Child labor in factories in England. Child labor in history

(click to open)

Therefore, if you are at your enterprise, organization and help schoolchildren earn extra money, then you must clearly know all the legal aspects regarding what they can do according to the law, and what it is better to beware of. We will cover this issue in today's article.

Legislative characteristics of the labor of minors

According to the letter of the law, issues related to exploitation of child labor and regulated by the Criminal Code. In particular, it refers to the basic rules for the use of the labor of minors and their responsibility in a number of cases.

In practice, issues related to minors are resolved on the basis of 3 legal sources:

1. Regulation "On Education".
2. Labor Code of the Russian Federation, articles related to the labor of minors.
3. The rights of the child.

Based on these sources, a conclusion is made about the legality of certain measures in relation to minors. In particular, if we consider the work of a schoolchild during periods of cleaning the school territory, then we can notice the absence of legal grounds for this. In particular, the law states that any student has the right to skip repair work in the classrooms or in the garden and park area if such work is not included in the educational process, such as technology lessons.

The law also regulates the fact that any work, even with the consent of the student of the school, must be performed by him only with the written permission of the parents.

How does the law look at being hired from the age of 14?

Fact

Legislatively, the employer has the right to employ minors from the age of 14. At the same time, a special status of an employee is assigned to a teenager and certain legal rules are imposed, which must be taken into account by the employer and deviation from them is punishable by law.

According to labor law, the length of the working day for a 14-year-old employee cannot exceed 18 hours per week. In addition, the law protects teenagers from doing the following jobs:

1. Associated with heavy physical labor, increasing the risk of injury.
2. At night and overtime.
3. On holidays and weekends.

How to deal with the involvement of children with disabilities in labor?

The employment of people with disabilities is, in principle, a hot topic in our country. What to say about children with various disabilities that do not allow them to perform certain functions.

In terms of legislation for such children, the employer must comply with the requirements even more strictly than with all teenagers. At present, the involvement of disabled children in labor is primarily associated with rehabilitation measures that allow a person to undergo sociological rehabilitation, to better adapt to the people around him. In this case, there is no need to talk about real labor practice, because in this case it will be necessary not only to create certain conditions at the workplace, but also to change the work process of the enterprise in general, orienting it to children with disabilities, as is customary in the same Europe.

Subscribe to latest news

According to the 1900 census, there were 1.7 million minors in the United States who were forced to work on an equal footing with adults. Already by that time, child labor was banned in many states, but hardly enforced anywhere. Only in 1908 was the ban extended to the whole country, but even after that it took another year until the problem was really fought. From 1910 to 1918, photographer Lewis Hine documented child labor in the United States. On the instructions of the National Child Labor Comittee (NCLC), he traveled all over the country, by hook or by crook penetrated factories and mines, and took a lot of risks. In many ways, it was his photographs, as well as the lobbying work of the NCLC, that changed the view of the problem in the United States.

(Total 25 photos)

1. December 1908, a worker at the Mollahan Mills textile factory in Newberry, North Carolina.

2. 8-year-old Richard at a sawmill in Eastport, Maine. This is 1911. Notice the bandaged finger.

3. January 1911. Working at a spinning loom in Macon, Georgia.

4. July 1915 At a sugar beet harvest in Sugar City, Colorado: 6-year-old Mary, 8-year-old Lucy, and 10-year-old Ethan.

5. Cigar factory Englahardt und Co. in Tampa, Florida.

6. 7-year-old newspaper dealer Ferris in Mobile, Alabama. October 1914.

7. 8-year-old Jenny picking cranberries in Pemberton, New Jersey. 1910

8. August 1915, in western Massachusetts: 8-year-old Jack in the transport of milk cans. According to the photographer, he loaded them himself.

9. 7-year-old Rosie cutting oysters in Bluffton, South Carolina. The picture was taken in February 1913, by which time Rosie had been working for 3 years.

