The use of non-traditional methods of working with paper and technology in the development of children's artistic creativity in older preschoolers. Paper Handling Brochure for Older Children
Working with paper and cardboard occupies a significant place in the system of teaching students manual labor lower grades, creates conditions for educating students in diligence, accuracy in work, artistic taste. Some types of work are carried out jointly by all students, which allows you to develop the ability to work in a team, to subordinate your interests to the interests of classmates.
In the classroom this type of work creates great opportunities for correcting the physical and mental deficiencies of children with intellectual disabilities.
Students in the classroom make flat and voluminous products of various shapes, consisting of one or many parts, from different types of paper and cardboard. In this case, students use certain tools and devices. Crafts are carried out in the basics according to the model. Therefore, it is very important to educate students in the ability to analyze a product, isolate its characteristic features, carry out comparison operations, and make simple generalizations.
The order of execution of products made of paper and cardboard has a certain sequence, the violation of which leads to the fact that students do not perform the product at all or perform it poorly, to a waste of time. accomplishment of the task and report on what has been done.
Teaching how to make flat and voluminous objects from flat ornamental material, the teacher has the opportunity to correct the underdevelopment of spatial analysis and spatial orientation in students.
So, when compiling an application, students get acquainted with the laws of rhythm and symmetry, exercise in recognizing geometric shapes. When distributing details on a sheet of paper, name one or another spatial position (up, down, side, right, straight, above, etc.).
With paper and cardboard, students constantly meet in everyday life. But as a rule, first-graders with intellectual disabilities do not have information about these materials, how they are processed. On lessons manual labor they get acquainted with various grades of paper, cardboard, binding materials, their purpose and properties.
In the process of manufacturing various products, students learn and master the simplest techniques for marking and processing paper and cardboard. Markup according to templates of simple and complex configurations is generally mastered by students without much difficulty.
A certain difficulty is for students with intellectual underdevelopment to master the method of marking on a ruler. Therefore, it is recommended to teach primary school students only one technique - marking a rectangular strip in one direction. It is performed as follows: first, from the top, and then from the bottom corners of the strip of paper, it is deposited to the right along the ruler right size, the marker points are connected by a ruler.
However, the exercises and objects of work should be varied in order to teach children to apply the learned technique in different situations. For example, let students mark a part not only in a horizontal position, but also in a vertical position.
For folding, cutting, gluing, etc. you need the simplest tools: scissors, knives, trowels, rulers, brushes. Students must master the right tricks work with them, as many of them are used in classes with other types of materials, as well as in the classroom professional labor and mathematics.
Scissors are a complex tool for this category of primary school students, requiring good coordination of movements of both hands and high visual control. When teaching students how to use scissors, the teacher must remember that the accuracy and thoroughness of cutting can only be achieved if students learn the correct grip of scissors and cutting techniques in straight and curved lines. Therefore, it should be constantly ensured that students take scissors with their right hand, middle and thumb inserted into rings index finger supported the bottom ring, ring finger and the little finger pressed to the palm. If, when cutting, they protrude the ring finger and little finger, then the scissors will tear the paper.
When making a straight cut, it is necessary to keep the scissor blades along the marking line, widely spreading them and not bringing them to the end, since the cutting part of the scissors is medium. The squeezing of the scissor levers in this case should be smooth and slow while moving the unclosed blades forward.
Lesson topic. Making according to the model of a type-setting ruler from a sheet of paper for drawing (Grade I, first quarter).
Lesson objectives. To form the ability to listen and repeat after the teacher, analyze the sample, perform the product according to the instructions, alternating with the show. Continue familiarity with the different grades of paper. Repeat the properties of paper, folding techniques.
. Sheets of paper for drawing, ironing boards, product sample, lining boards.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Organization of students.
2. A conversation about the types of paper in the collection (newsprint, writing, drawing paper).
3. Repetition on the teacher's questions about the properties of paper (folds, tears, wrinkles).
4. Post the topic of the lesson.
5. Organization of the workplace. Students, according to the instructions of the teacher, put a sheet of paper in front of them on a lining board, on the right - an ironing board.
6. Orientation in the task. The teacher shows a sample, names the product and explains its purpose. Tells the children that the ruler is made from a sheet of drawing paper folded in half. At the bottom there is a pocket for arranging letters, pictures. The side edges are folded in the other direction so that the pocket does not bend.
Then the students repeat the analysis on the questions of the teacher.
