The Education System in Ancient Greece Education in ancient greece

In ancient Greece and in the Hellenistic states in the II century. BC e. a special three-stage system of education developed - this structure lasted until the very end of antiquity. The first educational stage is teaching writing, reading, and counting; the second step is the grammar school. Reading classical writers (poets, orators, historians) with explanations from all fields of knowledge was an obligatory element of education here. By the age of 16, schooling ended, and the education of the third stage began - the rhetorical school. The main goal of this stage of training was the practical mastery of the art of writing and speaking, that is, oratory. The elements of law (as preparation for a career as a judicial speaker) and philosophy (logic and ethics) were also studied. The higher education in the humanities of the rhetorical school coexisted and competed with the special higher education in the philosophical school, which claimed the status of alternative source obtaining knowledge.

Teaching music in an ancient Greek school

In ancient Greece, a number of factors are taking shape that determine the development of pedagogy and education, as well as the philosophy of rationalism, which is gradually acquiring the status of a special type of knowledge. First, these are specific natural conditions, under the influence of which commerce and handicraft production are rapidly developing, which in turn requires certain skills, knowledge and, of course, the level of education. This predetermined the development of the ancient Greek system of education and schools, where teachers were a special social class necessary for the training of professional artisans and merchants. The classes of merchants and artisans in ancient Greece represented a serious economic and political force that developed and gained authority in society. Significant impact on ancient greek education The democratic basis of social organization was also provided, which was realized in the institution of the policy, creating conditions for creative freedom and individual initiative. The third factor that influenced the formation of the educational system in Greece was the development of the philosophy of rationalism, which was generally initiated by reasons of a religious nature. religious culture the ancient Greeks was more or less "liberal": the ancient Greek gods, in fact, were idealized people; the Greeks did not have sacred books (in the sense of the divine revelation embodied in the text); did not have a strictly fixed religious and ritual dogma, and the ancient Greek priests did not play a significant role in the life of the policy.

Legendary Greek poet Homer

Speaking about the influence of spiritual culture on the formation of the ancient Greek educational model, one cannot fail to mention the role that Homer's poems played in this process, which became a kind of Bible of the Greeks. Of course, the figure of the singer-storyteller Homer is rather legendary (many researchers consider him the same collective character as Shakespeare). However, the ancient Greeks were convinced of the existence of this divinely inspired poet, who single-handedly created large-scale epic canvases that replaced sacred texts. Like the Vedas, intended for Brahmin priests, or the religious and philosophical texts of the Upanishads, Homer's poems set as their main goal the transfer of sacred knowledge from teacher to student. The tales of the ancient Greek aed can also be compared with the Hindu epic poems "Ramayana" and "Mahabharata", which combine stories about mythical and legendary events with adventure stories, love stories and edifying teachings.

By the end of the 5th century BC e. in Athens all citizens could read and write

The founder of the famous philosophical Academy, Plato, in his fundamental treatise “The State”, considers the Homeric epic as a “life guide”: “... this poet raised Hellas, and for the sake of guiding human affairs and enlightenment, he should be carefully studied in order to build his whole life according to him ... " . Until about the middle of the 5th c. BC e. The upbringing of young people is based on the image of the ideal hero, derived from Homer's poems: an educated noble young man must, in addition to physical perfection, have knowledge of poetry and certain “musical” skills, i.e., the ability to play the musical instruments. According to Homer, they studied, were brought up, in his texts they found standards of behavioral "virtues", revealing at the same time hidden allegorical, almost sacred meanings. So Homer acquired the status of a "divine teacher", broadcasting a clearly adjusted concept of the universe through stories about legendary events.

Two polis-states, Athens and Sparta, played a special role in the history of Ancient Greece. Each of them has developed its own unique systems of upbringing, training and education. It was with the emergence of the polis system of public administration that education became an imperious prerogative, and the state assumed the costs of educating citizens. So, the ideal of Athenian education was a model that boils down to a rather abstract concept - a set of virtues.

The Athenians used agonistics - competition between individuals

It meant comprehensive development harmonious personality, at the same time possessing developed intellect and close to perfect body. It was believed that only a free and wealthy citizen of Athens had the right to achieve such a reference model of self-development and self-improvement. The competitive principle (agonistics) became the basis for the educational and educational practices of the ancient Athenians. Children and young men constantly competed in gymnastics, dancing, music, verbal discussions, thereby honing their best qualities gaining self-confidence and a corresponding reputation in Athenian society.

Ancient Greek philosopher Plato

The system of raising children in ancient Sparta is a topic for numerous idle arguments and disputes. The expression "Spartan education" is often associated with harsh and sometimes even aggressive measures to influence the behavior of the child and has a very negative connotation. A citizen of ancient Sparta was, first of all, a warrior, and therefore military discipline and all its components covered the life of a Spartan entirely, from early childhood to extreme old age, so that a person was unquestioningly forced to submit to the harsh state interests. The upbringing of boys and girls in Sparta differed from each other. According to the ancient historian Plutarch, the Spartans threw into the abyss of the Tayget ridge babies who were born weak or incorrectly built. Most likely, this is an exaggeration: babies who did not meet the health criteria were most likely given up for education to free villagers, perieks. Strong boys, reaching the age of six, were transferred from parental home in public Spartan educational institutions, which were run by a chief called pedon. He divided the boys into units corresponding to the military formations of the Spartans, in which young students would take a place in the future. Education in these institutions was very strict, which aimed to prepare pupils for military service, to make them capable of enduring the hardships and hardships associated with camp and camp life, to develop in them physical strength And good health. Therefore, the main occupation of boys and young men in these educational homes was gymnastic and military exercises: running, wrestling, jumping, discus throwing, javelin throwing, familiarity with the art of weapons, military and strategic maneuvers.

