Where do our childhood memories go? Why Childhood Memories Disappear

(1) I had a wonderful childhood. (2) As a child, there was no money, there was no interesting work, but all this is a matter of gain. (Z) But in childhood there were a father and a mother.

(4) In our family, the father always reigned with his unquestioned authority. (5) There was no place for a mother in boyish games. (b) Of course, without her breakfasts, lunches and dinners, I could not live, but it was so ordinary that it was imperceptible ... (7) Tenderness was not accepted in our family. (8) We didn’t kiss mom before going to bed and didn’t say in a fit of feelings:

I love you...

(9) Have I told her this at least once? (Yu) Life was so full important things that there was no ordinary place: he ran home for a minute, had a bite - and again to where friends, games and passions are. (11) Ninety percent I consisted of my mother's worries, but did not notice them, just as we do not feel and do not see the air we breathe at all.

(12) Mom and I lived nearby, but as if in different worlds. (13) These worlds touched only once, when a story happened that turned out to be more interesting than all adventures and undertakings: playing football, shooting from a self-propelled gun and launching rockets.

(14) Mom usually spent time at the stove, in the bathroom or on the couch

—While reading books, I remember crying over Dostoevsky's Poor People. (15) But sometimes she suddenly jumped up from the sofa, full of energy and ready for action. (16) She was attracted by business activity, her mother was full of the most daring business plans. (17) She loved to say: “We lived in poverty

-enough!" (18) But her business was usually limited to dreams and laughter.

(19) She shared her plans with her loved ones, and they laughed at her.

(21) And yet, one day, my mother was able to captivate me with her plan.

(22) It was about flying on an airplane! (23) I was assigned the role of an assistant: in the morning she bought three buckets of cherries at our market, we boarded a plane and after half an hour we were already in the regional center, where these same cherries could be sold with considerable profit! (24) The prospect of flying on an airplane seemed so tempting to me that I decided to support my mother in spite of all doubts.

(27) We climbed into the belly of the airplane, put buckets under our feet, and after a short run with a terrible rumble, soared into the air. (28) We did not rise above the clouds, but from the height of a couple of hundred meters at which the flight took place, it took our breath away. (29) The green earth hung below us, rounded at the edges and swaying from side to side, like a huge Christmas tree toy - a ball on a string. (ZO) Fields and meadows ran under us until we saw pipes and houses below big city.

(31) With a whistle in our ears, holding buckets of cherries in shaking hands, we stepped onto the concrete field of the airfield.

(32) The end of our business project was inglorious: it turned out that here in the central market cherries are sold at the same price as in our market. (ZZ) Now it seems to me that this was the most successful mother's enterprise, the most successful undertaking: the money invested in this project turned into feelings. (34) Mom and I were connected by a business in which the worlds of adults and children came into contact and thanks to which I can now feel her character in mine: I also like to read and dream of great things, and then I also jump up and go to storm the sky in search of the best share in today's market. (35) Unless I sell cherries ...

(36) But I began to understand this only now, having matured. (37) When I recall this story, I am seized by a desire to be in childhood, find my mother there and tell her something that I never said, that it was not customary to say in our family, but that was meant like the air around us:

Thank you mom, I love you.

(38) Now I can only say this in a dream, and, rising up, as if on a “corn plant”, I again see the ground beneath me, which sways and rounds around the edges ... (39) Mom is next to me, we exchange glances . (40) We are flying on an airplane, we are full of bright plans.

(41) For two we have three buckets of heavenly cherries.

According to Y. Nechiporenko *)

* Yuri Dmitrievich Nechiporenko (born in 1956) is a Russian prose writer, art critic, artist, culturologist.

24 . Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while doing tasks 20-23. This fragment discusses the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps (A, B, C, D) with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write in the table under each letter the corresponding number.
“Childhood memories after many years are alive in the soul of the author. The brightness of children's impressions is reflected in the figurative and expressive means used in the text: lexical - (A) ________ ("captured the spirit" in sentence 28) and syntactic - (B) ________ ("like a huge Christmas tree toy - a ball on a string" in sentence 29 ). Thinking about the personality of his mother, about his relationship with her, the author uses such a trope as (C) ________ (in sentences 11, 20, 34), and reception - (D) ________ (“the most successful” in sentence 33).

List of terms:

1) parceling

2) metaphor

3) phraseological unit

4) introductory words

5) lexical repetition

7) exclamatory sentences

8) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal

9) comparative turnover

Write in the answer field a sequence of numbers without spaces.

