The introduction of complementary foods with artificial feeding who scheme. WHO advice on the introduction of complementary foods. Why complementary foods should not be introduced earlier
The first thing I would like to draw the attention of mothers to is that ALL complementary feeding tables on the Internet promoted under the auspices of the WHO have nothing to do with the World Health Organization.
WHO does not indicate the sequence and quantity of the introduction of products!
The WHO documentation does not say anything about the need for baby food vegetable or butter!
The only table that can be used as a guide when referring to WHO is on its official website.
I recommend that you familiarize yourself with the section "Complementary foods" in the methodological book "Feeding and nutrition of infants and young children", developed by WHO. You can download it from this link .
The table below is just one of the modifications compiled on the basis of the leading WHO recommendations.
When to introduce complementary foods?
« Around the age six months the child's energy and nutrient needs begin to exceed the level on which they can be satisfied with breast milk, and the introduction of complementary foods becomes necessary. At this age, the child is ready to eat other foods and in his development. Failure to introduce complementary foods by the age of six months or inappropriate introduction of complementary foods can affect the growth of the child»
How to introduce complementary foods?
“The first food offered to the child should be mashed foods, consisting of one ingredient, soft in texture, without added sugar, salt, hot spices such as curry powder or hot peppers. Positive examples include cereals other than wheat, such as home-cooked and mashed rice, mashed potatoes, soft, thick porridge made from traditional cereal products (such as oats, and mashed vegetables and fruits). You can add breast milk or infant formula to soften the puree. (Feeding and Nutrition of Infants and Young Children, WHO Regional Publication, European Series, No. 87).
Why should you cook your own food?
Extract from the WHO document: « …The quality of commercially produced complementary foods is highly variable. Some of them allow you to make up for the lack of certain nutrients in the diet of young children, while others, on the contrary, cause concern due to their high content of added sugars and salt. » (WHO, Maternal and Young Infant Nutrition, EB 138/8 of 15 January 2016).
According to the WHO, guidelines for proper complementary foods are as follows:
“Continue frequent, on-demand breastfeeding until the child is two years of age or older;
- be sensitive when feeding the baby (eg, directly feed infants and help older children. Feed slowly and patiently, encourage but do not force, talk to the baby and maintain eye contact with him);
- practice proper hygiene and proper handling of food;
- start at the age of six months with small amounts of food and gradually increase them as the child gets older;
- gradually increase the consistency of food and make it more varied;
- increase the number of baby feedings - 2-3 times a day for children aged 6-8 months and 3-4 times a day for children aged 9-23 months with 1-2 additional snacks at the request of the child;
- use fortified foods or vitamin and mineral supplements as needed;
- Increase fluid intake, including through breastfeeding, and offer soft, favorite foods. (WHO fact sheet N°342 Infant and young child nutrition, January 2016).
According to the above data, a weekly table of introduction of complementary foods was compiled. The order in which products are introduced is based on the degree of presence of allergens in them: from less to more. However, when introducing complementary foods, it is worth considering baby's individual characteristics by varying the order of introduction of new products.
The introduction of complementary foods to infants is not an easy task. If you do not follow certain rules, you can provoke unpleasant and painful consequences for the baby. That is why the World Health Organization has developed special practical tips. If the WHO guidelines are followed, complementary foods can easily become part of the diet and do not cause health problems.
More recently, all mothers were advised to start feeding the child with "adult" food for 3-4 months already, to supplement the baby with water from the first weeks of life. Today, the situation has changed, largely due to the active dissemination of WHO recommendations on complementary foods.
The recommendations of the World Health Organization for the introduction of complementary foods, although they determine the optimal timing of the introduction, do not give specific instructions either in rates or in specific products. This is due to the fact that the recommendations are designed for all countries of the Earth, and the conditions and available products in each country are different. Therefore, the WHO general instructions can and should be adjusted to current conditions and even the season - you should not introduce "summer" fruits, berries or vegetables in winter, even if they are listed in the WHO table, because there is practically no benefit from them at this time.
However, the WHO scheme provides guidance on when to start introducing complementary foods. If the baby is on breastfeeding, it is better to postpone the start of complementary foods until six months of age. It is from 6 months that the child's body is completely ready to get acquainted with new types and textures of food, so the introduction of new dishes is much easier and painless, both for mother and baby.
WHO Basic Rules
To introduce complementary foods during breastfeeding, it is not enough just to create a suitable menu. You must also follow certain rules:
- mother's milk for a baby is the best food, until six months he does not need anything else. If there are no medical indications, before this age, the child should not be supplemented with water or supplemented with anything other than milk;
- When compiling a menu, it is important to take into account the saturation of food with essential vitamins and minerals. Its amount should correspond to the age of the baby;
- complementary foods should be introduced gradually - starting with small portions, which gradually increase to the volume recommended for months;
- the diet of the baby should gradually become varied and after 9-12 months include all types of products - milk, eggs, vegetables, fruits, cereals, fish, meat and poultry;
- The consistency of food should be appropriate for the age of the baby. From 6 months, he is offered pureed and grated food, from eight - foods that the baby can take with his hands are introduced into the diet. After the child is one year old, he can eat the same as the rest of the family;
- despite the introduction of complementary foods, on-demand breastfeeding is maintained. Complementary foods should satisfy the growing needs of the baby, but it is recommended to leave him breastfed for as long as possible - at least up to a year, and if possible up to two or three. To maintain lactation, it is necessary to maintain a “mode” on demand and not refuse night feedings.