Edgar Degas. Young Spartans

In addition to bodily training, the Spartans also highly valued intellectual education. In their opinion, it was important not only the ability to understand and deftly conduct everyday affairs, which was acquired with experience and during conversations with wise people, but also the ability to express one's thoughts briefly and clearly. The Spartans were resourceful, cunning, famous for the art of giving clear answers, speaking to the point and concisely. The most important mental advantage of a Spartan, a military man, was the art of quickly grasping the essence of the matter and without hesitation, without wasting time, to act as state regulations dictate.

The position of women in Sparta was more honorable than in the rest of Greece

As for the upbringing of girls, in general, it was carried out in the same spirit as the upbringing of boys. However, the attitude of the Spartans towards women was truly chivalrous. The marriage was concluded from the moment the bride was kidnapped: there was a custom that at the first time of marriage, the husband should see his wife only furtively, which gave the relationship of the young spouses a romantic mystery. In general, the position of women in Sparta was freer and more honorable than in the rest of Greece. Accustomed from childhood to feel part of society and take an active part in public affairs, they shared the political interests of men, sympathized with their militancy, their way of life, and therefore enjoyed respect. Other Greeks even said that in Sparta it is women who run the show.

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Education and the first educational institutions in Ancient Greece

In Greece, already in a very early times great attention was paid to the education of children. The Greeks sought to educate an intellectual and healthy person, well developed physically, to combine the beauty of the body and moral virtues. By the 5th c. BC. there were no illiterate people among the free Athenians. Education has moved from home to school.

So, in ancient Greece there were several types of educational institutions: school, palestra, gymnasium. ancient greece gymnasium theater

1. School - education in Greece was paid. When an Athenian boy, the son of a wealthy citizen, turned seven years old, he was sent to school. Until this age, he spent time at home, in the women's quarters, playing with his brothers and sisters, listening to the songs of slaves who worked on yarn, weaving, embroidery, cooking, or the tales of a nurse and mother. Not a single male stranger entered the women's quarters. Occasionally, the father took his son to visit or allowed him to be present in the men's hall when the guests gathered in his house.

At the age of seven, schooling began. Farewell, female half of the house and games with sisters! Girls were not sent to school. After all, Athenian women did not participate either in elections, or in the national assembly, or in the courts. All that was required of them was to be modest, submissive wives and housewives. The less often they appeared in public, the more their father and husband were proud of them. And for such a life it was quite enough to teach them at home to weave wool, bake bread and look after the slaves.

When a boy goes to school, they are followed by slaves who are obliged to accompany the master's sons to school. They carry school supplies behind the boys: wooden, waxed tablets for writing, sticks - the styles with which they wrote, and for older boys - and the lyre on which they learned to play.

Schools were private, parents paid teachers to teach their children. The Athenians, like all slave owners, despised those who worked for pay, so teachers were not highly respected in society. When there was no news about a certain person for a long time, acquaintances would say: it is true that he either died or became a teacher. By this they meant to say that the missing person leads a too miserable life to tell his friends about himself. This did not prevent teachers, as well as teachers and fathers, from generously endowing disobedient and inattentive students with stick blows, so that the student's back became "more colorful than the skin of a snake." The sons of free Greeks studied at schools from the age of 7. Girls were taught at home by their mothers, the main occupation for them was housekeeping. At school, the boy, first of all, was taught to read and write. Having mastered the letter, the students began to read Homer. Homer's poems were considered very useful for children. They gave a lot of information on housekeeping, and every Athenian had to learn how to manage his house; they taught obedience, and every citizen had to know how to obey. At school, boys were taught to play the cithara, the lyre and the flute, as well as singing. Every Athenian had to be able to play and sing.

2. Palestra (“pale” - wrestling) - from the age of 12 - 13, the boys also began to attend gymnastic schools, and from the age of 14, gymnastics almost completely replaced the music school in their lives. The study of gymnastics was considered no less important than the acquaintance with music and literature. After all, a citizen must also be a warrior, and who needs such warriors, said the Athenians, who tremble in the cold, weaken from the heat, suffocate from the dust, weak and clumsy, who do not know how to answer a blow with a blow, swim across a river or catch up with a fleeing enemy.

Having studied the first half of the day at the music school, the boys went to the palestra - that was the name of the gymnastic schools. Shedding clothes and rubbing skin olive oil in order to make it elastic and smooth, they went out into an open space strewn with sand, where classes took place. The gymnastics teacher, armed with a cane, with which he acted no less diligently than a music school teacher, was already waiting for his students. Exercises began: running, wrestling, jumping, discus and javelin throwing. Preparing for competitions in games and for war, young men strove to become strong, dexterous and fast.