Lexical means (tropes)

trails - words or turns of speech used in a figurative, allegorical sense.

1. Epithet - an adjective that has a figurative-emotional meaning (can be a noun, adverb, verb).

Golden grove. Funny birds were flying. The azure sky laughs. The petrel soars proudly. The poet is the echo of the world.

2. Metaphor - one is replaced by another in a figurative sense (hidden comparison).

Burn on the ground. The chintz of the sky is blue.

3. Personification - phenomena or objects endowed with the properties of living beings.

Time is running out. Gloomy forest.

4. Metonymy - replacement containing - content; thing is material.

I ate three bowls. Crystal and bronze on the table.

5. Synecdoche - replacement of the plural by the singular, the use of the whole instead of the part (and vice versa).

All flags will visit us (meaning: states).

6. Allegory - allegory, the image of a particular concept in artistic images (in fairy tales, fables, proverbs, epics).

Cunning - in the image of a fox, courage and strength - in the image of Ilya Muromets, beauty - in the image of Apollo.

7. Hyperbole - exaggeration of properties, qualities.

I've said it a hundred times. My love, as wide as the sea, the shores of life cannot contain.

8. Litota - understatement of properties, qualities.

Two steps from here.

9. Paraphrase - retelling, a descriptive phrase containing an assessment (the subject is not called directly, properties or similar meanings indicating the subject are called).

White stone capital (Moscow). Sad time! Eyes charm, (autumn).

10. Pun - a play on words, a humorous use of polysemy of words or homonymy.

Spring will drive anyone crazy. Ice - and he moved; The director held a conference... And journalists...

11. Irony - the use of the word in the opposite sense of the literal; the goal is subtle or hidden ridicule; highest degree irony - sarcasm.

We are minds, and you are, alas; between us speaking, this engineer of human souls, turned out to be an extremely insolvent and limited subject.

12. Paradox - an unexpected conclusion, diverging from logic or customary opinion.

13. Comparison - comparison of similar elements in the text + comparative conjunctions (as if, as if, exactly, like, etc.).

... like gold, ... as if cut with a jigsaw.

Lexical means (not tropes)

Lexical means based on the meaning of words.

1.Phraseologism - a fixed expression used in a figurative sense.

Jump on your hind legs.

2. Lexical repetition - repetition of a word, phrase in a sentence or text.

Wind, wind all over the world.

3. Synonyms - words of the same part of speech that are identical or close in their lexical meaning

Conjecture, conjecture, hypothesis.

4. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonymous only in the given text.

Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

5. Antonyms - words of the same part of speech that are opposite in their lexical meaning

Black - white, hot - cold, high - low.

6. Homonyms - words that sound the same but have different meanings

Club(smoke), club (hunters and fishermen), club (night).

7. Professional vocabulary - words characteristic of professional dialects; professional words used by groups of people united common activities, occupation

Where is the compass architect, palette And cutter
Your learned whim was obeyed

Syntactic means

Syntactic means - figures of speech used to enhance the expressiveness (expressiveness) of the statement (not based on figurative meaning)

1. Comparative turnover - there is something that is compared, something with which it is compared + comparative conjunctions (as if, as if, exactly, like, etc.).

He's like an elephant in a china shop.

2. Ellipsis - omission of one of the members of the sentence, easily restored in meaning (most often the predicate). This achieves dynamism and conciseness of speech, a tense change of action is transmitted.

We sat down - in ashes, cities - in dust,
In swords - sickles and plows.

3. Oxymoron - a combination of logically incompatible concepts.

Ringing silence, hot snow, terribly funny, terribly fun.

4. Question-answer form of presentation - the text is presented in the form of rhetorical questions and answers to them.

And again a metaphor: "Live under minute houses ...". What do they mean? Nothing lasts forever, everything is subject to decay and destruction

5. Rows of homogeneous members of the proposal - enumeration of homogeneous concepts.

He was waiting for a long, serious illness, leaving the sport.

6. Quote - transmission in the text of other people's thoughts, statements indicating the author of these words.

As it is said in the poem by N. Nekrasov: “You have to bow your head below the thin bylinochka ...”

7. Anaphora - repetition of initial words.

I swear by the first day of creation, I swear by its last day

8. Epiphora - repetition of final words.

9. Antithesis - comparison of opposite concepts in meaning in a sentence or text.

The foolish will judge, but the wise will judge.

