Dirofilariasis in humans: what is this disease and how is it infected? Malaria in children. Medical prevention of malaria

The appearance of herpes or malaria on the lips always brings discomfort for its owner, and even more so if it is a pregnant woman. Scientists have noticed that the virus is inside the body in almost 95% of the world's inhabitants, but not many go outside. Malaria on the lips during pregnancy may occur due to negative impact environment.

During pregnancy, women often worry that a particular disease will adversely affect the health of the unborn baby. If during this period herpes appears, then you should not worry too much. It is a consequence of heavy loads on the body, which adversely affect overall well-being. future mother.

Some doctors note that malaria on the lips during pregnancy can cause a strong immunity to the disease in an infant, however, not everyone agrees with this statement. Therefore, in any case, it is necessary to begin treatment immediately after the onset of symptoms. It may consist in the use of the drug Acyclovir, which is applied to the site of the rash several times a day. Before you start taking it, you should still consult a doctor, because sometimes it happens that the medicine is contraindicated. You can also use the help of anti-herpetic lipstick, sold in many pharmacies. In its composition, it includes special plants, for example, calendula, which help to draw out the virus.

In most cases, malaria is incubation period about 10 days, depending on the course of the disease. If you start treatment on time, then herpes can go away after 5 days.

The people have a cure for almost any disease, it is important to apply it wisely and prevent the condition from worsening. To get rid of malaria, there are the following methods:

Raspberry branches.
Aloe.
Fir oil.
Earwax.
Garlic with honey and apple cider vinegar.

Usually a person feels the approach of malaria in advance. This manifests itself in burning and itching of the lips. In this case, you can try to prevent the bubbles from getting out. For this use fir oil. It is best to apply it to the disturbing area every 2 hours.

Raspberry branches are also a great helper in the fight against herpes. They contain polyphenolic substances that can suppress viruses. For treatment, it is necessary to carefully cut a twig from the bush and rinse it. After that, it is cut into small pieces. To attach to the lip, the sprig must first be chewed in the mouth before turning into a pulp.

Earwax is distinguished by its medicinal qualities. It is enough to spread it on the affected area 5-6 times, as malaria will begin to pass. To make it easier to carry out the procedure, it is better to use cotton swab or a match with a piece of cotton wool wound around it.

Garlic - from time immemorial was considered an excellent remedy for most ailments, so it did not bypass malaria. For its treatment, it is necessary to spread the place of inflammation with a clove of garlic cut in half or its fresh juice. For best effect you can use apple cider vinegar with honey, mixed in equal proportions. The procedure can be repeated up to 3 times a day.

Aloe juice is also used to fight colds on the lips. Each time it is necessary to squeeze out fresh portions and apply to the site of the disease. The main thing is not to forget to wash the sheets before the procedure, because bacteria can accumulate on them, which will fall on an already unhealthy area. To achieve get well soon sometimes it is recommended to drink 1 teaspoon of this juice before meals.

Numerous works have established adverse effect malaria on the course and outcome of pregnancy and childbirth. The most common complications are miscarriage and loss of children.

According to V. G. Butomo, premature termination of pregnancy (miscarriages and premature birth) in malaria is observed 2-3 times more often than in healthy women. Of the born premature fetuses, 15% are stillborn and 42% die in the first days after birth. Among full-term fetuses born from malaria patients, the percentage of stillbirths is 2.5 times higher than in healthy women in labor.

M. V. Voyno-Yasenetsky emphasizes the importance in an unfavorable outcome for the fetus clinical form malaria: with 3-day malaria, he observed the mortality of newborns in 15.7%, and with tropical - in 33% of cases. A number of authors have seen malaria and other complications of pregnancy and childbirth. VA Lositskaya reports anemia in 7.2% of pregnant women with malaria. In most cases, the anemia was hypochromic. G. I. Golubchik-Ioffe, M. A; Dubinina and others indicate a high incidence of toxicosis in patients with malaria. M. A. Dubinina observed eclampsia (1.6%) on her material, A. A. Ashman most frequent complication pregnancy considers edema of pregnant women (45.5%). According to him, nephropathy is also common, which has an atypical course (normal and even reduced arterial pressure with severe edematous syndrome). On the other hand, A. M. Zyukov and P. A. Panchenko do not confirm the high frequency of edema in pregnant women with malaria. A. A. Kogan does not establish a relationship between the frequency of toxicosis and malaria. A. M. Zyukov and N. A. Panchenko note the frequent occurrence of hemorrhagic phenomena (bleeding from the uterus and other organs, scorbutic changes in the oral cavity, petechiae on the skin). Their genesis is associated with hypovitaminosis C.