A panel of specialists has developed several versions of the WHO complementary feeding schemes in the form of tables that offer specific recommendations for the introduction of new dishes. There are many options for such tables, therefore, using them, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the baby:
- Does the baby have allergies? If it is, then eggs, fish, red vegetables and fruits should not be given until 2 years of age. When introducing new products, it is necessary to keep a food diary and look with all eyes at the reaction of the child - what kind of stool does the child have, are there any regurgitation, skin manifestations. If there is a reaction, we cancel the "doubtful" product;
- some children have difficulty digesting solid food, choking. They should stay longer on pureed food;
- with constipation, you should give more vegetables and fruits and less cereals. With loose stools - vice versa.
Breastfeeding table by month
If we turn to practice, WHO offers several hundred different scenarios for the introduction of complementary foods. The appropriate table and schedule of administration must be selected based on the individual child and the availability of products.
When compiling the complementary feeding scheme according to WHO in the form of tables, the organization's specialists tried to take into account the digestibility of products and their allergenicity as much as possible.
The WHO complementary feeding scheme below is for the first three months (i.e. 6-9 months of age). New products are introduced for breakfast, after which they are supplemented with milk until full satiety. The rest of the meals are taken as usual. As portions increase and new foods are introduced, those tested are put off for lunch. Snacks and dinners in the baby's diet appear after 9 months.
In this version of the table, zucchini puree is the first food.
First week- input of zucchini puree.
Second week- input of cauliflower. For breakfast, the baby is offered two types of mashed potatoes - first cabbage, then zucchini. Lunch and other meals - as usual (breast milk).
Third week- input of broccoli. Two types of mashed potatoes are prepared for breakfast - broccoli and one of the already familiar ones, depending on the day. The rest of the meals consist of breast milk (or IV formula).
Fourth week- the introduction of buckwheat porridge. Porridge is offered for breakfast, completes his breast milk. The baby receives the usual vegetable puree for lunch in the desired volume (the size of a standard serving is 166 g).
Fifth week. Rice porridge is introduced. For breakfast, the baby is offered both dishes - first a new one, then the usual one. If necessary, after cereals, you can supplement with milk until saturated. Vegetable purees are offered for lunch in the required volume (standard portion - 166g).
sixth week. Introduction of corn porridge. For breakfast, they offer first a new one, then one of the usual cereals. For lunch, vegetable purees are served, if necessary, supplemented with milk.
seventh week. For breakfast, the baby is served one of the tested cereals (a standard portion), for lunch they introduce pumpkin puree with the usual vegetable.
Eighth week. Applesauce is added to the menu. It is offered to the baby for breakfast, supplemented with one of the usual cereals and, if necessary, with breast milk. For lunch, the child is served vegetable puree in the amount of a standard serving.
Ninth week. For breakfast, millet porridge is introduced, for lunch - vegetable purees (portion 166 g).
tenth week. Porridge for breakfast is complemented with mashed rabbit meat. At lunch, the baby is offered vegetable puree (166 g each) and 10 g of apple puree.
Eleventh week. As an additive to the porridge, the baby is offered prunes. For lunch, he eats vegetable purees (166 g each) and rabbit meat (50 g).
Twelfth week. For breakfast, another type of meat is introduced to porridge - turkey. At lunch, the baby receives 166 g of vegetable puree + 60 g of fruit puree (apple or prunes).
Thirteenth week. For breakfast, pear puree is introduced, in addition to porridge. For lunch, vegetable puree (166 g) + meat (50 g) is served.
166 g is the optimal amount of low-calorie foods for a child aged 6-8 months. If there are a lot of calories, the portion is reduced to 125 g. With the introduction of complementary foods, this volume is achieved gradually, taking into account the baby's appetite, as a rule, this happens around the age of 9 months.
Children on breastfeeding on demand often eat complementary foods worse, because they may not need it. In such cases, you should not rush - let him eat less, it's okay. If the child is not gaining weight well, then it is recommended to supplement it earlier - from 5 months, since this already applies to medical indications for the introduction of complementary foods.
And if the baby is artificial?
At what age to introduce complementary foods also depends on the type of feeding. According to WHO recommendations, the introduction of complementary foods for babies on artificial feeding is carried out a little earlier than for children on breastfeeding. Otherwise, the norms and schedule that determine the introduction of complementary foods for artificial animals are similar to the main WHO recommendations.
The only remark is that it is better to start complementary foods with artificial feeding with vegetable purees. Porridge is administered first only with poor weight gain.
For babies on any type of feeding, it is very important to drink water regularly when introducing complementary foods. It must be unobtrusively offered several times a day, calculating the daily rate using the formula "number of months multiplied by 50 ml."
Otherwise, it is important not to forget that each baby is individual and it is impossible to develop general recommendations for everyone. Some children eat everything they are offered with appetite, others refuse complementary foods, because they have enough milk. You should not rush with complementary foods just because “age has come”, the main thing is to listen to the baby.
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To date, there are two systems for introducing the first complementary foods to babies. These systems have their own characteristics, so parents should distinguish between them.