3. Gymnasium - originally intended for exercise, but later turned into a kind of centers of communication and places of musical and physical exercises for young people. Noble, wealthy Athenian youths aged 16-18 entered the gymnasium after the palestra. Continuing to do gymnastics at the gymnasium, they also studied politics, philosophy, and literature under the guidance of philosophers. The most famous gymnasiums were the Academy, where Plato talked with his students, and the Lyceum, founded by Aristotle.

In different cities of Greece, training took place in different ways. In Sparta, where upbringing was a matter exclusively for the state, study and education were built with the aim of raising, first of all, a warrior and the mother of a warrior. For 13 years - from 7 to 20 years old - the boys were in state camps, constantly exercising physically. Girls also paid a lot of attention to sports, competed with boys in competitions. Less than, for example, in Athens, the little Spartans were engaged in music and literature, were more hardened in body. The rigidity and severity of the Spartan methods of education made them a household name, and if endurance, firmness and brevity have earned the praise and approval of descendants for centuries, then cruelty and excessive enthusiasm for military training to the detriment of mental and artistic development already censured the contemporaries of the Spartans, the inhabitants of other city-states, where the ideal of "kalokagatiya" reigned - beauty and goodness, merged together.

And now let's go to the theater of Dionysus!

“With a cheerful crowd of wreathed maenads and satyrs, Dionysus walks around the world, from country to country. He walks in front in a wreath of grapes, in his hands is a thyrsus adorned with ivy. To the sound of flutes, a noisy procession moves merrily in the mountains, among shady forests, along green lawns ...

Dionysus (Bacchus) - in ancient times Greek mythology the youngest of the Olympians, the god of winemaking, the productive forces of nature, inspiration and religious ecstasy. The Theater of Dionysus under the Acropolis is the oldest theater in Greece. It was here that the first plays of the ancient classics were staged for the first time.

At the origins of the Greek theater lay holidays in honor of the god Dionysus.

In autumn, after harvesting the grapes, the Greeks dressed in goat skins and masks, depicting forest gods - satyrs. Their processions, bacchanalia, were accompanied by wild dances and dithyrambs - songs glorifying Dionysus.

In the 6th c. BC e. on these holidays the script was introduced. So there were 1st performances. Soon the holidays were moved to special places - theaters, and after a while, playwrights appeared - people who wrote plays for the theater.

All visitors to the theater were divided into 2 groups - guests of honor and ordinary spectators. The guests of honor were the priests of Dionysus, Olympionists and strategists. Ordinary visitors bought tickets. To attract spectators, the authorities gave money to visit the theatre.

Actors who played in plays main task considered memorization of the text. It was pronounced with all sorts of howls, trying to convey the feelings of the characters. Masks served the same purpose: they reflected joy, grief and other emotions.

The theater of Dionysius was not always made of stone. Initially, it was built of wood and partly served solemn events. For a long time for each Dionysian holiday, temporary wooden rows for spectators and a stage were built, and only in 330 BC. they were replaced with stone ones. The stone theater consisted of 67 rows and could accommodate from 14 to 17 thousand spectators.

The first row consisted of 67 marble seats for VIP spectators. Many of them related to different eras antiquity, with the names and positions of the owners carved, still stand in place. The ledge and chair in the second row is the bed of the Roman emperor Hadrian, a passionate lover of Greek culture.

Each seat in the theater has its own name.

Skene - a tent where the actors dressed and changed (each of the actors played several roles); the stage consisted of a long narrow platform and three parties was surrounded by walls, of which the side walls were called - paraskenii, and what we call the scene - preskennya.

The semi-circle of seats for spectators rising in ledges was called an amphitheater.

Orchestra - a place between the stage and the amphitheater. Here was placed the choir, which was controlled by the coryphaeus (the leader of the choir).

There were 2 types of performances in the theater.

The first is tragedy. The word "tragedy" comes from the Greek words goat and song, that is, "the song of the goats." This name again leads us to satyrs - companions of Dionysus, goat-footed creatures who glorified the exploits and sufferings of God. Very often, actors who played tragic roles stood on wooden blocks - they were better visible. So they tried to emphasize the "high", sublime nature of the tragedy. The Greek theater did not know scenery in the usual sense of the word. This influenced the design technique of the Greek tragedy. Actors wore masks, koturny (high shoes with wooden heels) and long to-toe cloaks (their color depended on the role - kings, for example, wore red cloaks). All this was supposed to give the actor a high growth and grandeur, likening him to the god or hero whom he portrayed. In accordance with this, the gesture of the actor was exaggerated, and his recitation was solemn, pathetic.

Ancient Greek theatrical art reaches its highest flowering in the work of the three great tragedians of the 5th century. BC e. - Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides - and the comic poet Aristophanes, who also worked at the beginning of the 4th century. BC e. Each of them paid more attention to specific and specific issues, but they were united by the desire to live in a democratic Athenian society and be guided by the principles that were proclaimed by him as fundamental.