10. Basket production in Evansville, Indiana. October 1908.

12. Sugar beet harvest in Wisconsin, July 1915.

13. October 1916: 11-year-old Callie picking cotton in Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma. Hello Uzbekistan of the 21st century!

17. In New York.

18. 11-year-old courier Percy in November 1913 in Shreveport, Louisiana. He's actually in a good mood: he just got a good tip.

19. A juvenile telegraph line installer in Kuntukki, August 1916.

Chelyabinsk. Vysotsky's tea-packing factory. Use of child labor.

On May 6, 1890 (April 24, O.S.), the laws of 1882 and 1885 on the work of minors and adolescents were revised in Russia in the direction of their deterioration: nine-hour work was allowed for minors, as well as work on holidays with the permission of the inspection; night work of teenagers is allowed; manufacturers also received the right to dismiss a worker if he did not show up for work more than six days a month, etc.

In Russia law June 1, 1882. imposed a ban on the work of children up to 12 years, for children aged 12-15, limited work time to 8 hours a day (moreover, no more than 4 hours without a break) and prohibited night (from 9 pm to 5 am) and Sunday work, and also prohibited the use of child labor in hazardous industries.
Business owners were required to “enable” children who did not have a certificate of completion of at least one-class public school or an equivalent educational institution to attend schools for at least 3 hours a day or 18 hours a week.

The introduction of the law immediately provoked opposition from industrialists.

In 1894, the factory of the Kukhterin brothers, famous and successful Tomsk merchants, was launched.
The working class immediately lined up for a new factory - parents considered it a great happiness even to attach children here to stuff boxes, although ... child labor was officially prohibited here
About 400 workers worked at the Kukhterins' factory: men, women and children. Many children started working at the age of 7-8.
The children filled the boxes with matches. It was necessary to stuff so that not a single match fell. For each fallen match they paid a fine, for a bad attitude towards cars, machine tools, tools they paid a fine of 15 kopecks. up to 1 rub. At that time, a box of matches cost 9 kopecks, the same as one egg. They worked for 12-14 hours with a break for lunch and tea / afternoon tea /.
The norm for children is 400 boxes.
***http://ann-vas1.narod.ru/Artikle/s-istor i.html

From archival sources it is known that in the spring, with the beginning of snow melting, Sim workers children aged 12 to 16 were taken away and sent to the Bakalsky mines. There they were settled in the barracks and forced to crush the ore. Each child was given a lesson - to crush and bring to the warehouse 50 pounds in a day and they received only 3 kopecks. in a day.
***http://unilib.chel.su:6005/el_izdan/kalend2009/sim.htm

But what were the Pitkäranta mines like in the 1960s and 1970s? Here is how the first hydrographer of Ladoga, colonel of the corps of naval navigators A.P. Andreev writes about this in his work “Lake Ladoga”:
“In the whole mine, not only songs, but even voices are not heard: the knock of a hammer is somehow deaf, everything is deathly grave! ... The night light is oily and hangs on a stick stuck in a crack in the wall; beside him hangs a small birch-bark knapsack with some kind of edible supply. Boards, logs, pieces of ore are lying underfoot - the situation is unenviable! .. near this mine there is a building where many boys break the ore taken out of the mine into small pieces and sort it ... "
***http://pitkaranta.onego.ru/index.php?mod=p lant

A bottle factory for one glass furnace was built in 1898, 4 kilometers from the village of Sultanovsky on the banks of the Kuma River ... By 1906, 250 people were already working at the factory ...
Here is what the first glassblower of the plant, Vasily Arestovich Martynenko, said: “ The main figure in the factory is the glass blower. He will dip a heavy half-meter metal tube in a bath, wrap a lump of molten glass around it and run to the machine, blow out the bottle and hand it over to the beater, while he himself runs in his shoes with wooden soles, for a new portion of glass. The heat is unbearable, but there were no fans, no air purification mechanisms at that time.
Ancillary workers were in the same conditions: turners, beaters, mold lubricators and carriers. Their work is even more monotonous and tedious.».
They worked 12 hour shifts. A team of 8 people could work out an average of 1,200 bottles per shift under such conditions and received 60 kopecks for every hundred dishes accepted by the receiver. The money was distributed among the brigade. The glass blower received 2 rubles per shift. 60 kopecks, and the ancillary ones are much less: the turner - 24 kopecks, the carrier - 18 kopecks.
Children were used for auxiliary work, starting from 8-9 years old. Therefore, the owner was happy to hire large families in order to use cheap child labor.
***http://www.smga.ru/minvody_dorevolucionn oe_vremya.htm