- The essence of pediatric complementary foods is to introduce the required nutrients into the child's body through the use of a number of food products. Pediatricians believe that from 4-6 months the baby does not have enough calories in breast milk or formula.
- In pedagogical feeding, the use of products is associated with familiarization of food as such. Complementary foods do not affect breastfeeding and are not associated with dietary calorie replacement. The kid gradually eats with his parents from a common table. With pedagogical complementary foods, food is not crushed into puree.
The World Health Organization is neutral in recommending the concept of first complementary foods.
Pediatric complementary foods are aimed at the use of products to replenish the diet with nutrients, since breast milk or formula is no longer enough for the baby.
Scientific research in the field of development of children under two years of age has determined the main provisions of nutrition and the norms of the first complementary foods. At a global conference on infant nutrition, representatives from UNICEF and WHO adopted groundbreaking statements.
The order of the first meal
- The ideal food for toddlers is mother's milk. Breastfeeding for the mother is a priority. In addition to good nutrition, the baby develops harmoniously in comfortable conditions.
- Early complementary foods are introduced for medical reasons - the basis for early complementary foods for babies. For the first 6 months after birth, the baby is breastfed. If there are no medical indications, then the first complementary foods should be introduced after six months. As a rule, up to this age, the baby does not need any other food. It is ideal to continue lactation for at least 2 years or more.
- Balanced food. The nutrition of the child should be nutritious, suitable for the age of the baby, enriched with vitamins and minerals. A new product should be introduced little by little, in small portions, in accordance with age. As it grows, so does the volume of food.
- Varied food. The child's diet should include fruits, vegetables, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, cereals. Complexes of minerals and vitamins will help replenish the energy value of food during breastfeeding.
- Compliance of food with age norms. Starting from six months, the baby can try mashed, semi-solid and mashed food. From 8-9 months, the child is able to eat food with his hands. At the age of 12 months, the mother can offer the child food from the common table.
- Prolonged lactation. The main food is breast milk. Try to feed your baby on demand until 2-3 years of age. As the child grows, he becomes active, he needs more calories, and therefore new foods are introduced.
At what age should you enter?
In addition to following the findings of a number of early childhood nutrition experts, parents need to take into account the developmental characteristics and readiness of the crumbs for new foods. In case of underweight, the child should be introduced complementary foods before 6 months. If the baby is gaining weight well, active, cheerful, then you can wait a little with complementary foods and start from 7-8 months.WHO notes that, on average, complementary foods for a baby should begin no earlier than 6 months. If, for no apparent reason, you start feeding earlier, then you can disrupt lactation, which WHO recommends to keep as long as possible.
A well-known AKEV expert, Yakov Yakovlev, is of the opinion that half a year is not a specific date for starting complementary foods, but just an average. Do not rush to introduce new foods to the baby, he eats and is gaining weight so well. Only insufficient weight gain is the basis for early feeding.
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Norms for the introduction of complementary foods in the table
The table contains guidelines of practice, according to WHO, for the introduction of first complementary foods for young children. Recommendations are calculated for 90 days:
| Day | New Product | Gram | Tea spoon | Introduced product | Gram | Tea spoon | ||
| Introduce zucchini in the morning. Then complete breakfast as usual (breast milk, formula) until the baby is full. | ||||||||
| 1 | Zucchini puree | 2-3 | 0,5 | |||||
| 2 | Zucchini puree | 6-8 | 1 | |||||
| 3 | Zucchini puree | 18-21 | 2-3 | |||||
| 4 | Zucchini puree | 35-42 | 6-8 | |||||
| 5 | Zucchini puree | 65-72 | 11-13 | |||
| 6 | 115-122 | 19-21 | ||||
| 7 | Zucchini puree, 1 tsp rast. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 | |||
| Feeding cauliflower. Make 2 purees. First enter from cauliflower, then zucchini. Lunchtime breast milk/formula | ||||||
| 8 | Cauliflower puree | 2-3 | 0,5 | Zucchini puree, 1 tsp rast. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 9 | Cauliflower puree | 6-8 | 1 | Zucchini puree, 1 tsp rast. oils | 161-163 | 25-27 |
| 10 | Cauliflower puree | 18-21 | 2-3 | Zucchini puree, 1 tsp rast. oils | 148-150 | 23-25 |
| 11 | Cauliflower puree | 35-42 | 6-8 | Zucchini puree, 1 tsp rast. oils | 128-131 | 20-22 |
| 12 | Cauliflower puree | 65-72 | 11-13 | Zucchini puree, 1 tsp rast. oils | 98-101 | 15-17 |
| 13 | 115-122 | 19-21 | Zucchini puree, 1 tsp rast. oils | 48-52 | 7,0-8,1 | |
| 14 | Cauliflower puree, 1 tsp. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 | |||
| Enter broccoli. Make 2 purees. Introduce broccoli puree first, then cauliflower or squash puree. At lunch, breast milk/formula. | ||||||
| 15 | Broccoli puree | 2-3 | 0,5 | Cauliflower puree, 1 tsp. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 16 | Broccoli puree | 6-8 | 1 | Zucchini puree, 1 tsp rast. oils | 161-163 | 25-27 |
| 17 | Broccoli puree | 18-21 | 2-3 | Cauliflower puree, 1 tsp. oils | 148-150 | 23-25 |
| 18 | Broccoli puree | 35-42 | 6-8 | Zucchini puree, 1 tsp rast. oils | 128-131 | 20-22 |