7. Execution of the product according to the instructions of the teacher, alternating with the demonstration of working methods. The order of work is as follows: a sheet of paper is placed on a lining board along the length, straight; the sheet must be taken by the lower corners and bent upwards, the upper and lower corners and sides of the sheet must exactly match; the fold is slightly crushed by hand from the middle to the edges, then ironed with a trowel in the same order; from below (along the folded sheet) a strip (pocket) is bent so that the sides coincide when bent (the teacher helps the children determine the width of the bent strip), the fold is ironed with a trowel; the product is placed face down on the board and the side edges are bent, the folds are ironed with a trowel. The letters of the split alphabet or numbers are inserted into the finished pocket (Fig.). In the process of making a typesetting ruler, the rules for folding paper are repeated.
8. Collective assessment of the finished product. When asked by the teacher, the children tell what and how they did, for what purpose they folded the pocket and side edges. The teacher evaluates whether they did the work well (neatly, beautifully) or badly.
Weak students fold the ruler along the intended folds.
9. Summing up.
Lesson topic. Modeling a composition of geometric shapes (a house and a Christmas tree) (Grade I, third quarter).
Lesson objectives. To develop the ability to navigate the task on the teacher's questions, to carry out the product with the planning of the next operation, to report on the teacher's questions on the progress of the work done, to navigate the sheet of paper when performing the application.
Introduce children to the rules of the application.
Equipment and visual aids . A sample of the product, sheets of thick white paper, strips of green and brown paper, scissors, brushes, glue, lining boards, rags, scrap boxes.
During the classes
1. Organization of students.
2. Message of the topic of the lesson.
3. Orientation in the task. The analysis of the sample is carried out on the questions of the teacher. The theme of the application, the location of objects on a sheet of paper, the geometric shapes that make up the Christmas tree and the house, their color and quantity are determined. Specify materials and tools. With the help of a teacher, students remember how to prepare rectangular parts: tracing according to a template and folding from a strip of paper.
4. Organization of the workplace. Students take out everything they need from the envelopes and, with the help of the teacher, arrange materials and tools in the workplace.
5. Application execution. First, students make geometric shapes. The peculiarity of the preparation of figures is that they are not cut according to a template. With the help of a teacher, children remember the techniques for folding triangles and squares from a strip of paper, then they prepare the right amount geometric shapes.
Weak students prepare parts for only one figure (house).
Then the teacher introduces the children to the basic rule for the application: first, a composition is drawn up on a sheet, the location of the parts and the sequence of their attachment are precisely determined (in this case, it is necessary to focus on the sample). Then all the details are removed, and the students, planning the next operation, proceed to gluing
named item. In the course of work, the teacher introduces students to other rules. For example, parts smeared with glue should be lightly pressed against a sheet of paper, and not rubbed, so as not to move them. It is necessary to ensure that students correctly name the place of attachment of the next part (on the right, at the top ...) and arrange them in accordance with the model.
Weak students are limited to building a house (Fig.).
6. Compiling a report on the teacher's questions. Children must answer what product and what they made, in what order. You should ask the guys for the names of only the main operations and indicate the places for attaching parts.
7. A brief assessment of the quality of the product, indicating its advantages and disadvantages. Children, with the help of a teacher, note the correct arrangement of parts on a sheet of paper, the clean accuracy of the product, the degree of coincidence with the sample.
8. Summing up. The teacher notes the behavior and efforts of the children, the order in the workplace at the end of practical activities.
Lesson topic. Making a rocket from three parts (II class, second quarter).
Lesson objectives. Develop the ability to analyze a sample, draw up a work plan and report on it with the partial help of a teacher. Teach children how to use a subject map. To acquaint with the techniques for making three-dimensional Christmas tree decorations. Repeat symmetrical cutting techniques.
Equipment and visual aids. Product sample, subject card, colored paper, threads, templates, scissors, pencils, glue, brushes, lining board.
During the classes
1. Organization of students.
2. Message of the topic of the lesson.
3. Orientation in the task. Analyzing the sample, students must name the product, its purpose, indicate the size and number of parts and their features, tools, materials and fixtures necessary for work. In case of difficulty, students should be shown that part of the subject map with which they can supplement their answers.
4. Organization of the workplace. Students arrange their own materials, fixtures and tools. The teacher checks the correctness of their actions.
5. Drawing up a preliminary work plan using a subject map. The teacher arranges tables of the subject map. Invites the children to look at them carefully. On the map, in addition to materials, fixtures, the main stages of making the toy should be reflected (Fig.). Students, focusing on the map, learn to draw up a work plan, which indicates the order of actions and operations. Students remember the reception of symmetrical cutting by questions.