The 1864 census of Irkutsk recorded use and child labor - 23% of children under 14 had some kind of occupation: 0.1% were employed in the civil service (they were scribes); 1.5% in trade (traded, or were merchant clerks, clerks); 3.3% were engaged in various crafts (most of all there were tailors, shoemakers, carpenters, carpenters, cigarette workers, furriers, painters, but there were also butchers, masons, stove-makers, spinners, etc.); 8.3% of adolescents under 14 were domestic servants, day laborers and laborers; and most of all - 9.8% were engaged in housekeeping, gardening, etc. Children who started their labor activity early were mostly unhappy. Many owners of shops, workshops in large and provincial cities did not want to stop working even on holidays, apparently not wanting to lose profits, and yet most of their apprentices were juveniles, who thus were deprived not only of rest, but also of the opportunity to study or to own desire to dispose of their leisure time on weekends and holidays.
***http://new.hist.asu.ru/biblio/gorsib2_1/1 28-135.html

A Glukhovsky spinner or weaver could be recognized among the crowd by his green, earthy face.
The machines and machines in the workshops were placed so closely that it was possible to get between them only sideways, with danger to life. Saving on everything, trying to squeeze more profit out of everything, Morozov used every piece of the area to his advantage. The moving parts of machines - gears, belt drives, transmissions - were not protected in the same way for economy, and accidents occurred every day in factories because of this. Either a worker, during cleaning, gets into the machine with his hand, then he catches on the gear with a torn shirt, then he is tightened with a belt under the transmission shaft. The children suffered the most. Accidents happened to them most often; children were less cautious, more mobile, more tired at work than adults. From the statistics it appears that in 1882, 67 percent of all accidents at the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory occurred with children.
Small, thin children, many of whom were not even eight years old, were forced to carry heavy bales of cotton, baskets of yarn, boxes of spools. Miserable, ragged, barely able to stand on their feet from exhaustion, they wiped cars with rags, swept floors, stoked stoves. They were peddlers, messengers, weaving apprentices. With a full working day, they hardly earned their bread. The calculation was made with them according to a very simple
principle: how many baskets or bales each of them brings - and no more than a dozen fell on each - so many will receive kopecks.
*** http://www.bogorodsk-noginsk.ru/narodnoe/gluhovo20/1.html

In Russia law June 1, 1882. imposed a ban on the work of children up to 12 years, for children aged 12-15, limited work time to 8 hours a day (moreover, no more than 4 hours without a break) and prohibited night (from 9 pm to 5 am) and Sunday work, and also prohibited the use of child labor in hazardous industries.
Business owners were required to “enable” children who did not have a certificate of completion of at least one-class public school or an equivalent educational institution to attend schools for at least 3 hours a day or 18 hours a week.

The introduction of the law immediately provoked opposition from industrialists.

Chelyabinsk. Vysotsky's tea-packing factory.

Workers and women workers of the Albert Gübner Calico Manufactory Association

At first, a proviso was introduced that its effect would be limited only to factories.
Then its introduction was postponed for a year (until May 1, 1884), and for another two years, by permission of the Minister of Finance, the work of children 10-12 years old and night work (no more than 4 hours) children 12-15 years old were allowed "if necessary".

Hanging tea in the Moscow hanging of the "Karavan" partnership

Hanging tea in the Moscow hanging of the partnership "Gubkin and Kuznetsov"

In 1885, the law "On the prohibition of night work for minors and women in factories, plants and manufactories" was adopted. According to it, night work of teenagers under 17 years of age and women in cotton, linen and woolen factories was prohibited. Entered into force on October 1, 1885.