| 19 | Broccoli puree | 65-72 | 11-13 | Cauliflower puree, 1 tsp. oils | 98-101 | 15-17 |
| 20 | 115-122 | 19-21 | Zucchini puree | 48-52 | 7,0-8,1 | |
| 21 | Broccoli puree, 1 tsp. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 | 165-167 | 26-28 | |
| Feeding buckwheat porridge for breakfast. Then complete breakfast as usual (breast milk, formula) until the baby is full. Already tested vegetables give for lunch - portion 165-167 gr | ||||||
| 22 | Buckwheat | 2-3 | 0,5 | |||
| 23 | Buckwheat | 6-8 | 1 | |||
| 24 | Buckwheat | 18-21 | 2-3 | |||
| 25 | 35-42 | 6-8 | ||||
| 26 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 65-72 | 11-13 | |||
| 27 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 115-122 | 19-21 | |||
| 28 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 | |||
| Eating rice porridge for breakfast. Cook 2 cereals. First, introduce rice porridge, then buckwheat. Already tested vegetables give for lunch - portion 165-167 gr | ||||||
| 29 | Rice porrige | 2-3 | 0,5 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 30 | Rice porrige | 6-8 | 1 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 161-163 | 25-27 |
| 31 | Rice porrige | 18-21 | 2-3 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 148-150 | 23-25 |
| 32 | Rice porrige | 35-42 | 6-8 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 128-131 | 20-22 |
| 33 | Rice porrige | 65-72 | 11-13 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 98-101 | 15-17 |
| 34 | 115-122 | 19-21 | Buckwheat | 48-52 | 7,0-8,1 | |
| 35 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 | |||
| Complementary corn porridge for breakfast. Cook 2 cereals. First, introduce corn porridge, then buckwheat or rice. Already tested vegetables give for lunch - portion 165-167 gr | ||||||
| 36 | Corn porridge | 2-3 | 0,5 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 37 | Corn porridge | 6-8 | 1 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 161-163 | 25-27 |
| 38 | Corn porridge | 18-21 | 2-3 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 148-150 | 23-25 |
| 39 | Corn porridge | 35-42 | 6-8 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 128-131 | 20-22 |
| 40 | Corn porridge | 65-72 | 11-13 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 98-101 | 15-17 |
| 41 | 115-122 | 19-21 | Rice porrige | 48-52 | 7,0-8,1 | |
| 42 | Corn porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 | |||
| Eating pumpkin. You give already tested cereals for breakfast - portion 165-167 gr | ||||||
| 43 | pumpkin puree | 2-3 | 0,5 | Cauliflower puree, 1 tsp. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 44 | pumpkin puree | 6-8 | 1 | Zucchini puree, 1 tsp rast. oils | 161-163 | 25-27 |
| 45 | pumpkin puree | 18-21 | 2-3 | Broccoli puree, 1 tsp. oils | 148-150 | 23-25 |
| 46 | pumpkin puree | 35-42 | 6-8 | Cauliflower puree, 1 tsp. oils | 128-131 | 20-22 |
| 47 | pumpkin puree | 65-72 | 11-13 | Zucchini puree, 1 tsp rast. oils | 98-101 | 15-17 |
| 48 | 115-122 | 19-21 | Broccoli puree, 1 tsp. oils | 48-52 | 7,0-8,1 | |
| 49 | Pumpkin puree, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 | |||
| Eat an apple for breakfast. Already tested vegetables give for lunch - portion 165-167 gr | ||||||
| 50 | Applesauce | 2-3 | 0,5 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 51 | Applesauce | 6-8 | 1 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 52 | Applesauce | 14-18 | 2-4 | Corn porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 53 | Applesauce | 24-26 | 3-5 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 54 | Applesauce | 33-36 | 5-7 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 55 | Applesauce | 44-50 | 7-9 | Corn porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 56 | Applesauce | 55-65 | 9-11 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| Feeding millet porridge for breakfast. Already tested vegetables give for lunch - portion 165-167 gr | ||||||
| 57 | Millet porridge | 2-3 | 0,5 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 58 | Millet porridge | 6-8 | 1 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 161-163 | 25-27 |
| 59 | Millet porridge | 18-21 | 2-3 | Corn porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 148-150 | 23-25 |
| 60 | Millet porridge | 35-42 | 6-8 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 128-131 | 20-22 |
| 61 | Millet porridge | 65-72 | 11-13 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 98-101 | 15-17 |
| 62 | 115-122 | 19-21 | Corn porridge | 48-52 | 7,0-8,1 | |
| 63 | Millet porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 | |||
| Lure meat (rabbit), porridge. Already tested vegetables give for lunch - serving 165-167 gr, applesauce 55-65 gr | ||||||
| 64 | rabbit meat | 2-4 | 0,5 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 65 | rabbit meat | 7-9 | 0,5-1,5 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 66 | rabbit meat | 15-17 | 2-4 | Corn porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 67 | rabbit meat | 21-23 | 3-5 | Millet porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 68 | rabbit meat | 27-33 | 4-6 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 69 | rabbit meat | 36-42 | 6-8 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 70 | rabbit meat | 45-53 | 7-9 | Corn porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| Lure prunes for breakfast, porridge. Already tested vegetables give for lunch - serving 165-167 gr, applesauce 55-65 gr | ||||||
