How to tan without a solarium or sun. Dark skin: how to tan at home

Not every girl has been blessed by nature with skin that acquires a beautiful, even chocolate shade in just a couple of tanning sessions. But dark-skinned girls always look brighter, more well-groomed and attractive. Therefore, with the onset of the first sunny days, the question of how to quickly tan at home worries many.

What to do if you don’t have enough time to visit the beach, and tanning in a now fashionable solarium is financially unaffordable? There are many ways to become a “mulatto chocolate girl” at home.

If you are a modern businesswoman and spend 24 hours a day at work, then your income will certainly allow you to purchase a special tanning unit. But only the wealthiest will be able to install it in an apartment and get their own.

And at home for those who have more modest incomes?

Owners of apartments with windows on the sunny side can bathe in the sun’s rays without even going outside. At any free time, when the apartment has the maximum amount of sunlight, open the window wide and sunbathe.

To get an even and beautiful tan, position yourself so that your skin gets the maximum. You may not have anything left to do, at home this is the only way.

If your apartment has a balcony or you have a summer cottage outside the city, then purchasing a tan can become easier. While at home on a sunny day, sitting on a sun lounger or, in the worst case, standing, bathe in the sunlight and enjoy the warmth.

Many women know another way to quickly tan at home, and without much effort. Today, you can instantly become chocolate by covering your body with self-tanning cream of the chosen shade. By the way, doctors also recommend this method, since self-tanning does not penetrate too deeply into the skin and does not harm it. Unfortunately, it does not last long, from 3 days to a week, and fades unevenly. But in some emergency cases, when you need to look especially attractive, he can help out.

In those days when no self-tanners or solariums existed, they also knew how to quickly tan at home. To do this, our grandmothers used all kinds of folk recipes and masks.

For example, without using modern cosmetics, you can get a natural dark skin color using carrot juice or a carrot mask. Drink a glass every morning and in just a couple of weeks you will have darker skin. And the secret of this “miracle” lies in vitamin A, which is found in abundance in the vegetable.

The same effect, but much faster, can be achieved using a homemade carrot mask. If you urgently need a little tan, apply the product to your skin. Only here you need to be careful - if you apply such masks too much or too often, you can simply end up with a yellowed face. Has this already happened? Do not worry! It is enough to wash your face a few times and the yellowness will be removed as if by hand.

At home, you can make a tea bath for tanning or use iodine and potassium permanganate for this purpose. In general, the imagination here is limitless. In addition, many traditional methods for tanning have been tested for decades.

There are many ways to tan. You can get the most natural, even and affordable tan in the sun. However, you need to be careful and protect your skin from excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays. Solariums imitate the process of obtaining a natural tan using concentrated UV rays. This may give you a nice tan, but it has been proven to increase your risk of cancer. Self-tanning is a relatively safe product because it completely eliminates exposure to ultraviolet rays, but you won't get the natural look of tanning in the sun. These products don't last as long as UV exposure does, and you'll likely need to take precautions to prevent the tan from fading off your skin in patches.

Steps

Tanning in the sun

Just lie in direct sunlight. This is much safer than going to a solarium and will give your skin a natural, beautiful tone.

Find a way to pass the time. Sleeping is a great option because it makes time pass faster, and when you read books, you block some of the sun's rays when you lie on your back. Take a nap for about an hour to an hour and a half, setting an alarm so you can wake up on time. Then roll over to the other side and go back to sleep. You can repeat this process until you achieve your desired skin tone.

If you are in a public place, use this method only if you are absolutely sure you are safe. Ideally, there should be another person nearby who can watch you while you sleep. Try not to fall asleep with headphones on, because you need to hear everything that is happening around you or your things.

Optimize your tanning time. It is necessary to sunbathe between 10 and 2 o'clock, since at this time the sun behaves most intensely. You can also sunbathe in partly cloudy weather, which can give you an even more intense tan as the sun's rays reflect off the clouds, increasing the amount of ultraviolet radiation you receive. Try sunbathing in or near water. Water is another natural tan enhancer.