6. Execution of the rocket. In the course of work, the teacher ensures that the sequence of making crafts is observed. To this end, he draws the children's attention to the map from time to time. It is very important not to give ready-made answers to students' questions, but to help them find the right solution with the help of a map. In the manufacture of rocket parts, the teacher monitors the observance of symmetrical cutting techniques and the economical use of materials.
Weak students carry out a rocket on the backlog.
7. Report on the work done. It is necessary to ensure that students, when answering, strictly adhere to the order in which the work was done. A subject map will help in this, which does not need to be removed until the end of the lesson.
8. Evaluation of the quality of the finished toy. Students evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of their craft by comparing with a sample or a friend's product. At the same time, they note the accuracy of cutting (coincidence of the contours of all three parts), the cleanliness of work, the timeliness of gluing the loop. Product evaluation is carried out with the partial help of the teacher.
9. Cleaning the workplace.
10. Summing up.
Lesson topic. Making garlands with symmetrical figures according to the model (Grade II, second quarter).
Lesson objectives. To teach children to navigate the task, plan work and report on it, evaluate the quality of the finished craft with the partial help of the teacher. To introduce children to the techniques of cutting garlands with symmetrical shapes. To consolidate the ability to navigate in a sheet of paper and use a subject map.
Samples of garlands, subject map, strips of colored and white paper, pencils, scissors, Christmas tree and mushroom templates, lining boards.
During the classes
1. Organization of students.
2. Reporting the topic of the lesson, examining samples of garlands (Christmas trees, mushrooms, nesting dolls).
3. Orientation in the task. Analyzing a garland, children name the figures of garlands, determine the purpose of the product, material, shape, number and size of parts. At the same time, the teacher should draw the attention of students to the following features of the figures that make up the garland: they are all the same and interconnected, the sides of each figure are symmetrical. Then the students remember what other products they made, where symmetrical figures met.
4. Drawing up a work plan. This is the first time the students have done something like this. Therefore, he organizes the collective drawing up of a plan for a subject map. He makes sure that the respondents accurately indicate how many times the strip of paper is folded, how the template is located, where the figures are connected. Then he explains how the connection of the figures is formed. During the answers, students should also name tools and devices.
5. Organization of the workplace. The students themselves arrange everything in the workplace, then the teacher organizes a mutual check.
6. Making garlands. The teacher first cuts the garland himself, showing the correct grip of the workpiece with his hand and the method of cutting. Then, in the course of work, he helps individual students to complete the product. Periodically, the attention of students is drawn to the subject map, so that they look again how to fold the paper, how to apply and circle the template, how to cut out the garland so that the figures do not fall apart (Fig. 24). If the product turned out badly, then you can repeat its execution along the outlined contour or without it. Strong students can complete the second “mushroom” garland on their own by drawing half the outline of the mushroom without using a template. But at the same time, the teacher recommends that children focus on the sample posted on the board. The rest of the students cut out the garland "mushrooms" according to the pattern with the help of the teacher.
7. Evaluation of the quality of completed products. In the completed products, students determine the symmetry of the figures, the accuracy and accuracy of cutting. In garlands cut without a template, there is a resemblance to a natural object (in this case, a resemblance to a mushroom).
8. Summing up.
Lesson topic. Making bookmarks from thin cardboard (grade II, third quarter).
Lesson objectives. Develop the ability to independently navigate the task, draw up a work plan on the product,
report on what has been done, edging the cardboard with strips of paper. Repeat the techniques for marking a rectangular part along a ruler.
Equipment and visual aids. Samples - several edging products, including a bookmark sample, a table with samples of edging materials, a bookmark pattern, cardboard strips, paper strips, rulers, pencils, scissors, glue, brushes, pads.
During the classes
1. Organization of students.
2. Repetition. On the questions of the teacher, the children repeat the purpose of edging in products, consider and name the materials necessary for it, repeat the rules of edging.
3. Message of the topic of the lesson.
4. Orientation in the task. When analyzing a product sample, students must independently indicate the purpose of the product, its shape, list the details (cardboard rectangle and edging strips), note the edging feature. Then determine the materials, their color, the length of the finished bookmark. If the students themselves do not remember how to measure the length of the bookmark, then the teacher should help them. Then the teacher opens a drawing of the product previously drawn on the board with an indication of the length of the finished bookmark on it. This drawing will later serve as a guide for students when marking lanes.
