Embroidery as a kind of arts and crafts. Educational portal

The technology program provides for various opportunities for the development and realization of creativity in each student. These possibilities are not particularly limited when using arts and crafts types of decorative art in the educational process: embroidery, knitting, etc. National traditions, reflected in the objects of artistic crafts, passed to us as evidence of the talent and inexhaustible creativity of the people.
Arts and crafts is one of the types of artistic creativity in the field of spatial arts. The works of decorative folk art are kept in many museums of the country and continue to amaze us with their beauty. Nowadays, embroidery perfectly combines traditional and modern creative principles. The current masters use old seams, and also create their own new decorative seams and compositions. This lesson is an attempt to show that it is technology, like no other subject, that can become an experimental creative platform, on which, by integrating with other subjects, using non-traditional forms of conducting lessons, ideal conditions are created for the formation of intellectual competence and creativity of students. It is only necessary to create an atmosphere of cooperation in the classroom, to captivate the children with the "search for truth", to stimulate their activity and creativity, equipping them with modern technologies. When studying the topic "Embroidery as a kind of arts and crafts." students get acquainted with the classification of seams, with their conditional and graphic images, master the successive stages of making a seam. Folk embroideries have long been famous for the variety and originality of patterns, they delight us with the sophistication of color schemes. They have been created over the centuries and depend on the geographical position of the country, its history and culture. Decorative and applied art has its own specifics, its own figurative language, for those who want to seriously and deeply study it, this language becomes clear, everyone will discover the beauty and expressiveness of folk art, their deep content and enduring aesthetic value.

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna No. 207-964-334

Lesson topic: Embroidery as a kind of arts and crafts.

Visual aids:finished embroidered products, (panels, paintings) instruction cards, embroidery patterns, needlework magazines, books.

Equipment: needles for embroidery with a long eye, hoop, fabric, pattern, floss, scissors for cutting the ends of threads.

The purpose of the lesson:

1. To acquaint with the work of folk craftsmen; introduce the profession of an embroiderer; remind about the organization of the workplace, labor safety rules.

1. Contribute to the formation of labor and aesthetic qualities, develop and instill interest and love for national folk embroidery.

1. To promote the development of special abilities that affect self-education as an element of labor activity.

Lesson type: combined.

Intersubject communications: story.

During the classes:

1. The teacher calls the seam, and the students show a sample of this seam.
2. Determine the relationship between the seam pattern and the seam name.
3. We repeat for which part of the pattern one or another seam can be used.
4. Questions: What stitch is used to embroider the stem and leaves of the plant? (stalked).
5. In what direction are the flower petals embroidered? (from the center).

1. For which fragment can a chain stitch be used? (for embroidering an outline or filling in an area of ​​a flower).

1. The teacher's story about the emergence of embroidery (From the history of embroidery) 10 minutes.

1. Demonstration of photographs, books, paintings, albums.
2. Conversation with students
3. How our grandmothers used embroidery.
4. Is embroidery relevant today?
5. How modern embroidery is applied.
6. How would you like to apply your embroidery.

1. Learning new material.Presentation 15 minutes.

Where to start?

( Tools and fixtures)

How to choose a scheme for embroidery?

(Schemes for embroidery)

( Enlarging and reducing a picture)

How to choose threads?

( Threads)

Select thread by color

( Color in artistic embroidery).

How to fasten the thread?

( Thread fastening methods)

1. Practical work. 30 minutes.

Girls perform training exercises. Embroider patterns on their fabrics, taking into account the selected seams (" chain stitch», « stalk seam"). The teacher conducts individual work with students:

1. Helps weak children.
2. Checks the correctness of the work.
3. Checks the quality of work performed.

1. The final stage. 5 minutes.

Summing up the work.

Grading.

1. Homework:Textbook par.20-21;. Prepare tools and materials for the manufacture of an embroidered product.

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From the history of embroidery.

The emergence of embroidery, one of the most widespread types of folk art, dates back to the era of primitive culture and is associated with the appearance of the first stitch when sewing clothes from animal skins.

Embroidery is the decoration of products from various materials with an ornamental pattern or plot image made with threads and other materials manually using a gai needle by machine.

The material for embroidery at different times was: natural or dyed threads of flax, hemp, cotton, silk, wool, as well as pearls and precious stones, beads and beads, sequins, shells, gold and copper plaques, coins.

Embroidery is closely connected with everyday life, work, nature and, thus, has always reflected artistic tastes and ideas, revealed the national identity and skill of each people.

The transition from a stone and bone awl to a bone, and then a bronze and steel needle contributed to the invention and improvement of more and more new ways of sewing and embroidery.

Originating in ancient times, the art of decorative embroidery has been preserved for many centuries in the decoration of homes, clothing and various household items.

The most ancient embroideries that have survived to this day belong to 17- U centuries BC. They were made in ancient China on silk fabrics with raw silk, hair, gold and silver threads. Embroidery decorated not only clothes, but also carpets and decorative panels depicting trees and birds. The finest embroideries of China had a significant impact on the embroidery art of Japan.

A variety of embroideries of Ancient India and Iran were characterized by a variety of plant motifs, images of animals and genre scenes. The colorful embroideries of Byzantium, distinguished by the luxury of silk and gold embroidery, a variety of floral patterns, had a great influence on the development of the embroidery art of many countries of Western Europe during the Middle Ages, where their own ornamental motifs and colors of execution techniques were developed.

In England, from the 13th century, rich embroidery with gold, silver and silk of ornamental motifs from flowers and intertwining scrolls of plants is known. In the XNUMXth - XVII centuries. in France, Italy and other European countries, embroidered portraits, panels depicting people and animals against the backdrop of landscapes with castles, mythological scenes, and hunting scenes were widely distributed. Spain's embroideries were distinguished by an exceptional wealth of embroidery techniques, a variety of images of plants, animals, birds on linen and woolen fabrics.

From the end of the 11th century to the beginning of the 14th century in France, Germany, Sweden, England, Denmark, Norway, embroidery began to be widely used in folk costumes to decorate household items. White satin and through embroidery with geometric and floral patterns has become widespread. In the Scandinavian countries, embroidery with colored wool and gold embroidery were also used.

In our country, embroidery has an ancient history. She decorated clothes, shoes, horse harness, housing, household items.

In Altai, in the Pazyryk kurgans, woven, embroidered and decorated appliqués with leather, felt, beads and beads, gold and metal plaques, carpets, saddles, saddlecloths, clothes and shoes of noble Scythians are well preserved. Made in VI-! 11th century BC. In the European part of the country, during excavations of ancient mounds, remains of Scythian and Sarmatian clothing were found. Living here in the 1-111 centuries. embellished with gold and silver threads.

One of the first embroidery schools was opened in Kyiv, in the Andreevsky Monastery by the sister of Vladimir Monomakh, Princess Anna-Yanka, where young girls learned the art of embroidering with silk, gold and silver threads. For centuries, the hands of craftswomen created lush floral ornaments on the clothes of nobles, the wealthy sections of the urban and rural population, in the design of cultural decoration. More modest were embroideries in folk life.

Until the end of the 18th century, embroidery was an occupation of amateurs, a home craft. With the establishment of handicrafts and various types of crafts in the country, embroidery has become a profession for many craftswomen. The development of embroidery led to the formation of separate centers in many parts of the country

embroidery art with original artistic features of patterns, color, technique, form and compositional solution. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, embroidery was widely used to decorate folk costumes in all corners of our country.

Russian embroidery is characterized by motifs of geometric and floral ornaments, arranged in the form of straight stripes, emphasizing the edge of clothing. Images of fantastic animals, birds, and plants were embroidered in colorful ornaments that adorned towels and valances. Among Russian embroideries, the Vladimir verkhshov and the Mstera white smooth surface, the Krestetsko-Valdai line, the Kaluga color interlacing, the Oryol scribes and branks, the Nizhny Novgorod guipure and many other techniques are widely known.