The duration of childbirth, but according to the observations of V. T. Butomo, is shortened in acute malaria and lengthened in women in labor who have had an acute period long before pregnancy. G. Ya. Areshev and others point out the lengthening of the duration of labor in malaria. E. B. Derankova observed a high frequency of subsequent bleeding in malaria.

V. A. Lositskaya showed that with malaria, perineal tears increase 3 times, and 60% of them heal by secondary intention.

All researchers note an increase in the frequency of postpartum morbidity in this contingent of individuals. All placenta in malaria is enlarged. According to G. Ya. Areshev, its average weight is 760 g, the maximum is 1200 g and the minimum is 400 g.

Malaria also causes morphological changes in the placenta and membranes associated with a violation of the placental barrier by malarial plasmodium and with malarial intoxication. The possibility of intrauterine fetal malaria has now been firmly established. This plays a role in increasing child loss.

However Clinical signs Malaria in a child may not be detected immediately after birth, but after a few weeks or even months. According to V. G. Butomo, intrauterine infection fetal malaria is observed in 7.7% of women in labor who during this pregnancy or childbirth were found in the blood of Plasmodium malaria.

According to the observations of ID Kvantaliani, children born to mothers with malaria are physically less developed and less viable than children of healthy women.

Pregnancy can leave its mark on the course of malaria itself. According to A. M. Zyukov and N. A. Panchenko, in pregnant women with malaria, the spleen, if enlarged, is insignificant, and is not always determined by probing. The second feature is the comparative frequency of malignant forms of malaria occurring with severe liver damage and malarial coma.

For the treatment of malaria, quinocide, quinine, bigumal, plazmocide and quinocide are used.

In addition to specific treatment, general strengthening treatment is recommended. V. A. Budagyan considers it expedient to give patients with a low content of hemoglobin and erythrocytes a drop blood transfusion (50-100 ml), sometimes repeated. A. I. Belubekyan considers abortion absolutely indicated for pernicious anemia in pregnant women, due to malaria. Termination of pregnancy serious illnesses malaria is also recommended by A. M. Zyukov and N. A. Panchenko.
Treatment of malaria with the above antimalarial drugs should be started as early as possible, immediately after the detection of malaria, and carried out systematically and persistently.

A. M. Zyukov and N. A. Panchenko point to a new effective antimalarial agent - the police. Policin tablets contain plasmoquine, quinine sulfate, arsenic anhydride, methylene blue, quinine and bigumal.

Treatment of malaria during pregnancy is recommended with the participation of a malariologist or infectious disease specialist. The idea of some doctors that quinine and especially quinine are responsible for the high frequency of miscarriage in this disease is wrong.

Malaria is infection transmitted to humans by infected female mosquitoes as a result of their bites. Transfusion of contaminated blood can be another source of the disease, although transmission of the disease in this way is unlikely.

The disease is characterized by bouts of fever. Translated from Italian malaria, from mala aria - bad air. Used to be the cause the disease was considered bad air - hence the name.

The mechanism of infection is as follows: after a female mosquito bites a person infected with malaria, its blood enters the salivary glands of the insect and becomes a source of infection for the next bitten person.

Causes

During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes complex physiological changes- hormonal and immunological changes, as a result of which expectant mothers become susceptible to various diseases. Malaria is no exception in this sense. Immunity lost during pregnancy is the cause severe course diseases.

The main cause of the disease in pregnant women are the bites of infected female mosquitoes. Malaria is common in countries with a pronounced tropical climate. In our country, the disease was observed in expectant mothers who came from these countries. The peak incidence occurs in summer and autumn - a period of special activity of mosquitoes.

The causes of the disease in pregnant women include:

the causative agent of the most severe form of malaria, often fatal - Plasmodium falciparum;
pathogens that cause a chronic relapsing form of the disease, but do not pose a threat to life - P.vivax, P.ovale and P.malariae.

Since in some cases it is not possible to differentiate pathogens, if there is doubt, therapy is prescribed for the Plasmodium falciparum pathogen.

Symptoms

Malaria in expectant mothers is particularly severe. As shown by numerous studies, the placenta is one of the sites of P. falciparum sequestration. At the same time, an atypical course of the disease in pregnant women is observed. Hypovitaminosis often develops, further reducing protective properties organism.