10. Invert - changing the correct word order in order to enhance expressiveness.

The horses were brought out. I didn't like them. Winter was waiting for nature.

11. Parallels - a similar arrangement of elements, the same type of construction.

The coachman whistled, the horses galloped, the bell rang.

12. Gradation - "ladder" of words close in meaning with an increase or decrease in their semantic significance.

Women cry: streams, lakes, oceans of tears!

13. Parceling - division of the proposal into several.

Night. Street. Flashlight

For this issue no explanation

I often think back to the days when I was little. I think it was the best time.

When I first visited the sea, it made a very vivid impression on me and was remembered for a lifetime. I used to see him only in pictures, but now in real life.

When we first came to the beach, there were no waves. The water was warm, you could see the reflection of the sun in it, the sandy bottom, small shells, smooth pebbles. They gave me a circle, and I immediately went to splash in the water. That day I was very happy. It seemed that happiness knew no bounds!

The next day there were waves. I learned what sheep are. They were white and very beautiful, rolling down from the waves with a very unusual and pleasant noise. Mom put a circle on me, took my hand and went to swim with me. It was a lot of fun, the waves lifted me very high, and I laughed. I imagined myself as a boat on a stormy sea. Sometimes the waves covered me with my head. A couple of times I swallowed the water and made sure it was salty. I didn't like her very much. Then we went to the beach and began to bask on the warm golden sand. The sea has become warm for me affectionate friend. You could play and talk with him, listen and dream.

Believe me, the smell of the sea, the indescribable atmosphere of unity with nature fills life force. I realized that I fell in love with the sea forever. My childhood was wonderful and carefree, and may my memories of him forever remain so!

Since I learned to remember moments already at the age of 3.5 years or so, the first memory was and always will be how my parents and I drove to the cornfield, being out of town. Huge long sprouts of corn, little me, I collect all this myself, super. That moment when you feel like you're in a movie. The second valuable memory was already five or six years old, maybe later. I finally got the coveted Bratz doll, and, as a girl interested in fashion and everything beautiful, I dreamed of doing hairstyles (yes, I dreamed, up to 10 years I thought that I would become a hairdresser). And the dream came true when the grandmother came to the rescue and taught to weave a braid. Everything turned out to be clear. I remember how surprised I was, saying that my peers do not know how to weave pigtails and make bunches, etc., they say, how is it, this is a matter of course, ahah. By the way, I still weave braids for my friends, I do different hairstyles and I feel, I even hope that I will the best mom because the child will always have neatly collected hair)

The next memory is already a seven-year-old me. My sister and I taught us to ride a bike in the country, on the road. We succeeded more or less, because I clearly remember how my sister, incomprehensibly how and with incomprehensible speed, was able to fly into a ditch, which was more than a meter deep, overgrown with nettles and gooseberries. And it's funny and sad, but then she went with nettle burns for a long time .. In addition, our sister constantly played games a la we are knights, or something like that. They ran around the site, played with swords, ran, jumped. They came up with such a thing: the first floor of the house was very low, and opening the window, it was necessary to jump out through this window as

hero with a sword and go to conquer unexplored invented territories. The window is open, my sister jumped out, as if nothing had happened, she ran further, my turn jumped into a flower bed of bricks, fell on her arm, breaking it. When I started to lose consciousness, I saw rainbow ponies, it was fun. As for me and other falls, we move on, already at the age of 8-9, walking along the same road in the country, having decided to experiment, I came up with the idea of closing my eyes when I walk. Like, you need to learn to walk with eyes closed, you never know what (and in fact, NOTHING CAN BE). After walking three steps, I fell into the same ditch, but, as if nothing had happened, I got up and walked on, as if it was intended, of course.

In addition to all these stories, I repeatedly liked to cut my own hair, bangs. The first experiment was at the age of five with super cool bangs, then at the age of eight I decided to be a fashionista again. Each time I realized that a bang is not five hairs and tried to match the ideals, with a normal thick bangs. The peak of my hairdressing career happened in the summer in the sixth grade, when I first decided to cut my hair shorter than my shoulders, and I must say, it suited me, and then I, guess what, made myself a BANG! This time I was real Egyptian Cleopatra, because when I came to the salon and trimmed everything, I realized that the bangs were thicker than another mass of hair, overlapping my eyes, and the length of all hair literally ends at the chin.

The moral of this fable is this - watch your children, and do not do stupid things (children), being already at a conscious age.