Always tan safely to avoid sunburn and skin damage. When tanning, you should use sunscreen no matter where you are. Apply your tanning lotion 30 minutes before going out into the sun to give it time to absorb into your skin. Reapply lotion every hour for 10 minutes.
- If you tan while you sleep, use a cream with an SPF of at least 20 or 30 if you sleep for about an hour, and one with an SPF of 40-50 if you sleep for more than an hour. Reapply the cream between bedtimes. Skin damage from the sun is a very real problem that occurs whether it is immediately noticeable or not.
- Also remember to apply sunscreen every time you get out of the water. Some brands claim that their sunscreens are water-resistant, but they still wash off fairly easily. Try applying the cream after it has dried to be sure you are getting maximum protection.
- Drink plenty of water to avoid becoming dehydrated.
Consider using suntan oil. You can find it in the sunscreen section of many pharmacies and stores. Be careful when using tanning oil as it can be very intense. It is best to get a minimal tan first and then use similar products, rather than immediately getting a severe sunburn. Avoid using thick creams as they clog pores and create a sticky feeling.

Get an even tan. Contrary to popular belief, lying still in the sun for long periods of time will tan much faster. Being active prevents the sun from concentrating on a specific area for an extended period of time. The easiest way to get an even tan while remaining mobile is to roll over from your stomach to your back every 5-10 minutes.
- Try to tan evenly and make sure that no part of your body is in the shade so you don't end up with funny white spots.
- Remember to roll over onto your stomach to tan your back, not just your front. You also need to turn on your side so that the sun's rays hit the sides of your legs, hips and waist.
- Wear a strapless swimsuit or top to avoid strap marks. Consider sunbathing topless.
Tanning in a solarium
1. Consider tanning in a solarium if you can't get one at the beach. Tanning in a solarium is similar to natural tanning, but may be a better option in the cold season. It's best to start with short periods of time in a tanning bed (less than 10 minutes), as this puts the source of UV rays closer and can burn your skin much faster.
  - Just like sunbathing, you should stay active while in the tanning bed. It's best to lift your legs and shoulders frequently, about every 30 seconds.
2. Buy a tanning kit and lotion. Make sure you use tanning lotion in a tanning salon and not regular sun tanning lotion. Most salons will provide you with the opportunity to purchase high-quality options at various price ranges. This is quite expensive, so it is more profitable to buy a whole bottle of lotion than to take disposable kits every time you visit a solarium.
  
  Visit the salon and sign up for a solarium. Choose a set depending on how long you plan to tan. Don't forget to take advantage of student or new customer discounts and seasonal offers.
  - It is best to sunbathe without clothes, if this is comfortable for you. If this is not your option, wear underwear that will not leave extra streaks.
  - Standing tanning beds are much more hygienic, but reclining tanning beds are disinfected after each use.
3. Be patient. Start with a short period of time of about 5-7 minutes, which will allow you to find out how your skin reacts to tanning. Increase the time gradually after the first tanning session.
  
  Think about your health. Tanning beds significantly increase the risk of skin cancer. Carefully weigh the risks and benefits before using a tanning salon. Reclining tanning beds are especially dangerous for young people. People under the age of 30 are much more likely to develop melanoma.
Using self-tanning
1. Prepare your skin. It is best to prepare your skin before using any products, because in the future it will look healthy and radiant, and not matte and dry. Be sure to exfoliate with a washcloth in a circular motion before applying your self-tanner to get rid of all the dead skin cells, otherwise the tan will only show up on the top layer. It is also necessary to moisturize your skin after the scrub so that it is silky and soft the next day.
  - Try not to use a scrub with large or rough particles, as this may cause tiny abrasions on the skin. The tan will not appear in these areas and, as a result, will not apply very well.
  - After applying the tan, you should massage your skin daily with a washcloth using gentle movements so that the applied layer disappears evenly over the course of a week. The tan will fade faster on certain areas of the body, but you don't want your skin to look patchy or have an uneven color. Exfoliating daily will also be helpful if you decide to keep your tan. You can reapply it over the course of a week, thus maintaining the tanned appearance of your skin.
2. Choose the right shade. If you're considering using a self-tanner, shop around and find one that best suits your skin tone. Tans are typically sold in several shades: light, medium and dark. Some have more of a bronze tone, while others give a shimmering effect that reflects light and adds radiance to the skin.
  - For fair-skinned people, it's best to use a product closer to your natural skin tone to achieve a light tan, unless you want a contrasting dark effect.
  - On normal skin tones, you can use a tan for both fair skin and medium, olive skin tones.
  - If you have dark skin and want to get a dramatic tan, then for a more noticeable result it is best to use an intensive tanning product.
3. Find a product that is easy to apply. In addition to choosing the right tone, it is important to choose a type of self-tanning that is easy to use, especially if you are doing it for the first time and without an assistant. Remember to wear gloves while applying the product, otherwise your palms will turn orange. They will not be easy to wash without affecting the uniformity of skin tone.

