Wind power plants. Home wind farms. Wind power. Alternative sources: wind energy, pros and cons

The energy of moving air masses is enormous. The reserves of wind energy are more than a hundred times greater than the reserves of hydropower of all the rivers of the planet. Winds blow constantly and everywhere on earth - from a light breeze that brings the desired coolness in the summer heat to mighty hurricanes that bring incalculable damage and destruction. The air ocean at the bottom of which we live is always restless. The winds blowing in the vastness of our country could easily satisfy all its needs for electricity! Why is such a plentiful, affordable and environmentally friendly source of energy so poorly used? Today, wind-powered engines cover only one thousandth of the world's energy needs.

Even in ancient Egypt, three and a half thousand years before our era, wind engines were used to lift water and grind grain. For more than fifty centuries, windmills have hardly changed their appearance. For example, in England there is a mill built in the middle of the 17th century. Despite her advanced age, she still works hard to this day. In Russia, before the revolution, there were approximately 250 thousand windmills, the total capacity of which was about 1.5 million kW. They grind up to 3 billion poods of grain per year.

The technology of the 20th century has opened up completely new opportunities for wind energy, the task of which has become different - to generate electricity. At the beginning of the century, N. E. Zhukovsky developed the theory of a wind turbine, on the basis of which high-performance installations capable of receiving energy from the weakest breeze could be created. Many projects of wind turbines have appeared, incomparably more advanced than the old windmills. Achievements of many branches of knowledge are used in new projects.

Windmills have proven to be excellent sources of free energy. It is not surprising that over time they began to be used not only for grinding grain. Windmills rotated circular saws at large sawmills, lifted loads to great heights, and were used to lift water. Along with water mills, they remained, in fact, the most powerful machines of the past. In the same Holland, for example, where there were the most windmills, they successfully worked until the middle of our century. Some of them are still active today.

Interestingly, mills in the Middle Ages aroused superstitious fear among some - even the simplest mechanical devices were so unusual. Millers were credited with communicating with evil spirits.

Today, the design of a wind wheel - the heart of any wind power plant - involves aircraft builders who are able to choose the most appropriate blade profile and study it in a wind tunnel. Through the efforts of scientists and engineers, a wide variety of designs of modern wind turbines have been created.

Types of wind turbines

A large number of wind turbines have been developed. Depending on the orientation of the axis of rotation with respect to the direction of flow, wind turbines can be classified:

With a horizontal axis of rotation parallel to the direction of the wind flow;
with a horizontal axis of rotation perpendicular to the direction of the wind (similar to a water wheel);
with a vertical axis of rotation perpendicular to the direction of the wind flow.

Here - wind power website. NPG "Signmet" is a domestic DEVELOPER and MANUFACTURER of wind power plants (wind generators), one of the world leaders in the field of autonomous wind power - the owner of the Grand Prix and three gold medals at the World Brussels Exhibition of Innovations "Eureka-2005". NPG "SAINMET" presents autonomous wind power plants: a wind generator with a capacity of 5 and a wind generator with a capacity of 40 kW, as well as wind solar and wind diesel installations based on them.

Wind-diesel power plants can be combined into local networks, as well as interfaced with solar panels. Wind-diesel units, depending on the wind potential of the area, can save 50-70% of the fuel consumed by diesel generators of comparable power.

The main design solutions of wind turbines are protected by patents for inventions.

Wind energy

Man has been using wind energy since time immemorial. But his sailboats, which plied the vastness of the oceans for thousands of years, and windmills used only a tiny fraction of those 2.7 trillion. kW of energy possessed by the winds blowing on Earth. It is believed that it is technically possible to develop 40 billion kW, but even this is more than 10 times the planet's hydropower potential.

Why is such a plentiful, affordable and environmentally friendly source of energy so underused? Today, wind-powered engines cover only one thousandth of the world's energy needs.

The wind energy potential of the Earth in 1989 was estimated at 300 billion kWh per year. But only 1.5% of this amount is suitable for technical development. The main obstacle for him is the absent-mindedness and inconstancy of wind energy. The volatility of the wind requires the construction of energy accumulators, which significantly increases the cost of electricity. Due to absent-mindedness, the construction of solar and wind power plants of equal capacity requires five times more area for the latter (however, these lands can be simultaneously used for agricultural needs). But there are also regions on Earth where the winds blow with sufficient constancy and force. (Wind blowing at a speed of 5-8 m/s is called moderate, 14-20 m/s is strong, 20-25 m/s is stormy, and over 30 m/s is called hurricane). Examples of such areas are the coasts of the North, Baltic, and Arctic seas.