| 71 | Fruit puree with prunes | 2-3 | 0,5 | Millet porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 72 | Fruit puree with prunes | 6-8 | 1 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 73 | Fruit puree with prunes | 14-18 | 2-4 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 74 | Fruit puree with prunes | 24-26 | 3-5 | Corn porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 75 | Fruit puree with prunes | 33-36 | 5-7 | Millet porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 76 | Fruit puree with prunes | 44-50 | 7-9 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 77 | Fruit puree with prunes | 55-65 | 9-11 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| Feeding meat (turkey), porridge. Already tested vegetables give for lunch - serving 165-167 gr, apple or prunes puree 55-65 gr | ||||||
| 78 | Turkey meat | 2-4 | 0,5 | Corn porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 79 | Turkey meat | 7-9 | 0,5-1,5 | Millet porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 80 | Turkey meat | 15-17 | 2-4 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 81 | Turkey meat | 21-23 | 3-5 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 82 | Turkey meat | 27-33 | 4-6 | Corn porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 83 | Turkey meat | 36-42 | 6-8 | Millet porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 84 | Turkey meat | 45-53 | 7-9 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| Eating pear for breakfast. Already tested vegetables give for lunch - portion 165-167 gr | ||||||
| 85 | pear puree | 2-3 | 0,5 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 86 | pear puree | 6-8 | 1 | Corn porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 87 | pear puree | 14-18 | 2-4 | Millet porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 88 | pear puree | 24-26 | 3-5 | Buckwheat porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 89 | pear puree | 33-36 | 5-7 | Rice porridge, 1 tsp drain. | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 90 | pear puree | 44-50 | 7-9 | Corn porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
| 91 | pear puree | 55-65 | 9-11 | Millet porridge, 1 tsp drain. oils | 165-167 | 26-28 |
With the introduction of the first complementary foods, it is optimal for mothers to maintain lactation. Formula-fed babies can be given cow's milk up to 2 cups per day from 8 months. Ask your pediatrician for detailed nutritional plans.
WHO notes significant points in the nutrition of young children:
- It is not so easy for the baby's body to cope with the digestion and assimilation of new foods. Also, the food itself may not be nutritious. From the beginning of complementary foods, a nutritional balance should be observed. WHO representatives indicate that a large number of children under the age of five do not receive the required amount of nutrients. A balanced, complex diet will provide the child with all the nutrients.
- The food is safe for the baby. Follow the rules of food preparation to minimize the occurrence of infectious diseases.
- Encourage the desire of the crumbs for unusual food. When your baby is interested in trying new foods, be sure to encourage the aspirations.
Treat a new product outside the scheme if the baby really wants it, except for those that are banned for objective reasons.
How to start weaning?
WHO Sequential Algorithm for Moms:
— Tranquility. Do not rush, be attentive to the developmental features of the baby. Perhaps the baby will not like everything that mom has prepared for him. Do not swear, shout and force-feed the baby. When feeding, talk patiently and affectionately with the baby, take eye contact into account. Feed your baby in a comfortable and peaceful environment.
- Cleanliness. Make sure cutlery and plates are clean. Wash all vegetables and fruits. Immediately remove the leftover food from the table, wash the baby.
- Consistency in feeding. It is necessary to introduce the baby to new food from small portions. If there is no reaction, then increase the number of servings.
- Appropriate food. Food should be adapted to the age of the baby. As the child grows older, he will receive a variety of foods.
- Meals according to age. Feed your baby according to age. The first complementary foods are given 1-3 times a day for a six-month-old baby. Then increase up to 4 times as the child grows. If the child has an appetite in addition to the main meals, then it is recommended to introduce 1-2 snacks.
- Cook according to the tastes of the baby. Consider foods your baby likes. If there is no desire for a certain food, then try to combine and change the recipe, the cooking process.
- Enough drinking. From the age of 12 months, mother's milk is not enough, so do not forget to drink the baby. Suitable water, compote, weak tea, juice (without sugar).
Love and patience are the basis of appetite
In no case should you force the baby to eat food. It is worth starting complementary foods if the baby himself reaches for a new food. Any violent actions can cause psychological trauma, with subsequent refusal to eat. Create a comfortable and friendly environment that encourages the baby to eat.
By the age of six months, the mother's breast milk no longer provides the child's body with all the necessary nutrients. In this regard, there is a need for the introduction of complementary foods. WHO has developed recommendations for the introduction of complementary foods for infants and artificial children. The purpose of the introduction of complementary foods is not only to supplement the baby’s diet and provide his body with the necessary elements, but also to gradually accustom him to solid adult food.
Baby's readiness to feed
According to the WHO recommendation, existing for 2016, it is optimal to introduce complementary foods to an infant at 6-8 months. Until six months, the baby's gastrointestinal tract is still not sufficiently formed, all the necessary enzymes are not produced for the assimilation of food other than mother's milk or formula. And by 9-10 months, the child can already form stable stereotypes of eating only liquid food, and overcoming them will be painful and difficult for the baby.