5. Organization of the workplace.
6. Drawing up a work plan for the product. The teacher invites the children to consider the blanks and determine by overlay or by a ruler that the edging strips are longer than the cardboard rectangle. The plan should indicate the sequence of work: selection of materials and tools, marking the edging strips, preparing the strips for gluing (folding the strip in half lengthwise, spreading it with glue, pasting the equity sides of the cardboard). The teacher can write the plan on the board. After that, the children repeat the marking procedure with the help of the teacher.
7. Making a bookmark. In the course of practical work, the teacher can provide partial assistance to individual students. It is desirable that children work more independently. At the end of the work, the teacher invites students to make decorations on the bookmark from the remnants of paper, whoever wants what (fig.).
8. Report on the work done. In the report, in addition to the planned operations, students must indicate the operations necessary to decorate the bookmark.
9. Evaluation of the quality of products. Students note the accuracy of marking the edging strips, the quality of the edging, the beauty of the decoration, the accuracy of the entire product.
10. Summing up.
Lesson topic. Making according to the model of a folding board for playing checkers (Grade III, third quarter, 2 lessons).
Lesson objectives. To develop the ability to independently navigate the task, plan the sequence of work, report on what has been done, navigate in the plane of a sheet of cardboard. To consolidate the ability to mark up a rectangular part. Show the technique of applying the rivet.
Equipment and visual aids. A sample of the product, pieces of cardboard, rulers with a fold, a knife, paints, brushes, padding boards, pieces of cardboard for exercises, scissors.
During the classes
1. Organization of students.
2. Repetition of information about groups of tools and their purpose, as well as the rules for safe work with cutting tools.
3. Organization of the workplace.
4. Performing the exercises: introductory exercises for drawing.
5. Message topic, lesson.
6. Orientation in the task. Students determine the purpose of the product, its shape, dimensions, design features, the number of drawn cells along the length and width, material and tools.
7. Drawing up a work plan. One of the students makes their own plan. Others correct and supplement it. The revised points of the plan are written on the board.
8. Execution of the product. Children perform their own marking of the workpiece along the length, having previously looked at the drawing on the board. The teacher helps individual students cut the cardboard with scissors. Then, with the help of the teacher, the students mark the workpiece into cells according to the template (the template is a strip of cardboard cut off from the workpiece), the back side of the board is divided in half along the ruler. A lining is applied along the marking line. Instructing the children, the teacher monitors their correct orientation on a sheet of cardboard. Students color the cells themselves.
Weak students should be given a marked board and a ready-made template to work with. The work is done by them with the help of a teacher (Fig.).
9. Progress report.
10. Quality assessment finished products in comparison with the sample.
11. Summing up.
Lesson topic. Making an open box from thin cardboard (Grade III, fourth quarter, 2 lessons).
Lesson objectives. To develop the ability to independently navigate the task, plan the sequence of manufacturing the product, report on the progress of work, adequately evaluate the results of work. To consolidate the ability to apply rizovka on a ruler with a fold. Show how to mark out the unwrapped box and glue it with flaps.
Equipment and visual aids. A product sample, a subject map, pieces of cardboard equal in size to a box scan, knives, rulers with a fold, brushes, glue, a template, pencils, scissors.
During the classes
1. Organization of students.
2. Organization of the workplace.
3. Repetition. On the teacher's questions, the children repeat the properties of cardboard, the correct grip of tools and the techniques for applying ribbing, the rules for safe work with cutting tools.
4. Post the topic of the lesson.
5. Orientation in the task. Students look at a sample box. The teacher should draw the attention of children to the peculiarities of connecting the walls of the box with the help of valves.
6. Drawing up a work plan, focusing on the subject map. The map should reflect the main operations: marking according to the template, applying the ribbing, cutting squares (flaps) along the fractional side of the development, folding the box, gluing the flaps.
7. Execution of the box. First, the lines of folds and cuts are marked according to the template (the width of the template must correspond to the height of the box wall). The marked cardboard is slightly incised along the line of folds and cuts, the cut of the squares is made along the fractional sides of the development, then when gluing the valves are connected to the long sides of the box; so the product will be stronger. The box is folded in opposite sides to the cuts; the incised valves are smeared with dextrin glue or paste and glued with inside walls; the glued parts are pressed against the load. When making a box, the attention of students is drawn to the subject map as necessary, children learn to find help in it in case of difficulties. The teacher shows the children the method of fastening the walls of the box with the help of valves and helps them to perform it correctly (Fig.)
Weak students fold the box according to the finished drawings.