The latest research is focused mainly on obtaining electrical energy from wind energy. The desire to master the production of wind power machines led to the birth of many such units. Some of them reach tens of meters in height, and it is believed that over time they could form a real electrical network. Small wind turbines are designed to supply electricity to individual houses.

Wind power stations are being built mainly with direct current. The wind wheel drives a dynamo - an electric current generator, which simultaneously charges parallel-connected batteries.

Today, wind turbines reliably supply electricity to oil workers; they work successfully in hard-to-reach areas, on distant islands, in the Arctic, on thousands of agricultural farms where there are no large settlements and public power stations nearby.

The main direction of using wind energy is to obtain electricity for autonomous consumers, as well as mechanical energy for raising water in arid regions, pastures, draining swamps, etc. In areas with suitable wind conditions, wind turbines complete with batteries can be used to power automatic weather stations, signaling devices, radio communication equipment, cathodic protection against corrosion of main pipelines, etc.

According to experts, wind energy can be effectively used where short-term interruptions in energy supply are acceptable without significant economic damage. The use of wind turbines with energy storage allows them to be used to supply energy to almost any consumer.

Powerful wind turbines are usually located in areas with constantly blowing winds (on sea coasts, in shallow coastal areas, etc.). Such turbines are already used in Russia, the USA, Canada, France and other countries.

The widespread use of wind power units under normal conditions is still hindered by their high cost. It hardly needs to be said that there is no need to pay for the wind, but the machines needed to harness it to work are too expensive.

When using wind, a serious problem arises: an excess of energy in windy weather and a lack of it during periods of calm. How to accumulate and store wind energy for the future? The simplest way is for a wind wheel to drive a pump that collects water in a reservoir above, and then the water drains from it to drive a water turbine and a DC or AC generator. There are other ways and projects: from conventional, albeit low-power batteries to spinning giant flywheels or forcing compressed air into underground caves, and up to the production of hydrogen as fuel. The latter method seems to be especially promising. The electric current from the wind turbine decomposes water into oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen can be stored in liquefied form and burned in the furnaces of thermal power plants as needed.

Literature

Science and Life, No. 1, 1991. Moscow: Pravda.

Technique of Youth, No. 5, 1990

Felix R. Paturi Architects of the XXI century M.: PROGRESS, 1979. 345 p.

Science and Life, No10, 1986. Moscow: Pravda.

Bagotsky V.S., Skundin A.M. Chemical power sources, Moscow: Energoizdat, 1981. 360 p.

Korovin N.V. New chemical current sources, Moscow: Energiya, 1978. 194 p.

Dr. Dietrich Berndt Design Level and Technical Limits of Application of Sealed Batteries A/O VARTA Betteri Research and Development Center

Lavrus V.S. Batteries and accumulators K.: Science and technology, 1995. 48 p.

Science and Life, No. 5 ... 7, 1981. Moscow: True.

Murygin I.V. Electrode processes in solid electrolytes. Moscow: Nauka, 1991. 351 p.

The Power Protection Handbook American Power Conversion

Shults Yu. Electrical measuring equipment 1000 concepts for practitioners. Moscow: Energoizdat, 1989. 288 p.

Science and Life, No. 11, 1991. Moscow: Pravda.

Yu. S. Kryuchkov, I. E. Perestyuk Wings of the Ocean L.: Shipbuilding, 1983. 256 p.

V. Bryukhan. Wind energy potential of the free atmosphere over the USSR Metrology and hydrology. No. 6, 1989

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Electricity

Electricity is a unique resource. It can be produced in any quantity, it is inexhaustible and is not based on fossil elements. Such properties make electricity very popular, widespread and popular. There is also a downside - the production of electricity requires sufficiently powerful equipment that requires maintenance, repair and other work that can only be done by qualified people.

Electric highways, an extensive network of which covers the whole country, lead only to densely populated areas, bypassing remote regions. This is understandable, since the cost of installing power lines is very high, so only the largest points are provided with electricity in the first place.

