The strangest restrictions on women's rights in different countries of the world. The lawlessness of women and how the Koran looks at it
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Term women's rights refers to the freedoms and rights of women and girls of all ages. These rights may or may not be institutionalized, ignored or suppressed by law, local customs, and behavior in a particular society. These freedoms are grouped and distinct from more broad concepts human rights, as they are often different from the freedoms originally intended for men and boys, which is why activists on this issue challenge historical and traditional prejudices regarding the observance of the rights of women and girls.
Issues that are commonly associated with perceptions of women's rights include, but are not limited to: the right to personal integrity and autonomy; the right to vote (suffrage); the right to hold public office; to work; to a fair wage and equal pay, the right to own property; to education, to serve in the army or the right to be drafted; enter into contracts and have family, parental and religious rights.
Story
ancient civilizations
Early reforms according to Islam
Middle Ages
Age of Enlightenment
19th century
Suffrage, right to vote
Women's suffrage in Russia was first introduced in 1906 on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland, which enjoyed wide autonomy, but was part of Russian Empire. In the rest of Russia, women received the right to vote on April 15, 1917, according to the decree of the Provisional Government "On the production of elections for public city dumas, on district city administrations", according to which all citizens over the age of 20 were granted voting rights, without distinction of nationality and religion. On June 20, 1917, the Provisional Government adopted a regulation on elections to the Constituent Assembly, the highest legislative body of the state, which came into force on September 11, 1917, which explicitly stated "universal suffrage" without distinction of sex "". In September 1917, the first elections of deputies to the Constituent Assembly took place, in which women were able to take full part.
The adoption of the resolutions was the result of the activities of the Russian feminist movement, which put pressure on politicians. However, the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which enjoyed the support of the population along with the Provisional Government, considered the women's demands untimely and irrelevant and refused to support them. After the October Revolution in Soviet Russia in 1918, a constitution was adopted that secured the legal equality of women with men.
Modern movements
United Nations and women's rights
International and regional legislation
The UN system has the Convention on the Political Rights of Women (since 1954), the Convention on Nationality married woman(since 1958), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (since 1981) and its Optional Protocol (since 2000). The OAS system has the Convention on the Political Rights of Women (since 1954), the Convention on civil rights women and the Convention on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (since 1995), in the African Union system - the "Maputo protocol" on women's rights (since 2005) to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Among the ILO conventions, gender equality is covered by Convention No. 100 (in force since 1953). Many other treaties provide for the prohibition of gender discrimination.
reproductive rights
abortion
Violence and sexual abuse
Rape as an element of genocide
Rape and sexual slavery as a crime against humanity
see also
Notes
Links
- UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
- World Organization Against Torture: No to violence against women
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See what "Women's Rights" is in other dictionaries:
WOMEN'S RIGHTS, part of general human rights; rights and freedoms due to biological characteristics and the specifics of social and marital status women. In the second half of the 20th century, women's rights became an object of international legal regulation … encyclopedic Dictionary
WOMEN'S RIGHTS - general rights person, and a set of some specific rights and freedoms, due to the peculiarities of the social and family status of women. P.zh. fully or partially devoted to a number of international documents. The Charter of the United Nations enshrined in the general ... ... Legal Encyclopedia
Law Dictionary
General human rights, as well as a set of some specific rights and freedoms, due to the peculiarities of the social and family status of women. P.zh. fully or partially devoted to a number of international documents. The Charter of the United Nations enshrined in the general ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law
women's rights- general human rights, as well as a set of rights and freedoms determined by the biological characteristics and specifics of the social and family status of women. After 1945 P.zh. have become one of the important objects of international legal regulation ... ... Big Law Dictionary
The UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has called this state the “rape capital of the world”: every year, about 400,000 Congolese residents are subjected to sexual abuse. That is - 45 women every hour (more than a thousand a day) become victims of sexual violence. In the late nineties and early 2000s, the country became the scene of the so-called Great African War, which involved almost all the states of Central and South Africa, but still, more than 10 years after the war, armed bands of marauders continue to attack women and children. They are kidnapped, raped and sold into sexual slavery. Not surprisingly, the average life expectancy for women in the DRC is only 57 years.