Comedy was another popular theatrical genre. The word "comedy" comes from the Greek - procession and "song of the procession." This is a description of the procession of a drunken crowd of mummers, showering each other with jokes and ridicule at rural holidays in honor of Dionysus.

Chionides and Magnet, about whom almost nothing is known, belonged to the older generation of comedic poets, Cratin, Eupolis and Aristophanes belonged to the younger generation, only fragments of their works have survived.

The most popular comedy playwright was Aristophanes, who wrote the comedy The Birds. The comedies of Aristophanes are distinguished by the richness of their ideological content, the expressiveness of the theatrical form. He is both its pinnacle and completion. In the second half of the 4th c. BC e., when socio-economic conditions in Greece changed dramatically, the ancient comedy lost its basis.

Palaestra

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Pedagogy of antiquity.

In the era of antiquity, the foundations of European culture were being formed, incl. and educational.

The territory and temporal boundaries of the ancient world are huge: from 3 thousand years BC, when the ancient Greek culture was born in the Aegean basin, on the islands and the mainland, and up to the 5th century AD, when the Greco-Roman world collapsed, mixed with the so-called barbarian world, Christianity and gave rise to the culture of the Middle Ages. Geographically, the ancient world covered the lands of 3 continents - from the Atlantic Ocean to Egypt, Central Asia and India.

Education and training in Greece in the 9th-8th centuries. BC. reflected in the epic poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" by the ancient Greek poet Homer. Namely, the image of a perfect person, a personality developed mentally, morally and physically. The heroes of Homer were brought up by home teachers, mentors, as a rule, elders.

The Greek of the archaic period had to be developed physically, prepared for the use of weapons. In epic poems there are his characteristics: “strong, enduring”, “swift, strong in muscles”, “able to fight”, “glorious in descendants”, “acting as usual”, “fair”, “faithful”, “ reliable". The ultimate goal of education according to Homer is to achieve glory, to surpass in valor your father.

Education occupied a special place in society and was seen as an inalienable duty of every free worthy citizen. The ban on education was one of the forms of punishment for a person.

Ancient Greece.

During the heyday of Hellas, in the 6th-4th centuries. BC. Athens in Attica and Sparta in Laconia began to play the leading role among all the city-states. These two states gave 2 different models of the organization of education and upbringing in Ancient Greece.

The educational system of Sparta.

In Sparta, the ideal of a strong spirit, physically developed warrior, but essentially an ignorant person, developed. Even Aristotle noted that the main drawback of education in Sparta is that the Spartans felt confident only during military operations, and they did not know how to use their leisure time, because they had a limited outlook.

Sparta is a polis with strict state traditions. The interests of the state were placed above the interests of the individual and the individual freedom of the citizen.

The upbringing of the Spartans began from the first day of life. According to Plutarch, the elders examined the newborns. The weak and ugly were thrown into the abyss of Taygetos, while the healthy and strong were handed over to nurses, who were very much appreciated in Ancient Greece. They did not swaddle them, giving them freedom of movement, they taught them to eat in moderation and not be picky about food, they taught them not to be afraid of the dark, and so on.

Such an emphasis on physical education may have been due to the need to defend themselves (in the 12th century BC, Dorian tribes invaded Ancient Greece from the Balkans, which also slowed down cultural development Ancient Greece).

Features of Spartan education

1. Class character:

True Spartans are the dominant group that performs managerial and military functions;

Perieki ("those who live nearby") are a mixed population with personal freedom but no political rights;

Helots - enslaved population, subordinate to the state.

Education is the right of true Spartans.

2. A priority military training.

3. The principle of obedience and complete submission to elders. Any man or old man is a second father. Foreigners noted: "Only in Sparta is it pleasant to grow old."

4. Basic type educational institutions – dormitory schools(youth communes with a teaching and educational orientation).

5. Stages of training:

1) 7-15 years old- education training in special children's units or paramilitary camps ("agel", one of the boys headed the agel, distinguished by strength, dexterity and intelligence). The goal is hardening, strengthening physical endurance. Physical exercises, basics of military art, elementary basics of reading, writing, counting. Singing, dancing.

Physical education in Sparta: gymnastics (running, jumping, ball games, hunting, horseback riding, martial arts) and orcheistics (military dances: plastic movements that imitate actions during the struggle, as well as choral exercises).

2) 15-20 years old- the boys received some civil rights and assisted the elders in educating the younger ones. Fundamentals of aesthetic, moral, patriotic education. Military training. Participation in training battles, campaigns. Criptia - military campaigns of youth, during which they were given the right to secretly kill the most powerful and combat-ready of the helots.

3) 20-30 years old– training and education in the same direction. As a result, the young men become full members of the policy.

A motivating form of education is “agons” (public competitions). Been exposed since 14 years. Gymnastic and musical (orcheistics) agons. Endurance competitions incl. were also carried out in the form of a section of teenagers at the altar of Artemis Orthia. Plutarch draws the scene: “The boys in Sparta were whipped ... all day long, and they often died under the blows. The boys competed proudly and merrily to see which of them could bear the beating more worthily; the winner was praised, and he became famous.

The educational system of Athens.