My father was a local district police officer (he quickly changed his profession, pathological honesty failed), and so in childhood I often had “nowhere to go”, and I spent evenings with my dad at work (I was no more than five years old).
One of the most magnificent impressions was the acquaintance with the "aunt from my father's work", who talked with me on all topics - from everyday to high - and in general was very charismatic. In general, I found myself a girlfriend! Only now I was very surprised that dad spoke to her not too politely and tried to take me away faster.
In the evening, I ran around the apartment for a long time and asked my mother who these prostitutes were and why I was a cop's daughter ...) my father did not take me to work anymore.

I consider this memory to be my first and one of the most interesting. I'm lying in my purple stroller, and my dad is driving it, he was in a black shirt. I felt great.

I also remember buying my first Barbie. Naturally, I wanted the one that I saw on TV, I don’t remember which one. When my mother and I came to the store, she told me to choose the most beautiful one, regardless of the price. Of course, that doll was not there, but we chose the prettiest one. She had a mop ashy hair, green denim dress, pink ballerinas and bright purple lips with a snow-white smile. Joy knew no bounds, I adored her.

I remember how my mother and I sewed a swimsuit, a mermaid tail for this doll, and bought little kitten, which are made of plaster and covered with hairs or wool, I don’t know at all what these figures are called.

I still remember well how my parents bought the first computer. And since there was no Internet at that time, my parents' acquaintances brought me all sorts of games, music, I got acquainted with the hardware, and in general with the computer itself. It was great to get to know this seemingly complicated machine, but by the 9th grade I could disassemble and assemble the system unit, install Windows.

“Childhood memories after many years are alive in the soul of the author. The brightness of children's impressions is reflected in the figurative and expressive means used in the text: lexical - (A) _______ ("captured the spirit" in sentence 28) and syntactic - (B) _______ ("like a huge Christmas tree toy - a ball on a string" in sentence 29). Thinking about the personality of his mother, about his relationship with her, the author uses such a trope as (C) _______ (in sentences 11, 20, 34), and reception - (D) _______ (“the most successful” in sentence 33).

List of terms:

1) parceling

2) metaphor

3) phraseological unit

4) introductory words

5) lexical repetition

7) exclamatory sentences

8) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal

9) comparative turnover

(1) I had a wonderful childhood. (2) As a child, there was no money, there was no interesting work, but all this is a gain. (Z) But in childhood there were a father and a mother.

(4) In our family, the father always reigned with his unquestioned authority. (5) There was no place for a mother in boyish games. (6) Of course, without her breakfasts, lunches and dinners, I could not live, but it was so ordinary that it was imperceptible ... (7) Tenderness was not accepted in our family. (8) We didn’t kiss mom before going to bed and didn’t say in a fit of feelings:

I love you...

(9) Have I told her this at least once? (10) Life was so filled with important things that there was no place left for the usual: I ran home for a minute, had a bite - and again to where friends, games and passions are. (11) Ninety percent I consisted of my mother's worries, but did not notice them, just as we do not feel and do not see the air we breathe at all.

(12) Mom and I lived side by side, but as if in different worlds. (13) These worlds touched only once, when a story happened that turned out to be more interesting than all adventures and undertakings: playing football, shooting from a self-propelled gun and launching rockets.

(14) Usually my mother spent time at the stove, in the bathroom or on the sofa - reading books, I remember crying over Dostoevsky's Poor People. (15) But sometimes she suddenly jumped up from the sofa, full of energy and ready for exploits. (16) She was attracted by business activity, her mother was full of the most daring business plans. (17) She loved to say: “We lived in poverty - enough!” (18) But her business was usually limited to dreams and laughter. (19) She shared her plans with her loved ones, and they laughed at her. (20) And in vain, because the main thing for the author of the project is self-confidence, and criticism of loved ones can destroy the sprouts of the most brilliant undertakings.

(21) And yet, one day, my mother was able to captivate me with her plan. (22) It was about flying on an airplane! (23) I was assigned the role of an assistant: in the morning she bought three buckets of cherries at our market, we boarded a plane and in half an hour we were already in the regional center, where these same cherries could be sold with considerable profit! (24) The prospect of flying on an airplane seemed so tempting to me that I decided to support my mother in spite of all doubts.

