Colorful experiments in physics. Scientific work “Entertaining physical experiments from scrap materials” experiments and experiments in physics (7th grade) on the topic. Entertaining experiments in physics

Most people, recalling their school years, are sure that physics is a very boring subject. The course includes many problems and formulas that will not be useful to anyone in later life. On the one hand, these statements are true, but like any subject, physics also has another side to the coin. But not everyone discovers it for themselves.

A lot depends on the teacher

Perhaps our education system is to blame for this, or maybe it’s all about the teacher who thinks only about the need to teach the material approved from above and does not strive to interest his students. Most often it is he who is to blame. However, if the children are lucky and the lesson is taught by a teacher who loves his subject, he will not only be able to interest the students, but will also help them discover something new. As a result, children will begin to enjoy attending such classes. Of course, formulas are an integral part of this academic subject; there is no escape from it. But there are also positive aspects. Experiments are of particular interest to schoolchildren. This is what we will talk about in more detail. We'll look at some fun physics experiments you can do with your child. This should be interesting not only to him, but also to you. It is likely that with the help of such activities you will instill in your child a genuine interest in learning, and “boring” physics will become his favorite subject. It’s not at all difficult to carry out, it will require very few attributes, the main thing is that there is a desire. And perhaps then you will be able to replace your child’s school teacher.

Let's look at some interesting experiments in physics for little ones, because you need to start small.

Paper fish

To conduct this experiment, we need to cut out a small fish from thick paper (can be cardboard), the length of which should be 30-50 mm. We make a round hole in the middle with a diameter of approximately 10-15 mm. Next, from the side of the tail, we cut a narrow channel (width 3-4 mm) to a round hole. Then we pour water into the basin and carefully place our fish there so that one plane lies on the water, and the second remains dry. Now you need to drop some oil into the round hole (you can use an oil can from a sewing machine or bicycle). The oil, trying to spread over the surface of the water, will flow through the cut channel, and the fish will swim forward under the influence of the oil flowing back.

Elephant and Moska

Let's continue to conduct entertaining experiments in physics with our child. We invite you to introduce your child to the concept of a lever and how it helps make a person’s work easier. For example, tell us that it can be used to easily lift a heavy cabinet or sofa. And for clarity, show a basic experiment in physics using a lever. For this we will need a ruler, a pencil and a couple of small toys, but always of different weights (that’s why we called this experiment “Elephant and Pug”). We attach our Elephant and Pug to different ends of the ruler using plasticine or ordinary thread (we just tie the toys). Now, if you put the middle part of the ruler on a pencil, then, of course, the elephant will pull it, because it is heavier. But if you move the pencil towards the elephant, then Moska will easily outweigh it. This is the principle of leverage. The ruler (lever) rests on the pencil - this place is the fulcrum. Next, the child should be told that this principle is used everywhere; it is the basis for the operation of a crane, swing, and even scissors.

Home experiment in physics with inertia

We will need a jar of water and a utility net. It will be no secret to anyone that if you turn an open jar over, water will pour out of it. Let's try? Of course, it’s better to go outside for this. We put the can in the net and begin to swing it smoothly, gradually increasing the amplitude, and as a result we make a full revolution - one, two, three, and so on. Water does not pour out. Interesting? Now let's make the water pour out. To do this, take a tin can and make a hole in the bottom. We put it in the net, fill it with water and start rotating. A stream comes out of the hole. When the can is in the lower position, this does not surprise anyone, but when it flies up, the fountain continues to flow in the same direction, and not a drop comes out of the neck. That's it. All this can be explained by the principle of inertia. When rotating, the can tends to fly straight away, but the mesh does not let it go and forces it to describe circles. Water also tends to fly by inertia, and in the case when we have made a hole in the bottom, there is nothing stopping it from breaking out and moving in a straight line.