8. Report on the work done. Students report on their own work. The teacher monitors the completeness of the answer, the observance of the sequence of presentation, the correct naming of operations, tools, the indication of the spatial features of the object and the places where parts are connected.
9. Evaluation of the quality of finished products. Students note the evenness of the application of ribbing and incisions, the correct gluing of the valves, the observance of the same height of all walls, the cleanliness and accuracy of work.
Larisa Akhremenko
Paper handling rules
Personal hygiene rules
All work must be done on a lining tablet (oilcloth, paper, cardboard).
Cleanliness of hands will ensure accurate work.
The glued parts should be wiped with a clean dry cloth.
After completing the lesson, it is necessary to carefully clean the workplace, put the tools in order, and wash your hands.
Working with scissors
In preschool and primary school age, it is recommended to use scissors with rounded ends. Scissors should be stored in a special case. Turning or moving from place to place with scissors in hand is prohibited. | Paper or cardboard should be cut:
In a straight line - the middle of the blade, look at the end of the scissors, directing them along the line;
Along a curved line - look at the incision site, smoothly turning the material with your left (right) hand;
Along the inner contour - pierce the paper with the tips of the scissors in the middle of the circle (oval, make an incision to the marking line and cut a hole along the marked lines.
Rules for brushing when gluing
1. Hold the brush vertical to the surface.
2. Apply glue with sweeping movements from the middle to the edges thin layer over the entire surface of the part.
3. Carefully place the parts on the surface smeared with glue. 4. Wipe the part with a clean cloth from the middle to the edges.
5. If necessary, dry the product under pressure.
In case of contact with eyes, be sure to rinse them with water.
Folding paper and cardboard
1. Fold paper and cardboard only on the table.
2. Be sure to iron the fold line from the middle to the edges with the edge of the palm, and then with a trowel.
3. When bending thick paper or cardboard, you must first draw a fold line along the ruler with a sharp object (scriber).
1. Before you start working with children, carefully read the description of the technological process, think over its algorithm.
2. Try to make the proposed product yourself.
3. Adapt the explanation of the manufacturing process of each craft according to the age of the children, their real capabilities.
4. Organize the child's workplace conveniently and safely.
Paper - a material created from wood, clay, adhesives, minerals; the basis of paper is vegetable fibers, which are connected to each other by various weaving.
Paper has played a huge role in human history. It is difficult to imagine our world without paper, which has been used and is used not only for storing and transmitting information, but also for decoration, packaging; making money, photographs, printed circuit boards and more. Some types of fine arts originated with the advent of paper.
And, of course, paper is one of the most accessible materials for creativity.
Plain, color, corrugated, velvet, wrapping paper; magazines, newspapers, boxes - all this is used in capable hands.
To work in technology cutting out you need, in addition to paper, scissors or a sharp knife. The history of paper clippings began in China shortly after the invention of paper. Over time, carving paper decorations became one of the types of folk art - "Jianzhi". In Asia and Europe, carving became popular in the 13th-15th centuries, and this art became widespread in Eastern Europe in the 19th century. Among the Slavic peoples, paper clippings are called "vytinanka".
For applications From paper you will need scissors and glue. Application comes from the Latin word applicatio, which means "to apply". In this technique, the details of the composition cut out of paper are glued to the background.
In engineering weaving strips are cut out of paper, which are then woven into the base (background) in a certain way.
Origami- "folded paper" - a technique that consists in folding sheets of paper in a certain way to obtain various figures. This art originated in ancient Japan, where gifts were brought to deities in boxes folded from paper. In the 20th century, origami became widespread throughout the world.
The traditional origami product is folded from a square sheet of paper, without glue and scissors. In addition to the classic origami, there are various directions and types of this art that use cutting and gluing (modular origami, kirikomi origami). It is believed that classes paper plastic have a positive effect on human emotions, so origami is used in art therapy.
quilling, or paper rolling is another technique for working with paper. This is the art of decorating various objects with swirls of paper. Quilling requires narrow strips of paper that are wound on a thin rod. From the resulting spirals, various figures are formed and a composition is made from them, gluing to the base. In the Middle Ages, quilling became widespread in Europe, and now it is around the world.
paper painting - art that came from the East; in Japan it is called "chigire-e" (chigiri-e), in Korea - "handi-gyrim". The technique consists in tearing out pieces of paper using special tools, which will then be glued to the base. A sketch of the future work is applied to the base.
paper modeling - creation of models of various objects with the preservation of proportions. The scan of the model printed (drawn) on the sheet is cut out, bent and glued together.