Afghanistan
The Islamist Taliban movement, which originated in Afghanistan in 1994 and actually controlled most of the state from 1996 to 2001, managed to organize a real hell for women in the country in just 5 years. According to the Taliban themselves, this was done for the safety of women so that they could "maintain their dignity and chastity." In fact, the women of Afghanistan were almost completely deprived of basic human rights. In 2002, the Taliban regime was abolished and women's rights are written into the Constitution, but women are still de facto oppressed. Child marriage is officially banned, but girls are essentially human commodities that pay for the family's debts. 9 out of 10 Afghan women have experienced physical and sexual violence. The average life expectancy for women is 44 years. 85% of women giving birth do not receive medical care, which is why Afghanistan ranks first in the world in terms of the number infant deaths. Most of the girls who do survive do not receive a full education.
India
Every 22 minutes a rape is committed in India. At the same time, sexual crimes take the 4th place in the list of crimes against women: the first three are domestic violence, insults on the streets and abductions. Sexual slavery is also common, with most women who are victims of sex crimes becoming infected with HIV. The only right of a woman that is not violated in India is the right to work: Indian women work on an equal footing with men at construction sites, in mines and in hazardous industries, although they receive half the salary. Castes officially banned in India continue to exist. And a high-caste man who commits a crime against a low-caste woman generally gets away with it.
At the same time, there is still a significant gender imbalance in India: there are significantly fewer women than men. It is believed that a son is a future helper, and a daughter is just an expense item, because a girl cannot be married without a dowry, and poor families cannot afford to save money. That's why before babies females were taken to the jungle or drowned, and after the appearance ultrasound diagnostics women began to have selective abortions. More than 700,000 female embryos are still aborted every year. India has the second largest population in the world, and the number of Indians who will never be able to start a family is in the tens of millions. It is not surprising that the number of rapes is on the rise, but it is surprising that the number of selective abortions is not decreasing. And that means all those girls that are being born now are also in danger.
Somalia
95% of girls in Somalia are raped between the ages of 4 and 11. 98% of girls undergo female circumcision: they cut off the clitoris and labia minora to permanently deprive them of the opportunity to receive sexual satisfaction. Pharaonic circumcision is also practiced: both the clitoris and the small labia are removed for the girl, and the large ones are sewn together so that only a hole for the release of menstrual blood remains. Such an operation guarantees the virginity of the bride: the man's penis simply cannot penetrate through this hole, and in the first wedding night the husband cuts the scar with a razor. At the same time, mutilation operations are carried out in unsanitary conditions, so girls often die or remain disabled.
Saudi Arabia
The states listed above are among the developing countries with enough low level life. But Saudi Arabia has 25% of the world's oil reserves and occupies 10% of the world's oil market. The standard of living in this state is high, but it turns out that this does not affect the attitude towards women in any way: in the ranking of gender equality, Saudi Arabia ranks 129th. From 134.
Saudi Arabia is the only country in the world where women are not allowed to drive. Women are also forbidden to move freely - each must be accompanied by a "guardian": father, brother or husband. The guardian makes all decisions for the woman: he has the right to forbid her to receive an education or work, to marry her to whomever he wishes. Without the permission of a guardian or husband, a woman will not be provided medical care. After a woman successfully escaped from the country, a special electronic system was developed so that a male guardian could monitor the location of a woman.
A woman is also not entitled to file for divorce, only a man can do this. The woman will first have to prove that her husband harms her. In this case, the husband must agree to the divorce. The testimony in court is interpreted as follows: the vote of one man is equal to the votes of two women, so women are actually deprived of the right to a legal divorce.
