Social development of a teenager. Childhood, adolescence, adolescence: stages of growing up. What is adolescence? Adolescence is divided into two stages

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Special age: adolescence.

Plan. Is it easy to be a teenager? Adolescence is the time of dreams. Independence is an indicator of adulthood. Teenage friendship. Boys and girls.

"Metamorphoses". Childhood is the village of Krasnoshchekovo, Nesmyshlenovo, Vseizlazovo, Skok-Poskokovo, a little Zhestokovo, but Bezzlobnino, but Chistoglazovo. Youth is the village of Nadezhdino, Naraspashkino, Obolshchanino, but if it’s a little Nadezhdino, it’s still Probeshchanino. Maturity is the village of Razdelovo: either Skhvatkino, or Pryatkino, or Trusovo, or Smelovo, or Krivdino, or Pravdino. Old age is the village of Ustalovo, Ponimaevo, Neuprekovo, Zabyvalovo, Zastalovo and - God forbid - Odinokovo. E. Yevtushenko Why did the poet choose such an unusual way of telling about the lives of people of different ages? What did he want to say with his poem? What helped the author understand the person’s age? Could a young poet do this?

Let's discuss it together. Choose a statement that, in your opinion, characterizes a teenager. Teenagers are calm and reasonable people; with them you can easily and quickly solve any problem. A teenager is a contradictory person, he is prone to rapid mood changes, loves to argue and be stubborn. Give examples from your own life.

Is it easy to be a teenager? The teenage period is divided into two stages: younger teenager (schoolchildren in grades 5-6); senior teenager (schoolchildren in grades 7-9). This age is called the second birth: a person moves from childhood to adulthood. Every teenager dreams of becoming an adult as soon as possible. Childhood ends, but many of its features still remain in the behavior of a teenager. Feeling like not a child, the teenager wants to join the world of adults, learn as much as possible about it, and become its equal member.

What features of adolescence are most noticeable and distinguish it from other age periods? serious changes occur in the body, the path to biological maturity is completed; a sharp change in mood, the emergence of new negative qualities of a teenager; rapid fatigue and tiredness; teenagers become dreamy.

2. Adolescence is the time of dreams. Heinrich Schliemann

3. Independence is an indicator of adulthood. Can this adult be called organized, independent, neat? P.A. Fedotov "Fresh Cavalier"

4. Teenage friendship.

5. Boys and girls. In the spring, wreaths from dandelions are woven, of course, only... Bolts, screws, gears can be found in your pocket... Skates drew arrows on the ice, they only played hockey... They chatted for an hour without a break in colorful dresses... To measure themselves in front of everyone strong, of course, they only love... Panties are afraid of the dark, all as one, they... Silk, lace and fingers in rings - they go for a walk... T-shirt, jeans, cap on the side - you guessed it - this is...

5. Boys and girls. Whose words are these? Elephant, daddy, sun, car, sunshine, dog, plants, flowers, grandfather, dog, grandpa, cat, kitty.

Homework: § 6, questions. for “4” and “5” write an essay on the topic: “My friend” or “Why I love my friend.”

Early in the morning, Mama Quochka sent her Son to class. She said: “Don’t fight, don’t tease, don’t get cocky.” Hurry up, it's time. Well, no worries! An hour later, Barely alive, the Cockerel goes home. He barely hobbles from the school yard, But in reality there is neither fluff nor feather on him. What happened to Cockerel? Doesn't he remind you of some boys? Break a leg

Developmental psychology as a scientific discipline in Russia began to take shape in the mid-twentieth century. The idea of ​​education, based on knowledge of the laws of spiritual and physical development of a person, which became widespread, brought physiology and psychology to the fore. At the initial stage, the main task was to prove the importance of psychology and pedagogy. It was necessary, based on information about the spiritual and physical development of the child, to try to answer a number of fundamental questions. An attempt to solve them was most vividly embodied in the works of N. I. Pirogov, K. D. Ushinsky, N. Kh. Wessel and P. D. Yurkevich, L. S. Vygotsky.

L. S. Vygotsky chose the psychology of consciousness as the area of ​​his research. He called her " peak psychology"and contrasted it with three others: deep, superficial and explanatory. L. S. Vygotsky developed the doctrine of age as a unit of child development and showed its structure and dynamics. He laid the foundations of child (age) psychology, which implements a systematic approach to the study of child development. The doctrine of psychological age allows us to avoid biological and environmental reductionism when explaining child development.