Long-standing traditions of decorating clothes and household items with national embroidery are preserved in Ukraine. In each region - Polissya, Middle Naddnipryanshchyna, Slobozhanshchyna, Podolia, Carpathians and Carpathians, local features characteristic of individual regions, districts, villages can be traced.

Clothes, towels, head and handkerchiefs, tablecloths, curtains and much more were decorated with strict white-on-white patterns and lush floral ornaments. On women's shirts, sleeves, collars, bodice, cuffs, and hem are embroidered. Men's shirts are embroidered along the collar, along the fastener and at the ends of the sleeves. The embroidery technique is very diverse, as well as ornamental motifs in different regions of the republic and individual villages. As a rule, this is the technique of counting and free stitching, white and colored hemstitches, half-crosses and crosses, bottoms - embroidery from the wrong side and more.

The embroidery of Belarus is characterized by juicy “red on white” ornaments, hemstitching, cutting, sewing in assemblies and more.

The embroideries of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia are decorative and colorful. They are dominated by geometric and floral motifs of patterns, filled with a variety of techniques: counted and free stitching, stitching, half-cross and cross, goat, tambour, hemstitches and line stitches “white on white”, etc.

In women's and men's festive shirts, collars were decorated with embroidery. Shoulder pads and cuffs, removable collars for women's shirts - golonecks, aprons, hats.

The embroideries of the peoples of the Caucasus are rich and elegant. Everywhere in Georgia, embroidery with silk, wool and gold is widespread on women's and men's shirts, outerwear, bibs, scarves, belts, pillows, wall carpets and other products. There are dozens of different decorative stitches both in floral and floral ornaments and in strictly geometric ones - semi-cross, stitch, stalk and chain stitches, knots, satin stitch, appliqué.

Armenian embroideries are distinguished by subtlety and craftsmanship, their ornament is stylized floral and geometric motifs, performed with various seams along the free contour and counting of fabric threads. This smooth surface, hemstitch, braided seam and others.

In Azerbaijan, motifs of ornaments consisting of curls, flowers, leaves and stems of plants are embroidered with chain stitches of colored silk on red cloth, black velvet, satin and satin. They decorate carpets, pillows, tablecloths, bedspreads, sleeveless jackets, wallets and other products. Gold embroidery flourished here, embroidery with white counted and colored free stitch, and metallic sequins.

The embroideries of Central Asia, known from the 111-8th centuries, have a centuries-old history, with a characteristic circle composition.- sun symbol. It is filled with stylized floral ornaments in the form of leaves, petals, beans. There were no images of humans and animals, which was forbidden by religion. In Tajikistan, suzani, curtains, bags for tea, mirrors and combs, skullcaps, men's waist scarves, panels were decorated with satin, tambour, buttonhole, cruciform seams and appliqué. Uzbek embroideries are characterized by “chain stitch, satin stitch, semi-cross, appliqué, cross, golden embroidery of Bukhara, beadwork. In Turkmen embroideries, satin stitch, chains and stem stitch prevail.

The embroideries of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are distinguished by various types of sewing on felt, cloth, leather: tambour and satin stitches on cloth, velvet, and silk. IN

patterns often contain curls of horns, stylized figures of animals, and less often - an image of a plant.

In the Far East, embroidery is done with silk on a stencil made of fish skin, with appliqué made of fur, leather, and cloth. Large beads are used in the design of clothes and shoes. Among the peoples of the Far North, embroidery with reindeer fur on suede and cloth, appliqué made of fabric and leather using beads are common.

Embroidery of the peoples of the Volga region Mari, Mordovian,Chuvash are distinguished by geometrized patterns fromplants, animals and birds, made in the technique of satin stitches and overhead sewing, bead embroidery, metal plaques.

Tatar embroideries are characterized by sewing with gold and beads on velvet on various household items and clothes.

We are fascinated by the beautiful works of art kept in many museums of the country, where originality and craftsmanship, skillful selection of material by color and texture, man-made elegance and originality of patterns and colors, a variety of embroidery techniques have manifested themselves. Nowadays, traditional and modern creativity are perfectly combined in embroidery. Modern craftsmen borrow from the treasuries of the national heritage cut and wonderful patterns, use both ancient, more complex, and new decorative, easier-to-work seams, creating new samples of folk art.

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

Tools and fixtures

To begin with, in order to feel the beauty of embroidery, you will need very simple tools: needles, a thimble, scissors, a ruler or centimeter tape, and a hoop.

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

Card-task number 5.

Determine the ratio of the seam scheme and the name of the seam.

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

Threads

Embroidery threads should be strong, even and not shed. Most often, special threads are used - floss, but you can embroider with iris, and silk, and metallic threads. You can also use various types of woolen, bobbin and other threads.

Muline. For cross-stitching on canvas, cotton floss threads are ideal. There are a lot of companies producing such threads. They differ from each other in composition: there are threads made of 100% cotton, as well as with the addition of silk and wool. Each color and shade corresponds to a certain number of threads, the manufacturer can change these numbers from time to time, so it is better not to buy too many threads for future use. To prevent the threads from twisting during operation, you can use a special wax, it also seals them. Such wax is convenient to use if threads of different composition are taken during embroidery. Mouline thread can be stored in different ways: if there are few threads, then you can simply put them in a bag, with a sufficiently large amount of floss, it is better to wind them on spools and sign each one so as not to mix up the colors. The spools are then folded into a plastic box with compartments. There are also travel bags for storing floss and patterns, plastic clamshell files into which floss wound on sticks are inserted, and other devices.

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

Workplace of an embroiderer.

To make it convenient to do embroidery, the work did not cause fatigue, you need to properly organize your workplace and follow certain labor rules.

The table with fixtures and tools should stand so that the light falls from the left side. If there is no box in the table, then the threads can be stored in a special bag, tools in a box, and sheets of tracing paper with patterns in a folder. It is necessary to monitor the position of the body, do not slouch, do not tilt your head low. The body during operation should be slightly tilted forward. The distance between the eyes and the work should not exceed 25 - 30 cm. Sometimes, for this purpose, the hoop is set higher, placing a board, book, etc. under them. The chair is moved to the table so that you can lean on its back.

Of great importance is the correct positioning of the hands during work: the left hand should be at the bottom, the right - on top of the hoop. When embroidering on rare fabrics and stitchinggridwith the right hand, they hold the needle with their hand on the wrong side of the embroidery, sticking it with a sharp end. With the left hand, they take the needle by the sharp end, leading it to the front side with a blunt end (eye). The thread is tightened with the right hand. When embroidering on dense fabrics, the needle is brought out from the wrong side to the front with a sharp end.

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

Ways to fasten the thread.

Threading.

It is necessary to choose a needle of the appropriate type and size. Its eye should be large enough for the thread to easily pass through the fabric or canvas.

If you have trouble threading, use the needle threader or the buttonhole method. Make a loop at the end of the thread, thread it tightly over the eye of the needle. Then remove and push the folded thread through the eye of the needle.

Thread fastening.

In embroidery, knots are never made on the working thread. The underside of the product must be clean and tidy. The thread is fixed on the front side of the fabric in the place where the embroidery will be located.

If for embroidery it is necessary to take an even number of threads, for example, six floss threads, three threads are separated (one at a time) from the skein. They are folded together and threaded into the needle with two ends. A small stitch is made with a needle and thread and the thread is pulled out of the fabric until a small tip remains in the form of a loop, which was formed when the thread was folded in half. A needle with a working thread is threaded into this loop and tightened.

