Density of aluminum. Density of metals and alloys Density of aluminum and wood

The table shows the thermophysical properties of copper depending on temperature in the range from 50 to 1600 degrees Kelvin.

The density of copper is 8933 kg/m3 (or 8.93 g/cm3) at room temperature. Copper is almost four times heavier and . These metals will float on the surface of the liquid copper. The copper density values ​​in the table are indicated in kg/m 3 units.

The dependence of copper density on its temperature is presented in the table. It should be noted that the density of copper decreases when it is heated, both as a solid metal and as a liquid copper. The decrease in the density of this metal is due to its expansion when heated - the volume of copper increases. It should be noted that liquid copper has a density of about 8000 kg/m3 at temperatures up to 1300°C.

The thermal conductivity of copper is 401 W/(m deg) at room temperature, which is a fairly high value that is comparable to .

At 1357K (1084°C) copper goes into a liquid state, which is reflected in the table by a sharp drop in the value of the thermal conductivity coefficient of copper. It's clear that The thermal conductivity of liquid copper is almost two times lower than that of solid metal.

The thermal conductivity of copper tends to decrease when it is heated, but at temperatures above 1400 K, the thermal conductivity value begins to increase again.

The table discusses the following thermophysical properties of copper at various temperatures:

• copper density, kg/m3;
• specific heat capacity, J/(kg deg);
• thermal diffusivity, m 2 /s;
• thermal conductivity of copper, W/(m K);
• Lorentz function;
• heat capacity ratio.

Thermophysical properties of copper: CTE and specific heat capacity of copper

Copper has relatively high heats of fusion and boiling: the specific heat of fusion of copper is 213 kJ/kg; the specific boiling heat of copper is 4800 kJ/kg.

The table below shows some thermophysical properties of copper depending on temperature in the range from 83 to 1473K. Copper property values ​​are given at normal atmospheric pressure. It should be noted that The specific heat capacity of copper is 381 J/(kg deg) at room temperature, and the thermal conductivity of copper is 395 W/(m deg) at a temperature of 20°C.

From the values ​​of the coefficient of thermal expansion and the heat capacity of copper in the table it can be seen that heating this metal leads to an increase in these values. For example, the heat capacity of copper at a temperature of 900°C becomes equal to 482 J/(kg deg).

The table shows the following thermophysical properties of copper:

• copper density, kg/m3;
• specific heat capacity of copper, kJ/(kg K);
• thermal conductivity coefficient of copper, W/(m deg);
• electrical resistivity, Ohm m;
• linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), 1/deg.

Sources:
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A table is provided of the density of liquids at various temperatures and atmospheric pressure for the most common liquids. The density values ​​in the table correspond to the indicated temperatures; data interpolation is allowed.

Many substances are capable of being in a liquid state. Liquids are substances of various origins and compositions that have fluidity; they are capable of changing their shape under the influence of certain forces. The density of a liquid is the ratio of the mass of a liquid to the volume it occupies.

Let's look at examples of the density of some liquids. The first substance that comes to mind when you hear the word “liquid” is water. And this is not at all accidental, because water is the most common substance on the planet, and therefore it can be taken as an ideal.

Equal to 1000 kg/m 3 for distilled and 1030 kg/m 3 for sea water. Since this value is closely related to temperature, it is worth noting that this “ideal” value was obtained at +3.7°C. The density of boiling water will be slightly less - it is equal to 958.4 kg/m 3 at 100°C. When liquids are heated, their density usually decreases.

The density of water is similar in value to various food products. These are products such as: vinegar solution, wine, 20% cream and 30% sour cream. Some products turn out to be denser, for example, egg yolk - its density is 1042 kg/m3. The following are denser than water: pineapple juice - 1084 kg/m3, grape juice - up to 1361 kg/m3, orange juice - 1043 kg/m3, Coca-Cola and beer - 1030 kg/m3.

Many substances are less dense than water. For example, alcohols are much lighter than water. So the density is 789 kg/m3, butyl - 810 kg/m3, methyl - 793 kg/m3 (at 20°C). Certain types of fuel and oil have even lower density values: oil - 730-940 kg/m3, gasoline - 680-800 kg/m3. The density of kerosene is about 800 kg/m3, - 879 kg/m3, fuel oil - up to 990 kg/m3.

Low density indicators are characterized by such liquids as: turpentine 870 kg/m 3,

The density of copper (pure), the surface of which has a reddish tint and a pinkish tint at the fracture, is high. Accordingly, this metal also has a significant specific gravity. Due to its unique properties, primarily excellent electrical properties, copper is actively used for the production of elements of electronic and electrical systems, as well as products for other purposes. In addition to pure copper, its minerals are also of great importance for many industries. Despite the fact that there are more than 170 types of such minerals in nature, only 17 of them have found active use.