It is traditional to divide the beginning of the life cycle into the following periods: prenatal period, childhood, adolescence, adolescence.

The intrauterine period is divided into 3 stages:
1) pre-embryonic stage – lasts two weeks;
2) germinal stage - up to two months of development. At this stage, the formation and development of various organs occurs;
3) stage fetus- lasts until the baby is born.

Childhood is also divided into several periods:
1) infancy (from 0 to 12–14 months);
2) early age (from 1 to 3 years);
3) preschool age (from 3 to 6–7 years);
4) junior school age (from 6–7 to 10–11 years).

Childhood– the period lasting from newbornness to full social and, therefore, psychological maturity; This is the period of a child becoming a full-fledged member of human society. Moreover, the duration of childhood in primitive society is not equal to the duration of childhood in the Middle Ages or in our days. The stages of human childhood are a product of history and are as subject to change as they were thousands of years ago. Therefore, it is impossible to study a child’s childhood and the laws of its formation outside the development of human society and the laws that determine its development. The duration of childhood is directly dependent on the level of material and spiritual culture of society.

adolescence O includes two stages: teenage, or pubertal development (lasts up to 15 years. The teenager begins to form a new worldview, develops a new idea about the world around him and about himself), and adolescence, or juvenile (lasts up to 22–23 years).

Youth- a period in human development corresponding to the transition from adolescence to independent adulthood. The chronological boundaries of youth are defined in psychology in different ways; most often, researchers distinguish early adolescence, i.e., high school age (from 15 to 18 years), and late adolescence (from 18 to 23 years). By the end of adolescence, the processes of physical maturation of a person are completed. The psychological content of this stage is associated with the development of self-awareness, solving problems of professional self-determination and entry into adulthood. In early adolescence, cognitive and professional interests, the need for work, the ability to make life plans, and social activity are formed. In adolescence, the dependence on adults characteristic of the previous stages of ontogenesis is finally overcome and the independence of the individual is affirmed. In relationships with peers, along with the preservation of collective-group forms of communication, the importance of individual contacts and attachments increases. Youth is an intense period of the formation of moral consciousness, the development of value orientations and ideals, a stable worldview, and civic qualities of the individual. Responsible and complex tasks facing an individual in adolescence, under unfavorable social or macrosocial conditions, can lead to acute psychological conflicts and deep experiences, to the crisis of adolescence, as well as to various deviations in the behavior of boys and girls from prescribed social standards.

Aristotle proposed the degree of development of the soul as a criterion for age periodization. He proposed a classification according to “weeks” (7 years each).

Age periodization was also proposed Jan Amos Komensky (age periods of 6 years):
1) from 6 to 12 years - the period of adolescence - the child attends a school in his native language;
2) from 12 to 18 years old - youth - teenagers study at a Latin language school;
3) from 18 to 24 years old - the period of maturity - a young man can enter the academy.

Classification J.-J. Rousseau:
1) from birth to 2 years – the period of physical development;
2) from 2 to 12 years – sleep of the mind takes place;
3) from 12 to 15 years – active mental development;
4) from 15 years and older - a period of storms and passions.

Periodization criteria adopted in psychology:
1) internal criterion.

P.P. Blonsky proposed as such a criterion a sign of the appearance and change of teeth:
a) toothless childhood;
b) childhood of baby teeth;
c) appearance of permanent teeth;
d) wisdom teeth;
2) external criterion.