If embroidered in one, three, five threads, then the working thread is fixed differently. Having made a small stitch on the fabric, the thread is pulled out, leaving a small tip, which is attached to the fabric with a second small stitch, placing it across the tip of the thread. The excess end of the thread is cut off. The place where the thread is fastened is closed with embroidery stitches. And you can leave the end of the thread 5-6 cm long on the wrong side at the beginning of work and carefully sew a few stitches on the front side of the fabric. Then thread the left end of the thread into another needle and make a few stitches under the embroidery just done. Cut off the rest of the thread. At the end of the embroidery, the working thread is fixed on the wrong side, making a few stitches in the place where the embroidery is located. You can also fasten the thread on the right side of the fabric, passing it under the embroidered stitches, or make a few stitches in the place that will later be covered with embroidery.

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

Instruction card.

stalk seamis a continuous row of oblique stitches, tightly adjacent to each other. It is performed along a drawn line or along the trail of a thread pulled out from left to right or from bottom to top. Each new stitch starts from the middle of the previous one. The working thread should always be on the same side of the seam. All stitches must be the same size.

A stem stitch is used to embroider plant stems. This stitch can be used for marks and monograms.

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

Instruction card.

chain stitch (or chain stitch) - - it is a continuous series of loops coming out of one another. The seam is made from top to bottom. Use a seam for embroidering a contour and for completely filling a pattern

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

Increase or reduce the picture

If the size of the embroidered product does not match the size of the pattern, the latter has to be increased or reduced. This can be done in the following way. Let's say we want to double the size of the pattern. The desired area is divided into equal squares. The smaller the squares, the more accurate the magnification will be. Then, on a blank sheet of paper, the same number of squares is drawn, but already increased by the required number of times, in this case, 2 times.

The lines of the corresponding cells of the original are transferred into these cells. With careful work, an accurately enlarged copy of the drawing is obtained. When reducing the figure, the cells of the original are reduced by the required number of times. This technique is called an increase or decrease in the pattern by cells. It is very important to draw exact square cells with this technique, otherwise the shape of the drawing will change.

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Medvedeva Vera Viktorovna №207-964-334

Color in artistic embroidery.

Color in artistic embroidery plays a very important role. An interestingly conceived embroidery pattern can be spoiled by an unsuccessful selection of thread colors. To get the most advantageous combination of colors in embroidery, you need to know the properties of the color. All colors visible in nature are usually divided into chromatic, including all colors of the spectrum - red, blue, yellow, green and all their shades, and achromatic - white, black and gray.
achromatic colorsare characterized only by the degree of their lightness (light gray, dark gray, etc.).

Chromatic Colors have hue, saturation, and lightness.
Among the whole variety of colors, 3 primary colors are distinguished - red, blue, yellow, which, when mixed, form other colors (red with yellow - orange, blue with yellow - green, red with blue - purple). Thus, it is possible to obtain a plurality of colors that differ from each other in hue.

Color tone - one of the characteristics that determines its hue in relation to the main color of the spectrum and is expressed by the words "blue", "purple", "brown", etc. For example, one red color has a yellowish tint, and the other is bluish. By mixing red with other colors, you can get an infinite number of colors that differ from each other in color tone.

Color saturation- this is the degree of brightness of the color, which varies depending on the presence of gray in it (bright blue, gray-blue, etc.). The more this color differs from gray, the richer, brighter, more colorful it is. A pure color is the color with the highest brightness. Usually this property is denoted by the words "bright", "muted", "soft" (pastel colors are characterized by reduced saturation). Bright colors are most often used in embroidery of decorative items, calmer, unsaturated colors - in embroidery of clothes.

Lightness - this is a greater or lesser proximity of a color to white (for example, dark blue, blue, light blue - shades of the same blue color that are different in lightness). Dark colors are formed by mixing a color with black paint, and light colors with white paint.

Warm and cold colors. All chromatic colors and their shades are divided into warm and cold. Warm colors include the colors of fire and the sun - yellow, orange. Cold colors include water, ice - blue, blue. Within each color there can be warmer and colder shades. For example, a red color can be cold if it has a bluish tint, and warm if it has a yellow tint. Green color with a yellowish tinge is warm, and with blue it is cold.
Warm and saturated (bright) colors attract more attention and give the impression of closeness to the subject. They are also called approaching, protruding. Cold colors and desaturated colors give the impression of remoteness. Therefore they are calledwithdrawing, withdrawing.

Chiaroscuro. Color and light are concepts inseparable from each other. Thanks to light, a person sees objects, their shape and color. But depending on the light source, colors tend to change. In daylight, all colors look cleaner, more transparent. Under artificial lighting, the color may change. For example, white and gray colors turn yellow, blue darkens and appears black, purple can turn red or blue. Therefore, it is very important to carry out color embroidery and especially the selection of colors and shades of threads in daylight.

The influence of chiaroscuro on the shape of the depicted object can be traced on the example of a ball. If you draw a circle and paint over it exactly with paint of the same color, you get a flat circle. If it is filled along the edges in the shadow part with darker tones of the selected color with a gradual transition to lighter tones in the illuminated central part, then a feeling of the shape of a ball is visually created.

The concept of chiaroscuro makes it possible to show the volume of embroidered objects (berries, flowers, birds). Light affects the colors of objects. In the illuminated part of the object (or pattern), the color has lighter tones, and in the darkened places, the tones of the same color are darker.

Harmonious color combination. The harmony of colors lies in their consistency and strict combination. When choosing harmonious combinations, it is easier to use watercolor paints, and having certain skills in selecting tones on paints, it will not be difficult to cope with threads. The harmony of colors obeys certain laws, and in order to better understand them, it is necessary to study the formation of colors. To do this, use the color wheel, which is a closed band of the spectrum.

monochrome . These colors are the most harmoniously combined with each other and are easy to select. The harmony of several tones of the same color (preferably 3-4) looks more interesting, richer than a single color composition, such as white, light blue, blue and dark blue or brown, light brown, beige, white. Monochrome combinations are often used in the embroidery of clothes (for example, on a blue background they embroider with threads of dark blue, light blue and white), decorative napkins (for example, on a harsh canvas they embroider with threads of brown, light brown, beige), as well as in artistic embroidery of leaves and flower petals to convey light and shade.

Related. Harmonious combinations of related colors are calm, soft, especially if the colors are weakly saturated and close in lightness (red, purple, violet). Related-contrasting colors are located in two adjacent quarters of the color wheel at the ends of the chords (that is, lines parallel to the diameters) and have one common color and two other color components, for example, yellow with a red tint (yolk) and blue with a red tint (violet). These colors are coordinated (combined) with each other by a common (red) tint and are harmoniously combined. There are 4 groups of related-contrasting colors: yellow-red and yellow-green; blue-red and blue-green; red-yellow and red-blue; green-yellow and green-blue.

Contrasting colors. Diametrically opposite colors and shades on the color wheel are the most contrasting and inconsistent with each other. The more colors differ from each other in hue, lightness and saturation, the less they harmonize with each other. When embroidering a bouquet of red and yellow flowers and green leaves, the newly obtained colors are introduced into them, and all of them will be in harmony. Among the contrasting combinations, there are several pleasing to the eye and often found in nature - these are pairs of pure colors; red and green, purple and yellow.
coloring - a certain relationship of all colors and tones of the pattern, subordinate to the general tone. Coloring, depending on the predominance of certain tones, can be light or dark, bright or gloomy, cold or warm. In artistic embroidery, it is necessary that each color of the pattern, taken in combination with other colors, does not “bulge out” and “disappear”, but create the general impression of the main, basic tone. The richness of color is not in variegation, but in a variety of shades and color transitions. When embroidering a pattern, you should first of all determine its main color, and then look for other shades.

Ukrainian folk embroidery is one of the most common and accessible types of folk art. It has been improved over many centuries and has come down to us in the form of wonderful various ornaments, seams with which they are made, interesting color combinations of threads.

Samples of ancient folk embroidery amaze us with their simplicity and conciseness, diversity and artistic skill and serve as an inexhaustible source for the development of Soviet arts and crafts.