However, it was distributed only for harmful work in porcelain and match production.
In 1897, the law was also distributed for all textile production.

Master's apartment for students of V. Platov's workshop
in Sharapovo, Zvenigorod district.
From the book: Kurskaya A.S. Manufacture of watches in Moscow and the Moscow province. M., 1914

Laws 1882 and 1885 had the value of temporary rules with subsequent refinement.

But in 1890, a bill introduced in 1890 already weakened the significance of the original laws.
Underage workers from now on could, "when the nature of the industry makes it necessary", to work 9 hours in two shifts of 4.5 hours. In the glass industry, it was even allowed to put juveniles on 6 hours of night work.
The statutory night time has in certain cases been reduced to between 10 pm and 4 am. This law (“On changing the regulations on the work of minors, adolescents and females in factories, factories and manufactories and on the extension of the rules on the work and education of minors to craft institutions”) was adopted by the State Council and approved by the highest on April 24, 1890.

In reality, children continued to be exploited, and if inspections were carried out in large cities, then in the outback child labor and child lawlessness existed until 1917, until the first labor code was adopted, which guaranteed an 8-hour working day and a ban on using children for work. work until the age of 16.

The village of Verkhovye, Soligalichsky district. 1910-1914. from the album Tatyana Drozdova

In Russia, even in the second half of the 20th century, one could hear stories from rural residents of Karelia about how local merchants, in addition to firewood, hay, and game, supplied live goods to St. Petersburg. They collected young children from the poor, burdened with large families, and took them to the capital, where child labor was in great demand.
Trade in children, buying up and delivering cheap labor to St. Petersburg became the specialization of individual industrial peasants, who were called “cab drivers” or “rowers” ​​in everyday life.
Boys were usually asked to be placed in shops, and girls in fashion workshops. Parents supplied the child with clothes and provisions for the journey, while passports were handed over to the industrialist. From the moment they were taken away, the fate of the children depended entirely on chance and, above all, on the driver-industrialist. The "cabman" was not paid for transportation, he received money from the person to whom he gave the child for education.
For each child put into teaching for 4-5 years, the “cab driver” received from 5 to 10 rubles. As the training period increased, the price increased. It was 3-4 times the amount given by the buyer to the parents, and to a large extent depended on external data, the state of health and quickness of the young worker. The shopkeeper or the owner of the workshop issued the child a residence permit, provided him with clothes and food, receiving in return the right to dispose of him omnipotently.

The protection of child labor was legally extended only to large-scale production, where the supervision of the implementation of laws was carried out by the factory inspectorate. Craft and trade establishments were outside this sphere. Legislatively, the age of entry into apprenticeship was not specified. In practice, the restrictions on the duration of the working day of students - from 6 am to 6 pm, established by the Charter on Industry, were usually not observed, and even more so, the admonition to the masters: “... Teach your students diligently, treat them in a philanthropic and meek manner, without their fault do not punish and occupy due time with science, without forcing them to domestic service and work. The living conditions in which teenagers found themselves pushed them to commit crimes. A third of all juvenile delinquency at the beginning of the 20th century (and these were mostly thefts caused by malnutrition) were apprentices in craft workshops.
***http://www.istrodina.com/rodina_articul.php3?id=1408&n=78

Manufacturer and workers.g. Yuryevets of the Kostroma province. (now Ivanovo region),
1894-1917 from the album of Pavel Maslakov

In 1894, the factory of the Kukhterin brothers, famous and successful Tomsk merchants, was launched.
The working class immediately lined up for a new factory - parents considered it a great happiness to even attach children here to stuff boxes, although ... child labor was officially prohibited here
About 400 workers worked at the Kukhterins' factory: men, women and children. Many children started working at the age of 7-8.
The children filled the boxes with matches. It was necessary to stuff so that not a single match fell. For each fallen match they paid a fine, for a bad attitude towards cars, machine tools, tools they paid a fine of 15 kopecks. up to 1 rub. At that time, a box of matches cost 9 kopecks, the same as one egg. They worked for 12-14 hours with a break for lunch and tea / afternoon tea /.
The norm for children is 400 boxes.
***http://ann-vas1.narod.ru/Artikle/s-istori.html