Complex criteria for age periodization:
a) in domestic psychology The following criteria are accepted:
– social situation of development;
– leading type of activity;
– personal developments;
– the nature of the crisis;
b) periodization of Z. Freud: the classification was based on the development of sexuality.
He considered several age periods, believing that the basis for the criterion of development was the sexual development of the child:
– oral. From birth to early childhood;
- anal childhood. Problems arise: wastefulness, hoarding;
– passive-sexual stage (5–6 years). Children fall in love for the first time;
– latent age stage. During this period, children lose interest in sexual topics;
– active genital. The period of active sexuality (from 11–12 to 15–16 years).
c) in periodization by E. Erikson There are 8 phases of development:
– infancy, first year of life. The first phase is characterized by the child’s trust or distrust of the world around him;
– early childhood, 2-3 years of a child’s life. The second phase is characterized by autonomy or shame and doubt;
– preschool age, 4-5 years of a child’s life. The third phase is characterized by initiative or guilt;
– school age, from 6 to 11–12 years. The fourth phase is characterized by a sense of worth and hard work or little value;
– youth, from 13 to 20 years old. The fifth phase is characterized by personal individuality, identity, or identity diffusion;
– youth, from 20 to 30 years old. Characterized by closeness, intimacy and solidarity or isolation;
– maturity, from 30 to 40 years. Characterized by creativity, integrativeness or stagnation;
– senior adulthood plus old age. Characterized by integrity of personality or duality, despair;
d) accepted in Russian psychology periodization by D. B. Elkonin. He classified the periods and stages of child development as follows:
1) the early childhood stage consists of two stages. The first stage, infancy, opens with the neonatal crisis. It is during the neonatal crisis that the motivational-need sphere of the personality develops. The second stage is early age. The beginning of this stage is the crisis of the first year of life;
2) childhood stage. The beginning of this stage is the 3-year crisis, which opens the beginning of preschool age. The second stage begins with a crisis of 6–7 years. This crisis is the initial stage of primary school age;
3) the stage of adolescence is divided into two stages. The first is the stage of adolescence. The beginning is the crisis of 11–12 years. The second is the stage of early adolescence, which begins with the crisis of 15 years.

D. B. Elkonin believed that the crises of 3 and 11 years are crises of relationships, after which new orientations in human relations are formed. The crises of the 1st year, 7th and 15th years are crises of worldview that change the orientation in the world of things.

The problem of periodization of the development of the human psyche is an extremely interesting and extensive topic; research work is still ongoing. Among modern researchers, V. I. Slobodchikov’s periodization, which was developed in the 80s, is of great interest. XX century

V.I. Slobodchikov studied what exactly changes during development. He proposed a scheme - “ age matrix", in which each stage is a relatively completed development cycle, built in the logic of the development process, a horizontal sequence of periods (formation and implementation) and stages (critical and stable):
1) revival. At this stage of birth development, a crisis arises: the 7th month of embryonic development - 3 weeks after birth. Adoption stage: newborn – 0.5-4th month of life. Newborn crisis: 3.5-7th month. Developmental stage (infant): 6-12 months;
2) animation. At this stage of development, the crisis of infancy occurs at 11–18 months. Adoption stage - early childhood: 1 year 3 months - 3 years. Early childhood crisis: 2.5–3.5 years. Development stage – preschool childhood: 3–6.5 years;
3) personalization. At this stage of development, a childhood crisis occurs: 5.5–7.5 years. Adoption stage - adolescence: 7-11.5 years. Adolescence crisis: 11–14 years. Development stage – youth: 13.5-18 years;
4) individualization. At this stage of development, a crisis of adolescence occurs: 17–21 years old. Adoption stage – youth: 19–28 years old. Crisis of youth: 27 years-33 years. Developmental stage – adulthood: 32–42 years;
5) universalization. At this stage of development, an adulthood crisis occurs: 39–45 years. Adoption stage - maturity: 44 years - 66 years. Maturity crisis: 55–65 years. Stage of development - old age: 62 years.

In this periodization, the sequence of steps is a change in the mode of individual life. The beginning of a new stage is a new birth into a new form of life, the crisis of birth is a crisis of self-identity (“you can’t live like this”) and the search for new forms of being at the stage of acceptance.

This information is intended for healthcare and pharmaceutical professionals. Patients should not use this information as medical advice or recommendations.

Social development of a teenager

Adolescence is a time set aside in our culture for our children to give them the opportunity to learn how to become adults. Throughout human history, this social responsibility has been fulfilled in different ways in different cultures. Alex Hailey in his book Roots describes an ancient African ritual of adolescence from the perspective of the boy Kunta Kinte:

At age 12, all the boys in the village were taken from their families and transferred to a jungle camp. For over 6 weeks, the men of the community gave the boys all sorts of lessons on how to be adults. At the end of the camp, an exam was administered to ensure that they had mastered these lessons about adult life. Boys who passed this examination were given adult status and were circumcised, thus receiving a sign of their masculinity. These young men, who had left their village as boys, were returning there as men.

The teenagers of our culture must go the same way as the young man Kuntu Kinte. They have to:

1. Emancipate into the structure that provided them with food and support during their childhood (usually family or other structures)
2. To identify sexually is to decide whether you are male or female and the object of your love.
3. To define oneself intellectually and take one's place in the religious, cultural, ethical, moral and political structures of our society.
4. Identify yourself functionally and decide the question: “what to do with the rest of your life” - how to support yourself, your families and benefit society.
5. Complete your cognitive development.