983 0 Good afternoon In this article we will talk about the possibility of tanning at home. You will learn a lot of ways to get a dark skin tone in absolutely safe ways. Get acquainted not only with cosmetic products, but also with folk remedies. Such useful information will allow you to maintain your health and even save your personal budget.

The benefits and effect of tanning at home

And natural sunbathing does us more harm than good. Exposure to ultraviolet light activates the release of melanin, which gives the skin a dark tint. However, such exposure dries out the epidermis, which leads to premature aging of the skin.

In addition, doctors say that tanning on a constant basis can even lead to cancer. Active appearance is also a bad sign. It is these characteristics that make it necessary to resort to safer methods that can be done at home.

Of course, the effect of masks, washes and baths with coloring products is noticeably inferior to UV rays. The color appears, but it is absolutely not bright, and sometimes it is barely noticeable. However, the result is there and its advantage is harmlessness.

In addition, many products, on the contrary, have a positive effect on the epidermis. Vegetable pulp moisturizes, nourishes and vitaminizes the skin. Rubbing with ice tones it, and juices make it more elastic. Various colored scrubs help not only to add color, but also to make the epidermis smoother.

Unfortunately, there are also methods that, in addition to tanning, can cause peeling. It never hurts to be neat, so in these cases, don’t forget about moisturizer.

Basic rules for creating a tan

There are uniform rules that apply to preparation before any method of tanning. This stage will allow you to achieve the desired effect and avoid stains:

Before starting the procedure, scrub your entire body, including your face. It is best to do this within 1-2 days, as small particles remove the protective layer of the skin. Peeling will remove dead cells and the color will “stick” stronger and more evenly;
If you have dry skin, then first you need to moisturize it well. For three days, moisturize your entire body at least in the morning and evening. You can choose soft milk, nourishing lotion or a richer cream. Smooth and uniform skin also contributes to a more even tone;
Before using any product, check for allergies. It may not show itself in food, but it will have a different effect on the body. Be sure to apply a small drop to the crook of your elbow or other hidden area. Even if very slight itching and barely noticeable redness appear, it is better to avoid this remedy. Keep in mind that the result will not appear immediately, but after about 3 hours;
If you decide to use a special tanning cream, remember that it must be applied to dry skin. Even small drops from undried hands will immediately appear and cause stains;
Do not take breaks while applying any product. Even a fraction of a second can give you ugly borders. The same applies to layers: they should be uniform;
Please note that any product is absorbed most by certain places on the body. It is on the armpits, elbows, knees and the area between the fingers that a minimum of coloring pigment should be applied. If you haven’t taken this into account, you can wipe off dark spots with a hard washcloth or alcohol;
Don’t forget that after your artificial tanning session you need to dry a little and wait until the product is absorbed. Moreover, do not put on clothes right away. There is a high probability that it will not only become colored, but will also take some of the color from the skin area.

Cosmetical tools

There are several products that can give you an artificial tan without harm. Among them are various tanning creams for home use, and even special napkins.

All these cosmetics can help you achieve a good skin tone, which can be achieved only after 3-5 courses of sunbathing. In addition, she has almost no contraindications or allergies. It does not negatively affect the epidermis, but on the contrary, it contains moisturizing components.

The disadvantages include the fragility of the result, cost and varying quality. Nowadays it is quite difficult to find a product that will give not a red, but a chocolate tone. It's even harder to find a product that won't stain or come off. However, if you adapt and find the perfect cosmetics, then all these disadvantages can be forgotten.

How to use self-tanner correctly

This type of cosmetics is considered one of the most common among those who decide to give up aggressive tanning. All of these products contain a certain pigment that turns the top layer of skin dark. It usually appears after 2-3 hours, but there are exceptions.

By the way, a more chocolatey color can be achieved through constant repetition. They need to be carried out every 3-5 days. Some layering will make the tan even richer and longer lasting.