From archival sources it is known that in the spring, with the beginning of snow melting, Sim workers children aged 12 to 16 were taken away and sent to the Bakalsky mines. There they were settled in the barracks and forced to crush the ore. Each child was given a lesson - to crush and bring to the warehouse 50 pounds a day and they received only 3 kopecks. in a day.
***http://unilib.chel.su:6005/el_izdan/kalend2009/sim.htm

But what were the Pitkäranta mines like in the 1960s and 1970s? Here is how the first hydrographer of Ladoga, colonel of the corps of naval navigators A.P. Andreev writes about this in his work "Lake Ladoga":
“In the whole mine, not only songs, but also voices are not heard: the knock of a hammer is somehow deaf, everything is deathly grave! ... The night light is oily and hangs on a stick stuck in a crack in the wall; There are boards, logs, pieces of ore lying under your feet - the situation is unenviable! .. near this mine there is a building wheremany boys break the ore taken out of the mine into small pieces and sort it ... "
***http://pitkaranta.onego.ru/index.php?mod=plant

A bottle factory for one glass furnace was built in 1898, 4 kilometers from the village of Sultanovsky on the banks of the Kuma River ... By 1906, 250 people were already working at the factory ...
Here is what the first glassblower of the plant, Vasily Arestovich Martynenko, said: “ The main figure in the factory is the glass blower. He will dip a heavy half-meter metal tube in a bath, wrap a lump of molten glass around it and run to the machine, blow out the bottle and hand it over to the beater, while he himself runs in his shoes with wooden soles, for a new portion of glass. The heat is unbearable, but there were no fans, no air purification mechanisms at that time.
Ancillary workers were in the same conditions: turners, beaters, mold lubricators and carriers. Their work is even more monotonous and tedious.».
They worked 12 hour shifts. A team of 8 people could work out an average of 1,200 bottles per shift under such conditions and received 60 kopecks for every hundred dishes accepted by the receiver. The money was distributed among the brigade. The glass blower received 2 rubles per shift. 60 kopecks, and the ancillary ones are much less: the turner - 24 kopecks, the bearer - 18 kopecks.
Children were used for auxiliary work, starting from 8-9 years old. Therefore, the owner was happy to hire large families in order to use cheap child labor.
***http://www.smga.ru/minvody_dorevolucionnoe_vremya.htm

The 1864 census of Irkutsk recorded the use of child labor - 23% of children under 14 had some kind of occupation: 0.1% were employed in the civil service (they were scribes); 1.5% in trade (traded, or were merchant clerks, clerks); 3.3% were engaged in various crafts (most of all there were tailors, shoemakers, carpenters, carpenters, cigarette workers, furriers, painters, but there were also butchers, masons, stove-makers, spinners, etc.); 8.3% of adolescents under 14 were domestic servants, day laborers and laborers; and most of all - 9.8% were engaged in housekeeping, gardening, etc. Children who started their labor activity early were mostly unhappy. Many owners of shops, workshops in large and provincial cities did not want to stop working even on holidays, apparently not wanting to lose profits, and yet most of their apprentices were juveniles, who thus were deprived not only of rest, but also of the opportunity to study or to own desire to dispose of their leisure time on weekends and holidays.
*** http://new.hist.asu.ru/biblio/gorsib2_1/128-135.html