Box with a surprise

Now let's look at physics experiments with displacement. You need to put a matchbox on the edge of the table and slowly move it. The moment it passes its average mark, a fall will occur. That is, the mass of the part pushed over the edge of the table top will exceed the weight of the remaining part, and the box will tip over. Now let's shift the center of mass, for example, put a metal nut inside (as close to the edge as possible). All that remains is to place the box in such a way that a small part of it remains on the table, and a large part hangs in the air. There will be no fall. The essence of this experiment is that the entire mass is above the fulcrum. This principle is also used throughout. It is thanks to him that furniture, monuments, transport, and much more are in a stable position. By the way, the children's toy Vanka-Vstanka is also built on the principle of shifting the center of mass.

So, let's continue to look at interesting experiments in physics, but let's move on to the next stage - for sixth-grade students.

Water carousel

We will need an empty tin can, a hammer, a nail, and a rope. We use a nail and a hammer to punch a hole in the side wall near the bottom. Next, without pulling the nail out of the hole, bend it to the side. It is necessary that the hole is oblique. We repeat the procedure on the second side of the can - you need to make sure that the holes are opposite each other, but the nails are bent in different directions. We punch two more holes in the upper part of the vessel and thread the ends of a rope or thick thread into them. We hang the container and fill it with water. Two oblique fountains will begin to flow from the lower holes, and the jar will begin to rotate in the opposite direction. Space rockets work on this principle - the flame from the engine nozzles shoots in one direction, and the rocket flies in the other.

Experiments in physics - 7th grade

Let's conduct an experiment with mass density and find out how you can make an egg float. Physics experiments with different densities are best done using fresh and salt water as an example. Take a jar filled with hot water. Drop an egg into it and it will immediately sink. Next, add table salt to the water and stir. The egg begins to float, and the more salt, the higher it will rise. This is because salt water has a higher density than fresh water. So, everyone knows that in the Dead Sea (its water is the saltiest) it is almost impossible to drown. As you can see, experiments in physics can significantly expand your child’s horizons.

and a plastic bottle

Seventh grade students begin to study atmospheric pressure and its effect on the objects around us. To explore this topic deeper, it is better to conduct appropriate experiments in physics. Atmospheric pressure affects us, although it remains invisible. Let's take an example with a balloon. Each of us can cheat it. Then we will place it in a plastic bottle, put the edges on the neck and secure it. This way, air can only flow into the ball, and the bottle will become a sealed container. Now let's try to inflate the balloon. We will not succeed, since the atmospheric pressure in the bottle will not allow us to do this. When we blow, the ball begins to displace the air in the container. And since our bottle is sealed, it has nowhere to go, and it begins to shrink, thereby becoming much denser than the air in the ball. Accordingly, the system is leveled, and it is impossible to inflate the balloon. Now we’ll make a hole in the bottom and try to inflate the balloon. In this case, there is no resistance, the displaced air leaves the bottle - the atmospheric pressure is equalized.

Conclusion

As you can see, the physics experiments are not at all complicated and quite interesting. Try to interest your child - and his studies will be completely different, he will begin to attend classes with pleasure, which will ultimately affect his performance.

Pour water into the glass, making sure to reach the very edge. Cover with a sheet of thick paper and, holding it gently, very quickly turn the glass upside down. Just in case, do all this over the basin or in the bathtub. Now remove your palm... Focus! still remains in the glass!

It's a matter of atmospheric air pressure. The air pressure on the paper from the outside is greater than the pressure on it from the inside of the glass and, accordingly, does not allow the paper to release water from the container.

Rene Descartes' experiment or pipette diver

This entertaining experience is about three hundred years old. It is attributed to the French scientist René Descartes.

You will need a plastic bottle with a stopper, a dropper and water. Fill the bottle, leaving two to three millimeters to the edge of the neck. Take a pipette, fill it with some water and drop it into the neck of the bottle. Its upper rubber end should be at or slightly above the level in the bottle. In this case, you need to ensure that with a slight push with your finger the pipette sinks, and then slowly floats up on its own. Now close the cap and squeeze the sides of the bottle. The pipette will go to the bottom of the bottle. Release the pressure on the bottle and it will float again.