Since ancient times, hand embroidery has been used to decorate a variety of products that people need in everyday life. Embroidery is popular today. Modern products decorated with Ukrainian folk embroidery are beautiful and original: napkins, tablecloths, towels, panels, blouses, men's shirts and other types of clothing.

In modern Ukrainian embroidery, the color and the seams with which the patterns are made are gradually changing. Traditional ornaments are enriched with new elements and interesting compositional solutions. Designing products based on folk motives, modern craftsmen preserve the centuries-old traditions of folk embroidery, use color schemes, ornaments, and performance techniques that are typical for certain regions of Ukraine.

The process of making embroidery is fascinating. Embroidery develops aesthetic taste, instills accuracy, perseverance, industriousness, a creative attitude to work, forms certain skills and abilities in schoolchildren that will be useful to them in practical activities.

Types of ornaments

Creating ornaments for embroidery, artists at all times turned to nature, but not just copied it, but processed it, simplified it in stylization, preserving the most characteristic. In Ukrainian folk embroidery, there are floral, geometric, floral-geometrized ornaments, ornaments with images of animals, ornaments with emblems. In the embroidery of towels, panels dedicated to significant dates, emblems of the state are used. Floral ornaments consist of stylized (simplified) flowers, leaves, buds, stems. Geometric ornaments consist of a variety of geometric shapes: triangles, rhombuses, squares, stars, etc. In the embroidery of towels, napkins, tablecloths, panels, stylized animals, birds, insects are found in ornaments. Plant-geometrized ornaments consist of geometrized, simplified flowers, leaves, buds, stems.

Types of seams of Ukrainian folk embroideries

The seams of Ukrainian embroideries are divided into basic and additional. The main seams, in turn, are divided into countable and decorative. Counting stitches are called such seams, for the execution of each stitch of which it is necessary to count the threads of fabrics. Counted seams perform geometric or floral-geometrized ornaments. Counted seams include: straight satin stitch, oblique satin stitch, lowering, set, bottom, cross, grain output, gouging, cutting, tops, various types of hemstitches. A variety of ornaments is achieved by combining several types of seams in one pattern. So, the pattern can be made: with a straight satin stitch, cutting out, punches, grain output, retyaz, double-sided beading. In decorative stitches (they are also called free stitches), embroidery stitches are made along the drawn outline of the ornament. Therefore, decorative stitches are used to embroider floral ornaments. This is a double-sided smooth surface, Poltava smooth surface, artistic smooth surface, towel stitches. Simple decorative stitches: stitch, stalk stitch, chain stitch or tambour stitch, as well as rocking stitch, which are used to make geometric and plant-geometrized ornaments. Additional seams include: edge seams, which decorate the edges of napkins, towels; connecting seams (adjacent), which can be used to connect individual parts of such products as blouses, dresses, skirts, etc .; notching - seams that form the edges of cuffs, sleeves, collars in products, as well as assembly on a thread - puffs. In order for the work on embroidery of Ukrainian folk stitches to bring creative satisfaction, one must from the very beginning try to do everything clearly and accurately. The beauty of Ukrainian folk counted seams depends on the accuracy of counting the threads of the fabric. Floral ornaments must be embroidered exactly along the contour of the pattern.

Lesson topic: “Embroidery as one of the types of arts and crafts. Cross stitching. Technology class 2.

Akhmetdinova Gulnara Granitovna, primary school teacher of the first qualification category.

Target: to acquaint children with the technology of cross-stitching; expand knowledge about the history of embroidery of different peoples; repeat the safety rules when working with needles.

Tasks:

To expand students' knowledge of the seam cross, performed horizontally, vertically, diagonally;

to develop practical skills of placing fabric in the hoop;

to consolidate the ability to prepare tools and materials for work on embroidery products;

develop dexterity, coordination of movements;

to instill accuracy and patience in work;

develop thinking;

promote the development of competencies;

Comply with safety regulations;

to cultivate accuracy, organization of labor activity.

Planned results:

Subject Results:

To expand students' knowledge of the cross stitch;

To consolidate the ability to prepare tools and materials for work on embroidery products.

Metasubject Results: (developing)

Regulatory UUD:

To teach to develop figurativeness, attention, speech;

Cognitive UUD:

Be able to search and highlight the main information from the proposed source of the book (educational Internet resources, encyclopedias, etc.);

Communicative UUD:

Develop the skill of working in groups when performing practical work;

Find ways of creative work within group communication;

Be able to generalize and draw conclusions.

Personal results:
- the ability to express in creative work one's emotional attitude to the acquired knowledge, to show activity, initiative in finding additional information, to share it with teammates;

Cultivate curiosity, work culture, accuracy, respect for one's own and others' work.

Lesson type : study lesson.

Visual aids: embroidery samples, sketches, pattern arrangement, stylized drawings.

Equipment: a textbook, a workbook, a set of hand tools, embroidery threads - floss, embroidery hoops, canvas, thick fabric, pattern diagrams, posters.

Textbook: N.I. Rogovtseva, N.V. Bogdanova, N.V. Dobromyslova "Technology" Grade 2.

During the classes:

I.Organization of the lesson:

Checking students' readiness for the lesson.

Questions to repeat the previous topic:

What fabric is used for embroidery?

Why is fabric stretched in a hoop?

Name the basic stitches and seams based on them.

Why does the fabric need to be removed from the hoop after each embroidery session?

Checking and evaluating student homework. Showing the best work.

II. Study of new material:

Tell students about the history of embroidered ornament, composition, rapport, types of ornament. Show how the "cross" and tapestry seam is made.

Teacher's explanation.

Creativity helps us discover hidden abilities, get rid of everyday problems for a while, and most importantly, create amazing things that diversify our life and make it brighter and richer.

Embroidery is a technique with which you can decorate a wide variety of products from various materials, giving them a completely new look. Embroidery richly decorated the lower edges of the beds that hung from the beds, towels, tablecloths and curtains, canvas sundresses, hats and scarves, wedding and holiday shirts.

Many crosses of different colors and shades as separate elements of the mosaic can create a miracle and make up a landscape, still life or portrait. There are many different types and techniques of embroidery.

The embroideries of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia are decorative and colorful. They are dominated by geometric and floral motifs of patterns.

The embroideries of the peoples of the Caucasus are rich and elegant. In Georgia, embroidery with silk, wool, gold, and beads is common.

The embroidery of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan is distinguished by various types of overhead sewing from felt, cloth, and leather. The patterns often contain curls of horns, stylized figures of animals, less often - the image of plants.

Among the peoples of the Far North, embroidery with reindeer fur on suede, cloth, and appliqué made of fabric and leather using beads is common.

The embroidery of the peoples of the Volga region - Mari, Mordovian, Chuvash - is distinguished by geometric patterns from a combination of plants, animals and birds.

Tatar embroidery is characterized by sewing with gold and beads on velvet on various household items and clothes.

Follow the traditional cross as follows: you finish the previous cross and start the next one.

The Danish cross is done like this: first you embroider half a cross and finish the crosses as you return. (Show pictures)

Embroidery cross It is performed on dense fabric or canvas. Canvas - This is a special fabric for embroidery.

The technique of cross-stitching or semi-cross stitching is one of the most famous and popular in folk art. This technique has been known for a long time, but became widespread in the second half of the last century.

The cross is made with two intersecting diagonal stitches. (Show students how to do cross stitches running horizontally and vertically and diagonally)

The main pattern of folk cross-stitch is a geometric, floral and zoomorphic (images of animals, birds) ornament.

Modern embroidery is represented by a wide variety of patterns: cartoon characters, plants, berries, animals, etc.

During practical work, physical minute.