Papier mache means "chewed paper" in French. Glue, starch and minerals are added to shredded paper or cardboard: gypsum, alabaster. From the resulting paper pulp can be molded; can be molded and pressed. For different types of papier-mâché products - toys, sculptures, bas-reliefs, building materials - different compositions are used; and manufacturing technologies are constantly improving.
Ways to work with paper and cardboard
It is important to take into account the structural features and properties of paper and cardboard when performing bending and folding operations.
You can bend the paper faster, more conveniently and more accurately if you draw a trowel along the marked fold line along the ruler. The tip of the tool forms a smooth track (groove), in which the paper fibers are squeezed, compressed and cracked. On this track, you can easily, accurately and evenly bend a sheet of paper. After folding, it is useful to once again run the iron along the fold line.
If you need to bend the cardboard, the fold line is marked on front side(unlike paper, which is marked from the wrong side). A shallow incision is made along the fold line along the fold line with a knife, while only the top layer of fibers is cut through. Then the cardboard is folded with an incision outward of the part to be bent, otherwise the uncut fibers at the fold points will be pulled together and torn.
Paper cutting is carried out with scissors along the marked cut lines. At the same time, the scissor blades are directed as accurately as possible along the marking lines, cut with the middle part of the scissor blades, and do not close them until the end of cutting. Scissors are held parallel to the table, cut above the table (and not above the floor); with the left hand they hold the larger part of the workpiece, cutting off the smaller one.
special attention Will require training in how to work with glue. Assembling products with glue is the most common, but very often it is precisely because of the inability to properly glue the part that the child cannot achieve the desired quality of work. Artistic or constructive intent may suffer so much that the product loses its meaning, and children lose interest in work.
The gluing techniques at the beginning are deliberately simplified: the glue must be applied directly to areas of the background and thread trimmings, seeds, etc. should be applied to these places. and won't hurt. However, most products will require more accuracy. The most common technique is one in which glue is applied to the part to be glued. Children need to be taught to do it right. While working with glue, small stacks of dry newsprint should be on the tables. Under the part to be glued, first put such a leaflet; after applying the glue, the part is laid in its place and smoothed through a dry paper sheet; other parts are used to glue the next part newspaper sheets, and dirty ones are put in a separate pile - this allows you to work cleanly and quickly. You will also have to work on ensuring that the children apply glue only with a brush, evenly distributing it over the entire surface of the part. The best glue that is suitable for all works and materials, PVA; to work with paper, you can use starch paste. The use of adhesive pencils and other purely office supplies is undesirable.
One of interesting ways work is coloring paper.
Sometimes it is not easy to get the right and varied in color paper, which limits the ability of children and adults to create bright and elegant crafts of a creative nature. The ability to paint the paper yourself can be of great help, for which you need to know the techniques of coloring and mixing colors.
Dyeing is an activity that is very interesting for children. They are attracted by the transformative feature of paints, the possibility of obtaining more and more new colors and shades.
Consider some techniques for coloring paper and its decorative processing.
For coloring, take white writing paper in the package. Glossy, waterproof paper (tracing paper, mica) is not suitable for dyeing, as the paint quickly slides off it. Absorbent paper stains well, but it must be remembered that after wetting it is easily torn, it is difficult to straighten it. Therefore, you should paint the whole pack at once. It is dipped into a solution with paint, quickly removed and placed on an inclined surface, straightening the corners.
Paint paper various dyes, for example, colored ink, glue and tempera paints, but a particularly bright, intense color can be obtained using aniline paints (for dyeing fabrics). Natural dyes are also used.
Paper coloring begins with the selection or composition of paint of a certain color. It is best to use aniline paints. They are bred in hot water to form desired tone and poured into baths. When the paint has cooled, a sheet of paper is completely immersed in it and quickly removed, holding it with fingers or tweezers at two corners on one side. Then the sheet is laid out on an inclined glass plane so that water is faster from it and it is evenly colored. The dyed paper is hung to dry and then ironed on both sides with a hot iron.
The same paint solution can be used several times to obtain tones of different saturation. Start coloring with a darker and brighter tone, as hot water is added, lighter colors are obtained.
Glue paints, which are produced in powder form, are diluted and diluted in hot water, then wood glue is added (one teaspoon of wood glue is taken for one glass of hot water). Paper dyed with these paints does not stain hands, and wrinkles do not form on its surface.
When painting with ink, it is evenly distributed on the surface of the paper in one direction (horizontally - from left to right, vertically - from top to bottom) with quick movements using a large soft brush or a cotton swab worn on a stick. To obtain brown, golden, ocher shades, you can use strongly brewed tea or coffee, changing the concentration of the solution as needed.