Methods for autonomous generation of electricity and their consequences

There are many ways to solve the problem of lack of electricity. Diesel and gasoline generators are common, sometimes there are mini-hydroelectric power plants that provide energy to a small village. All these methods have a certain disadvantage - they negatively affect the environment. Emissions from engines of gasoline or diesel generators have a detrimental effect on the atmosphere, contain vapors of lead and other harmful chemical compounds.

Dams formed to create mini-hydroelectric power plants create artificial reservoirs that violate the natural balance of natural processes in the region, change the hydrodynamic regime of groundwater aquifers, and the volumes of rivers flowing downstream. All these impacts trigger processes that destroy the natural wealth of the country. The most dangerous thing about them is their inconspicuousness and gradual action. Everything happens very slowly, gradually, until one day it turns out that irreversible changes have occurred that completely change the state of the environment in the region.

Alternative energy sources

In addition to the traditional, most common methods of generating electricity, there are other, less used, but quite effective means. These include solar energy, tidal power plants, nuclear power plants and other power units capable of generating electricity on an industrial scale or for the needs of an individual home. But there is one way that has a lot of advantages over the rest.

Mill with bed

Windmills were used to grind grain in Persia as early as 200 BC. e. Mills of this type were common in the Islamic world and were brought to Europe by the crusaders in the 13th century.

“Mills on goats, the so-called German mills, were until the middle of the 16th century. the only ones known. Strong storms could overturn such a mill along with the bed. In the middle of the sixteenth century, a Fleming found a way by which this overturning of the mill was made impossible. In the mill, he put only a movable roof, and in order to turn the wings in the wind, it was necessary to turn only the roof, while the building of the mill itself was firmly fixed on the ground.(K. Marx. "Machines: the application of natural forces and science").

The mass of the gantry mill was limited due to the fact that it had to be turned by hand. Therefore, its performance was also limited. Improved mills were named tented.

Modern methods of generating electricity from wind energy

The wind turbine design with three blades and a horizontal axis of rotation has become the most widespread in the world, although two-bladed ones are still found in some places. Wind generators with a vertical axis of rotation, the so-called wind turbines, are recognized as the most effective design for areas with low wind speeds. rotary, or carousel type. Now more and more manufacturers are switching to the production of such installations, since not all consumers live on the coasts, and the speed of continental winds is usually in the range from 3 to 12 m/s. In such a wind regime, the efficiency of a vertical installation is much higher. It is worth noting that vertical wind turbines have several other significant advantages: they are almost silent and require absolutely no maintenance, with a service life of more than 20 years. Braking systems developed in recent years guarantee stable operation even with intermittent heavy gusts up to 60 m/s.

The most promising places for the production of energy from wind are coastal zones. But the cost of investments compared to land is 1.5 - 2 times higher. At sea, at a distance of 10-12 km from the coast (and sometimes further), offshore wind farms are being built. Wind turbine towers are installed on foundations made of piles driven to a depth of up to 30 meters.

Other types of underwater foundations, as well as floating foundations, may be used. The first floating wind turbine prototype was built by H Technologies BV in December 2007 . The wind generator with a capacity of 80 kW is installed on a floating platform 10.6 nautical miles from the coast of Southern Italy in a sea area 108 meters deep.

On June 5, 2009, Siemens AG and Norway's Statoil announced the installation of the world's first commercial 2.3 MW floating wind turbine manufactured by Siemens Renewable Energy.

Statistics on the use of wind energy

As of June 2012, the total installed capacity of all wind turbines in the world amounted to 254 GW. The average increase in the sum of the capacities of all wind turbines in the world, starting from 2009, is 38-40 gigawatts per year and is due to the rapid development of wind energy in the USA, India, China and Germany. Estimated wind energy capacity by the end of 2012 according to the World Wind Energy Assosiation will approach the value of 273 GW.

In 2010, 44% of installed wind farms were concentrated in Europe, 31% in Asia, and 22% in North America.

Table: Total installed capacities, MW, by countries of the world 2005-2011 Data from the European Wind Energy Association and GWEC.

Table: Total installed capacities, MW according to WWEA.

At the same time, according to the European Wind Energy Association, the total generated wind power capacity in Russia in 2010 was 9 MW, which is approximately the same as Vietnam (31 MW), Uruguay (30.5 MW), Jamaica (29.7 MW), Guadeloupe (20.5 MW), Colombia (20 MW), Guyana (13.5 MW) and Cuba (11. 7 MW).