Copper density value

The density of this metal, which can be viewed in a special table, has a value equal to 8.93 * 10 3 kg/m 3. Also in the table you can see another, no less important than density, characteristic of copper: its specific gravity, which is also 8.93, but measured in grams per cm 3. As you can see, for copper the value of this parameter coincides with the density value, but do not think that this is typical for all metals.

The density of this, and any other metal, measured in kg/m3, directly affects the mass of products made from this material. But to determine the mass of a future product made of copper or its alloys, for example, brass, it is more convenient to use the value of their specific gravity rather than density.

Specific Gravity Calculation

Today, many methods and algorithms have been developed for measuring and calculating not only density, but also specific gravity, which make it possible to determine this important parameter even without the help of tables. Knowing the specific gravity, which differs between different and pure metals, as well as the density value, you can effectively select materials for the production of parts with given parameters. It is very important to carry out such measures at the design stage of devices in which it is planned to use parts made of copper and its alloys.

Specific gravity, the value of which (as well as density) can be seen in the table, is the ratio of the weight of a product made either from metal or from any other homogeneous material to its volume. This relationship is expressed by the formula γ = P/V, where the letter γ denotes specific gravity.

Specific gravity and density, which are inherently different characteristics of a metal, should not be confused, although they have the same meaning for copper.

Knowing the specific gravity of copper and using the formula for calculating this value γ = P/V, you can determine the mass of a copper billet having a different cross-section. To do this, it is necessary to multiply the specific gravity value for copper and the volume of the workpiece in question, which is not particularly difficult to determine by calculation.

Units of specific gravity

Different units are used to express the specific gravity of copper in different measurement systems.

• In the GHS system, this parameter is measured in 1 dyne/cm3.
• The SI system uses a unit of measurement of 1n/m3.
• The MKSS system uses a unit of measurement of 1 kg/m 3.

If you are faced with different units of measurement for this parameter of copper or its alloys, then it is not difficult to convert them into each other. To do this, you can use a simple conversion formula, which looks like this: 0.1 dyne/cm3 = 1 n/m3 = 0.102 kg/m3.

Calculate weight using specific gravity value

To calculate the weight of the workpiece, you need to determine its cross-sectional area, and then multiply it by the length of the part and by the specific gravity.

Let's calculate the weight of a rod made of copper-nickel alloy MNZH5-1, the diameter of which is 30 millimeters and the length is 50 meters.

We calculate the cross-sectional area using the formula S = πR 2, therefore: S = 3.1415 15 2 = 706.84 mm 2 = 7.068 cm 2

Knowing the specific gravity of the copper-nickel alloy MNZH5-1, which is equal to 8.7 g/cm 3, we obtain: M = 7.068 8.7 5000 = 307458 grams = 307.458 kg

Let's calculate the weight of 28 sheets of copper alloy M2, the thickness of which is 6 mm and the dimensions are 1500x2000 mm.

The volume of one sheet will be: V = 6 1500 2000 = 18000000 mm 3 = 18000 cm 3

Now, knowing that the specific gravity of 1 cm 3 of M3 copper is 8.94 g/cm 3, we can find out the weight of one sheet: M = 8.94 18000 = 160920 g = 160.92 kg

The mass of all 28 rolled sheets will be: M = 160.92 · 28 = 4505.76 kg

Let's calculate the weight of a square rod made of BrNHK copper alloy with a length of 8 meters and a side size of 30 mm.

Let us determine the volume of the entire rolled product: V = 3 3 800 = 7200 cm 3

The specific gravity of the specified heat-resistant alloy is 8.85 g/cm 3, therefore the total weight of the rolled product will be: M = 7200 · 8.85 = 63720 grams = 63.72 kg

Calculation of specific gravity of copper

As you know, over the past hundreds of years, progress has come quite far, which, in turn, has allowed the development of many industries around the world. Metallurgical production has not been left out, since science has given this industry many technologies, calculation methods, including the ability to measure the specific gravity of metals.

Since various copper alloys differ in their composition, as well as in physical and chemical properties, this makes it possible to select the required alloy for each product or part. To calculate the weight required for the production of rolled products, it is necessary to know the specific gravity of the corresponding grade.

Formula for measuring the specific gravity of a metal

Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight P of a homogeneous metal from a certain alloy to the volume of this alloy. Specific gravity is denoted by the symbol γ and should never be confused with density. Although the density and specific gravity values ​​of both copper and other metals are very often the same, it is worth remembering that this is not really the case in all conditions.

Thus, to calculate the specific gravity of copper, the formula γ = P/V is used

And to calculate the weight of a certain size of rolled copper, its cross-sectional area is multiplied by the specific gravity and length.