A Glukhovsky spinner or weaver could be recognized among the crowd by his green, earthy face.
The machines and machines in the workshops were placed so closely that it was possible to get between them only sideways, with danger to life. Saving on everything, trying to squeeze more profit out of everything, Morozov used every piece of the area to his advantage. The moving parts of machines—gears, belt drives, transmissions—were not protected in the same way, out of economy, and accidents occurred every day in the factories because of this. Either a worker, during cleaning, gets into the machine with his hand, then he catches on the gear with a torn shirt, then he is tightened with a belt under the transmission shaft. The children suffered the most. Accidents happened to them most frequently; children were less cautious, more mobile, more tired at work than adults. From the statistics it appears that in 1882, 67 percent of all accidents at the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory occurred with children.
Small, thin children, many of whom were not even eight years old, were forced to carry heavy bales of cotton, baskets of yarn, boxes of spools. Miserable, ragged, barely able to stand on their feet from exhaustion, they wiped cars with rags, swept floors, stoked stoves. They were peddlers, messengers, weaving apprentices. With a full working day, they hardly earned their bread. The calculation was made with them according to a very simple
principle: how many baskets or bales each of them brings - and no more than a dozen fell on each - so many will receive kopecks.
***

In Russia law June 1, 1882. imposed a ban on the work of children up to 12 years, for children aged 12-15, limited work time to 8 hours a day (moreover, no more than 4 hours without a break) and prohibited night (from 9 pm to 5 am) and Sunday work, and also prohibited the use of child labor in hazardous industries.
Business owners were required to “enable” children who did not have a certificate of completion of at least one-class public school or an equivalent educational institution to attend schools for at least 3 hours a day or 18 hours a week.

The introduction of the law immediately provoked opposition from industrialists.

Chelyabinsk. Vysotsky's tea-packing factory.

Spoon production. Russian handicrafts in the 1910s

Carpentry production. Russian handicrafts in the 1910s

Manufacture of wooden pipes. Russian handicrafts in the 1910s

Coloring of wooden utensils. Russian handicrafts in the 1910s

Workers and women workers of the Albert Gübner Calico Manufactory Association

At first, a proviso was introduced that its effect would be limited only to factories.
Then its introduction was postponed for a year (until May 1, 1884), and for another two years, by permission of the Minister of Finance, the work of children 10-12 years old and night work (no more than 4 hours) children 12-15 years old were allowed "if necessary".

Hanging tea in the Moscow hanging of the partnership "Gubkin and Kuznetsov"

In 1885, the law "On the prohibition of night work for minors and women in factories, plants and manufactories" was adopted. According to it, night work of teenagers under 17 years of age and women in cotton, linen and woolen factories was prohibited. Entered into force on October 1, 1885.

However, it was distributed only for harmful work in porcelain and match production.
In 1897, the law was also distributed for all textile production.

Shop Nikolskaya manufactory. The town of Nikolskoe, Vladimir province 20th century

Horn production. Russian handicrafts in the 1910s

From the book: Kurskaya A.S. Manufacture of watches in Moscow and the Moscow province. M., 1914

Laws 1882 and 1885 had the value of temporary rules with subsequent refinement.

But in 1890, a bill introduced in 1890 already weakened the significance of the original laws.
Underage workers from now on they could, “when it turns out to be necessary due to the nature of production,” to work 9 hours in two shifts of 4.5 hours. In the glass industry, it was even allowed to put juveniles on 6 hours of night work.
The statutory night time has in certain cases been reduced to between 10 pm and 4 am. This law (“On changing the regulations on the work of minors, adolescents and females in factories, factories and manufactories and on the extension of the rules on the work and education of minors to craft institutions”) was adopted by the State Council and approved by the highest on April 24, 1890.

Workers in the courtyard of the printing house of the Sytin I.D. and Co. partnership in Moscow on Pyatnitskaya Street, 1910s

Rollers of the Calico Manufactory Association of Albert Hübner 1884

In reality, children continued to be exploited, and if inspections were carried out in large cities, then in the outback child labor and child lawlessness existed until 1917, until the first labor code was adopted, which guaranteed an 8-hour working day and a ban on using children for work. work until the age of 16.

