the history of the Motherland; the formation of a culture of interethnic communication (respect for other peoples, their customs and culture, intolerance for racial and national hostility, etc.); development of the desire to strengthen the honor and dignity of the Motherland, readiness to defend the Motherland and promote the progressive development of the Fatherland in a combination of personal and public interests, etc.

Forms, methods and means of patriotic education can hardly be classified as specific. Most likely, we can talk about the use of combinations of traditional and non-traditional pedagogical methods and forms of organizing pedagogical interaction to solve specific problems of patriotic education at each age stage of development of pupils. As a feature of the organization of patriotic education in modern conditions, one can single out the need to use various pedagogical technologies (game technologies, self-development technologies, self-determination, etc.), which ensure an increase in the effectiveness of interpersonal interaction in the pedagogical process.

So, the patriotic education of students is a holistic pedagogical process based on the interaction of the subjects of education and aimed at the formation of patriotism among pupils, which acts as a social and moral imperative. The essence of this process is the development of progressive patriotic experience by pupils, which makes it possible to form a value attitude towards patriotism.

The implementation of patriotic education of students in a secondary school is one of the components of the system of patriotic education of youth, which, as noted in the State program "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2006-2010", should cover all periods of education of student youth. In this regard, the subsystem of higher education plays an important role, and higher pedagogical education acquires special significance, since the result of educating the younger generation largely depends on the quality of the teacher's professional training. With this in mind, the patriotic education of future teachers acts as an integral part of the system of professional training of students of pedagogical universities.

A feature of the patriotic education of future teachers is that it is a system consisting of two interrelated subsystems. The first is the actual patriotic education of students as citizens of the Russian state, and the second is the preparation of future teachers for the patriotic education of students, which not only prepares them for effective independent pedagogical activity in this area of ​​educational work, but also has an additional educational impact on their personal development. Those. patriotic education of students of a pedagogical university is carried out directly (by influencing the personality) and indirectly (through the process of professional and pedagogical training). Such an approach to understanding the patriotic education of future teachers determines the dual nature of the goal of patriotic education of students at a university, which includes the formation of future teachers: patriotism as an integrative moral quality that characterizes the attitude towards the Motherland and Fatherland, and readiness to implement patriotic education of students in a secondary school.

The structure of the actual patriotic education of future teachers corresponds to the structure of the holistic pedagogical process in general and patriotic education in particular. Its content is determined taking into account the content of the key concept of "patriotism" and the characteristics of student age.

The structure and content of preparing students for the patriotic education of students is consistent with the structure of the concept of "readiness for pedagogical activity" and the general characteristics of the system of professional training of future teachers and includes several interrelated components that reflect the types of training: methodological, theoretical, methodical, technological, moral and psychological.

The implementation of these components in unity ensures the interaction of these subsystems and the achievement of the goal of patriotic education of future teachers in a holistic pedagogical process.

Chapter 2

Teachers, unjustifiably relegated to the background the problem of the formation in children of true love and respect for the Motherland, for its historical past, for Russian original culture, for folk art and art.

So, for the education of patriotism in the work, you can use folk themes: folklore, folk poetry, fairy tales, epic, phraseology and vocabulary of the native language, a variety of types of arts and crafts, folk rituals and traditions, i.e. all those spiritual values ​​with which our great Motherland is rich, which is the core of the national character. At first, this work was carried out in the classroom, then through a folklore circle, through elective courses in aesthetics.

The author's program of the teacher of Russian language and literature from the city of Kirov N.V. Chernykh "Russian traditional culture" was developed. Where necessarily several lessons are devoted to the small Motherland. Their goal is to reveal to children the meaning of the concept of "small Motherland".

At the lessons, the works of M.I. Glinka, P.I. Tchaikovsky, bell chimes, fragments of sacred music, Russian folk songs, poems about Russia, about the Vyatka region are heard. Then the work on Russian subjects deepens and expands. Students meet folk craftsmen. Lessons are conducted in an entertaining way. More historical material is included in the content of the lessons. Be sure that students get acquainted with the traditions, rituals, traditions of their people (after all, each nation is rich in its own national characteristics), they talk about ancient Russian cities, about their hometown. Outside school hours, various holidays and excursions are held. For example, "The Feast of the Russian Matryoshka" or "The Russian Forest".

Interesting and informative meetings with famous people of their region. So, writers, museum workers can be invited to the school. Together with the craftsmen, conduct classes where schoolchildren will get to know and learn how to make, make all kinds of national clay products.

Based on the program of N.V. Chernykh, it is possible to conduct a lesson that is unusual at first glance. "Native Side" The lesson is always preceded by a walk through the streets, where there are old buildings. The disciples were surprised to rediscover the beauty of these houses. After the tour, they enthusiastically work on creating an image of the house. Someone made it out of paper, someone drew it, and it turned out to be a beautiful street that will remain in children's memory for a long time.

In the work it is necessary to use the interaction of three types of art of the word, painting, music, which shows how the same phenomenon is depicted by different masters.

Working in this direction, we can say with confidence that: students will study material related to folk culture with interest, especially when they themselves are participants in the creative process. Their cultural level is rising, there is a need to obtain new knowledge about the Motherland, about folk traditions. All this is very important for the formation of patriots, worthy citizens of their Fatherland.

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