If there are no chemical dyes on hand, you can also prepare a solution from plants. People have been using this method since ancient times, getting a variety of paints in soft pastel shades. For example, a yellow and yellow dye is prepared from dry birch leaves. beige colour, brown tones obtained using cones and brushwood. Vinegar or brine is used to fix natural dyes. sauerkraut, copper sulfate. The same plant, treated with different fixatives, gives a different color; the color becomes bright, and the paper does not stain hands when making crafts.
Decorate paper with the method of spraying liquid paint. It happens like this: they take a brush or a flat brush, moisten it with paint and draw it over the bristles with a stick, directing it to different parts of the paper plane. This is how paper is made for making pied chicken, butterflies, birds, each time choosing a new color for the blank and paint for spraying. In this case, it is possible to change the direction of movement of the hand (vertically, horizontally, obliquely, wavy, in circles), change the size of the specks, bringing the splashes closer or further away from the plane of the workpiece. Several paints are used at the same time, which helps to create a multi-color paper pattern.
Drawing on paper is applied with a colored paste. It is prepared from starch by adding aniline, watercolor or colored ink to water. Having composed the mixture, apply it with quick movements in a thin layer on paper and draw a comb over it in different directions. The teeth of the comb, as it were, scrape off the paint and leave light traces on the surface of the background in the form of the desired pattern or ornament. On a surface covered with a paste, you can also roll a tourniquet in certain directions or make prints with different stamps. Children can prepare such stamps themselves in advance by cutting them out of foam rubber or from potatoes, carrots, beets, etc. in the form of figures, elements of an ornament of a simple form. It can be a flower, a butterfly, a bunny. When the paste dries, the surface of the paper is wiped with a waxed cloth, it acquires a shine and does not stain the hands when the workpiece is bent.
Colored and textured paper is recommended to be stored in folders, sorted by color and pattern. For convenience, the folders must be signed, and samples should be glued to the cover. Sheets of paper can be laid out on wide shelves and stored unfolded, distributing the material by color, texture, size.
Do not roll paper into a tube. From this, it is covered with irreparable folds. Curled paper is more difficult to process, which reduces the interest of preschoolers in working with paper and leads to sloppy completion of the task.
With thoughtful storage, paper is better preserved, the quality of children's crafts does not deteriorate. The educator, by his example, teaches the child to order, careful attitude to paper, its accurate and economical use.
Thus, the availability of the necessary materials for construction, their high quality, and the variety of ways to obtain paper make it possible to create favorable conditions for children to master image techniques, which determines the basis for the formation of children's artistic and creative abilities.
There are the following types of paper work: origami, applique and design, which are very attractive to children, and their implementation contributes to the development of aesthetic taste, observation, artistic vision of the surrounding reality, creative thinking. Back in the 19th century, the German teacher F. Fröbel founded an integrated course in mathematics with the help of origami, on the basis of which you can improve and strengthen geometric knowledge and skills.
Nowadays, in Japan, the USA and other developed countries, teaching geometry using origami is practiced in many schools.
If in the past mathematics was applied in a rather limited number of areas of human life, being therefore necessary for a relatively small number of specialists, in the modern era mathematics has penetrated into all those areas in which rational thinking is practiced, and this process, which is in constant development, requires appropriate mathematical training. The psychotherapeutic effects of folding have been confirmed by psychologists who have found that the speed, flexibility and originality of thinking, spatial imagination, and the dynamics of psychomotor indicators increase. Origami is a didactic means of developing imagination, spatial thinking, fine motor skills, and therefore the development of speech and intelligence, which helps to correct various types of behavior (from aggressive to shy) that stabilize psycho emotional condition that relieves anxiety.
Origami as a way of creating a variety of paper crafts originated in Japan over a thousand years ago, but almost nothing is known about the history of the origin of this art. It is only assumed that the manufacture of colorful figurines in ancient times was not only fun or hobby, but was a sacred ritual action associated with the religious cult of the "many-sided" and "thousand-armed" goddess of mercy Kannon. They decorated the statue with figurines in order to appease the goddess, ask her for patronage.
Having lost its religious purpose over time, origami has become an adornment of Japanese life, folk holidays, carnival processions. This art, which attracts both adults and children, has long crossed the borders of its homeland, becoming widespread in many countries. Evidence of this - various exhibitions, origami centers.