Thus, WHO defines the following signs of a child's readiness for the introduction of complementary foods:
- maturity of the digestive system;
- extinction of the solid food ejection reflex;
- the appearance of the first teeth, making it possible to chew;
- the readiness of the baby to be stable in an upright position;
- emotional readiness for new tastes and sensations.
Feeding system
Fruit complementary foods are not recommended for cereals and vegetables. This is due to the fact that up to 8-9 months the gastrointestinal tract of the baby is not ready for the absorption of raw fruits and fruit juices. It is vegetables and cereals that will populate the intestines with the necessary bacteria for the absorption of fruits.
Kefir, according to the WHO, is not considered complementary foods because it is not a solid food. The WHO complementary feeding scheme includes kefir only as an additional food from 8 months.
Any complementary feeding scheme assumes that portions of complementary foods will systematically increase from half a teaspoon to 100-200 g. The first dishes for complementary foods are prepared exclusively with one-component. Each next component is introduced only after complete addiction to the previous one (6-7 days).
Product sequence
The WHO complementary feeding sequencing table for breastfed infants suggests the following sequence for introducing complementary foods.
- Vegetables at 6 months
- Porridges on the water (oatmeal, buckwheat, corn) at 6.5 - 7 months.
- Fruit puree, yolk at 8 months.
- Milk porridge at 8 - 9 months.
- Meat puree at 9 months.
- Meat offal at 9 - 10 months.
- Kefir, cottage cheese, yogurt at 9 - 10 months.
- Baby cookies at 9-10 months.
- Fish at 10 months.
- Juice at 10-12 months.
- Berry puree at 12 months.
- Meat broths at 12 months.
The introduction of vegetable oil (olive, sunflower) in puree and porridge is allowed from 6 months: a scheme with 1 drop with a gradual increase to a volume of 1 teaspoon. The introduction of butter begins at 7 months: the scheme is from 1 g to 10 g in porridge.
For formula-fed babies, the first feeding schedule is similar, with a few exceptions. For these babies, it is better to introduce complementary foods from 5 months, because the milk mixture does not give the small body all the “building material”. The WHO complementary feeding table differs only in terms: vegetable purees and cereals are introduced a month earlier.
The first cereals
If the child's weight is significantly less than normal, WHO recommends starting complementary foods with non-dairy cereals. The table indicates that porridge for babies is prepared only with non-dairy, unsalted, semi-liquid, absolutely uniform in consistency. The first cereals are prepared from cereal flour (the sorted and washed cereals are carefully ground and crushed).
The following sequence of introduction of cereals is proposed: buckwheat, rice, corn, oatmeal, semolina. It is recommended to cook semolina porridge only once a week, because it contains practically no nutrients, but it is rich in gluten, which can cause problems in the intestines. Proportion for the preparation of the first porridge: 5 g of cereal flour per 100 ml of water. After slightly cooling the finished porridge, chop again. In the finished porridge, you can add 1-2 drops of vegetable oil or a little expressed breast milk.
From 9 months, the baby's nutrition system involves multicomponent cereals, from products already well known to the child. You can already add vegetables and fruits familiar to the baby to cereals. At 9 months, it is allowed to cook barley and millet porridge for babies.
And by 10-11 months, cereals on the water will be a great addition to meat and fish meatballs and steam cutlets.
Vegetable food
The first purees are made from one vegetable. It is best to use a vegetable from a personal garden, grown without nitrates and chemical additives. Wash thoroughly, then clean. Potatoes, cut into cubes, soak for 1.5 hours to wash out the nitrates. The stalk is removed from the cabbage, and the core is removed from the carrot. If you are using frozen vegetables, do not re-freeze them.
It is best to use a double boiler to cook vegetables, or bake them in the oven. You need to cook in an enamel bowl, lowering the vegetable into boiling water. There should be little water. Cook under a covered pot.
The table of the order of introducing vegetables into complementary foods for babies suggests the following order: zucchini, cauliflower, pumpkin, potatoes, carrots, green peas, beets. These vegetables are introduced within 6-9 months of the baby. After 1 year, you can give your child cucumbers, eggplants, tomatoes, sweet peppers, white cabbage.
After preparing the puree, make sure that the mass is completely homogeneous, there are no fibers and small particles, the consistency is semi-liquid. Don't salt. Add 1-2 drops of vegetable oil or expressed milk.
If the child refuses vegetable complementary foods, cancel this product for 1-2 weeks. Try to temporarily replace it with another and return to it after a while.
Meat dishes
- rabbit;
- quail;
- turkey;
- chicken.
The cooking process requires careful heat treatment of meat. Gently removing the skin, fat, all the bones, dip in cold water and cook for 15 minutes. Remove, rinse, put in fresh water and cook for 1.5 hours until fully cooked.
Grind boiled meat thoroughly. Pass the minced meat through a fine sieve. Add vegetable oil or expressed breast milk to the finished mass.
Meatballs and steam cutlets can be cooked when the baby already has teeth to chew food. Combine meat dishes with vegetables and cereals. Add meatballs to vegetable soups. Up to 12 months, the child is recommended meat 3-4 times a week.