You can achieve the desired effect using several rules:

Scrub your entire body and epilate in advance. and dead skin particles contributes to a more uniform result;
Do not apply self-tanner immediately after showering, as it can clog into open, wide pores;
Dry your body completely with a towel, even if it’s been a while since you showered. There is a good chance that the warm air in the room could cause sweat, which is also a liquid;
Apply a rich cream to your lips and eyebrows, and hide your hair under a cap;
The order in which you apply the self-tanner is not important. However, we remind you that elbows, knees, palms and armpits should be smeared last ;
It is better to prefer a creamy lotion or a spray, since they have a more uniform structure;
Do not stretch out the procedure, because self-tanning is quickly absorbed. Don't forget about boundaries and uniform application;
It is best to smear the product while wearing disposable gloves. If you have not done this, when completing the procedure, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water several times. More attention should be paid to the finger bend area;
Don't put clothes on right away. It's better to wait at least 10-20 minutes.

Folk remedies for tanning at home

The choice in favor of folk remedies is due to the safety and low cost of the products used. Many of them are found in every home, so there is no need to buy them specially. We will look at the most popular and proven ways to get a natural tan at home.

Masks

With coffee

Collect the coffee grounds after drinking and apply them all over your body. Leave it on for at least 15-20 minutes and rinse off. Coffee will give your skin a chocolate tone.

With carrots

Grate several carrots (the number depends on the number of zones). Add a little water and squeeze the pulp a little with your hands. After this, apply to face and body, rubbing in a little. Keep for about 20 minutes. Not recommended for very white skin as it gives a yellowish tint.

With cocoa

Dilute cocoa with water or milk to the consistency of sour cream. Leave on face or entire body for 15-25 minutes. Rinse off with warm water.

With turmeric

Dilute a few tablespoons of turmeric with water until thick. Apply to face and body skin for 10-15 minutes. Please note that the spice is very drying to the skin, so use a moisturizer afterwards.

With oils

Mix St. John's wort, walnut and coconut oil in equal parts. Add carrot essential oil to the mixture (25-35 drops per 0.5 cup). Apply all over your body, including your face. You can wash it off after half an hour.

Washing

With coloring drinks

Brew black tea, cocoa or coffee until the color is fully intense. Strain the drink into a separate bowl and cool. Wash your face with this solution every morning and evening, including your neck and décolleté.

With herbs

Pour a few tablespoons of string and St. John's wort with hot water. Let it brew for at least an hour. Wash your face morning and evening.

With onion peel

Pour boiling water over the peels of several onions and put on fire. Cook until a dark color appears. Wash your face, neck and chest morning and evening.

With rhubarb

Pour hot water over the rhubarb root and let it cook. After 20 minutes, the mixture can be removed from the heat and strained. It is best to wash your face with this solution twice a day.

Baths

With potassium permanganate

Dissolve about 200 gr. potassium permanganate in the bath and plunge into it, rinsing your face. There is no exact time, everything is individual. You need to look at the color of your hands. If it has a golden tone, then you can climb out. After this, do not wipe with a towel, but dry naturally.

Warning: It is very difficult to wash ceramics from the pink color of potassium permanganate.

With tea

You need to brew 200 gr. brew black tea in the bathroom and let it brew for at least 15 minutes. It is recommended to lie in the bathroom for up to half an hour. It is better to dry naturally.

With herbs

It is best to take 100 grams. daisies and strings. Brew in the same way as tea. You can lie in the bath for 20 to 40 minutes. Do not dry yourself with a towel afterwards. This method can tan your face and body completely safely.

With iodine

You only need to add a few drops of iodine to clean water. Even this dose will give a beautiful golden hue over time. You should take a bath in the usual way.

Rubbing

Ice

You can freeze some coffee, black tea, string, carrot juice or other coloring drinks. Wipe your face in the morning. This procedure also greatly tones the skin. Contraindicated for those with rosacea.

Rhubarb juice

You need to squeeze out a little juice from fresh rhubarb root and pour it into a bottle. Wipe your face or entire body in the morning. Please note that this juice has a drying effect.

Carrot juice

Make freshly squeezed juice from several carrots and pour into a container. Wipe the body twice a day with a cotton pad or soaked cloth.