Athens is a major cultural, commercial and political center. Therefore, the educational system here was more flexible and less traditional. The main goal is the comprehensive and harmonious development of the personality, which lies in the idea of kallokagatiya. Kallokagatiya: 1) a perfect, wonderful person; 2) a person who surprises everyone with his abilities.

Features of Athenian education:

1.
Estate character. Education concerned the ruling class - Eupatrides.

2.
teachers were called didaskali and did not belong to the priestly caste. The status of a teacher was equated with an artisan, and only life's accidents, grief and misadventures led a free citizen to the doors of the school. There were 20-50 students per didascal.

3.
Schools are private, paid.

4.
Learning steps:

From birth, children received a traditional family upbringing. The goal is to develop physical strength, a sense of beauty and moral attitudes.

1.
7-12 years old. Music schools. They were divided into grammatical and cypheric.

Grammar schools - gave writing skills (on wax tablets (“tsers”) with a bone stick (“style”); children sometimes scraped wax and sculpted toys, for which they were punished), reading (Aesop’s fables, Homer’s poems, etc., were memorized, myths, hymns). There were teaching aids - models of geometric bodies, sandboxes for drawing exercises, tables with examples for 4 rules of arithmetic, "abacus", like accounts. Kifaristic schools provided musical education (playing musical instruments - lyre, flute - singing). According to Greek thinkers, teaching music preserves and enhances polis traditions.

2) 12-16 years old. Palestra. They gave general physical education and elementary military training. Athletics, dancing, swimming, horseback riding, driving chariots.

3) 16-18 years old. Gymnasium. These were state philosophical schools. Among the academies and gymnasiums, the most popular were:

Stoic (Zeno), Epicurean (Epicurus) gymnasium;

Plato's Academy, Lyceum of Aristotle, Cynosarg of Antisthenes. Aristotle talked with his students, walking in the park near the temple of the mythical Apollo of Lyceum, Plato - by the pool, while his lesson began and ended to the sound of a water alarm clock, designed by himself. Plato's Academy was located near the sacred grove and the temple of the legendary Athenian hero Academ. In the gardens of the Academ there were altars to the Muses and to Prometheus, who gave people writing.

4) From the age of 18, young men had to be members of the "ephebia", a state organization for preparing free-born people for military and public service(within 2 years, for state support). After the 1st year of study, they took an oath of allegiance to Athens.

There were also sophists (teachers of wisdom). They gathered groups of young men around them and passed on ZUN, experience. These were the first paid teachers in Athens. First of all, they taught eloquence and logic. Methods - story, conversation, discussion, detailed proof.

It was in Athens that the differentiation educational material for individual subjects, depending on the specialty of the teacher - citharist, grammarian, gymnast or philosopher. But this process acquired specificity in the Roman system.

Ancient Rome.

According to legend, it was founded in 752 BC. From 31 BC Rome during the wars of conquest turned into the capital of a vast empire. Rome largely borrowed the traditions of Greek culture. Family education and training was widespread.

Traditionally, a major role has been played home education. Wherein family unit was patriarchal. The father even had the right to kill the baby or sell his son. For the upbringing of children, the father was responsible to the community. Fathers raised and taught adopted children as well.

Features of Roman education:

1. Wealthy citizens had the opportunity to send their children to grammar schools. These were private educational institutions of a higher type. The rest of the Romans sent children to the forums (public meetings), in trivial("crossroads"), which were located directly on the streets or in craft workshops. For 2 years of study, children learned to write, read, count, mastered Latin, Greek, the basics of Roman law, and rhetoric.

2. In Roman education there were all "graceful sciences" are excluded(music, singing, dancing, sports, because "they encourage more to dream than to act").

3. Ideal Roman education - pragmatic(i.e. with the extraction of a specific benefit). Getting an education was a necessary condition for a military or political career.

4. school canon - "seven free arts"(trivium and quadrium). Science was proposed by the Roman writer and scientist Varro. Divided into trivium and quadrium by the Roman philosopher and author of school textbooks Boethius.

Trivium - rhetoric, dialectics, grammar.

Quadrium - arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music.

Medicine and architecture were excluded from the original version.

5.
School types:

1) Rhetorical (oratorical) schools. Conducted training of public figures.

2) Colleges of youth - educational centers For high nobility. Prepared the ruling elite. The young men traveled to the centers of Hellenistic culture and education - Athens, Pergamon, Alexandria.

3) Legions and equestrian schools - military training.

6. Creation and use first textbooks And teaching guides(in their capacity were the author's philosophical and rhetorical treatises).

The most prominent ancient thinkers-teachers:

1.
Pythagoras- the school (“Pythagorean Brotherhood”) should build its activities on the harmony of thinking, feelings, desires. The subjects are those that are associated with the concepts of measure, harmony and which can be expressed in the form of various numbers, formulas, signs (music, mathematics, medicine, philosophy). Even the age periodization was based on the number - 7 - in the first 7 years teeth fall out, in the second 7 years puberty sets in, in the third - a beard grows. All this contributed to order and discipline, both in teaching and in life. Training and education should be organized according to age.