In 2011, 28% of electricity in Denmark was generated from wind power.

In 2009, China's wind farms generated about 1.3% of the country's total electricity generation. Since 2006, the PRC has adopted a law on renewable energy sources. It is assumed that by 2020 the wind energy capacity will reach 80-100 GW.

Portugal and Spain on some days in 2007 produced about 20% of their electricity from wind energy. On March 22, 2008, 40.8% of the country's electricity was generated from wind energy in Spain.

Wind power in Russia

The technical potential of wind energy in Russia is estimated at over 50,000 billion kWh/year. The economic potential is approximately 260 billion kWh/ year, that is, about 30 percent of electricity production by all power plants in Russia.

Energy wind zones in Russia are located mainly on the coast and islands of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Kamchatka, in the regions of the Lower and Middle Volga and Don, the coast of the Caspian, Okhotsk, Barents, Baltic, Black and Azov seas. Separate wind zones are located in Karelia, Altai, Tuva, Baikal.

The maximum average wind speed in these areas falls on the autumn-winter period - the period of greatest demand for electricity and heat. About 30% of the economic potential of wind energy is concentrated in the Far East, 14% - in the Northern economic region, about 16% - in Western and Eastern Siberia.

The total installed capacity of wind power plants in the country in 2009 is 17-18 MW.

The largest wind power plant in Russia (5.1 MW) is located near the village of Kulikovo, Zelenogradsky district, Kaliningrad region. Zelenograd wind turbine consists of 21 installations of the Danish company SEAS Energi Service A.S.

There are projects at different stages of development of the Leningrad WPP 75 MW Leningrad Region, Yeisk WPP 72 MW Krasnodar Territory, Kaliningrad Morskoy WPP 50 MW, Morskoy WPP 30 MW Karelia, Primorskoy WPP 30 MW Primorsky Krai, Magadan WPP 30 MW Magadan Oblast, Chuiskoy WPP 24 MW Republic of Altai, U St-Kamchatskoy VPS 16 MW Kamchatka Oblast, Novikovskoy VPS 10 MW Republic of Komi, Dagestan WPP 6 MW Dagestan, Anapskoy WPP 5 MW Krasnodar Krai, Novorossiysk WPP 5 MW Krasnodar Krai and Valaamskoy WPP 4 MW Karelia.

Wind pump "Romashka" made in the USSR

As an example of realizing the potential of the territories of the Sea of ​​​​Azov, one can point to Novoazovsk wind farm, operating in 2010 with a capacity of 21.8 MW, installed on the Ukrainian coast of the Taganrog Bay.

Attempts were made to mass-produce wind turbines for individual consumers, for example, the Romashka water-lifting unit.

In recent years, the increase in capacity has been mainly due to low-power individual power systems, the sales volume of which is 250 wind turbines (with a capacity of 1 kW to 5 kW).

prospects

The reserves of wind energy are more than a hundred times greater than the reserves of hydropower of all the rivers of the planet.

In 2008, the European Union set a goal: by 2010 to install wind turbines for 40 thousand MW, and by 2020 - 180 thousand MW. According to the plans of the European Union, the total amount of electricity generated by wind farms will be 494.7 TWh. .

Venezuela for 5 years from 2010 plans to build wind farms for 1500 MW. .

France plans to build 25,000 MW wind farms by 2020, of which 6,000 MW are offshore.

Economic aspects of wind energy

Wind turbine blades at the construction site.

The main part of the cost of wind energy is determined by the initial costs for the construction of wind turbine structures (the cost of 1 kW of installed wind turbine capacity is ~$1000).

Fuel economy

Wind generators do not consume fossil fuels during operation. The operation of a wind turbine with a capacity of 1 MW over 20 years saves approximately 29,000 tons of coal or 92,000 barrels of oil.

Cost of electricity

The cost of electricity produced by wind turbines depends on wind speed.

For comparison: the cost of electricity produced at coal-fired power plants in the United States is 4.5 - 6 cents / kWh. The average cost of electricity in China is 4 cents/kWh.

With a doubling of the installed wind generation capacity, the cost of electricity produced falls by 15%. Costs are expected to fall further by 35-40% by the end of the year. In the early 1980s, the cost of wind power in the US was $0.38.

According to the Global Wind Energy Council, by 2050 the world's wind energy will reduce annual CO 2 emissions by 1.5 billion tons.