With butter

Add a few drops of iodine to any nourishing oil. This composition must be rubbed into the skin. Repeat until the desired effect appears.

Additional Methods

Tanning lamp at home

If you have a quartz lamp in your home, then it will come in handy. It not only kills germs, but also provides ultraviolet radiation. Under it, the face, neck and décolleté area are well tanned. Such sessions can be held once every few days. Stay under the light for no more than 5 minutes, using special glasses and sunscreen in a solarium.

Also on sale you can find special booths or chairs for tanning your face. They are sold exclusively for home consumption. They also replace a solarium and are not very safe. By the way, the cost of this technology is quite high.

Proper nutrition

If you want to tan quickly, nutrition can also help. Naturally, it alone will not be enough, but in tandem with coloring procedures, the effect will please you.

Include as many red and orange vegetables and fruits in your diet as possible. They contain a pigment that can also color the skin. If possible, you can drink juices from them. Natural soy products and beef liver also help.

As for vitamins, you can buy drops or capsules containing beta-carotene. They will have a beneficial effect on your skin tone.

Compliance with details

Not only a proper diet, but also sufficient water intake will help you maintain a beautiful tan. Try to drink at least 1.5 liters. in a day. Do not use scrubs, peelings and hard washcloths for a while, as they will immediately remove the resulting effect.

Remember to moisturize your skin by applying creams or lotions twice a day. Use gels with a not very aggressive cleansing composition in the shower. In addition, there are masks that cleanse well, but at the same time whiten the skin. That is why read the annotations and look at the composition.

If you want to have dark skin color for as long as possible, then constantly repeat the procedures. This is the only way to maintain the effect for a long time.

Video recipes for home tanning for face and body.

We all know from childhood that prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays on our skin of the face and body can result in quite negative consequences, including cancer.

But what to do if nature has given you pale, almost white skin and you really want to look beautiful and tanned throughout the year?

Precautionary measures

And the first thing you need to remember: try to visit the solarium as little as possible. It turns out that a tan obtained in this artificial way is much more harmful than constant exposure to the sun. After all, here you can get burns to your skin and eyes.

But if you still decide on this method of acquiring a tan, you should remember a few rules:

And one more thing: so that going to the solarium is not so traumatic for your dermis, you should remember one simple truth - you can repeat such sessions no more often than once every seventy-two hours. And the optimal number of visits to the solarium per week is only once.

But today we will talk about how to tan at home. After all, you must admit that getting out to warmer climes in winter is not always possible. But a weekly visit to the solarium is quite an expensive pleasure.

Dark skin at home: how to do it

And, before we move on to studying ways to give the dermis a dark tint using folk remedies, I would like to draw your attention to what you should not use. Namely, self-tanning cream.

Of course, if you buy a similar product in a store, you won’t have to waste time preparing homemade masks. But remember that such creams can also harm your skin. For example, do not forget about the presence of parabens in any cream, which can have a destructive effect on epidermal cells. Only natural, and therefore very expensive, creams contain parabens. And if you are thinking about the fact that it would be possible not to save on yourself for your loved one, then before purchasing such a product, we recommend that you do a little math.

For example, you can roughly calculate how many times a year you will need to use such a cream. After this, you need to calculate how many jars of this wonderful product you will need. Well, in the end, don’t forget to calculate the total amount. After this, compare the result with the cost of a trip to the sea. And believe me, you won’t need to pay too much for the cost of the trip.

And what is better in this case: to use expensive self-tanning all year round or to fully relax in warmer climes?

So, if you have opted for homemade cosmetics to give your dermis a dark tint, then first of all, let's talk about nutritional features. Yes Yes! It turns out that your skin color depends on your diet. Therefore, if you do not want to be too pale, then you should include in your diet foods such as carrots, peaches, tomatoes, apricots and other red and orange foods.

This need is explained very simply: pale skin can appear due to anemia.

And in order for you to look a little more ruddy, you should replenish your body’s reserves with all sorts of useful microelements.

Also, in order for your skin to become darker, you should eat foods rich in iron. These include pomegranate, apples and dietary meat. And of course, in order for the painful pallor to disappear from your face forever, you should remember the need to remove waste and toxins from the body.

And the first thing you need for this is to drink at least one and a half liters of water a day. By the way, pay attention to the fact that drinking enough water will help you cope not only with the problem of excessive pallor, but also restore the water balance of the epithelium. Accordingly, you will look much fresher and healthier.