The village of Verkhovye, Soligalichsky district. 1910-1914. from the album Tatyana Drozdova

In Russia, even in the second half of the 20th century, one could hear stories from rural residents of Karelia about how local merchants, in addition to firewood, hay, and game, supplied live goods to St. Petersburg. They collected young children from the poor, burdened with large families, and took them to the capital, where child labor was in great demand.
Trade in children, buying up and delivering cheap labor to St. Petersburg became the specialization of individual industrial peasants, who were called “cab drivers” or “rowers” ​​in everyday life.
Boys were usually asked to be placed in shops, and girls in fashion workshops. Parents supplied the child with clothes and provisions for the journey, while passports were handed over to the industrialist. From the moment they were taken away, the fate of the children depended entirely on chance and, above all, on the driver-industrialist. The "cabman" was not paid for transportation, he received money from the person to whom he gave the child for education.
For each child put into teaching for 4-5 years, the “cab driver” received from 5 to 10 rubles. As the training period increased, the price increased. It was 3-4 times the amount given by the buyer to the parents, and to a large extent depended on external data, the state of health and quickness of the young worker. The shopkeeper or the owner of the workshop issued the child a residence permit, provided him with clothes and food, receiving in return the right to dispose of him omnipotently.

The protection of child labor was legally extended only to large-scale production, where the supervision of the implementation of laws was carried out by the factory inspectorate. Craft and trade establishments were outside this sphere. Legislatively, the age of entry into apprenticeship was not specified. In practice, the restrictions on the duration of the working day of students - from 6 am to 6 pm, established by the Charter on Industry, were usually not observed, and even more so, the admonition to the masters: “... Teach your students diligently, treat them in a philanthropic and meek manner, without their fault do not punish and occupy due time with science, without forcing them to domestic service and work. The living conditions in which teenagers found themselves pushed them to commit crimes. A third of all juvenile delinquency at the beginning of the 20th century (and these were mostly thefts caused by malnutrition) were apprentices in craft workshops.
(, the old one doesn't work)
***

Manufacturer and workers.g. Yuryevets of the Kostroma province. (now Ivanovo region),
1894-1917 from the album of Pavel Maslakov

In 1894, the factory of the Kukhterin brothers, famous and successful Tomsk merchants, was launched.
The working class immediately lined up for a new factory - parents considered it a great happiness to even attach children here to stuff boxes, although ... child labor was officially prohibited here
About 400 workers worked at the Kukhterins' factory: men, women and children. Many children started working at the age of 7-8.
The children filled the boxes with matches. It was necessary to stuff so that not a single match fell. For each fallen match they paid a fine, for a bad attitude towards cars, machine tools, tools they paid a fine of 15 kopecks. up to 1 rub. At that time, a box of matches cost 9 kopecks, the same as one egg. They worked for 12-14 hours with a break for lunch and tea / afternoon tea /.
The norm for children is 400 boxes.
***http://ann-vas1.narod.ru/Artikle/s-istori.html

From archival sources it is known that in the spring, with the beginning of snow melting, Sim workers children aged 12 to 16 were taken away and sent to the Bakalsky mines. There they were settled in the barracks and forced to crush the ore. Each child was given a lesson - to crush and bring to the warehouse 50 pounds a day and they received only 3 kopecks. in a day.
***http://unilib.chel.su:6005/el_izdan/kalend2009/sim.htm

Workers at the mine Tetyukhe-mine, Primorsky Krai, 1910 from the album of Elena Malinina

But what were the Pitkäranta mines like in the 1960s and 1970s? Here is how the first hydrographer of Ladoga, colonel of the corps of naval navigators A.P. Andreev writes about this in his work "Lake Ladoga":
“In the whole mine, not only songs, but also voices are not heard: the knock of a hammer is somehow deaf, everything is deathly grave! ... The night light is oily and hangs on a stick stuck in a crack in the wall; There are boards, logs, pieces of ore lying under your feet - the situation is unenviable! .. near this mine there is a building wheremany boys break the ore taken out of the mine into small pieces and sort it ... "
http://pitkaranta.onego.ru/index.php?mod=plant
***

Teenager - Ural miner Perm province., 1900 from the album of Valery Moskalkov:

This picture of crushers was taken at a mine in Pennsylvania, but conditions at the Pitkäranta mine could hardly have been any better.