The fact is that we slightly compressed the air in the neck of the bottle and this pressure was transferred to the water. penetrated the pipette - it became heavier (since water is heavier than air) and drowned. When the pressure stopped, the compressed air inside the pipette removed the excess, our “diver” became lighter and surfaced. If at the beginning of the experiment the “diver” does not listen to you, then you need to adjust the amount of water in the pipette. When the pipette is at the bottom of the bottle, it is easy to see how, as the pressure on the walls of the bottle increases, it enters the pipette, and when the pressure is loosened, it comes out of it.

Good afternoon, guests of the Eureka Research Institute website! Do you agree that knowledge supported by practice is much more effective than theory? Entertaining experiments in physics will not only provide great entertainment, but will also arouse a child’s interest in science, and will also remain in memory much longer than a paragraph in a textbook.

What can experiments teach children?

We bring to your attention 7 experiments with explanations that will definitely raise the question in your child “Why?” As a result, the child learns that:

• By mixing 3 primary colors: red, yellow and blue, you can get additional ones: green, orange and purple. Have you thought about paints? We offer you another, unusual way to verify this.
• Light reflects off a white surface and turns into heat if it hits a black object. What could this lead to? Let's figure it out.
• All objects are subject to gravity, that is, they tend to a state of rest. In practice it looks fantastic.
• Objects have a center of mass. And what? Let's learn to benefit from this.
• Magnet is an invisible but powerful force of some metals that can give you the abilities of a magician.
• Static electricity can not only attract your hair, but also sort out small particles.

So let's make our kids proficient!

1. Create a new color

This experiment will be useful for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren. To conduct the experiment we will need:

• flashlight;
• red, blue and yellow cellophane;
• ribbon;
• white wall.

We conduct the experiment near a white wall:

• We take a lantern, cover it first with red and then yellow cellophane, and then turn on the light. We look at the wall and see an orange reflection.
• Now we remove the yellow cellophane and put a blue bag on top of the red one. Our wall is illuminated in purple.
• And if we cover the lantern with blue and then yellow cellophane, then we will see a green spot on the wall.
• This experiment can be continued with other colors.

2. Black and sunbeam: an explosive combination

To carry out the experiment you will need:

• 1 transparent and 1 black balloon;
• magnifying glass;
• Sun Ray.

This experience will require skill, but you can do it.

• First you need to inflate a transparent balloon. Hold it tightly, but do not tie the end.
• Now, using the blunt end of a pencil, push the black balloon halfway inside the transparent one.
• Inflate the black balloon inside the clear one until it fills about half the volume.
• Tie the end of the black ball and push it into the middle of the clear ball.
• Inflate the transparent balloon a little more and tie the end.
• Position the magnifying glass so that the sun's ray hits the black ball.
• After a few minutes, the black ball will burst inside the transparent one.

Tell your child that transparent materials allow sunlight to pass through, so we can see the street through the window. A black surface, on the contrary, absorbs light rays and turns them into heat. This is why it is recommended to wear light-colored clothing in hot weather to avoid overheating. When the black ball heated up, it began to lose its elasticity and burst under the pressure of the internal air.

3. Lazy ball

The next experiment is a real show, but you will need to practice to carry it out. The school provides an explanation for this phenomenon in the 7th grade, but in practice this can be done even in preschool age. Prepare the following items:

• plastic cup;
• metal dish;
• cardboard toilet paper tube;
• tennis ball;
• meter;
• broom.

How to conduct this experiment?

• So, place the glass on the edge of the table.
• Place a dish on the glass so that its edge on one side is above the floor.
• Place the base of the toilet paper roll in the center of the dish directly above the glass.
• Place the ball on top.
• Stand half a meter from the structure with a broom in your hand so that its rods are bent towards your feet. Stand on top of them.
• Now pull back the broom and release it sharply.
• The handle will hit the dish, and it, together with the cardboard sleeve, will fly to the side, and the ball will fall into the glass.

Why didn't it fly away with the rest of the items?

Because, according to the law of inertia, an object that is not acted upon by other forces tends to remain at rest. In our case, the ball was only affected by the force of gravity towards the Earth, which is why it fell down.

4. Raw or cooked?

Let's introduce the child to the center of mass. To do this, let's take:

· cooled hard-boiled egg;

· 2 raw eggs;

Invite a group of children to distinguish a boiled egg from a raw one. However, you cannot break eggs. Say that you can do it without fail.