How to make your skin darker: folk remedies

So, now let's get down to the actual description of ways to make your skin darker at home. And the first product that can help you with this is regular coffee. By the way, for a more delicate dermis, you can use cocoa, although this product is less effective.

Making such a mask is very simple. You need to take a small amount of freshly ground coffee or cocoa and pour boiling water over it. The consistency of the resulting product should be quite thick. Then we apply the resulting mixture to the entire body or certain areas and leave it for ten to fifteen minutes. After this, wash off the coffee or cocoa with regular warm water.

Attention! In the process of rinsing, under no circumstances should you use shower gel, soap or a washcloth. After all, this way you will wash away all the coloring particles from the skin and there will be no effect. Remember that this product can only be washed off with warm water.

Now as for the face. If you want the skin of your face to become darker, you can use black tea or chamomile infusion for this. The application should be as follows: brew approximately seven tablespoons of loose herbs using one liter of boiling water. Such a decoction should infuse for two to three hours. Then carefully strain the liquid through a strainer.

The resulting infusion should be washed every day. Please pay attention to two features. First: you can use such a decoction only for two days. Second: you should not use sachets for such purposes, since the decoction will have no effect.

A product such as rhubarb root is also useful for acquiring dark skin. It should be used as follows: brew one tablespoon of dried roots with a liter of boiling water. Then put the pan with rhubarb on the stove and simmer its contents over low heat for twenty minutes. After this period, carefully strain the broth and leave it to cool.

This product should be used as follows: moisten a sponge in it and gently wipe the dermis.

And after fifteen minutes the product can be washed off.

As you can see, it is quite possible to make your skin darker at home. And all you need for this is a little time and desire. So let’s brew decoctions, prepare scrubs and get closer to your ideal! Good luck!

The internal health of the body has a positive effect on a person’s appearance. One of the benefits of proper nutrition and mobility is a beautiful complexion and smooth skin without inflammation. Certain foods will help give her a light tan.

The main “activators” are vegetables and fruits. Including some of them in your daily diet will help you quickly achieve the desired shade without resorting to self-tanning or a solarium. Even rare sun rays will give your skin a golden color. For a natural “coloring”, include carrots, peaches, apricots, and oranges in your daily diet. However, be careful: Excessive use of these products can give your skin an orange undertone.

Baths, masks, washes

Natural tanning products can also be used outside. If you want to add color to your entire body, use baths with special fillers. Skin coloring will occur gradually, so regularity is important in this matter.

The main coloring product that works most quickly in this direction is coffee. Add five tablespoons of ground product to a liter of water and cook it according to all the rules. Further actions are divided into two stages. The first is a full body scrub. To do this, strain the resulting coffee and add honey and olive oil to the grounds. After the scrub, take a bath (maximum 20 minutes), adding a brewed drink to it. Fix the resulting tan by blotting your skin with a towel and applying a rich cream to it.

You can get the same effect with strong brewed tea. The only difference is the absence of preliminary peeling. Pour the tea solution (a liter or two) into the bath and lie in it for about 15 minutes. This procedure will not only help tint the skin, but also make the skin softer, more elastic and smooth.

You can also get a tan using masks. The procedure using cocoa is very popular. Dilute the dry product with water. The consistency of the mixture should resemble very thick sour cream (so as not to drip). Cover your entire body with it, except for the skin around the eyes. After 20-25 minutes, rinse, remove excess moisture with a well-absorbing towel and fix the result with body oil.

Creating a tan for the whole body is not an easy task and requires time. Therefore, some beauties do such large-scale procedures not often - once a week at most. And only the complexion and décolleté area are regularly maintained.

For such small areas of the skin, washes and masks are suitable, as well as wipes using the same products. However, in this case, you should choose them based on your natural shade: concentrated products color much faster than diluted ones. For very fair skin, use chamomile tea or decoction. For medium use, black coffee washes are suitable. Dark-skinned beauties can use carrot juice and masks made from this product with the addition of oil and honey.

To ensure a good tan, perform the procedure daily, once or twice. Washing can be replaced by rubbing the skin with ice cubes made from selected products. This effect will not only tint, but also make the skin radiant, elastic and neutralize fine wrinkles.