(25) At six o'clock in the morning, helping each other, shifting buckets of purchased cherries from hand to hand, we dragged ourselves to the airfield. (26) There was a trailer on a bare field and a couple of green “corners” spent the night. (27) We climbed into the belly of the airplane, put buckets under our feet, and after a short run with a terrible rumble, soared into the air. (28) We did not rise above the clouds, but from the height of a couple of hundred meters at which the flight took place, it took our breath away. (29) The green earth hung below us, rounded at the edges and swaying from side to side, like a huge Christmas tree toy - a ball on a string. (30) Fields and meadows ran under us until we saw pipes and houses of a big city below. (31) With a whistle in our ears, holding buckets of cherries in shaking hands, we stepped onto the concrete field of the airfield.

(32) The end of our business project was inglorious: it turned out that here in the central market cherries are sold at the same price as in our market. (ZZ) Now it seems to me that this was the most successful mother's enterprise, the most successful undertaking: the money invested in this project turned into feelings. (34) My mother and I were connected by a business in which the worlds of adults and children came into contact and thanks to which I can now feel her character in my own: I also like to read and dream of great things, and then I also jump up and go to storm the sky in looking for the best market share of today. (35) Unless I sell cherries ...

Thank you mom, I love you.

(According to Y. Nechiporenko *)

* Yuri Dmitrievich Nechiporenko (born in 1956) - Russian prose writer, art critic, artist, culturologist.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

“Childhood memories after many years are alive in the soul of the author. The brightness of children's impressions is reflected by the figurative and expressive means used in the text: lexical - (A) PHRASEOLOGY ("captured" in sentence 28) and syntactic - (B) COMPARATIVE TURNOVER ("like a huge Christmas toy - a ball on a string" in sentence 29) . Thinking about the personality of his mother, about his relationship with her, the author uses such a trope as (B) METAPHOR (in sentences 11, 20, 34), and reception - (D) LEXICAL REPETITION (“the most successful” in sentence 33) " .

Metaphors in sentences: indirect meaning of words

(11) Ninety percent "I consisted of my mother's worries", but did not notice them, just as we do not feel and do not see the air we breathe at all.

(34) My mother and I were connected by a business in which “the worlds of adults and children came into contact” and thanks to which I can now feel her character in my own: I also like to read and dream of great things, and then just jump up and go " storm the sky in search of a better share "" in the market of today.

Answer: 3925.

Answer: 3925

Rule: Language means of expression. Task 26

ANALYSIS OF THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing a correspondence between the gaps indicated by the letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write down matches only in the order in which the letters go in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put "0" in place of this number. For the task you can get from 1 to 4 points.

When completing task 26, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc. It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; into the second figure of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 A TROPWORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A PORTABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSION. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.

Note: In the task, as a rule, it is indicated that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks a feature that is essential for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. From a simple definition, the epithet differs in artistic expressiveness and figurativeness. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

Epithets include all the "colorful" definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphan land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I. A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative description of the subject: sorceress-winter; mother - cheese earth; The poet is a lyre, and not only the nurse of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs acting as circumstances: In the north stands wild alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tense elongated in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-gerunds: the waves are rushing thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns expressing the superlative degree of this or that state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, more which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participial phrases: Nightingale vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of ... scribblers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in the language, except for words, not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison- This is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binomial: it names both compared objects (phenomena, features, actions).

Villages are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds, frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

The form of the instrumental case of nouns:

nightingale stray youth flew by,

wave in bad weather Joy subsided (A. V. Koltsov)

Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative turnovers with unions like, as if, as if, as if, etc .:

Like a predatory animal, to a humble abode

The winner breaks in with bayonets ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using the words similar, similar, this is:

Into the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

With the help of comparative clauses:

Golden foliage swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond

Exactly butterflies light flock

With fading flies to a star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis. In contrast to comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared is given, the metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness of the use of the word. The metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups:

1) general language("erased"): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, mountains to move, strings of the soul, love has faded;

2) artistic(individual-author's, poetic):

And the stars fade diamond thrill

IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

AND eyes blue, bottomless

Blooming on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not only single: it can develop in the text, forming whole chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, an integral artistic image.