In our modern culture there are no short, concentrated periods of instruction in masculinity or femininity. There are no tests to determine whether boys or girls become men or women. There are no public ceremonies to mark their transition from childhood to adulthood, and no visible signs of this new status. Today, adolescence is defined by a somewhat extended period of 10 to 15 years. Our children learn how to be men and women not from lectures carefully given to them by adults in our society, but from observing the adults who matter to them and their lives. Often these models of important people are found in the family.
If the quantity and quality of this surveillance contact is impaired, limited or absent, this component of lessons on masculinity or femininity can be learned from the street or the media.

School is another important source of knowledge about adulthood in our culture. This is the first environment outside the family where lessons learned at home can be tested. Moreover, the quality of exposure to education is a major determinant in the range of possible functional identifications. Finally, our children receive much of their knowledge of adulthood from the media. The media effectively defines standards and norms of behavior that cross racial, economic, and educational boundaries.

Stages of adolescence

Adolescence is divided into three stages - early, middle and late.

Early stage

Early adolescence (typical ages 12 to 14) is in the middle of a period of rapid body change—the beginning of secondary sexual characteristics, accelerated growth, and when biology becomes the primary focus of problems. In a cognitive sense, these young people have imaginary examples; they have difficulty projecting themselves into the future. This becomes a significant problem when they are asked to change their behavior and delay gratification for some distant future goal.

Although a teenager in an early period may test the authority of an adult within the family “to see what they can win,” they usually yield to their parents. At this age, they also begin to explore their peer group to find other young people whose feelings match theirs.

Sexual behavior is usually tested in early adolescence, but intimate sexual activity is usually limited. Sexuality during this period and middle adolescence often expresses itself in intense feelings of love for an idealized adult. The teenager may refer to these short-term events as “fervent love.” Teenagers can also experiment with their typical sexual behavior. This experimentation is not an expression of love object choice and does not necessarily determine sexual preference in adulthood.

Adolescent males who will be sexually active during adolescence usually begin intimate sexual behavior at this age (13-14 years). However, they usually do not become “regularly” sexually active until they reach biological maturity (16-17 years of age).

Middle adolescence

Middle adolescence (ages 15 to 17 years) is the period of development of most behavior problems, identified in all adolescent populations. The transition to this stage is so dramatic that it seems to happen overnight. Secondary sexual characteristics are fully developed and the amount of growth slows down. Physically, they are more like the adults they want to be and less like the children they were. The psychological signs of this stage are the development of abstract thinking and the development of psychological support, which is regarded as the weapon of the middle stage of adolescence: the helmet of omniscience, which makes them omniscient; an omnipotency vest that makes them omnipotent and an invincibility shield that allows them to fight and defeat anyone.

The weapon of middle adolescence has a dual function, a double-edged sword. It provides a supportive structure that allows them to emancipate themselves and live outside the structure that fed and supported them for most of their lives. Unfortunately, this also contributes to the development of a sense of immortality, which determines their dangerous and destructive behavior.

They are absolutely confident that they are invulnerable: “I can pass the exam without preparation...”, “I can drive a car even if I have never studied it...”, “I can steal a car and they will never catch me...” , I can stop a bullet and it won’t kill me,” “I can’t use protection and I won’t get pregnant.”

At this stage, most adolescents begin the process of liberation from the restrictions of the structures that provided them with childhood. In many families, the struggle for freedom takes place in conflicts related to parental control and authority. Often the struggle takes place outside the walls of the home with the participation of authorities at another level (for example, school, police). These emancipatory processes of risk-taking and limit-setting promote the development of her or his sense of independence and self-identity.

As adolescents engage in this process of separation from the family, they become increasingly influenced by the peer group they identified during the early adolescent stage. In this context, the peer group defines the rules of behavior. In addition, this group confirms or changes the teenager’s self-image. The peer group is often identified as the source of many behavior problems because of the pressure it puts on the adolescent to conform to its norms and codes of behavior. However, because these young people define their group according to their self-identification and because they participate in defining the group's norms and codes of behavior, they share responsibility for their actions both within and outside the group.