1. Roll both eggs on the table.
2. An egg that rotates faster and at a uniform speed is a boiled one.
3. To prove your point, crack another egg into a bowl.
4. Take a second raw egg and a paper napkin.
5. Ask a member of the audience to make the egg stand on the blunt end. No one can do this except you, since only you know the secret.
6. Just vigorously shake the egg up and down for half a minute, then easily place it on a napkin.

Why do eggs behave differently?

They, like any other object, have a center of mass. That is, different parts of an object may not weigh the same, but there is a point that divides its mass into equal parts. In a boiled egg, due to its more uniform density, the center of mass remains in the same place during rotation, but in a raw egg it moves along with the yolk, which makes its movement difficult. In a raw egg that has been shaken, the yolk drops to the blunt end and the center of mass is there, so it can be placed.

5. “Golden” mean

Invite the children to find the middle of the stick without a ruler, but just by eye. Evaluate the result using a ruler and say that it is not entirely correct. Now do it yourself. A mop handle is best.

• Raise the stick to waist level.
• Place it on 2 index fingers, keeping them at a distance of 60 cm.
• Move your fingers closer together and make sure the stick doesn't lose its balance.
• When your fingers come together and the stick is parallel to the floor, you have reached your goal.
• Place the stick on the table, keeping your finger on the desired mark. Use a ruler to make sure you have completed the task accurately.

Tell your child that you found not just the middle of the stick, but its center of mass. If the object is symmetrical, then it will coincide with its middle.

6. Zero gravity in a jar

Let's make the needles hang in the air. To do this, let's take:

• 2 threads of 30 cm;
• 2 needles;
• transparent tape;
• liter jar and lid;
• ruler;
• small magnet.

How to conduct the experiment?

• Thread the needles and tie the ends with two knots.
• Tape the knots to the bottom of the jar, leaving about 1 inch (2.5 cm) to the edge.
• From the inside of the lid, glue the tape in the form of a loop, with the sticky side facing out.
• Place the lid on the table and glue a magnet to the hinge. Turn the jar over and screw on the lid. The needles will hang down and be drawn towards the magnet.
• When you turn the jar upside down, the needles will still be drawn to the magnet. You may need to lengthen the threads if the magnet does not hold the needles upright.
• Now unscrew the lid and place it on the table. You are ready to perform the experiment in front of an audience. As soon as you screw on the lid, the needles from the bottom of the jar will shoot up.

Tell your child that a magnet attracts iron, cobalt and nickel, so iron needles are susceptible to its influence.

7. “+” and “-”: beneficial attraction

Your child has probably noticed how hair is magnetic to certain fabrics or combs. And you told him that static electricity is to blame. Let's do an experiment from the same series and show what else the “friendship” of negative and positive charges can lead to. We will need:

• paper towel;
• 1 tsp. salt and 1 tsp. pepper;
• spoon;
• balloon;
• woolen item.

Experiment stages:

• Place a paper towel on the floor and sprinkle the salt and pepper mixture on it.
• Ask your child: how to separate salt from pepper now?
• Rub the inflated balloon on a woolen item.
• Season it with salt and pepper.
• The salt will remain in place, and the pepper will be magnetized to the ball.

After rubbing against the wool, the ball acquires a negative charge, which attracts positive ions from the pepper. The salt's electrons are not so mobile, so they do not react to the approach of the ball.

Experiences at home are valuable life experiences

Admit it, you yourself were interested in watching what was happening, and even more so for the child. By performing amazing tricks with the simplest substances, you will teach your child:

• trust you;
• see the amazing in everyday life;
• It’s exciting to learn the laws of the world around you;
• develop diversified;
• learn with interest and desire.

We remind you once again that developing a child is simple and you don’t need a lot of money and time. See you soon!

Can be used in physics lessons at the stages of setting the goals and objectives of the lesson, creating problem situations when studying a new topic, applying new knowledge when consolidating. The presentation “Entertaining Experiments” can be used by students to prepare experiments at home or during extracurricular activities in physics.