" Butterfly". Frequently pat your cilia, that is, blink

What materials and tools do we need for embroidery with counted stitches:

Materials:

Canvas - a special mesh-like fabric for cross-stitching;

floss threads

Tools:

Thimble

Safe working practices.

NEEDLE. Tapestry needles with a blunt end are used for cross stitching. Don't hold the needle in your teeth. An accidental breath - and you can swallow it. Do not stick needles into clothes, armchairs, sofas, do not leave them on the dining table. Is it dangerous!

SCISSORS. Must have sharp and tightly closed ends.

Practical work "Performing a simple cross stitch".

III.Consolidation of the studied material

Answer the question:

1. Fabric tensioner? (hoop)

2. Special mesh fabric for cross stitch? (canvas)

3. Threads used for embroidery? (mulina)

IV.Summarizing

What new did you learn in the lesson?

Where in life can you use it?

What grade would you give yourself for practical work?

V. Homework

Practice cross stitching skills. Prepare for practical work. Bring canvas, thread, hoop.

Performed:
School student №27 Grodno

1. A bit from the history of Russian embroidery.
2. Ornament in embroidery
3. About color.
4. Tools and accessories for embroidery.
5. Preparing for embroidery
6. Transferring the pattern to the fabric
With carbon paper.
On "to the light".
With tissue paper.
7. Workplace of an embroiderer.
8. Counted seams.
9. Simple cross stitch
10. Literature used

The art of embroidery has a long history. The existence of embroidery in the era of Ancient Rus' is evidenced by the finds of archaeologists dating back to the 9th-10th centuries. These are fragments of clothing, decorated with patterns, made with gold threads. In ancient times, household items, clothes of noble people were decorated with gold embroidery.
The traditions of embroidery art were constantly developing; in the 14th-17th centuries, embroidery became even more widespread in decorating costumes and household items. Church vestments, clothes of kings and boyars rich in silk and velvet were embroidered with gold and silver threads in combination with pearls and gems. Wedding towels, festive shirts made of fine linen fabric, and scarves were also decorated with colored silk and gold threads. Embroidery was mainly common among women of noble families and nuns.
Gradually, the art of embroidery spreads everywhere. Since the 18th century, it has entered the life of all segments of the population, becoming one of the main occupations of girls - peasant women.
Household items - towels, valances, countertops (tablecloths), festive and everyday clothes, aprons, hats, etc. were decorated with embroidery. As a rule, items were made of simple, inexpensive materials, but they were distinguished by high artistic skill.
Each embroidery had its own purpose. Embroideries on shirts were located at the points of contact of the human body with the outside world (i.e., along the collar, sleeves, hem) and served as a talisman. The embroidery of towels reflected the cosmological ideas of people, ideas associated with the cult of fertility and the cult of ancestors. First of all, this concerns the ornament of folk sewing, in which ancient symbols are preserved until the 2nd quarter of the 20th century.

The most common motif in the ornament of folk embroidery is the "rhombus". In the embroidery of different peoples, it looks different and has different meanings. A rhombus with hooks in embroidery is considered as a symbol of fertility associated with the idea of ​​a mother - an ancestor - the immediate beginning of all births on earth. Rhombus - "burr" in folklore is compared with oak, the sacred tree of many peoples, and is a metaphor for the heavenly "color" - lightning, which strikes demons, protects livestock. Among the favorite motifs was a "rosette", consisting of 8 petals - blades connected in the center. It acts as a symbol of the feminine, fertility.
Among the motifs of floral ornament, a prominent place is occupied by the "world tree" - the tree of life. A common motif in facial embroidery is a stylized female figure. She can perform in various compositions: in the center, riders or birds on the sides; holding branches or lamps; with birds in their hands, etc.
All these stories differ in the nature of their interpretation. But in most of them, the female Mother Goddess, personifying Cheese-Earth, acts as the patroness of agriculture, the fertility of the earth. It was called upon to ensure the blessings of life and the reproduction of the family.
Traditional embroidery is a source of knowledge of the ethnic history and culture of the people and their evolution over time.
Embroidery techniques, patterns, their color embodiment were improved by their generation after generation. Gradually, all the best were selected, and unique images of embroideries with characteristic features were created.
Artistic products of folk craftsmen, decorated with embroidery, are distinguished by the beauty of patterns, the harmony of color combinations, the perfection of proportions, and the refinement of professional techniques. Each embroidered product meets its practical purpose.
The museums of our country have collected many examples of folk embroidery.
The most preserved and survived to this day are embroideries of the 19th century. Embroidery was divided into peasant (folk) and urban. Urban embroidery did not have strong traditions, as it was constantly influenced by the fashion that came from the West. Folk embroidery was associated with the ancient customs and rituals of the Russian peasantry. Yes, peasant girls
At the age of 13-15, they had to prepare a dowry for themselves. These were embroidered tablecloths, towels, valances, garments, hats, gifts.
At the wedding, the bride presented the groom's relatives with products of her own work. Before the wedding, they arranged an exhibition of the dowry, which was supposed to testify to the skill and diligence of the bride.
In a peasant family, women were engaged in needlework - they spun, weaved, embroidered, knitted, wove lace. In the process of work, they polished their skills, learned from each other and from their elders, adopting from them the experience of many generations.
Women's clothing was made from homespun linen and woolen fabrics. It was decorated not only with embroidery, but also with lace, braid, and colored chintz inserts. In different provinces, clothing had its own characteristics, differences. It was different in purpose (everyday, festive, wedding), performed for different ages (girls, for a young, elderly woman).
By the nature of the patterns and methods of their implementation, Russian embroidery is very diverse. Separate regions, and sometimes districts, had their own characteristic techniques, ornamental motifs, and color schemes. This was largely determined by local conditions, way of life, customs, natural environment.
Russian embroidery has its own national characteristics, it differs from the embroideries of other peoples. A large role in it is played by geometric ornament and geometrized forms of plants and animals: rhombuses, motifs of a female figure, a bird, a tree or a flowering bush, as well as a leopard with a raised paw. In the form of a rhombus, a circle, a rosette, the sun was depicted - a symbol of warmth, life, a female figure and a flowering tree personified the fertility of the earth, a bird symbolized the arrival of spring. The location of the pattern and embroidery techniques were organically linked with the form of clothing, which was sewn from straight pieces of fabric. The seams were made according to the number of threads of the fabric, they were called countable. With such seams it is easy to decorate the shoulders, the ends of the sleeves, the slit on the chest, the hem of the apron, the bottom of the apron, the bottom of the clothes.
Embroidery was placed along the connecting seams.
In “free” embroideries, along a drawn outline, floral patterns prevailed.
Old Russian stitches include: painting or semi-cross, set, cross, counting surface, goat, white small line. Later, cutouts, colored interlacing, cross stitching, guipure, tambour embroidery, white and colored smooth surface appeared.
Russian peasant embroidery can be divided into two main groups: northern and central Russian stripes. The north includes embroideries from Arkhangelsk, Novgorod, Vologda, Kalinin, Ivanovo, Gorky, Yaroslavl, Vladimir and other regions.
The most common techniques of northern embroidery are cross, painting, cutouts, white stitching, through sewing done on a grid, white and colored smoothness. Most often, the patterns were made with red threads on a white background or white on red. Embroiderers skillfully used the background as one of the elements of the pattern. Squares and stripes inside large figures of a bird - a peahen, a leopard or a tree - were embroidered with blue, yellow and dark red wool.
The works of folk arts and crafts are in unlimited demand both in our country and abroad.