Sex and sexual expression are major aspects of life during middle adolescence. Teenage girls who want to become sexually active during their teenage years usually already have their first sexual experience. Both young men and young women suddenly feel sexy in every aspect of their being. The social and health risks associated with unprotected sexual activity are of paramount importance. These destructive effects are sometimes reduced if the adolescent has been exposed to protective practices before middle adolescence.

Late adolescence

In late adolescence (typical age 18 + n years) a person reaches full physical maturity. Cognitively, they master formal operations and they are fully aware of their boundaries and how their past can affect their future. In the distant development of his or her identity and independence, the late adolescent strives to achieve his or her economic self-sufficiency and territorial independence.

Today, these goals are often delayed due to educational and economic conditions, forcing the teenager to remain financially dependent on his family. Within the family, they move increasingly toward adult-adult relationships with their parents. The peer group remains important as a determinant of behavior. Sexually, a teenager develops the ability for a mature type of intimate relationship, which contributes to the development of a fixed relationship.

Conclusion

The purpose of adolescence for our children is to complete the psychological and physical transformation that prepares them to transition into adulthood as individuals with full potential to be productive in our society. In our culture, these processes have resulted in a complex interaction of countless experiments and observations.

The ultimate goal, however, remained the same.

Social studies lesson on the topic “Special age: adolescence”

Goal: get acquainted with the main features of adolescence, consider independence as an indicator of adulthood.

Subject: social studies.

Compiled by: social studies teacher

Date: 09.12.2010

I. Repetition of the material covered.

1. Conversation on issues.

What is the difference between a preschooler and a schoolchild?

Choose a statement that, in your opinion, characterizes a teenager. Give examples from your own life.

1. Teenagers are calm and reasonable people; with them you can easily and quickly solve any problem.

2. A teenager is a contradictory person, he is prone to rapid mood changes, likes to argue and be stubborn.

2. Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

II. Presentation of program material.

A story with elements of conversation

Is it easy to be a teenager?

Let's get acquainted with the teenage period of a person's life - an interesting, special age, not similar to either childhood or adulthood. We will find out the characteristics of children 10-15 years old, that is, we will get to know ourselves.

The teenage period is divided into two stages (two different periods of time): the younger teenager (this group includes schoolchildren in grades 5-6) and the older teenager (schoolchildren in grades 7-9). It is no coincidence that this age is called the second birth: a person moves from childhood to adulthood. Every teenager dreams of becoming an adult as soon as possible. But the transition to adulthood does not happen quietly.

Adolescence (as this period of a person’s life has long been called) is associated with the emergence of new feelings, experiences, and a variety of moods. Childhood ends, but many of its features still remain in the behavior of a teenager. Feeling like not a child, the teenager wants to join the world of adults, learn as much as possible about it, and become its equal member. Communication with adults (and you yourself know this) becomes more attractive than communication with children.

What features of adolescence are most noticeable and distinguish it from other age periods?

During this period, serious changes in the body begin, the path to biological maturity is completed, that is, the body’s readiness to become an adult. First of all, boys and girls grow up quickly. It’s not for nothing that teenagers are called “long-legged.” Perhaps, in his entire life, a person does not grow as rapidly as during this period; the length of his body increases by 5-8 cm per year! Did you know that at first girls grow faster than boys, the latter begin to overtake girls a little later, after 15 years. Body weight also increases. Weight gain is 4-8 kg per year for girls, and 7-8 kg for boys. The skeleton also grows very quickly, so many teenagers seem awkward, angular, and their individual movements are constrained.

One of the characteristics of people of this age is a sharp change in mood. One minute the teenager was cheerful, smiling and joking, communicating with pleasure, and suddenly he became quiet, frowned, and did not answer questions. At this time, he may even say something rude or answer impolitely. All this is determined by the state of the nervous system, because it is it that gives the body various commands. Under the influence of changes taking place in the body, the nervous system does not always react correctly to incoming information, which immediately affects human behavior. But this is not a problem if the teenager knows about this and tries to restrain himself - not to succumb to a bad mood, do something interesting, and not blame others for his bad mood.

You've probably noticed another feature of your age: fatigue, fatigue. Therefore, pay more attention to your daily routine, to the correct distribution of work and rest, to the clear organization of your life. When setting small goals for yourself, try to achieve them without resorting to the help of adults, but do not refuse their advice, remember that your adult friends have a lot of life experience.