Impact on climate

Wind generators remove part of the kinetic energy of moving air masses, which leads to a decrease in their speed. With the mass use of windmills (for example, in Europe), this slowdown can theoretically have a significant impact on local (and even global) climatic conditions of the area. In particular, a decrease in the average wind speed can make the climate of the region a little more continental due to the fact that slowly moving air masses have time to heat up more in summer and cool down in winter. Also, the extraction of energy from the wind can contribute to a change in the humidity regime of the adjacent territory. However, scientists are only developing research in this area, scientific works analyzing these aspects do not quantify the impact of large-scale wind energy on the climate, but allow us to conclude that it may not be as negligible as previously thought.

City ventilation

In modern cities, a large amount of harmful substances are emitted, including from industrial enterprises and cars. Natural ventilation of cities occurs with the help of wind. At the same time, the decrease in wind speed described above due to the massive use of wind turbines can also reduce the ventilation of cities. This can cause especially unpleasant consequences in large metropolitan areas: smog, an increase in the concentration of harmful substances in the air and, as a result, an increased incidence of the population. In this regard, the installation of windmills near large cities is undesirable.

Noise

Wind turbines produce two types of noise:

• mechanical noise - noise from the operation of mechanical and electrical components (practically absent for modern wind turbines, but is significant in older wind turbines)
• aerodynamic noise - noise from the interaction of the wind flow with the blades of the installation (intensifies when the blade passes by the tower of the wind turbine)

Currently, when determining the noise level from wind turbines, only calculation methods are used. The method of direct measurements of the noise level does not provide information about the noise level of a wind turbine, since it is currently impossible to effectively separate the noise of a wind turbine from wind noise.

In the immediate vicinity of the wind turbine near the axis of the wind wheel, the noise level of a sufficiently large wind turbine can exceed 100 dB.

An example of such design miscalculations is the Grovian wind turbine. Due to the high noise level, the installation worked for about 100 hours and was dismantled.

As a rule, residential buildings are located at a distance of at least 300 m from wind turbines. At such a distance, the contribution of the wind turbine to infrasonic oscillations can no longer be distinguished from the background oscillations.

Blade icing

During the operation of wind turbines in winter, with high air humidity, ice build-up on the blades is possible. When starting a wind turbine, ice can be blown over a considerable distance. As a rule, warning signs are installed at a distance of 150 m from the wind turbine on the territory where blade icing is possible.

In addition, in the case of light icing of the blades, cases of improving the aerodynamic characteristics of the profile were noted.

visual impact

The visual impact of wind turbines is a subjective factor. To improve the aesthetic appearance of wind turbines, many large firms employ professional designers. Landscape architects are involved in the visual justification of new projects.

In a review by the Danish firm AKF, the cost of noise and visual impact from wind turbines is estimated to be less than 0.0012 euros per 1 kWh. The review was based on interviews with 342 people living in the vicinity of wind farms. Residents were asked how much they would pay to get rid of the neighborhood with wind turbines.

land use

Turbines occupy only 1% of the entire area of ​​the wind farm. On 99% of the farm area, it is possible to engage in agriculture or other activities, which is what happens in such densely populated countries as Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany. The wind turbine foundation, which is about 10 m in diameter, is usually completely underground, allowing agricultural use of the land to expand almost to the very base of the tower. The land is rented out, which allows farmers to earn additional income. In the US, the cost of renting land under one turbine is $3,000-$5,000 per year.

Table: Specific need for land area for the production of 1 million kWh of electricity

Harm to animals and birds

Table: Harm to animals and birds. AWEA data .

Bat populations living near wind farms are an order of magnitude more vulnerable than bird populations. Near the ends of the blades of the wind turbine, an area of ​​low pressure is formed, and a mammal that has fallen into it receives barotrauma. More than 90% of bats found near windmills show signs of internal hemorrhage. According to scientists, birds have a different structure of the lungs, and therefore are less susceptible to sudden changes in pressure and suffer only from a direct collision with the blades of windmills.

Use of water resources

Unlike traditional thermal power plants, wind farms do not use water, which can significantly reduce the pressure on water resources.

radio interference

The metal structures of the wind turbine, especially the elements in the blades, can cause significant interference in the reception of the radio signal. The larger the wind turbine, the more interference it can create. In some cases, to solve the problem, it is necessary to install additional repeaters.

see also

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