Ornament in embroidery

To perform embroidery, you need a pattern, a pattern. Is any drawing suitable for this? Many people like to embroider flowers, various plants. And often naturalistic images of plants, flowers, as well as plot pictures translated from reproductions, postcards are used as patterns for embroidery. Such "patterns" cannot be called artistic, they do not correspond to the peculiarities of decorative and applied art. And, besides, no matter how we strive to embroider a flower in all its details, so that it turns out “like a living thing”, it still won’t turn out like that and won’t decorate the product. Only in a drawing made by pictorial means, where the presence of light and shadow creates volume for it, is it possible to approach nature, but the painter does not seek to mindlessly copy nature.
It is not the task of embroidery to achieve realistic images.
It serves to decorate household items and has no independent value. The main role is played by the object itself, which, thanks to embroidery, acquires artistic value.
When creating a picture for embroidery, the artist makes sketches from nature and then transforms them into an ornament and various ornamental compositions.
The word "ornament" in Latin means "to decorate".
An ornament decorates, decorates a product of applied art, therefore it is an integral part of this product and entirely depends on its shape, purpose and material from which this product is made.
When processing a drawing into an ornament, the main, characteristic features of the object (for example, a flower, a bird) are selected. The motifs of animals, birds, plants are drawn in outline, not striving for an exact transfer, highlighting only the main features. The planar image of such motifs becomes part of the pattern and is organically associated with the surface of the decorated product.
When creating patterns for embroidery of modern products, artists often use the motifs of peasant embroideries of the 18th and 19th centuries, in which the principles of ornamental composition are always preserved.
The interpretation of motifs of plant or animal origin in patterns depends on the nature of the ornament, the texture of the fabric, and the technique of execution. So, for example, the image of berries and strawberry leaves can be different and depends on what seams it will be made with.
When starting to make a product, you first need to think over its artistic solution as a whole, determine the location of the pattern on the plane, its individual parts, the proportions of the elements, the execution in color, that is, everything that is included in the concept of composition.
The nature of the composition is largely determined by the rhythm - the regular alternation of individual elements or groups of elements in the ornament, which contributes to the achievement of the expressiveness of the composition, the clarity of its perception. The repetition of exactly the same elements or groups of elements is called rapport.
An ornament can decorate the entire surface of an object (for example, a carpet) or any part of it (the edges of a napkin or the middle of a pillowcase), individual ornamental motifs can be scattered over the surface of the product (tablecloth), etc.
To build an ornament, geometric shapes (triangles, squares, stars, circles, etc.), as well as wavy, broken lines, spirals, etc., plant motifs (leaves, flowers, branches, trees, etc.) etc.), the image of images of the animal world (insects, birds, fish, animals), as well as the figure of a person in a very generalized form. Sometimes in the ornament, geometric shapes are combined with nature motifs. All parts of the ornament must be proportionate.
Sometimes motifs in the pattern are not repeated. The pattern can be built on the basis of symmetry and asymmetry. This pattern will also be ornamental.
The patterns of Russian embroidery are characterized by symmetry - the regular arrangement of the main lines, shapes, colors relative to the horizontal or vertical axes of symmetry. A drawing can be built with respect to one, as well as two or more axes of symmetry.
The construction of a composition can be based on the principle of balance, when the parts of the pattern balance each other and become part of the pattern.
Often the pattern is built in a closed plane, that is, in a plane bounded by some geometric shape. It can be a square or rectangular tablecloth, a panel, a triangle-shaped shawl, a round pillowcase for a sofa cushion, etc. Depending on the shape of the product and the artist's intention, the shape and location of the pattern may change. So, the corners or the middle can be embroidered on the tablecloth.
The plane of a tablecloth or napkin can be divided into squares or rectangles, and embroidery patterns can be placed in them.
In all the patterns below, the similarity with the plants of the same name has been preserved, but the flowers and leaves have taken on a new, ideal form. They do not have the flaws that can be found in nature: a wrinkled or broken leaf, a turned away flower petal, a broken or thickened twig. To consider such a branch, it is necessary to push and straighten the leaves, remove some part of them. The artist does the same when creating a pattern for embroidery. Clear forms of flowers and leaves are grouped in a new way and fill the strip or plane, obeying the artist's intention. In these patterns, flowers, leaves and berries do not interfere with each other, do not find each other. elements of the pattern are arranged in such a way that the background of the product between them is evenly distributed and becomes part of the pattern.
For embroidery, it is recommended to use samples of folk patterns and drawings created by artists. Separate parts of the drawings can be combined in your own way, and even more interesting, observing nature, invent patterns yourself, their location on the surface of the product.

Embroidery is closely related to color. When choosing threads, it is necessary to take into account combinations of colors, to know how they affect each other. To do this, you need to get acquainted with the basic properties, the interaction of colors - color harmony, that is, consistency in the combination of colors.
The harmonious selection of colors is based on a color wheel consisting of colors of a closed spectral range.
If a beam of light is passed through a trihedral glass prism, then it will be decomposed into its component parts, a color band is formed - a spectrum. In nature, you can often observe this combination of colors in a rainbow when a ray of the sun passes through a dew drop.
The visible spectrum is a continuous series of changing colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. These colors are separated from each other by a range of intermediate tones. If the colors of the spectrum are arranged in the same order in a circle, then there will be purple between blue-violet and red. The color circle can be divided in half in diameter, so that warm colors enter one half and cold colors enter the other.
Any color is characterized by hue, brightness and saturation.
Color tone is, in fact, color - red, blue, yellow, etc. One color is distinguished from another by color tone.
Brightness is the degree of proximity to white. Of all the objects around us, white surfaces reflect the largest percentage of light. Therefore, the lightest colors will be close to white.
The saturation of the color is determined by the degree of its density, its limiting color. For example, a blue color is considered saturated if it cannot be made bluer.
All colors are divided into chromatic and achromatic. Chromatic colors include all the colors of the spectrum, the whole range of countless shades of these colors. They are called tones. Achromatic colors include white, gray and black. These are colorless, untinted colors. They are called neutral.
Achromatic colors are not saturated. They do not have a color tone and differ from each other only in brightness. The brightest color is white. Black color has no brightness.
Colors located on opposite sides of the spectral circle are called complementary. If you draw a diameter through the middle of the red color, then it will cross the blue-green color, which is almost opposite red in the color wheel, etc.
If complementary colors are mixed in equal amounts, then they seem to cancel each other out, a grayish low-saturated color is obtained. When placed side by side, complementary colors mutually reinforce the color saturation. Given this property of complementary colors, it is not recommended to take them in equal proportions: one of them should serve as the main one, and the other as an additional one (for finishing). Any colors when located side by side affect each other and can produce a different impression. Every color appears lighter when surrounded by darker colors, and darker when surrounded by lighter colors.
Harmonious color combinations can be obtained from shades located close to each other within one fourth of the color wheel, for example, a combination of yellow with yellow-green. Beautiful and original combinations made up of three contrasting colors (or their shades). these colors lie on the vertices of an equilateral or isosceles triangle inscribed in the color wheel.
Achromatic colors are well combined with each other: white with black, black with gray, white. These colors are in harmony with any color.
At the same time, chromatic warm colors win next to dark achromatic ones, and cold colors win next to light achromatic ones. Saturated colors harmonize with black or white, while low-saturated colors harmonize with various shades of gray. In all cases, the combination of colors is greatly influenced by the predominance of one or another color.
When choosing a color, one more property must be remembered. It can visually change the shape and size of an object. If you look at a surface covered with red and blue spots, then the illusion arises that the red spots are located closer to the viewer than the blue ones. Light and warm colors seem closer to us than dark and cold ones. Therefore, warm colors seem to increase the subject, and cold colors reduce it. This property of colors can be used to highlight a certain part of the clothes, to smooth out the sharpness of the outlines. Products that look at a great distance can be embroidered with threads of rich contrasting colors.
The choice of color and thread for embroidery, the combination of their colors depend on the purpose of the thing, the location of the pattern, and the size. As a rule, the background (the color of the fabric) is given additional space, and the pattern is the main thing. Therefore, the background should not stand out, be brighter than the ornament. The color scheme of the pattern also depends on the technique of execution.

Tools and accessories for embroidery.