Did you know that any activity affects the physical condition of the body? For example, when reading aloud, metabolism increases by 48%, and answering at the board or taking a test leads to an increase in heart rate by 15-30 beats. The more calm and confident a person is, the less his body reacts: blood pressure does not change, hands do not tremble, headaches do not hurt, etc. It turns out that there is a direct relationship between a student’s readiness for activities in class and his well-being. So prepare your homework on time and you won’t feel bad!

Adolescence is the time of dreams

Can you dream? Has the same thing happened to you as to your peer, the hero of the novel “The Teenager”?

“I... decided to completely go into my idea... I’ve been creating it since the sixth grade of the gymnasium. It has consumed my entire life. Before her, I lived in dreams, from childhood in a dreamy kingdom, but with the advent of this main and all-absorbing idea, my dreams were consolidated and at once cast into a certain form; from the main ones they became intelligent.”

It's true: a teenager loves to dream. He already knows how to look inside himself, listen to his feelings and sensations, notice in the world around him what just yesterday remained outside his attention. Here are some comments from your peers:

“Yesterday I was thinking and suddenly I heard the singing of birds, which I had not noticed before, I noticed the running clouds - this one looks like a ship, and this one looks like an old man with a long shaggy beard...” (Misha, 11 years old.)

“When I read, I pay attention not only to the plot, but also to the character of the characters, their mood. I’m thinking about how I would behave if I were this heroine.” (Mila, 12 years old.)

Children of this age think about their future, make plans, who to be, where to study. These plans are changing quickly, but this is understandable, because every day schoolchildren acquire more knowledge about people’s work and professions, about various aspects of life around them.

Teenagers understand humor, sharp words, and are not averse to making jokes themselves. This is a feature of children 10-12 years old. Here's a funny poem Maria wrote:

Once upon a time there was a fly named Bertie,

I was sitting in some kind of sweet dessert...

Not in your own interest

Gained weight...

Well, the fly is a maniac, and the cake is the victim?

The lonely sail is white

In the blue sea fog!..

What is he looking for in a distant country?

What did he throw in his native land?

The waves are playing, the wind is whistling,

And the mast bends and creaks...

Alas, he is not looking for happiness

And he’s not running out of happiness!

Below him is a stream of lighter azure,

Above him is a golden ray of sun...

And he, the rebellious one, asks for a storm,

As if there is peace in the storms!

M. Lermontov

Mikhail Yuryevich wrote this poem when he was not even 18 years old. What feelings worried the poet?

There lived a man

In 1822, a boy was born into the family of priest Schliemann in Germany. He was named Henry. He learned to read early, and his favorite books were “The Iliad” and “Odyssey” by the great poet of Ancient Greece Homer. The boy had no doubt that everything that the poet described happened in reality, and dreamed of seeing the city of Troy, where the events of the poem “Iliad” took place. But Henry’s parents believed that the history of the Trojan War was a figment of Homer’s imagination: Troy never existed, just as the treasures of the Trojan kings never existed.

Heinrich was disappointed, but did not abandon his childhood dream. He became an archaeologist and carried it out in 1871. For many years he was engaged in various labors in order to save Dengin’s expedition to the area of ​​​​the legendary Troy. Schliemann found the ancient city of Troy in exactly the place that Homer described in his poem. The German scientist also dug up the treasures of the Trojan kings, which are now kept in the museum. G. Schliemann made a great contribution to archeology, enriched literature and history. But it all began with the dream of a teenage boy from the modest family of a German priest.

Independence is an indicator of adulthood

It snowed, and the father asked ten-year-old Misha and eight-year-old Seryozha to shovel the snow from the path. “How much will you pay us?” - Misha asked. “Why should I pay you?” - the father was surprised. “All adults get paid to work!” - the boys answered.

Express your opinion: do these boys understand independence and adulthood correctly?

The more independent a teenager is, the more he looks like an adult. Of course, we are not talking about the ability to dress, wash, and carry out instructions from adults without their help, but about the habit of making important decisions independently, evaluating the results of one’s work, studies, and relationships with peers.

To become independent, you need to start small and uncomplicated: by organizing your day, by performing simple responsibilities in the family.

Independence is self-confidence and the desire to try something unfamiliar. You need to cultivate the desire to refuse help, use it only in extreme cases, and develop will and determination.