Sex segregation affects all women without exception in this state. They are forbidden to appear on the street without a hijab, and in some regions of the country, women are required to wear a niqab - a veil that covers the face. Since 2011, the religious police have begun requiring women to close their eyes as well, citing that they can sometimes be too "sexy". public places- transport, shops, hospitals - divided into male and female halves. But this does not save women from sexual violence, because in Saudi Arabia The perpetrator usually goes unpunished. But the victim of violence can be punished for "provoking" the perpetrator. The high-profile case received the sentence of an 18-year-old victim from Al Qatif, who was abducted and subjected to gang rape. The court sentenced her to six months in prison and 200 lashes. By order of the judge, she violated the law on sexual segregation, namely, she was in the same car with one of the attackers before the attack. Later, the girl told reporters that after the rape brother tried to kill her to "wash away the shame of the family". At the same time, domestic and sexual violence in the family itself is not at all considered a shame: one of the egregious cases occurred in the family of an imam (Islamic priest), who severely beat and raped his five-year-old daughter, broke her arms, ribs and skull, tore off all the fingernails. The girl died, and her father spent only 2 months in prison and had to pay a fine of 50 thousand dollars.
Gender gap index according to the World Economic Forum-2013. The largest legal disparities between men and women exist in countries marked in red and orange.
Women in Saudi Arabia took to the wheel to protest against the government's refusal to issue them a driver's license. Thus, they challenged not only long-standing restrictions, but the entire system of laws based on gender. Saudi Arabia is considered the toughest country in this sense.
However, according to one study, there are several countries in the world where women's rights are violated almost more than in Saudi Arabia.
The World Economic Forum annually publishes a ranking of countries by gender inequality. In 2013, Saudi Arabia was tenth from the bottom, followed by Mali, Morocco, Iran, Côte d'Ivoire, Mauritania, Syria, Chad, Pakistan and Yemen. The infringement of women's rights is not limited to North and West Africa or the Middle East, although it is from there that we hear such stories most often.
"A large number of very serious problems in this area comes from long-standing legal systems,” says Rotna Begum, researcher on women's rights in the Middle East and North Africa for the independent organization Human Rights Watch.
However, she also believes that some kind of "modernization" is still happening, especially in Saudi Arabia.
Below you will find nine of the strangest restrictions on women's existing rights in different corners world, from Asia to Latin America.
India: Road safety rules don't apply to women
In some parts of India, road safety rules do not apply to women. For example, women are not required to wear a helmet when riding a motorcycle, which costs thousands of lives every year. Women's rights advocates argue that this is due to the depreciation women's life. Defenders of the law rest on the fact that they simply care about hair and makeup.
Yemen: A woman is not considered a full-fledged witness
According to a report by the human rights organization Freedom House, according to Yemen's legal testimony policy, a woman cannot be considered a full-fledged witness in court. A woman's testimony is generally not taken seriously unless it is backed up by a man's testimony or does not relate to a place or situation where a man cannot be. Also, a woman generally does not have the right to testify in cases adultery, slander, theft or homosexuality.
Saudi Arabia and the Vatican: Women still can't vote
Surprisingly, this is true, although a 2011 royal decree still allows women to vote in the upcoming elections in 2015 in Saudi Arabia. The Vatican is the only such country where only men can vote.
Ecuador: Abortion is banned for everyone except "idiots"
Ecuador is a country where abortion for a long time were outlaws for everyone except "idiots" and "crazy". Today, politicians have replaced these terms with the more correct "mentally ill", but this will not change the illegal status of abortion and the fact that the law is often used to criminalize such an operation.
Saudi Arabia and Morocco: Victims of violence can themselves be accused of crimes
Too many countries do not protect victims of violence, but some go even further, penalizing women for leaving home without a male escort, for being alone with a male who is not a relative, or for subsequent pregnancy. The most infamous case is that of the Qatif girl in Saudi Arabia, but a recent suicide in Morocco also made a splash when 16-year-old Amina Filali committed suicide after a court ordered her to marry her rapist, as the country's law drops all rape charges if the parties marry.
Yemen: A woman cannot leave the house without her husband's permission
However, in Yemen, where this law is still in force, there are some exceptions. For example, if a woman has to leave to take care of her sick parents.
Saudi Arabia: Women can't drive
However, there is also good news. The report of the World Economic Forum says that in the Middle East there is still progress on women's rights and there are prospects for further changes.