Complementary foods for a 6-month-old baby are recommended to be introduced in the morning. This will allow you to track the child's reaction to an unfamiliar product before a night's sleep: is there a rash, intestinal disorders, anxiety in the baby, profuse regurgitation. It is better to give vegetables or porridge first, and then saturate with breast milk or formula. Gradually, porridge and a vegetable dish will replace one full meal. The dish must be warm and freshly cooked. Gradually, by the age of 1, your baby will develop taste preferences. You will know what dishes he eats with pleasure. In the meantime, try to fully expand the child's diet with products necessary for growth and development.
By about six months of age, babies have an increased need for more energy and nutrients. The mother is faced with the question of how to properly introduce complementary foods. The development of the digestive organs in the future depends on it. The first food becomes the basis for the development of chewing technique and the proper production of enzymes.
The World Health System (WHO) has developed a system for introducing complementary foods and has determined the approximate time frame for when it can be given. The goal is not only to enrich the body of children with nutrients, but also to introduce them to solid, adult food.
According to generally accepted WHO standards, the timing of the introduction of complementary foods depends on the type of feeding.
Complementary feeding during breastfeeding should begin no earlier than 6 months. By the age of six months, there are not enough vitamins and minerals in breast milk for the full growth and development of the child.
Formula-fed babies can try new foods a little earlier, at 4-5 months. Their need for trace elements is much greater than that of breastfed children. By this time, the immune and digestive systems are mature enough to absorb the new food.
The start of complementary feeding can also be determined by the behavior and development of the child himself. Signs defined by WHO:
- the usual portion of breast milk or formula is not enough for the child;
- the baby can sit without support;
- the first teeth appeared, the baby does not push food out of his mouth, he tries to chew it;
- interested in what is in the adult's plate.
It is important to remember that throughout the entire period of introducing new products, a nursing mother should not overshadow breastfeeding.
The table will help you figure out where to start, when and how much to give complementary foods while breastfeeding. Data are in accordance with accepted WHO standards.
| Age, months | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Products and dishes | ||||||
| Porridge | 40 | 70 | 90 | 150 | 170 | 190 |
| vegetable puree | 130 | 160 | 170 | 190 | 200 | 200 |
| fruit puree | 50 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 100 |
| Butter and sunflower oil | 1 g | 3 g | 3-4 g | 4 g | 5 g | 5-6 g |
| Chicken egg yolk | ¼ pc. | ½ piece | ½ piece | ½ piece | ½ piece | |
| Meat puree | 30 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | |
| Rusks, cookies | 5 g | 5 y. | 8 g | 10 g | 15 | |
| Fish | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | ||
| Cottage cheese | 30 | 40 | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| Kefir | 100 | 150 | 170 | 200 | ||
| Bread | 5 g | 10 g | 10 g | 10 g |
Rules for entering products and dishes
In order for a new product to bring only benefit to children and not cause unwanted reactions, several rules must be observed.
- At the time of the introduction of a new product, the baby must be healthy. You can’t do this during the period of scheduled vaccinations, at the time of separation from your mother or moving to a new place.
- Complementary foods should be given in the morning, a few grams, before the main feeding with breast milk or formula.
- The dishes must be thoroughly washed, the products are properly cooked.
- It is undesirable to store the cooked dish, even in the refrigerator.
- Complementary foods should be given with a spoon (only not a metal one).
- Switching to the next new product is not earlier than a week.
If a new product caused vomiting, diarrhea, rash and other unpleasant symptoms, then you need to exclude it from the diet for a month. After that, repeat the introduction again.
The scheme will clearly help to understand how the sequence of introducing new products to a child is carried out, according to WHO recommendations.
| Input time | Type of dish serving | Frequency of introduction into the diet | Servings |
| 6-8 months | The consistency of food should resemble breast milk or be brought to a puree state. | Up to 3 times a day, 2 snacks are allowed. | Gradual transition from 5 ml to 120 ml. |
| 9-11 months | Food mashed with a fork or finely chopped. Products that can be held in the hands are offered to the baby. | Up to 4 feedings per day and 2 snacks. | One feeding is equal to 120 ml. |
| 12 months and older | Porridges are not ground, solid food is cut into pieces of medium size. | Complementary foods will replace 4 breastfeeds or formula and 2 snacks. | A serving is approximately 230 ml. |
- If the child is only breastfed, then with the first complementary foods he should be offered water.
- With a lack of weight, complementary foods begin with cereals.
- If there are problems with the stool, it is recommended to introduce prunes into the diet earlier.
- When the baby does not have time to absorb the product in a week, the time can be increased. Portions depend on the weight of the baby.
The table of introducing new products for children of 6 months using the example of vegetables will help you figure out how much complementary foods are allowed in the first days.
| New Product | Week, No. | Diet of the day (complementary foods during lunch) |
| vegetable marrow | 1 | 1st day. Puree, 1 tsp 2nd day. Zucchini puree, 2 tsp Add 5 g each day. Increase to 60 g. |
| Cauliflower | 2 | 1st day. Cauliflower puree, 1 tsp, and 60 g squash puree. 2nd day. Puree from a new product, 2 tsp, and 55 g of mashed zucchini (gradually reducing the already digested product by 5 grams). 6th day. Cauliflower, 60 g, and 25 g zucchini. 7th day. Only cauliflower, 70 g. |
| Broccoli | 3 | 1. Broccoli puree, 1 tsp, and 70 g zucchini. 2. Broccoli, 2 tsp, and 60 g of cauliflower. 6. Cauliflower puree, 80 g, and zucchini, 20 g. 7. Cauliflower puree, 100 g |
| 4 | 1. Broccoli and zucchini - 50 g each. 2. Cauliflower and zucchini - 50 g each, etc. 7. Broccoli and cauliflower - 50 g each. |
The table will help you figure out how many grams of the dish and on what day you can offer the baby during the period when new products are introduced.