A bottle factory for one glass furnace was built in 1898, 4 kilometers from the village of Sultanovsky on the banks of the Kuma River ... By 1906, 250 people were already working at the factory ...
Here is what Vasiliy Arestovich Martynenko, the first glass blower of the plant, said: “The main figure at the plant is the glass blower. He will dip a heavy half-meter metal tube in a bath, wrap a lump of molten glass around it and run to the machine, blow out the bottle and hand it over to the beater, while he himself runs in his shoes with wooden soles, for a new portion of glass. The heat is unbearable, but there were no fans, no air purification mechanisms at that time.
Ancillary workers were in the same conditions: turners, beaters, mold lubricators and carriers. Their work is even more monotonous and tedious.”
They worked 12 hour shifts. A team of 8 people could work out an average of 1,200 bottles per shift under such conditions and received 60 kopecks for every hundred dishes accepted by the receiver. The money was distributed among the brigade. The glass blower received 2 rubles per shift. 60 kopecks, and the ancillary ones are much less: the turner - 24 kopecks, the bearer - 18 kopecks.
Children were used for auxiliary work, starting from 8-9 years old. Therefore, the owner was happy to hire large families in order to use cheap child labor.
***http://www.smga.ru/minvody_dorevolucionnoe_vremya.htm

The 1864 census of Irkutsk recorded the use of child labor - 23% of children under 14 had some kind of occupation: 0.1% were employed in the civil service (they were scribes); 1.5% in trade (traded, or were merchant clerks, clerks); 3.3% were engaged in various crafts (most of all there were tailors, shoemakers, carpenters, carpenters, cigarette workers, furriers, painters, but there were also butchers, masons, stove-makers, spinners, etc.); 8.3% of adolescents under 14 were domestic servants, day laborers and laborers; and most of all - 9.8% were engaged in housekeeping, gardening, etc. Children who started their labor activity early were mostly unhappy. Many owners of shops, workshops in large and provincial cities did not want to stop working even on holidays, apparently not wanting to lose profits, and yet most of their apprentices were juveniles, who thus were deprived not only of rest, but also of the opportunity to study or to own desire to dispose of their leisure time on weekends and holidays.

***http://new.hist.asu.ru/biblio/gorsib2_1/128-135.html

Builders of railway bridges on the Trans-Siberian Railway near Krasnoyarsk. Krasnoyarsk, 1906. from the album of Alexander Oshurko

A Glukhovsky spinner or weaver could be recognized among the crowd by his green, earthy face.
The machines and machines in the workshops were placed so closely that it was possible to get between them only sideways, with danger to life. Saving on everything, trying to squeeze more profit out of everything, Morozov used every piece of the area to his advantage. The moving parts of machines—gears, belt drives, transmissions—were not protected in the same way, out of economy, and accidents occurred every day in the factories because of this. Either a worker, during cleaning, gets into the machine with his hand, then he catches on the gear with a torn shirt, then he is tightened with a belt under the transmission shaft. The children suffered the most. Accidents happened to them most frequently; children were less cautious, more mobile, more tired at work than adults. From the statistics it appears that in 1882, 67 percent of all accidents at the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory occurred with children.
Small, thin children, many of whom were not even eight years old, were forced to carry heavy bales of cotton, baskets of yarn, boxes of spools. Miserable, ragged, barely able to stand on their feet from exhaustion, they wiped cars with rags, swept floors, stoked stoves. They were peddlers, messengers, weaving apprentices. With a full working day, they hardly earned their bread. The calculation was made with them according to a very simple
principle: how many baskets or bales each of them brings - and no more than a dozen fell on each - so many will receive kopecks.
*** http://www.bogorodsk-noginsk.ru/narodnoe/gluhovo20/1.html

Let their Russia remains their Russia there, abroad. Let them sell their children into slavery. There, on their homeland.
= =
See also " "