2.
Democritus- appreciated the role family education, good example parents, because " good people become more from exercise than from nature. Education is the second nature of man. The main motive for development is children's curiosity, which means that the teacher must encourage this motive through persuasion.

3.
Socrates- the goal is to develop the inner nature of the personality, abilities. 1st stage of education - the basics of ethics and social behavior, 2nd stage - the study of practical professional issues. Know the world means to be born again. And for this, the child must find the truth himself in a conversation with the teacher (“truth is learned in a dispute”). Socrates identified an appropriate method - a heuristic (or Socratic) conversation - a dispute by posing thoughtful, logically connected questions by the teacher, answering which, the child gradually realizes the truth. Socrates spent his time in the squares, in the palestras and gymnasiums, entering into conversation with passers-by. “I know that I know nothing” - the student, starting from the realization of his ignorance, is encouraged to independent mental activity.

4.
Plato- A student of Socrates. "Instruction" is carried out on the basis of the soul's recollection of what it saw in the world of ideas. The child needs to be surrounded by images of the beautiful and kind, which should awaken in his soul memories of an ideal world. Ideas of social education (prototypes of kindergartens). It is necessary to create a system of public schools. Newborns should first be fed by public wet nurses in public foster homes. From 3 to 6 years - training is carried out by a special educator at specially equipped sites near temples (mainly games). From the age of 7 - visiting public schools, palestras, gymnasiums, ephebia.

5.
Aristotle- a student of Plato, educator A. Macedonian. Education should begin with the basics, then focus on the transfer of real knowledge about the world (natural history, astronomy, philosophy, etc.), then the instillation of moral norms and laws in the family and policy, and end with the transfer of ZUN for professional and creative activities (rhetoric, poetics and etc.). Unlike Plato, Aristotle's basis of knowledge is sensory perception. Education should be different - slaves should be prepared for work, and the children of the free should have leisure for the development of mind and body. Human development is influenced by:

External world

internal forces

social order

Learning should be based on the inherent ability of a person to imitate, i.e. using repetition, following a pattern. This gives the child pleasure and joy. Exercises should be frequent and well thought out.

Medieval Pedagogy.

The beginning of the Western European Middle Ages is associated with the collapse of the Roman Empire - the birth of feudal society whose mainstay was Christianity.

The Middle Ages cover about 12 centuries:

1.
5th-10th centuries - early middle ages

2.
11th-13th centuries - High Middle Ages

3.
14th-16th centuries Late Middle Ages (Renaissance).

The cultural heritage is rich - magnificent examples of icon painting, the emergence of Gothic and Romanesque styles in architecture, the masterpieces of painting by L. Da Vinci, Michelangelo and others, the poetry of Petrarch and Dante. It was in the Middle Ages that the category of professional scientists was formed.

In the 1st century AD in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, early Christian communities arise, expressing the hope of the most oppressed strata for the coming of a messiah, a savior. They fought for the idea of equality, renounced property, respected labor, did not recognize emperors, for which they were persecuted.

In 313, Christianity was recognized as an equal religion, and Christian teachers were given the right to teach in trivial and grammar schools, where they interpreted various sciences from the standpoint of the new religion.

The main method of teaching is oral and written edification, joint reading of excerpts from books, composing and delivering sermons, learning prayers, psalms, parables, reading aloud translations of sacred texts, etc.

Particular importance was attached to the creation of an internal mood of emotional elation.

At the beginning of the 7th c. on the territory of Ireland and Britain, thanks to the activity of monasticism, the first church schools appeared at monasteries. The content of education was based on the writings of Aurelius Augustine and Plato as the most appropriate of the ancient thinkers to the ideals of Christianity.

Features of education:

2.
Target- the discipline of free will and reason, bringing a person to faith, to comprehension, reverence and service to God.

The symbol of human life is the Greek letter "upsilon" (at the beginning of life there is a straight road, then a person makes a choice - on the left is a wide comfortable road of sin, and on the right - thorny path righteous man).

- "1" - a symbol of the one God, "2" - the duality of Christ (divine + human), "3" - the Holy Trinity, etc.

Latin grammar - for understanding and reading the Holy Scriptures.

Rhetoric and dialectic - for correct reading and logical thinking, the ability to discuss in order to avoid errors in dogma.

Arithmetic - "the divine cosmos is based on numbers

Geometry - the world around us consists of numbers

Music - leads to harmony of the heavenly and earthly spheres

Astronomy - deals with the calculation of church holidays, fasts.

They also studied philosophy (the crown of learning, leads to the comprehension of theology), theology and theology.

Education was conducted in Latin (since the translation of the Bible into Latin). For 5 years, the children memorized the Psalter (since knowledge and repetition of psalms take a person away from vain thoughts), learned to read and write. Then they studied 7 liberal arts, philosophy, theology and theology.

Ancient Greece is a country consisting of a number of small slave-owning states (policies).

The most influential of them were Laconia with the main city of Sparta (authoritarian system of government) and Attica with the main city of Athens (republican government).

They defined various pedagogical systems - Spartan and Athenian. Spartan education was formed both under the influence of natural and climatic conditions, and in conjunction with the historical fate of the state, which is in a state of constant warfare, possessing a huge number of slaves.