Getting to know new
How to start breastfeeding? The first complementary foods during breastfeeding depend on the health of the baby. If he lacks valuable kilograms, then it is better to start with cereals from gluten-free cereals. In other cases, the introduction begins with vegetable dishes, but not with fruit.
Vegetable dishes are useful for constipation. Fruits themselves are sweet, and after them it is more difficult to accustom the baby to other dishes.
The first cereals should be given one-component, gluten-free. These include corn, rice, buckwheat and oatmeal. If the baby is prone to constipation, then rice porridge should not be given first, and it can be cooked no more than once a week. The most useful is buckwheat. It prevents the development of anemia, gives energy, is easily absorbed by the body. On the contrary, it should be included in the diet at least twice a week.
The first cereals for children should be dairy-free. They should not contain sugar or salt. The same rule must be followed when cooking dishes at home. Closer to the year, porridge can be boiled in pasteurized milk with the addition of water. When one year old, it is allowed to give completely milk porridge.
Vegetable dishes form the correct intestinal microflora, stimulate intestinal motility. Feeding is better to start with zucchini, broccoli, cauliflower. Closer to 8 months, carrots and pumpkin can be introduced into the diet. You need to start with one component. Once the child gets used to several vegetables, they can be mixed in one dish.
The first fruit puree should be given from a green apple or pear. Just enter them with caution. They can increase the formation of gases and cause flatulence.
Meat dishes should be introduced after 7 months. You need to start with lean meats: turkey, veal, chicken. If the child is breastfed and does not want to take meat dishes in the diet, then you can not insist. If a child is artificially fed and has low hemoglobin, then it is necessary to introduce meat into his diet.
At 9 months, you can start giving fish (hake, pollock) - up to 2 times a week. In the same period, fermented milk products such as kefir and cottage cheese are introduced.
Scheme of the sequence of introduction of complementary foods for breastfed children, according to accepted WHO standards:
- 6 months - vegetable dishes;
- 6.5–7 months - fruits;
- 7-9 months - cereals;
- 8–9 - yolk;
- 9–11 - fish, meat;
- 11–12 - kefir;
- 12 - cottage cheese.
Innovations
Relatively recently, the term " pedagogical complementary foods" appeared. It differs slightly from the standard adopted by WHO, includes the experience and advice of parents, and is not supported by any other scientific data.
Pedagogical complementary foods do not aim to feed the child. A nursing mother just needs to teach her baby the culture of behavior at the table and instill an interest in food.
Pedagogical complementary foods include the following tips:
- Feeding is not according to certain boundaries in the calendar adopted by WHO, but at the request of the child. At the same time, it is still taken into account that the first complementary foods of the baby should not be introduced before 6 months.
- Non-compliance with the norms of the consistency of dishes proposed by WHO for the first complementary foods. The child takes everything that adults eat from the table. Mom needs to make sure that the food is properly cooked (there should be no smoked meats, fried, spicy, canned foods). The pieces are not crushed.
- Separate children's meals are not prepared. The child eats what adults do.
- Up to 9 months, a child can freely eat from an adult's plate. And only after the specified period, he is given a separate spoon and plate.
- Pedagogical complementary foods are not used for artificial feeding. Supporters of this direction are for the nursing mother to keep her milk as long as possible.
Pedagogical complementary foods have many positive aspects. Among them, the main one is the acquaintance of children from the very first day of complementary feeding with the traditions of eating within their family. A nursing mother does not need to spend time and effort to prepare a separate dish. In addition, pedagogical complementary foods contribute to good lactation, so milk is stored for a long time.
A mother's guide to introducing new dishes using this method:
- For breakfast, mom should put only fresh and high-quality products on the plate, for example, cottage cheese, cookies, cheese.
- The child is seated on his knees and given a spoon in his hands. As the mother begins to eat, he also becomes interested in the process.
- If the baby reaches for food, it is worth giving him a small piece (equal to a match head).
- The baby either chews the product or spits it out.
- If the baby liked it, and he asks for more, it is allowed to give two more such portions. Gradually, in 3-5 days, the amount of the product you like is adjusted to 5 g.
- If a child is fed with the same product, then he quickly loses interest in him. Therefore, it is worth drawing his attention to other foods.
At the same time, the mother needs to instill in the baby the rules of behavior at the table. There is no need to allow the child to be outrageous, to be allowed to try everything that is on the plate.
These tips will help you adapt to new foods faster. But it should be borne in mind that most children under one year old suffer from food allergies. In this case, it is more difficult to use this technique.
When the period of the first complementary foods comes, you need to take into account the state of health and taste preferences of the baby. Advice from others may not be appropriate, as each child develops differently. The best option is to consult a specialist.