The main symptoms of the disease include:

blanching skin and cyanosis;
cold extremities - the child's arms and legs become stiff;
temperature increase;
frequent convulsions;
vomit;
gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea;
development of anemia;
enlargement of the liver and spleen.

Diagnosis of malaria during pregnancy

Early diagnosis of the disease in expectant mothers is the key to a favorable course of the disease, and subsequently - birth healthy baby. Early treatment can reduce the severity of malaria in pregnant women, and most importantly, prevent death. In addition, diagnosing malaria prevents its further spread by reducing the rate of transmission from one person to another.

Malaria is diagnosed based on the following tests:

general blood analysis;
serological;
microbiological;
biochemical.

The confirmation of the diagnosis of "malaria" is the detection of the relevant pathogens in a blood test, the determination of the type of pathogen and its specific forms at various stages of development. Treatment is prescribed based on the results of the tests.

Complications

If a disease is detected in a future mother, all measures should be taken urgently. necessary measures aimed at combating disease. If malaria in a pregnant woman is not diagnosed and treated in time, the consequences of the disease can be very severe, even fatal. Main possible complications malaria in pregnant women are:

anemia;
cerebral malaria;
difficulty breathing, as fluid accumulates in the lungs;
kidney failure and jaundice;
shock from a sharp drop in blood pressure;
bleeding;
Very low rates blood sugar;
swelling and rupture of the spleen;
dehydration - lack of water in the body.

It is worth noting that the complication of malaria can occur within a few hours after the first symptoms of the disease. The disease develops very rapidly. It is important to provide urgent timely medical care and do so as soon as possible.

Treatment

hallmark the course of the disease during pregnancy is its extremely severe form. In pregnant women, the lethal outcome of the disease is twice as high as in non-pregnant women. Serious threat in malaria foci is hemolytic anemia in expectant mothers, which complicates the course of pregnancy. There is a great threat to the life of the mother and child.

The treatment of malaria is reduced to the elimination of all symptoms and is aimed at eliminating them as quickly as possible.

What can you do

The first thing to do when malaria is suspected is to urgently answer the following questions:

whether the pregnant woman has partial immunity to malaria; whether the disease is caused by Plasmodium falciparum; what strains of malarial plasmodia are common in the area of infection; whether there is a history and data of physical or laboratory research any signs of complications of malaria.

In no case do not refuse hospitalization. The sooner the disease is diagnosed and treatment is prescribed, the outcome is more favorable for both the mother and the unborn baby.

What does a doctor do

Based on the answers to the above questions, the doctor will prescribe antimalarial treatment to the pregnant woman with appropriate drugs in the required doses. All appointments must be strictly followed by you in order to avoid complications and a severe course of the disease. The prognosis of malaria in expectant mothers is favorable if all the conditions of the prescribed treatment are met. Otherwise, a threat to life is possible, both for the mother and for the unborn baby.

Prevention

In order to prevent malaria in expectant mothers, it is recommended to avoid travel to endemic areas whenever possible. When you are in an area with a high prevalence of malaria, avoid being in areas where there are large insect populations. active phase mosquitoes from dusk to dawn. At this time, it is better for expectant mothers not to be outdoors.

It is also desirable in your wardrobe to have mainly clothes with long sleeves and trousers that completely cover the legs. Get a mosquito net and cover your bed with it.

Caused by larvae - dirofilaria. It is rarely diagnosed, only in the case of a mosquito bite containing a similar pathogen.

To identify the causative agent of dirofilariasis in humans on early stage almost impossible, because there are no symptoms. Only with an accidental diagnosis can doctors make an accurate diagnosis.

The causative agent of dirofilariasis

As a rule, the epidemic is developed in disadvantaged, underdeveloped countries with a warm climate (Iran, Greece), where dirofilariasis is often diagnosed in people.

pathogens— larvae of microfilariae are small (microscopic) in size, no more than 300 microns with a filamentous body. But adults can reach up to 30 cm in length.

Types and forms

According to the types of worms dirofilaria are distinguished:

repens with a settlement under the covers of the skin;
immitis with localization in the internal organs.

The form of dirofilariasis in humans is as follows:

Rarely, dirofilaria larvae can cause damage to the pleura of the heart, male genital organs (scrotum, testicles) or women in humans ( the fallopian tubes, stuffing box).