4. Personification- this is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through sleepy valleys, Sleepy mists lay down And only the horse's clatter, Sounding, is lost in the distance. The autumn day went out, turning pale, Rolling up fragrant leaves, Taste a dreamless dream Half-withered flowers. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(in translation from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a connection:

Between action and tool of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed swords and fires(A. S. Pushkin);

Between the object and the material from which the object is made: ... not that on silver, - on gold ate(A. S. Griboyedov);

Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls ... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) is kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Most often, the transfer occurs:

From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not go ... (A. S. Pushkin);

Part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Paraphrase, or paraphrase(in translation from Greek - a descriptive expression), is a turnover that is used instead of a word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - "Peter's creation", "Beauty and wonder of midnight countries", "city of Petrov"; A. A. Blok in the verses of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.

8. Hyperbole(in translation from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N. V. Gogol)

And at that very moment couriers, couriers, couriers... you can imagine thirty five thousands one couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

And marching importantly, in orderly calmness, The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In large boots, in a sheepskin coat, In large mittens ... and himself with a fingernail!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Where, smart, are you wandering, head?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 "Non-special" lexical figurative and expressive means of the language

Note: The tasks sometimes indicate that this is a lexical means. Usually in the review of task 24, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these funds are most often needed find in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but the same or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lies, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive possibilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Lies happen good or evil,

Compassionate or merciless,

Lies happen cunning and clumsy

Cautious and reckless

Captivating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseological units (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. reproduced in ready-made phrases and sentences in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, a bone of contention) have great expressive potential. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, the sword of Damocles, Achilles' heel);

2) the relevance of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of language means with a positive emotionally expressive coloring ( store as the apple of an eye - torzh.) or with a negative emotionally expressive coloring (without the king in the head is disapproved, the small fry is neglected, the price is worthless - contempt.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotionally expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional and expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Church Slavonics): inspiration, coming, fatherland, aspirations, secret, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, spell, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, courageous; affectionate: sun, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: conjecture, bicker, nonsense; disparaging: upstart, delinquent; contemptuous: dunce, cramming, scribbling; swear words/

2) functionally-stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

b) colloquial (everyday-household): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Vocabulary of limited use

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:

Dialect vocabulary (words that are used by the inhabitants of any locality: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic coloring: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: goofball, bastard, slap, talker);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of the general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);

Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of jargons - youth: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; jargon of criminals: dude, raspberry);

Vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they designate: boyar, oprichnina, horse; archaisms are obsolete words that name objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: brow - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).

26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES based on special combinations of words that are beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and descriptiveness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format that indicates these means: they are called both syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expression, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

16. Rhetorical question is a figure in which a statement is contained in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, to draw the reader's attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, with young years comprehending people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17. Rhetorical exclamation- this is a figure in which an assertion is contained in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations strengthen the expression of certain feelings in the message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:

That was in the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! Oh the light of the sun! ABOUT fresh spirit birch. (A. K. Tolstoy);

Alas! a proud country bowed before the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18. Rhetorical appeal- This is a stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathos of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like a soul, is unstoppable and eternal (A. S. Pushkin);

Oh deep night! Oh cold autumn! Silent! (K. D. Balmont)

19. Repeat (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to draw special attention to them.

The types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and catch-up.

Anaphora(in translation from Greek - ascent, rise), or monotony, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

lazily hazy noon breathes,

lazily the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

The clouds are lazily melting (F. I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(in translation from Greek - addition, final sentence of the period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely.

What is a day or a century

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the film is good in the club - joy!

Paustovsky's two-volume book was brought to the bookstore joy!(A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:

he fell down on the cold snow

On the cold snow, like a pine,

Like a pine in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking side by side) - identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: next worthwhile proposals, poetic lines, stanzas, which, correlating, create a single image:

I look to the future with fear

I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was your ringing string

I was your blooming spring

But you didn't want flowers

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country - for business, but business - for the country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(translated from Greek - permutation, reversal) is a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), to give the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding, or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition is after the word being defined: I am sitting behind bars in damp dungeon(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there was no swell on this sea; stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns are in front of the word, which includes: Hours of monotonous fight(monotonous strike of the clock);

22. Parceling(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonation-semantic units - phrases. At the place of division of the sentence, a period, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Terrible. Long. Ratny. The infantry regiment was destroyed. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why is nobody outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important spheres of society's life! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); It is necessary that the state remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on intentional omission, or, conversely, conscious repetition of unions. In the first case, when unions are omitted, speech becomes compressed, compact, dynamic. The depicted actions and events here quickly, instantly unfold, replace each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, rattle.