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Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution

"Gymnasium No. 7 named after Hero of Russia S.V. Vasilyev"

Scientific work

"Entertaining physical experiments

from scrap materials"

Completed: 7a grade student

Korzanov Andrey

Teacher: Balesnaya Elena Vladimirovna

Bryansk 2015

1. Introduction “Relevance of the topic” ……………………………3
2. Main part ………………………………………………...4

1. Organization of research work………………...4
2. Experiments on the topic “Atmospheric pressure”……………….6
3. Experiments on the topic “Heat”…………………………………7
4. Experiments on the topic “Electricity and Magnetism”…………...7
5. Experiments on the topic “Light and Sound”……………………………...8

1. Conclusion ……………………………………………………...10
2. List of studied literature……………………………….12

1. INTRODUCTION

Physics is not only scientific books and complex laws, not only huge laboratories. Physics is also about interesting experiments and entertaining experiences. Physics means magic tricks performed among friends, funny stories and funny homemade toys.

Most importantly, you can use any available material for physical experiments.

Physical experiments can be done with balls, glasses, syringes, pencils, straws, coins, needles, etc.

Experiments increase interest in the study of physics, develop thinking, and teach students to apply theoretical knowledge to explain various physical phenomena occurring in the world around them.

When conducting experiments, you not only have to draw up a plan for its implementation, but also determine ways to obtain certain data, assemble installations yourself, and even design the necessary instruments to reproduce a particular phenomenon.

But, unfortunately, due to the overload of educational material in physics lessons, insufficient attention is paid to entertaining experiments; much attention is paid to theory and problem solving.

Therefore, it was decided to conduct research work on the topic “Entertaining experiments in physics using scrap materials.”

The objectives of the research work are as follows:

1. Master the methods of physical research, master the skills of correct observation and the technique of physical experiment.
2. Organization of independent work with various literature and other sources of information, collection, analysis and synthesis of material on the topic of research work.
3. Teach students to apply scientific knowledge to explain physical phenomena.
4. To instill in school students a love for physics, concentrating their attention on understanding the laws of nature, and not on memorizing them mechanically.
5. Replenishment of the physics classroom with homemade devices made from scrap materials.

When choosing a research topic, we proceeded from the following principles:

1. Subjectivity – the chosen topic corresponds to our interests.
2. Objectivity – the topic we have chosen is relevant and important in scientific and practical terms.
3. Feasibility – the tasks and goals we set in our work are realistic and achievable.

1. MAIN PART.

The research work was carried out according to the following scheme:

1. Formulation of the problem.
2. Studying information from various sources on this issue.
3. Selection of research methods and practical mastery of them.
4. Collecting your own material – assembling available materials, conducting experiments.
5. Analysis and synthesis.
6. Formulation of conclusions.

During the research work the following were usedphysical research methods:

I. Physical experience

The experiment consisted of the following stages:

1. Clarification of the experimental conditions.

This stage involves familiarization with the conditions of the experiment, determination of the list of necessary available instruments and materials and safe conditions during the experiment.

1. Drawing up a sequence of actions.

At this stage, the procedure for conducting the experiment was outlined, and new materials were added if necessary.

1. Conducting the experiment.

II. Observation

When observing phenomena occurring experimentally, we paid special attention to changes in physical characteristics (pressure, volume, area, temperature, direction of light propagation, etc.), while we were able to detect regular connections between various physical quantities.

III. Modeling.

Modeling is the basis of any physical research. During the experiments we simulatedisothermal compression of air, propagation of light in various media, reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves, electrification of bodies during friction.

In total, we modeled, conducted and scientifically explained 24 interesting physical experiments.

Based on the results of research work, it is possible to makethe following conclusions:

1. In various sources of information you can find and come up with many interesting physical experiments performed using available equipment.
2. Entertaining experiments and homemade physics devices increase the range of demonstrations of physical phenomena.
3. Entertaining experiments allow you to test the laws of physics and theoretical hypotheses that are of fundamental importance for science.