Sparta (VII - III centuries BC) was politically isolated from other Greek states due to its location. Sparta was distinguished by its huge military potential and the amazing stability of the political system.

The goal of Spartan education was to prepare a strong, hardy, courageous warrior, a member of the military community. In Sparta, “almost all education and a lot of laws are designed for war,” wrote Aristotle in Politics.

Until the age of 7, children were brought up in the family, but the state controlled the parents. Children were not swaddled, they were raised unpretentious in food, not afraid of the dark, not knowing self-will and crying.

From 7 to 30 years (7-15, 15-20, 20-30) a person was constantly in the system of state guardianship. The boys were collected in agella, where they stayed until the age of 18, this is the state education system (the boys lived and ate together, learned to endure hardships, win over the enemy).

Physical hardening, the ability to endure hunger, thirst, pain were acquired thanks to the appropriate living conditions: the boy received a cloak, slept on a mat made by himself, and got his own food. The children were cut short and taught to walk barefoot. A great place in the preparation of the future warrior was given to military gymnastic exercises: discus and spear throwing, wrestling, hand-to-hand combat techniques, and running.

At the age of 14, each Spartan went through the agon - a public flogging in which the pupils competed in patience and endurance. This competition was repeated later.

Physical education was supplemented by singing and dancing, which were of a warlike nature and aroused courage. A special concern of education was the accustoming to laconicism, honesty and purity of speech, combined with caustic witticisms. Literacy and reading were taught to a minimum.

From the age of 18, young men became members of the military community, received the right to bear arms, performed military service, took part in raids and massacres of suspicious rafts and slaves.

During the following years, military training and physical training did not stop, moral and ideological attitudes were strengthened.

The upbringing of girls pursued the goal of preparing healthy and unpretentious women capable of reproducing offspring. They were just as stern and purposeful as the men.

The girls competed in running, wrestling, discus and javelin throwing just like the boys. (They kept the slaves in line when the men went to war.)

Athenian education pursued other goals: “Most of all, we strive for citizens to be beautiful in soul and strong in body, for it is such people who live well together in peacetime and save the state in time of war.” (Lucian).

Until the age of 7, all free-born children were brought up in a family, with them there was a mother, a nanny, a slave-uncle.

After 7 years, the girls remained in the family, were accustomed to household. The life of women in Athens was closed and concentrated in the female half of the house (genekee), and boys began to attend paid schools (simultaneously or sequentially).

Musical (grammar, cytharist) (8-16 years old) - who gave literary and musical education and some scientific knowledge. Schools were private and paid, general classes were taught by teachers of didascala (didasko - I teach, later didactics - the theory of learning). The boys were escorted to school by one of the slaves, called a teacher (guide), pais - a boy, ogogein - to lead.

Palestra (13-14 years old) - schools of pentathlon, running, jumping, wrestling, swimming, discus throwing. Much attention was paid to the art of dance, in which they tried to convey the gamut of human experiences. Pupils participated in folk games and spectacles. Here, famous citizens had conversations with children on moral topics.

Ephibia (18-20 years old) - two-year military state organizations, where young men were taught military affairs.

In the prevailing social conditions of Athenian life, one could succeed only by mastering the art of the word, which made it possible to retain the understanding of the crowd. This art was taught by sophists - itinerant teachers, among whom were writers, philosophers, and statesmen. The Sophists delivered exemplary speeches to the students and then forced the students, imitating them, to pronounce their own; there were frequent disputes. Just as in schools, the sophists charged a fee for their classes, and any square could become an audience. Such classes were a kind of first form of higher education. The pinnacle of this form of learning was the method of Socrates (469-399 BC). Socrates led an almost beggarly life, but did not charge his students. From him, the famous disputes and the Socratic method of teaching at school entered the pedagogical theory and practice: finding the truth in a dialogue on a strict logical basis. (“The midwife of the birth of truth,” as Socrates figuratively defined his method).

Along with the school, education in Athens was carried out by a wide system of out-of-school education, which had a great influence on everyone. This is the Athenian theater, and national games - the Olympics, and fine arts, and architecture - a whole system of cultural influences.

In ancient Greek science are the origins of many pedagogical ideas. In the teachings of the philosophers Socrates, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, the goals of education are defined, its patterns and principles on which education and education are built are revealed. Many of the pedagogical ideas were further developed in science in subsequent centuries.

The pedagogical experience of Ancient Greece is invaluable for mankind. Here the means of physical education and hardening were widely used; the possibility of harmonic development has been proved; the relationship between the content of education, its means and the age of the child is revealed. Harmonious development children through education is still one of the most humane and noble ideas in pedagogy.

The following concepts entered the science of upbringing and education of youth from antiquity: "teacher, didactics, gymnasium, lyceum, school."

During this period, the Olympic Games appear.

upbringing in Ancient Rome.

Schools in ancient Rome were divided according to property. (many traits) and the nobility of their students' backgrounds.

Elementary schools, private and paid, served a certain part of the poor and humble free-born population (playbeys), taught reading, writing and counting, introduced them to the laws of the country.