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On March 8, 1908, 15,000 women marched through the streets of New York, demanding a reduction in the working day, equal salaries with men, and the elimination of child labor. Then they did not have the right to vote and were almost not represented in power. Now women in the so-called progressive countries vote in elections, become presidents and are formally considered equal to men, but still continue to fight for their rights: according to statistics, women's salaries are 23% lower than men's, every third woman is subjected to physical or sexual violence, and in a number of countries they have almost no rights. By March 8, the Telegraph had collected eight facts about discrimination against women, which in 2017 do not fit into the head.
Saudi Arabia bans women from Starbucks
A sign hangs on the door of a coffee shop in the capital, Riyadh: "No entry for women, please send your driver to order." Women are also not allowed to travel without the accompaniment of a husband or relative, drive a car, choose a spouse and communicate with unknown men. For all this, they can be imprisoned, from which you can only leave with the permission of the male guardian.
Rape victim could be jailed for adultery in UAE
A similar punishment may also threaten foreign women: in 2013, a Norwegian citizen was sentenced to 16 months in prison, and in 2012, a British resident was sentenced to 12 months in prison. At the same time, the rapist can be found guilty of a crime only if he confesses to it himself or four male witnesses testify against him. Similar laws apply in the Maldives: in 2013, a court sentenced a 15-year-old girl who was raped by her adoptive father to 100 lashes, accusing her of premarital sex with men.
Brides are still kidnapped against their will in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the North Caucasus
There are no official statistics related to kidnappings, but stories of kidnapped girls regularly appear in the media, and videos of the kidnappings themselves are posted on YouTube. According to unofficial data, about 15,000 brides are kidnapped in Kyrgyzstan every year, 5,000 in Kazakhstan, and about half of marriages in the Chechen Republic result from kidnapping. At the same time, in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Russia, kidnapping is punishable by imprisonment for several years, but such criminal cases rarely reach the courts.
In the Central African Republic, women can be stoned to death over suspicions of witchcraft
According to the UN, little girls are accused of passing on the “witchcraft gene” from their mothers or neighbors, women entrepreneurs are said to earn unnaturally high wages, and an elderly beggar woman can be considered a “witch” if she asks a man for food and then he falls ill. As a result, they become victims of lynching: they can be stoned, buried alive, forced to take poison, or tied up and burned. And although lynching is prohibited by the laws of the country, the criminal code contains provisions prohibiting quackery and witchcraft. They provide for imprisonment from five to ten years or lifelong forced labor.
In Russia, one woman dies every 40 minutes due to beatings in the family
victims domestic violence more than 14,000 women become more than 14,000 women in the country every year, and 36,000 are beaten daily. Every fifth Russian, according to the January poll of VTsIOM, allows the use of physical strength against family members, including wives.
Nigerian terrorist group Boko Haram kidnaps schoolgirls to prevent them from getting an education
In 2014, more than 200 girls were kidnapped from a school in the city of Chibok by members of a group advocating the establishment of an Islamic state in the north of the country and against Western education. The terrorists threatened to sell them into slavery or force them into marriage. The leader of Boko Haram said in a video message that the kidnapped schoolgirls were supposed to marry, not study. The girls are still being held captive by militants.
In Ethiopia, Chad and Niger, girls marry before the age of 12
The law allows marriage from the age of 15, but local customs and decisions of religious courts may allow children under 12 to marry, and their decisions will be valid. The situation is similar in Sudan and Yemen. Girls are most often given in marriage against their will, many of them die on their wedding night, which occurs the day after the wedding, or during childbirth at 14-15 years old.
In Pakistan, a woman can be sentenced to rape as punishment
At the same time, the tribal council issues such a sentence to a woman not only for her own misconduct, but also if her husband or brother has violated customs or norms of behavior. At the state level, such actions of the tribal council are criminally punishable and the executors of the sentence can go to trial. True, today only one case is widely known when the victim decided to defend her rights - often the victims of such rapes commit suicide. Six participants in the rape were sentenced to death, but in the end they were released anyway by decision of the court of appeal.