Some teenagers think that independence means disobedience, the desire to do everything their own way. This is not true. Discipline, the ability to obey the reasonable demands of adults without prodding is also a manifestation of a person’s independence and maturity. And in order for obedience not to turn into a heavy duty, you need to answer the questions for yourself: “What does disorganization, lack of order and discipline lead to?”, “Am I ready to be independent in everything or do I need the help of adults in some ways?” .

How can you determine whether you can complete this task on your own? First, answer the question for yourself: “Do I want to succeed?”

Then determine, as they say, the chances of success. Then present in sequence all your actions to complete the task, understand all the details.

The artist depicted various scenes from the life of merchants, impoverished nobles, and people of ordinary classes. Consider the reproduction. Can this adult be called independent, disciplined, neat? Guess what kind of life he leads. What he was like as a child. Did the artist call his painting “Fresh Cavalier” seriously or with a grin?

III. Lesson summary.

Self-control questions:

Who is called a youth?

Evaluating student responses.

In this material we will tell you what adolescence, childhood, and youth are. Let's briefly look at each period of human life and indicate generally accepted age boundaries.

Childhood

Ah, childhood... It’s a bright and beautiful time when a little person grows up. Step by step he gets acquainted with the world around him. This is the period when the baby begins to develop skills: he learns to speak, walk, read, count, and dress independently. At this time, the baby also begins to recognize, study and assimilate those cultural skills that are inherent in the society in which he exists. In different eras of human development, among different peoples, the period of childhood implied unequal social, and most importantly, cultural content. Over the course of history, the understanding of childhood changes. As an example, we can cite the following proverb, which was often applied to this stage in ancient Rus': “From birth to five years old, treat a child as a king-father, from seven years old to twelve - as a servant, and after twelve - as to an equal." Currently, the sciences that study the period of childhood include pedagogy, psychology, sociology, history, ethnography, each of which examines this age period in its own way.

Boyhood

The next stage that follows childhood is adolescence. The child grows, develops, learns and begins to learn to communicate. This stage can be conditionally divided into two segments: primary school, when the leading activity is learning, and secondary school - here communication is dominant. The age of adolescence has changed in different historical periods; now this period is determined from seven to fifteen years of a child’s life. This stage of a child's life is also called adolescence. What is adolescence? This is also the period of development when a person becomes sexually mature. Irritability and increased sensitivity, easy excitability and anxiety, aggressive self-defense tactics and melancholic passivity - all these extremes in this combination are characteristic of this period of life. Modern society is structured in such a way that every teenager strives to achieve the status of an adult as quickly as possible. But alas, such a dream is hard to come by. As they say, year after year, at our own pace. Therefore, as often happens, a teenager at this stage of his life acquires not a sense of adulthood, but a feeling of inferiority.

What is adolescence? This period is characterized by the influence of sign systems: the teenager becomes a consumer. Consumption is the meaning of his life. To maintain his sense of personality and gain significance among his peers, a teenager becomes the owner of a certain set of things.

Youth

After adolescence comes the time of youth. The main and most important feature of this period is the transition to independent adult life. The so-called maturity stage begins. By the end of adolescence, around the age of twenty-two, the process of maturation of the human body is completed: growth, puberty, formation of the musculoskeletal system. Facial features become more defined. During this period, the degree of personal maturity is significantly inferior to the maturity of the organism. Professional self-determination at this stage is the leading criterion. This moment is a significant step towards independence. Many types of mental functions, such as attention, sensorimotor reactions, and some types of memory, reach their maximum development. The ability to lead an independent lifestyle, which during this period requires responsible behavior and initiative from boys and girls, is the main sign of social adaptation and generally shows a positive course in the development of a young person’s personality. Personal attachments are given priority over collective relationships.

So, childhood, adolescence, adolescence are the most important years of formation of a person’s personality.

Growing Up Years

All three stages can be broken down into the following approximate time frames:

• Childhood, which covers the years of a child’s life from birth until approximately the age of seven.
• Adolescence spans the years from seven to fourteen.
• From fourteen to twenty-two - twenty-three years of age, time belongs to the stage of adolescence.

The age limits described are not strictly defined; for each culture and country they may be slightly shifted. But in general, the picture of age differentiation looks exactly like this, and it is currently well-established.

Instead of a conclusion

So, in the article we looked at what adolescence, youth and childhood are. Each of these stages of life is important based on the influence it can have on the formation of a person’s personality as a whole, the determination of his professional development path, his assimilation of universal human values, the formation of moral consciousness and the choice of a civic position.