In grammar schools, also private and paid, the sons of wealthy and noble families studied (boys went to school at 11-12 years old. Wealthy parents preferred to give their children primary education at home).

The boys were taught Latin and Greek, rhetoric (the art of eloquence), literature and history.

15-year-old boys, having completed a course of serious humanitarian training for that time, could devote themselves to politics and litigation in the future.

In the last century of the Roman Republic (beginning and middle of the 1st century BC), schools of rhetoricians (arators) arose, where noble youth studied rhetoric, philosophy, jurisprudence, Greek, mathematics and music for high pay in order to further occupy the highest government positions.

The most famous of the Roman educators was Marx Fabius Quintilian. (AD 42-118). Fragments of his writings "On the education of arator" have been preserved. In the history of pedagogy, this is one of the first works closely connected with the practice of the school. Quintilian was a supporter of humanistic pedagogy. He believed that for the most part, children by nature have all the physical and spiritual data for the successful acquisition of knowledge and the necessary education. But in order for this potential of opportunities to be realized, the teacher must carefully study and take into account individual characteristics each of their pupils, clearly focusing on the age specifics of their development.

Quintilian theoretically substantiated and used in his practice three methods of training and education, which he considered the most effective: imitation, training (theoretical instruction), exercise. He believed that the foundations of knowledge should be laid firmly and slowly. In the school of Quintilian, the thoroughness of a broad general education was combined with a deep study of oratory.

Education and the first educational institutions in Ancient Greece

In Greece, already in very early times, great attention was paid to the education of children. The Greeks sought to educate an intellectual and healthy person, well developed physically, to combine the beauty of the body and moral virtues. By the 5th c. BC. there were no illiterate people among the free Athenians. Education has moved from home to school.

So, in ancient Greece there were several types of educational institutions: school, palestra, gymnasium. ancient greece gymnasium theater

Having studied the first half of the day at the music school, the boys went to the palestra - that was the name of the gymnastic schools. After throwing off their clothes and rubbing their skin with olive oil to make it supple and smooth, they went out into the sand-strewn open space where the classes took place. The gymnastics teacher, armed with a cane, with which he acted no less diligently than a music school teacher, was already waiting for his students. Exercises began: running, wrestling, jumping, discus and javelin throwing. Preparing for competitions in games and for war, young men strove to become strong, dexterous and fast.

3. Gymnasiums - originally intended for physical exercises, but later turned into a kind of centers of communication and places for musical and physical exercises of young people. Noble, wealthy Athenian youths aged 16-18 entered the gymnasium after the palestra. Continuing to do gymnastics at the gymnasium, they also studied politics, philosophy, and literature under the guidance of philosophers. The most famous gymnasiums were the Academy, where Plato talked with his students, and the Lyceum, founded by Aristotle.

In different cities of Greece, training took place in different ways. In Sparta, where upbringing was a matter exclusively for the state, study and education were built with the aim of raising, first of all, a warrior and the mother of a warrior. For 13 years - from 7 to 20 years old - the boys were in state camps, constantly exercising physically. Girls also paid a lot of attention to sports, competed with boys in competitions. Less than, for example, in Athens, the little Spartans were engaged in music and literature, were more hardened in body. The rigidity and severity of the Spartan methods of education made them a household word, and if endurance, firmness and conciseness have earned the praise and approval of descendants over the centuries, then cruelty and excessive enthusiasm for military training to the detriment of mental and artistic development were already condemned by contemporaries of the Spartans, inhabitants of other city-states where the ideal of "kalokagatiya" reigned - beauty and goodness, merged into one.

And now let's go to the theater of Dionysus!

Dionysus (Bacchus) - in ancient Greek mythology, the youngest of the Olympians, the god of winemaking, the productive forces of nature, inspiration and religious ecstasy. The Theater of Dionysus under the Acropolis is the oldest theater in Greece. It was here that the first plays of the ancient classics were staged for the first time.

At the origins of the Greek theater lay holidays in honor of the god Dionysus.

The actors who played in the performances considered the main task to memorize the text. It was pronounced with all sorts of howls, trying to convey the feelings of the characters. Masks served the same purpose: they reflected joy, grief and other emotions.

The theater of Dionysius was not always made of stone. Initially, it was built of wood and partly served solemn events. For a long time, temporary wooden rows for spectators and a stage were built for each Dionysian holiday, and only in 330 BC. they were replaced with stone ones. The stone theater consisted of 67 rows and could accommodate from 14 to 17 thousand spectators.

The first row consisted of 67 marble seats for VIP spectators. Many of them, belonging to different eras of antiquity, with carved names and positions of the owners, are still in place. The ledge and chair in the second row is the bed of the Roman emperor Hadrian, a passionate lover of Greek culture.

Each seat in the theater has its own name.

Skene - a tent where the actors dressed and changed (each of the actors played several roles); the stage consisted of a long narrow platform and was surrounded on three sides by walls, of which the side walls were called paraskenia, and what we call the stage is prescenium.

The semi-circle of seats for spectators rising in ledges was called an amphitheater.

Orchestra - a place between the stage and the amphitheater. Here was placed the choir, which was controlled by the coryphaeus (the leader of the choir).

There were 2 types of performances in the theater.