History of statistics and epidemiology

Dirofilariasis in humans is a serious, dangerous disease. Taking into account the statistics, when a person is affected, stray, urban stray dogs (30-35%) more often become the source of infection.

Pathogen- dirofilaria refers to nematodes () that can lead to damage to the organs of vision, other systems and organs in humans.

Disease- dirofilariasis was first approved by the Italian doctor Amato Lusitano. From other types of helminths, individuals of the male and female dirofilaria differ greatly from each other in physiological data.

Basically, infection of people occurs from livestock, more often it is dogs, when larvae enter the esophagus. Animals become intermediate hosts.

Dirofilaria go through a double cycle of development, i.e., they replace 2 hosts:

Penetration into the intestines of a mosquito, into the bloodstream with circulation in the form of fertilized mature individuals.
Migration into the body, jaw, head of the mosquito with the achievement of the stage of full maturity.
Infection of an animal due to a bite.

Man is an accidental owner of dirofilaria. The organism is not adapted to the birth of new larvae and transformation into mature individuals, therefore it is not a source of infection. The larvae do not survive in the body and quickly die.

You can catch dirofilariasis during agricultural work, a long stay in nature. It is at the peak of insect activity from May to September, when there is an accumulation of whole clouds of mosquitoes in the air, and often migrating to settlements.

Animals become a source of transmission for humans.

Causes of dirofilariasis

A person can become infected with dirofilaria invasions in the following ways:

mosquito bite as a vector of disease in spring-summer period(April-March, October-November);
pets as sources of infection transmission;
lice, fleas, ticks, horseflies as blood-sucking, infected with dirofilaria larvae.

Human infection with dirofilariasis occurs by transmission, i.e. directly through the bite of a blood-sucking insect affected by infestations.

The following groups of people are most at risk of contracting dirofilariasis:

fisheries workers;
tourists;
residents living near stagnant rivers, reservoirs;
pet owners;
amateurs - summer residents;
hunters;
anglers.

It is pets that become obligate carriers of the infection. Man is a random, atypical host.

A high probability of infection of a person in 30-40 years who has direct contact with mosquitoes - carriers of dirofilariasis for humans.

Fortunately, a person, in turn, cannot become a source of infection. Another healthy man will not be able to become infected, since individuals, regardless of the stage of their development, cannot live for a long time in human body and are not suitable for reproduction.

The development cycle inside an insect or mosquito is as follows:

swallowing larvae, entering the intestines;
rise to the lower lip;
maturation of microfilariae, reaching the invasive stage;
maturation in the mosquito organism for 17-18 days;
maturation in the mosquito organism;
suction to the skin of an animal or, in rare cases, injection of microfilaria directly into the human body through the oral cavity;
continuation of the development cycle already in a person at the site of the bite for 3 months, as a rule, in the upper layers of subcutaneous fat;
spread of larvae with outflow of blood;
deposition in the pulmonary artery, heart;
maturation of sexually mature individuals is 3-4 months.

The circulation of microfilariae in the blood of people can reach up to 3-4 years. Man is a dead-end host of dirofilaria, and when hit, many of them immediately die.

Pathogenic effect of dirofilaria on the human body

Usually, this is the site of a mosquito bite, where unpleasant symptoms are observed:

seal;
inflammation;
itching, burning;
nodular neoplasm with serous-purulent contents.

Malaria is one of most dangerous diseases which can be fatal during pregnancy. The most a big problem is likely to be asymptomatic. That is, a woman could become infected even before pregnancy, but the disease passed without attacks. Pregnancy itself (as well as childbirth and postpartum period) may be the cause of provoking seizures. At the same time, many experts note an increase in the symptoms of this disease. This is due primarily to the restructuring of the body.

Symptoms of malaria during pregnancy

If malaria is detected, treatment should be carried out immediately, since plasmodia easily penetrate through placental barrier, destroying it. Thus, these infectious agents enter the blood of the fetus, which can ultimately lead to negative consequences. Experts have identified histological studies that the probability of getting Plasmodium into the body of a child is very high.

According to statistics, malaria, left untreated, quite often causes abortion. It should be remembered that the term does not in any way reduce the likelihood of this violation. Also, preterm birth often occurs with malaria.

The treatment of malaria is primarily based on the intake of quinine (as well as in cases of diseases of people not during pregnancy). This drug does not affect the course of pregnancy in any way, so a woman can safely be treated with it. The most important thing is to start treatment on time.