The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When polyunion speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and a repeated union highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:

But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I myself grow ... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of the theme and intonation splitting into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) goes with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a separating significant pause, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of the voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:

Whenever I wanted to limit my life to a domestic circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a spouse, / If I were captivated by a family picture for at least a single moment, then, it would be true, except for you, one bride would not look for another. (A.S. Pushkin)

25. Antithesis, or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) - this is a turn in which opposite concepts, positions, images are sharply opposed. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general language and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet.(A. S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes

And now - everything is squinting to the side,

Yesterday, before the birds sat,

All larks today are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive and I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

"My dear, what have I done to you?" (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26. Gradation(translated from Latin - a gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a sign. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and influencing power of the text:

I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not descend(A. A. Blok);

Glowing, burning, shining huge Blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Descending gradation is used less often and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought the tar of death

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A. S. Pushkin)

27. Oxymoron(in translation from Greek - witty-stupid) - this is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradictory to each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence and so on.); this results in new meaning, and speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);

Eat melancholy cheerful in the scares of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory- allegory, the transfer of an abstract concept through a specific image: Must defeat foxes and wolves(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the excitement of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was not said: But I wanted ... Perhaps you ...

In addition to the above syntactic expressive means, the following are also found in the tests:

-exclamatory sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences- sentences in which a member is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning. Missing members of the sentence can be restored and context.

Including ellipsis, that is, skipping the predicate.

These concepts are considered in the school course of syntax. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3.

(1) Although man has always known about the existence of fire, which can occur in nature naturally, it took people thousands of years to learn how to make fire and use it on their own. (2) _______ people discovered that if two wooden sticks are rubbed together for a long time, they light up, and if two stones hit each other, sparks sometimes appear, and this discovery became one of the most important in the history of mankind: it allowed a person himself to make fire when it was necessary to keep warm, scare away predatory animals or cook food. (3) The ability to make fire has allowed the development of new technologies in many areas of human activity, such as cooking and storing food, metal processing, glass and ceramics, leather processing, lighting, heating, and much more.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

1) When people discovered that if two wooden sticks are rubbed together for a long time, they light up, and if two stones hit each other, sparks sometimes appear, they made the greatest discovery.

2) The ability to make fire was one of the most important discoveries in the history of mankind, which ensured the further development of new technologies in many areas of activity.

3) For thousands of years, people have been trying to master fire and, having learned how to get it, they began to use it when it was necessary to keep warm, scare away predatory animals or cook food.

4) The ability to use fire allowed people to cook and store food, process metals, make glass and ceramic products, and dress leather.

5) Having learned how to make fire, people made one of the most important discoveries, which further ensured the development of new technologies in many areas of activity.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the second (2) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

Hence,

Vice versa,

In the end

Because

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word NATURE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

NATURE, -s, f.

1) Places outside cities, countryside (fields, forests, mountains). Enjoy nature.

2) The whole inorganic and organic world in its opposition to man. Protection of Nature. The relationship between man and nature.

3) Everything that exists in the Universe, organic and inorganic world. Study nature.

4) Transl., what. Main property, essence (book). The nature of social relations.

4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel was highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.

perceive

Overtaken

Jaws

5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

The cool summer rain watered the flowers and leaves of the heat-weary trees with life-giving moisture.

Olympiad winner in foreign language was awarded a ticket to the international LANGUAGE camp.

In the estate, which before the revolution belonged first to Ivan Turgenev, and then to the OLD Botkin family, a meeting took place of the descendants of the former owners of the house.

Each person needs to replenish the lack of vitamins in his body in a timely manner.

When museum visitors find themselves in front of a painting in which the artist has depicted the streets of their hometown, a strong feeling is invariably EMBRACED.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

WITH FOUR SCHOOLCHILDREN

Talented DIRECTORS

At their request

RIDE CAREFULLY

RARE copy

7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first group, select the corresponding position from the second group.

OFFERS

A) Immediately upon arrival in the village of Konstantinovo - the poet's homeland - the students went to the museum.

B) October 12, 1492 Columbus's fleet, which consisted of three light ships for sailing on long distance, discerned a small island on the horizon.

C) Usually, when creating your work, it expresses the author's attitude to life and people.

D) According to K. I. Chukovsky, the main goal of children's writers is that "we at any cost bring up humanity in a child."

E) The human body, in which complex biochemical mechanisms operate, require daily intake of the necessary nutrients.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

3) violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application

4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover

6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

8. Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

M_ndarinovy

smile

Assumption

Intelligent

9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.