To perform hand embroidery, you need very simple tools: needles, thimble, scissors, centimeter, pointed stick, hoop; in addition, graph paper, tracing paper, carbon paper.
It is better to take short embroidery needles with an elongated eye. It is easier to thread a working thread into several additions into a large eye. Such needles are used for counting and simple stitches, as well as for embroidery with Vladimir stitches. It is very convenient to count and separate the threads with the help of such needles.
It is difficult to thread a woolen thread into the needle. You can use a needle threader to thread it. It can also be threaded with a piece of silk or thin bobbin thread. The silk thread is folded in half and the end of the woolen thread is inserted into the loop formed. Both ends of the silk thread are threaded into the eye of the needle and pulled along with the woolen thread.
For embroidery on dense and thin fabrics, thinner needles with a smaller eye are needed. Thick needles will leave holes at the puncture points, and a thin working thread will not hold well in the large eye.
A thimble is needed to push the needle through the fabric when embroidering without a hoop, when piercing several layers of fabric, when hemming the edges of the product, etc. It protects the finger from needle pricks.
The thimble is put on the middle finger of the right hand, it is selected exactly according to the size of the finger: it should not squeeze the finger and fall off it.
It is good to have three types of scissors for work: small ones with sharp ends for cutting and pulling threads from fabric, medium sizes with curved ends for cutting threads when embroidering, and large ones for cutting fabrics and skeins of threads.
Scissors should be well sharpened, the ends of the blades should be completely closed.
A centimeter tape is needed to determine the size of a product, mark patterns on fabric, and when performing sewing work.
A pointed stick (bone, wood or plastic) is used to pierce holes when embroidering with white satin stitch.
The hoop is necessary to hold the fabric in a taut state and protect it from deformation. The hoop can be rectangular or round. Round wooden hoops are very convenient for work.
The hoop can be with a screw, with which they can be attached to the table.
Millimeter paper is needed for composing ornaments, especially geometric, counting ones.
Tracing paper is used when preparing a drawing for transfer to fabric.
The ornament from the original is first transferred to tracing paper, and from tracing paper to fabric
Copy paper is needed to transfer the design to the fabric.
Preparing for embroidery
Before starting embroidery, the fabric is aligned with the warp and weft, the location of the pattern is marked on it, then the pattern is transferred. After that, the fabric is hooped. In order to align the edges of the fabric, it is necessary to pull out the extreme thread and cut off the excess fabric along its trace. The width and length of the product are planned in the same way.
If the pattern is geometric, and the fabric has a clear weave of threads, then it can be done by counting the threads of the fabric. When embroidering that is not related to the structure of the fabric (Vladimir stitches, colored smoothness, etc.), the transfer of the pattern to the fabric is required.
Transferring a pattern to fabric
Drawing on fabric can be transferred in several ways. In all cases, the pattern from the original is first transferred to tracing paper or transferred to graph paper with a well-honed pencil. After that, the pattern is transferred to the fabric.

A) Translation of the drawing using carbon paper.

The pre-ironed fabric is spread on a smooth surface (table, board), while making sure that there is no warp of the fabric along the warp and weft threads.
Tracing paper with a pattern is placed on the fabric and attached with pins. Under the tracing paper, copy paper is placed with the bold side to the fabric and the pattern is circled with a sharpened pencil. It is advisable to have a set of carbon paper of various colors for copying, then for light fabrics they take dark carbon paper (black, blue, green), for dark ones - light (white, yellow).
After the pattern has been translated, you need to remove the carbon paper, break off the pins on one side, check the pattern and then remove the tracing paper.
Geometric patterns (for embroidery with counted stitches, etc.) can also be translated using carbon paper. To do this, a thick needle makes punctures of graph paper and carbon paper along the pattern at the intersections of the horizontal and vertical lines of the cell.
On the fabric, a pattern is obtained, indicated by dots.
When translating a pattern using carbon paper, one must remember that the lines of the pattern should not be bold, otherwise the fabric and threads may become dirty during the embroidery process. Therefore, it is better to use used carbon paper, and first wipe the new one with dry cotton wool or a cloth.
b) Translation of the drawing into the "clearance".
On thin transparent fabrics, the pattern can be transferred using highlighting. A tracing paper with a clear pattern is placed on the glass, under which the lamp is placed, and a well-stretched fabric is placed on top of it. With a sharply sharpened pencil, a pattern is drawn (drawn on the fabric), which is visible through the fabric. c)

C) Translation of a drawing using tissue paper
On cloth, velvet and shiny fabrics, the pattern is transferred by tacking through tissue paper, tacked to the fabric and stitched with small, frequent stitches with a seam forward along the entire contour. Then the paper is torn off.
After completing the embroidery, the stitching is pulled out.

Workplace of an embroiderer

To make it convenient to do embroidery, the work did not cause fatigue, you need to properly organize your workplace and follow certain labor rules.
The table with fixtures and tools should stand so that the light falls from the left side. If there is no box in the table, then the threads can be stored in a special bag, tools in a box, and sheets of tracing paper with patterns in a folder. It is necessary to monitor the position of the body, do not slouch, do not tilt your head low. The body during operation should be slightly tilted forward. The distance between the eyes and the work should not exceed 25 - 30 cm. Sometimes, for this purpose, the hoop is set higher, placing a board, book, etc. under them. The chair is moved to the table so that you can lean on its back.
Of great importance is the correct positioning of the hands during work: the left hand should be at the bottom, the right - on top of the hoop. When embroidering on rare fabrics and stitched mesh with the right hand, hold the needle to the wrong side of the embroidery, sticking it with a sharp end. With the left hand, they take the needle by the sharp end, leading it to the front side with a blunt end (eye). The thread is tightened with the right hand.
When embroidering on dense fabrics, the needle is brought out from the wrong side to the front with a sharp end.

Counted seams

Counted stitches are among the most ancient and common stitches in Russian embroidery. These are a cross, a set, a painting, a goat, a counted surface, etc. Embroidery with these seams is widespread, it is especially characteristic of the Arkhangelsk, Ivanovo, Ryazan, Tambov, Smolensk regions.
The cross appeared later than the painting, approximately in the second half of the 14th century, when drawings from city albums began to spread.
To perform it, they used seam patterns, painting and line embroidery.
The cross stitch is faster than the painting stitch and attracts with its dense, grainy texture and bright decorative effect.
Towels, valances, clothes were successfully embroidered with a cross. This embroidery found great application in the Ryazan and Tambov regions. It is difficult to find an embroiderer who does not know how to embroider with a simple cross, but not everyone knows that there is a double cross, two-sided and one-sided, and in
The Tambov region is embroidered with a double-sided cross framed with four stitches, this is the Tambov cross.
Counting seams are called counting because they fill the pattern, counting the threads of the fabric. The embroidery stitches lay flat on the surface of the fabric. To perform counted embroideries, it is better to take a fabric of dense weave, since its structure is clearly visible. Cross stitches, painting, counting stitch can also be embroidered according to the translated pattern on dense fabrics, on fabrics with a fuzzy structure.
Counted embroidery is successfully used to decorate items of clothing, napkins, curtains, cushions, panels and other products.
Counting embroidery contributes to the development of the eye, but it requires special care. If the threads of the fabric are counted incorrectly, then the stitches will turn out to be of different sizes and as a result the pattern will be distorted and the work will take on a sloppy look. The embroidery on the wrong side should look just as beautiful and neat as on the front.

Simple cross stitch

This stitch is easy to make. It consists of diagonal crossed stitches of the same size. The cross is performed in the following sequence: the first stitch is from bottom left to top right, the second is from bottom right to top left. From the first stitch to the second, the working thread runs along the wrong side vertically from top to bottom. If you need to make several crosses located side by side horizontally, then first all the first (lower) stitches are performed, then all the second (upper) ones.
Thus, all top stitches should have the same direction.
When embroidering a complex pattern, you must also follow the basic rules for making a seam. So, in the rhombus motif, where the crosses are located diagonally, they perform the lower stitch in the first cross, the upper one in the second, the lower one in the third, and so on throughout the pattern. Moving in the opposite direction, overlap the lower stitches of the crosses and bring the needle and thread under the upper stitches.