Units of specific gravity

To measure the specific gravity of copper and other alloys, the following units of measurement can be used:

in the SGS system - 1 dyne/cm 3,

in the SI system - 1 n/m 3,

in the MKSS system - 1 kg/m 3.

These units are interconnected by a certain ratio, which looks like this:

0.1 dyne/cm3 = 1 n/m3 = 0.102 kg/m3.

Methods for calculating the specific gravity of copper

1. Use of special on our website,

2. Using formulas, calculate the cross-sectional area of ​​the rolled product, and then multiply by the specific gravity of the brand and the length.

Example 1: calculate the weight of copper sheets 4 mm thick, 1000x2000 mm in size, 24 pieces from copper alloy M2

Let's calculate the volume of one sheet V = 4 1000 2000 = 8000000 mm 3 = 8000 cm 3

Knowing that the specific gravity of 1 cm 3 of copper grade M3 = 8.94 g/cm 3

Let's calculate the weight of one rolled sheet M = 8.94 8000 = 71520 g = 71.52 kg

Total mass of all rolled products M = 71.52 24 = 1716.48 kg

Example 2: calculate the weight of a copper rod D 32 mm with a total length of 100 meters from the copper-nickel alloy MNZH5-1

The cross-sectional area of ​​a rod with a diameter of 32 mm S = πR 2 means S = 3.1415 16 2 = 803.84 mm 2 = 8.03 cm 2

Let us determine the weight of the entire rolled product, knowing that the specific gravity of the copper-nickel alloy MNZH5-1 = 8.7 g/cm 3

Total M = 8.0384 8.7 10000 = 699340.80 grams = 699.34 kg

Example 3: calculate the weight of a copper square with a side of 20 mm and a length of 7.4 meters made of BrNHK copper heat-resistant alloy

Let's find the rolled volume V = 2 2 740 = 2960 cm 3

Today, many complex structures and devices have been developed that use metals and their alloys with different properties. To use the most suitable alloy in a particular structure, designers select it in accordance with the requirements of strength, fluidity, elasticity, etc., as well as the stability of these characteristics in the required temperature range. Next, the required amount of metal that is required for the production of products from it is calculated. To do this, you need to make a calculation based on its specific gravity. This value is constant - this is one of the main characteristics of metals and alloys, practically coinciding with density. It is easy to calculate: you need to divide the weight (P) of a piece of solid metal by its volume (V). The resulting value is denoted γ, and it is measured in Newtons per cubic meter.

Specific gravity formula:

Based on the fact that weight is mass multiplied by the acceleration of gravity, we get the following:

Now about the units of measurement of specific gravity. The above Newtons per cubic meter are in the SI system. If the GHS metric system is used, then this value is measured in dynes per cubic centimeter. To indicate specific gravity in the MKSS system, the following unit is used: kilogram-force per cubic meter. Sometimes it is acceptable to use gram-force per cubic centimeter - this unit lies outside all metric systems. The basic relationships are as follows:

1 dyne/cm3 = 1.02 kg/m3 = 10 n/m3.

The higher the specific gravity value, the heavier the metal. For light aluminum this value is quite small - in SI units it is equal to 2.69808 g/cm3 (for example, for steel it is equal to 7.9 g/cm3). Aluminum, as well as its alloys, is in high demand today, and its production is constantly growing. After all, this is one of the few metals needed for industry, the supply of which is in the earth’s crust. Knowing the specific gravity of aluminum, you can calculate any product made from it. For this, there is a convenient metal calculator, or you can make the calculation manually by taking the specific gravity of the desired aluminum alloy from the table below.

However, it is important to take into account that this is the theoretical weight of rolled products, since the content of additives in the alloy is not strictly defined and can fluctuate within small limits, then the weight of rolled products of the same length, but from different manufacturers or batches may differ, of course this difference is small, but it is there.

Here are some calculation examples:

Example 1. Calculate the weight of A97 aluminum wire with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 2100 meters.

Let us determine the cross-sectional area of ​​the circle S=πR 2 means S=3.1415 2 2 =12.56 cm 2

Let's determine the weight of rolled products knowing that the specific gravity of grade A97 = 2.71 g/cm 3

M=12.56·2.71·2100=71478.96 grams = 71.47 kg

Total wire weight 71.47 kg

Example 2. Calculate the weight of a circle made of AL8 aluminum with a diameter of 60 mm and a length of 150 cm in the amount of 24 pieces.

Let's determine the cross-sectional area of ​​the circle S=πR 2 means S=3.1415 3 2 =28.26 cm 2

Let's determine the weight of the rolled product knowing that the specific gravity of the AL8 grade = 2.55 g/cm 3