Pr_grad, pr_liv

Rip off, n_write

And_to bend, to burn

Build, beat

Send, send, send

10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the gap.

dry

touch

Usidch_vyy

Overnight

fasten

11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.

doze off

Wrinkled

Whisper

hesitant_my

cast

12. Find a sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.

In the lush greenery of the shrub, a still (not) fully blossomed bud was brightly pink.

Aleksey suddenly felt that he (not) wanted to share his new experiences even with his closest friends.

(Do not) be afraid of a smart enemy, but be afraid of a stupid friend.

It is necessary to cherish the (un)forgettable moments of communication with the beautiful.

13. Find a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

(ON) THROUGHOUT school year friends were actively involved in sports, (WHERE) THEY readily supported the coach in his quest to create a basketball team.

(C) LION in the picture are girls, guys watching the capture of the fortress, married women, HERE (SAME) the kids are crowding.

(NOT) LOOKING at the intensifying rain, the children still (SAME) selflessly continued to play catch-up.

TO (WOULD) achieve success in life, it is necessary to be a well-organized person and, (IN) A PLACE of fruitless observation of the activities of other people, to actively act oneself.

(C) OVER millennia, countless treasures of human thought and spirit accumulate and live forever in the word, (ON) THIS must be respectful and careful about the native language.

14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH is written.

The character of the painting, created by the artist on the basis of a well-known fairy tale plot, is dressed in a brocade caftan and a red cap with a lapel, right hand he holds a gold (4) scabbard with a magic sword decorated with (2) jewels (3) stones.

15. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1) Each blade of grass and a mouse shone and smiled with dripping eyes.

2) The bravest and most successful rider breaks through the ranks of the fortress defenders, breaks the snow wall and breaks into the town on horseback.

3) Language is the way of civilization and culture.

4) Everyone is interested in this fun and lively interesting and exciting game!

5) In the harsh years of the Great Patriotic War the soulful songs of Mikhail Isakovsky helped to fight the enemy and strengthened faith in victory.

16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentence.

How different streets(1) passing one into another (2) form a whole city, so a series of sentences (3) connected in meaning and grammatically (4) is a text.

17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentences.

Birches and aspens (1) seem to (2) run down the gently sloping shore to the river that carries its waters into the distance. This (3) seemingly (4) unremarkable landscape under the brush of Levitan turns into an amazing poetic image.

18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentence.

Along the shady alley (1) in the depths (2) of which (3) a small gazebo (4) darkened in the evenings, couples in love walked in the evenings.

19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentence.

The dog at first all the time (1) ran ahead of the hunter (2) but (3) as soon as he felt the game (4) his steps slowed down and became stalking.

Read the text and complete tasks 20-25.

(1) I had a wonderful childhood. (2) As a child, there was no money, there was no interesting work, but all this is a gain. (3) But in childhood there were father and mother.

I love you…

(21) And yet one day my mother was able to captivate me with her plan. (22) It was about flying on an airplane! (23) I was assigned the role of an assistant: in the morning she bought three buckets of cherries at our bazaar, we boarded a plane and after half a hour we found ourselves in the regional center, where these same cherries could be sold with considerable profit! (24) The prospect of flying on an airplane seemed so tempting to me that I decided to support my mother in spite of all doubts.

(25) At six o'clock in the morning, helping each other, shifting buckets of purchased cherries from hand to hand, we dragged ourselves to the airfield. (26) There was a trailer on the bare field and a couple of green “corners” spent the night. (27) We climbed into the belly of the airplane, put buckets under our feet, and after a short run with a terrible rumble, soared into the air. (28) We did not rise above the clouds, but from the height of a couple of hundred meters at which the flight took place, it took our breath away. (29) The green earth hung below us, rounded at the edges and swaying from side to side, like a huge Christmas tree decoration- a ball on a string. (30) Fields and meadows ran under us until we saw pipes and houses of a big city below. (31) With a whistle in our ears, holding buckets of cherries in shaking hands, we stepped onto the concrete field of the airfield.

(32) The end of our business project was inglorious: it turned out that here in the central market cherries are sold at the same price as in our market. (33) Now it seems to me that this was the most successful mother's enterprise, the most successful undertaking: the money invested in this project turned into feelings. (34) Mom and I were connected by a business in which the worlds of adults and children came into contact and thanks to which I can now feel her character in mine: I also like to read and dream of great things, and then I also jump up and go to storm the sky in search of the best share in today's market. (35) Unless I sell cherries ...