Used Books:

1. T. I. Eremenko “Needle is a sorceress”.
T. I. Eremenko "Cross Stitch".
L. M. Rusakova "Rhombus motifs with hooks in the patterns of Siberian embroiderers." G. P. Durasov “Depictive motifs of Russian folk embroidery”.

Needlework" href="/text/category/rukodelie/" rel="bookmark">needlework, books.

Equipment: tools and accessories for embroidery, PC, projector.

The purpose of the lesson:

1. To acquaint with the creativity of various peoples; contribute to the formation of labor and aesthetic qualities, develop and instill interest and love for national folk embroidery.

2. To reveal individual abilities that affect self-education as an element of the work activity of students, the qualities of accuracy, perseverance; develop initiative and independence.

3. To give a primary idea of ​​decorating contour seams; to acquaint students with the technology for performing decorating contour seams; to teach students to perform seams “back needle”, “forward needle”, stalk seam.

4. Remind about the organization of the workplace, labor safety rules

Lesson plan:

· A bit of history.

· Classification of embroidery.

· Tools and fixtures.

· Practical work: embroidery techniques, sample making.

Intersubject communications: story.

During the classes:

1. Organizing time.

2. The teacher's story about the origin and methods of embroidery.

Because we forget about the sun, it does not cease to shine for us, forgiving us who are forgetful. So the people, as a whole, perfectly remember and carefully preserve their customs, rituals, traditions, legends, beliefs, prayers, traditional decorations of clothes and dwellings. Any nation is frugal, but only the most valuable and necessary remains for everyday life. So is embroidery.

Embroidery is a way of decorating clothes and interior items with patterns made with colored threads. This type of needlework arose a long time ago, perhaps just when a primitive woman sewed the first clothes from skins.

Very often, with the help of embroidery, social status was emphasized. So, on the robe of the pharaoh found in Egypt, along with a floral ornament, patterns are embroidered that only persons belonging to the royal family had the right to depict on their clothes. Embroidery was common not only in Ancient Egypt, but also in Ancient Greece. Evidence of this is a vase found during excavations dating back to the 5th century BC. e., which depicts a woman embroidering on a hoop. Skillful Chinese embroideries made on silk with the help of gold and silver threads, which have survived to our time, belong to approximately the same era.

In the X - XII centuries. embroidery began to be used to decorate various things (sarafans, hats, towels, tablecloths, curtains, bed linen, etc.). At that time, needlewomen were able to embroider a wide variety of patterns, ranging from simple geometric shapes to scenes from life. Competing among themselves in skill, they constantly improved embroidery techniques. One of the most common types of embroidery was cross-stitch, stalk stitch, chain stitch and others.

They embroider with thread, paper, wool, silk, gold, silver with an admixture of beads, glass beads, sometimes real pearls, semi-precious stones, sparkles, and also coins, which is mainly done in Georgia and Asia Minor. For many eastern peoples, embroidery includes the most diverse elements: colored shiny bugs, claws, teeth, furs of some animals, as well as snake skin. Indian women embroider with their own hair, as well as the hair of various animals. Feathers are used very skillfully and with great taste, especially in Brazil, where there is such an abundance and variety of beautiful and colorful birds.

Today, embroidery has not lost its popularity. This is a great way to give ordinary things and clothes an original and unique look.

Today we will talk about the most common glass beads.

It turns out that glassmaking originated 6,000 years ago. The legend tells that once upon a time in very distant times, Phoenician sailors carried natural soda mined in Africa along the Mediterranean Sea. Stopping to spend the night on the sandy shore, they lit a fire and overlaid it with lumps of soda. In the morning, the merchants found a wonderful ingot in the ashes, which was hard as a stone, transparent as water and shimmered under the rays of the sun. Thus the glass was opened.

He left a huge contribution to the history of glassmaking in Russia. He studied the properties of glass and opened the first plant in Russia for the production of beads and glass for mosaics.

Beads began to be made from glass, which became smaller and smaller, so beads appeared. Its name comes from the Arabic word "busra", which means fake pearls. The second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century were the "golden age" of beads in Russia. No matter what they did from it.

Beads can be a sign, a symbol - and this is the beginning of culture and spirituality. A bead is a trinket that has no specific practical use. Scientists believe that by inventing beads, man finally separated from the animal world. The first beaded jewelry did not look like modern ones. The size of the beads varied from three to five centimeters, and the end result was a rather weighty piece.

Traditions of embroidering clothes and household items with beads, shells, pearls exist not only among us, but also among many peoples.

3. Learning new material.

To begin with, in order to feel the beauty of embroidery, you will need very simple tools: needles, a thimble, scissors, a ruler or centimeter tape, and a hoop.

Tools and fixtures are located on the right, and materials are on the left. It is very important to take the correct position when embroidering. Distance from eyes to work - 25 - 30 cm.

Threads for embroidery.

Mouline thread is usually made from cotton, in addition, floss with metallic threads and floss made of mercerized cotton (specially treated to increase the shine and strength of the fibers) are on sale. Can be embroidered with silk, wool and synthetic threads. Bright threads check if they shed.

Beads - this is a general concept. It comes in a variety of sizes and colors. It has very beautiful shades of flowers - delicate and deep. It is customary to call beads proper small round or multifaceted slightly flattened beads made of various materials - polished glass, crystal, metal, ceramics - with holes for threading the thread. Larger beads are usually called beads. Bugles, unlike beads, are pieces of a glass tube more than 3 mm long.

Ornament. The term comes from the Latin word for “decoration”.

Ornament- these are conventional signs, symbols denoting a person's expression of his attitude to natural phenomena.

Ornaments are:

· Geometric (different geometric shapes).

Plants, animals, birds.

Anthropoids

Font (signs reminiscent of oriental writing).

Composition: translated from Latin “composition”, “composition”, “connection”.

Composition- this is a certain arrangement of a pattern or its individual parts on a fabric, that is, a single whole.

Great importance in embroidery was attached not only to the type of ornament, but also to its color scheme. Certain combinations of colors were the hallmark of a particular nationality, region, and sometimes even a separate village.

Nowadays, beadwork is gaining its former popularity again. In modern products, a wide variety of types of beads, sewn-on rhinestones, beads, sequins, and glass beads have appeared, causing admiration.

There are many methods of embroidery with beads. But they are all based on hand stitches and stitches.

Types of decorative stitches for hand embroidery.

Stitch “forward needle”, “back needle”, stem stitch, tambour, buttonhole, knots, counting stitches, half-cross, cross, goat, “Vladimir smooth” (one-sided smooth), “Alexandrovskaya” and “white” smooth” (double-sided smooth .), tapestry stitch.

Classification of embroidery. All embroidery techniques are divided into countable ones, i.e. embroidery with a count of the threads of the base fabric, a cross, embroidery on the canvas with a countable satin stitch.

4. Fizkultminutka. Relaxation.

5. Questions for consolidation.

a) what ornament is depicted in these pictures?

b) what types of stitches did you learn today?

c) what is needed for work?

d) What safety rules must be observed during work?

6. Practical work.

- And now we start to work. Stock up on patience.

Girls perform training exercises. Embroider patterns on their fabrics, taking into account the selected seams. The teacher conducts individual work with students:

1. Helps weak children.

3. Checks the quality of the work performed.

7. The final stage.

Summing up the work.

Do not rush to own golden caskets

And sabers chased white

Dream of owning hands of gold,

Who did it all!

Grading.

8. Homework: continue to work on embroidery.