SUBJECT "ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE"

Experience No. 1. "The balloon won't deflate"

Materials: Three-liter glass jar with a lid, cocktail straw, rubber ball, thread, plasticine, nails.

Sequencing

Using a nail, make 2 holes in the lid of the jar - one central, the other at a short distance from the central one. Pass a straw through the central hole and seal the hole with plasticine. Tie a rubber ball to the end of the straw using a thread, close the glass jar with a lid, and the end of the straw with the ball should be inside the jar. To eliminate air movement, seal the contact area between the lid and the jar with plasticine. Blow a rubber ball through a straw and the ball will deflate. Now inflate the ball and cover the second hole in the lid with plasticine, the ball first deflates, and then stops deflating. Why?

Scientific explanation

In the first case, when the hole is open, the pressure inside the can is equal to the air pressure inside the ball, therefore, under the action of the elastic force of the stretched rubber, the ball is deflated. In the second case, when the hole is closed, air does not come out of the can; as the ball deflates, the volume of air increases, the air pressure decreases and becomes less than the air pressure inside the ball, and the deflation of the ball stops.

The following experiments were carried out on this topic:

Experience No. 2. "Pressure Equilibrium".

Experience No. 3. "The air is kicking"

Experience No. 4. "Glued Glass"

Experience No. 5. "Moving Banana"

THEME "WARMTH"

Experience No. 1. "Soap bubble"

Materials: A small medicine bottle with a stopper, a clean ballpoint pen refill or a cocktail straw, a glass of hot water, a pipette, soapy water, plasticine.

Sequencing

Make a thin hole in the stopper of the medicine bottle and insert a clean ballpoint pen or a straw into it. Cover the place where the rod entered the cork with plasticine. Using a pipette, fill the rod with soapy water and place the bottle in a glass of hot water. Soap bubbles will begin to rise from the outer end of the rod. Why?

Scientific explanation

When the bottle is heated in a glass of hot water, the air inside the bottle heats up, its volume increases, and soap bubbles are inflated.

The following experiments were carried out on the topic “Heat”:

Experience No. 2. "Fireproof scarf"

Experience No. 3. "Ice doesn't melt"

SUBJECT "ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM"

Experience No. 1. "Current meter - multimeter"

Materials: 10 meters of insulated copper wire 24 gauge (diameter 0.5 mm, cross-section 0.2 mm 2 ), wire stripper, wide adhesive tape, sewing needle, thread, strong bar magnet, juice can, galvanic cell “D”.

Sequencing

Strip the wire from both ends of insulation. Wind the wire around the can in tight turns, leaving the ends of the wire 30 cm free. Remove the resulting coil from the can. To prevent the coil from falling apart, wrap it with adhesive tape in several places. Secure the spool vertically to the table using a large piece of tape. Magnetize the sewing needle by passing it over the magnet at least four times in one direction. Tie the needle with a thread in the middle so that the needle hangs in balance. Stick the free end of the thread inside the spool. The magnetized needle should hang quietly inside the coil. Connect the free ends of the wire to the positive and negative terminals of the galvanic cell. What happened? Now reverse the polarity. What happened?

Scientific explanation

A magnetic field arises around the current-carrying coil, and a magnetic field also arises around the magnetized needle. The magnetic field of the current coil acts on the magnetized needle and turns it. If you reverse the polarity, the direction of the current is reversed and the needle turns in the opposite direction.

In addition, the following experiments were carried out on this topic:

Experience No. 2. "Static glue."

Experience No. 3. "Fruit Battery"

Experience No. 4. "Anti-gravity disks"

THEME "LIGHT AND SOUND"

Experience No. 1. "Soap Spectrum"

Materials: Soap solution, a pipe brush (or a piece of thick wire), a deep plate, a flashlight, adhesive tape, a sheet of white paper.

Sequencing

Bend a pipe cleaner (or a piece of thick wire) so that it forms a loop. Don't forget to make a small handle to make it easier to hold. Pour the soap solution into a plate. Dip the loop into the soapy solution and let it soak thoroughly in the soapy solution. After a few minutes, carefully remove it. What do you see? Are colors visible? Attach a sheet of white paper to the wall using masking tape. Turn off the lights in the room. Turn on the flashlight and direct its beam at the loop with soap suds. Position the flashlight so that the loop casts a shadow on the paper. Describe the full shadow.

Scientific explanation

White light is a complex light, it consists of 7 colors - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. This phenomenon is called light interference. When passing through a soap film, white light breaks up into individual colors, the different light waves on the screen form a rainbow pattern, which is called a continuous spectrum.

On the topic “Light and Sound” the following experiments were carried out and described:

Experience No. 2. "On the edge of the abyss".

Experience No. 3. "Just for fun"

Experience No. 4. "Remote control"

Experience No. 5. "Copier"

Experience No. 6. "Appearing Out of Nowhere"

Experience No. 7. "Colored spinning top"

Experience No. 8. "Jumping Grains"

Experience No. 9. "Visual Sound"

Experience No. 10. "Blowing out the sound"

Experience No. 11. "Intercom"

Experiment No. 12. "Crowing Glass"

1. CONCLUSION

Analyzing the results of entertaining experiments, we were convinced that school knowledge is quite applicable to solving practical issues.

Using experiments, observations and measurements, the relationships between various physical quantities were studied

Volume and pressure of gases

Pressure and temperature of gases

The number of turns and the magnitude of the magnetic field around the coil with current

By gravity and atmospheric pressure

The direction of light propagation and the properties of a transparent medium.

All phenomena observed during entertaining experiments have a scientific explanation; for this we used the fundamental laws of physics and the properties of the matter around us - Newton’s II law, the law of conservation of energy, the law of straightness of light propagation, reflection, refraction, dispersion and interference of light, reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves.

In accordance with the task, all experiments were carried out using only cheap, small-sized improvised materials; during their implementation, 8 home-made devices were made, including a magnetic needle, a copier, a fruit battery, a current meter - a multimeter, an intercom; the experiments were safe, visual, simple in design.

LIST OF REFERENCES STUDYED

* - Fields are required.

Introduction

Without a doubt, all our knowledge begins with experiments.
(Kant Emmanuel. German philosopher g.)

Physics experiments introduce students to the diverse applications of the laws of physics in a fun way. Experiments can be used in lessons to attract students’ attention to the phenomenon being studied, when repeating and consolidating educational material, and at physical evenings. Entertaining experiences deepen and expand students' knowledge, promote the development of logical thinking, and instill interest in the subject.

The role of experiment in the science of physics

The fact that physics is a young science
It’s impossible to say for sure here.
And in ancient times, learning science,
We always strived to comprehend it.

The purpose of teaching physics is specific,
Be able to apply all knowledge in practice.
And it’s important to remember – the role of experiment
Must stand in the first place.

Be able to plan an experiment and carry it out.
Analyze and bring to life.
Build a model, put forward a hypothesis,
Striving to reach new heights

The laws of physics are based on facts established experimentally. Moreover, the interpretation of the same facts often changes in the course of the historical development of physics. Facts accumulate through observation. But you can’t limit yourself to them only. This is only the first step towards knowledge. Next comes the experiment, the development of concepts that allow for qualitative characteristics. In order to draw general conclusions from observations and find out the causes of phenomena, it is necessary to establish quantitative relationships between quantities. If such a dependence is obtained, then a physical law has been found. If a physical law is found, then there is no need to experiment in each individual case; it is enough to perform the appropriate calculations. By experimentally studying quantitative relationships between quantities, patterns can be identified. Based on these laws, a general theory of phenomena is developed.

Therefore, without experiment there can be no rational teaching of physics. The study of physics involves the widespread use of experiments, discussion of the features of its setting and the observed results.

Entertaining experiments in physics

The description of the experiments was carried out using the following algorithm:

Name of the experiment Equipment and materials required for the experiment Stages of the experiment Explanation of the experiment

Experiment No. 1 Four floors

Devices and materials: glass, paper, scissors, water, salt, red wine, sunflower oil, colored alcohol.

Stages of the experiment

Let's try to pour four different liquids into a glass so that they do not mix and stand five levels above each other. However, it will be more convenient for us to take not a glass, but a narrow glass that widens towards the top.

Pour salted tinted water into the bottom of the glass. Roll up a “Funtik” from paper and bend its end at a right angle; cut off the tip. The hole in the Funtik should be the size of a pin head. Pour red wine into this cone; a thin stream should flow out of it horizontally, break against the walls of the glass and flow down it onto the salt water.
When the height of the layer of red wine is equal to the height of the layer of colored water, stop pouring the wine. From the second cone, pour sunflower oil into a glass in the same way. From the third horn, pour a layer of colored alcohol.

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Experience No. 2 Amazing candlestick

Devices and materials: candle, nail, glass, matches, water.

Stages of the experiment

Isn't it an amazing candlestick - a glass of water? And this candlestick is not bad at all.

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Figure 3

Explanation of experience

The candle goes out because the bottle is “flown around” with air: the stream of air is broken by the bottle into two streams; one flows around it on the right, and the other on the left; and they meet approximately where the candle flame stands.

Experiment No. 4 Spinning snake

Devices and materials: thick paper, candle, scissors.

Stages of the experiment

Cut a spiral out of thick paper, stretch it a little and place it on the end of a curved wire. Hold this spiral above the candle in the rising air flow, the snake will rotate.

Explanation of experience

The snake rotates because air expands under the influence of heat and warm energy is converted into movement.

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Figure 5

Explanation of experience

Water has a higher density than alcohol; it will gradually enter the bottle, displacing the mascara from there. Red, blue or black liquid will rise upward from the bubble in a thin stream.

Experiment No. 6 Fifteen matches on one

Devices and materials: 15 matches.

Stages of the experiment

Place one match on the table, and 14 matches across it so that their heads stick up and their ends touch the table. How to lift the first match, holding it by one end, and all the other matches along with it?

Explanation of experience

To do this, you just need to put another fifteenth match on top of all the matches, in the hollow between them.

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Figure 7

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Figure 9

Experience No. 8 Paraffin motor

Devices and materials: candle, knitting needle, 2 glasses, 2 plates, matches.

Stages of the experiment

To make this motor, we don't need either electricity or gasoline. For this we only need... a candle.

Heat the knitting needle and stick it with their heads into the candle. This will be the axis of our engine. Place a candle with a knitting needle on the edges of two glasses and balance. Light the candle at both ends.

Explanation of experience

A drop of paraffin will fall into one of the plates placed under the ends of the candle. The balance will be disrupted, the other end of the candle will tighten and fall; at the same time, a few drops of paraffin will drain from it, and it will become lighter than the first end; it rises to the top, the first end will go down, drop a drop, it will become lighter, and our motor will start working with all its might; gradually the candle's vibrations will increase more and more.

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Figure 11

Demonstration experiments

1. Diffusion of liquids and gases

Diffusion (from Latin diflusio - spreading, spreading, scattering), the transfer of particles of different nature, caused by the chaotic thermal movement of molecules (atoms). Distinguish between diffusion in liquids, gases and solids

Demonstration experiment “Observation of diffusion”

Devices and materials: cotton wool, ammonia, phenolphthalein, diffusion observation device.

Stages of the experiment

Let's take two pieces of cotton wool. We moisten one piece of cotton wool with phenolphthalein, the other with ammonia. Let's bring the branches into contact. The fleeces are observed to turn pink due to the phenomenon of diffusion.

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Figure 13

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Figure 15

Let us prove that the phenomenon of diffusion depends on temperature. The higher the temperature, the faster diffusion occurs.

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Figure 17

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Figure 19

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Figure 21

3.Pascal's ball

Pascal's ball is a device designed to demonstrate the uniform transfer of pressure exerted on a liquid or gas in a closed vessel, as well as the rise of the liquid behind the piston under the influence of atmospheric pressure.

To demonstrate the uniform transfer of pressure exerted on a liquid in a closed vessel, it is necessary to use a piston to draw water into the vessel and place the ball tightly on the nozzle. By pushing the piston into the vessel, demonstrate the flow of liquid from the holes in the ball, paying attention to the uniform flow of liquid in all directions.