The famous origami paper cranes have become a symbol of the anti-nuclear war movement. These cranes are made by children from all over the world and sent to Japanese peers, thereby expressing their solidarity in the struggle for peace. And every year, in honor of the international action "Wave of Peace", hundreds of thousands of paper cranes take off into the sky of Hiroshima. And as an eternal symbol of protest against the war, a crane rises on a monument in the Peace Memorial Park in Hiroshima.
Making colorful paper crafts with multiple folding and folding techniques is a fun and rewarding activity for kids.
Paper - accessible to the child and versatile material - is widely used not only in drawing, application, but also in artistic design. Particularly attractive is the opportunity to create such paper crafts ourselves, which will then be used in games, dramatizations, decorating a corner, a kindergarten plot, or presented as a birthday present to your parents, educators, and friends for a holiday.
Such activities are of great importance in the development of the child's creative imagination, his imagination, artistic taste, accuracy, the ability to carefully and economically use the material, outline the sequence of operations, actively strive to obtain a positive result, and keep the workplace in order. Children acquire the skills and culture of work, which is important for their preparation for successful learning At school.
Constructing from colored paper, children create models of objects and objects of reality, displaying their characteristic features in a generalized form, distracting from secondary features and highlighting the most vivid and attractive details. So the image acquires new features, an original interpretation, which is expressed in a somewhat conventional, angular form. This is due to the specifics of processing the material (paper) by bending, folding parts in a certain sequence, which is typical for the art of origami. Despite the fact that crafts often only remotely resemble certain objects, objects, this does not prevent the child from recognizing them, vividly completing the missing parts in his imagination.
Application - one of the most common types of work, translated from Latin means applying, that is, creating an ornament, drawings by gluing pieces of various materials.
The peoples of ancient times widely used applications to decorate their lives. Kazakhs decorated felt carpets and yurts with appliqué; Tatars are soft leather boots, horse saddles; peoples of the North leather clothes sewed fur patterns; the Russians used it extensively on textiles. Often, artists used applications in their work.
There are many methodological recommendations for conducting application work. It is necessary to take into account the educational, developing, nurturing potential of applications. Meanwhile, the application technique has great educational opportunities. Application works contribute to the development of an artistic vision of nature, the consolidation of ideas about symmetry and a symmetry, the improvement of ideas about expressive composition, the development of form, rhythm, the ratio of parts and the whole. When working on an application, such mental processes, as attention, thinking, imagination, eye, coordination of movement, fine motor skills of the hands, respectively, the mental processes of the brain. Ideas about the methods of rational work are formed, the skills to make markup are improved, accuracy and patience are brought up.
Before starting work, they prepare a drawing, depending on which they select the material, the base and outline the sequence of stickers for individual parts.
For the base, take thick paper or cardboard. The drawing is performed on the wrong side, unpainted side, so when the sticker is obtained, the opposite image is obtained,
The parts prepared for application are laid out on the basis, glued in a certain sequence: those parts that are the most distant in perspective are glued first, then the rest with a gradual approach to the foreground.
Subject applications are made from carved geometric shapes, leaves, fruits, vegetables, flowers, mushrooms, insects.
This is the simplest application to execute. First, a drawing of an object with several color spots is made, transferred to paper from the unpainted side, and each part is cut out separately.
In work where there is an overlay of one color on another, careful adjustment is not made, the application is performed in an overlay, this achieves a three-dimensional effect.
Plot (thematic) applications consist of several figures that are in motion. These can be illustrations for fables, fairy tales, stories.
drawing in plot application much attention is given. First, a sketch is made. Then each part is transferred to colored paper from the wrong side. The cut out parts are applied to the base, glued after the most successful compositional option is found.
Ornamental applications are used to design albums, wall newspapers, invitation cards, invitation cards. The ornament is an alternation of geometric, floral and other forms. It can be made from both identical and mixed blanks.
To complete the ornament, it is necessary to select a drawing, for this a sketch is made, according to which the work will be done. A separate element is transferred to paper, cut out and later used as a template for preparing the remaining parts. The cut parts are placed on the base, glued.
In the design, a lot of space is given to text, so the importance of font applications is great, when headlines, slogans, posters, announcements, study tables are decorated with beautiful letters from colored paper.
Silhouette appliqué is an image of objects pasted on the background, cut out of paper by continuous, "uninterrupted" movement of scissors along the contour of the object. Such a one-color image is placed on a contrasting background; it should be generalized, but at the same time easily recognizable. Silhouette applique contributes to the improvement of ideas about such means of composition as contour lines, spot shapes, contrasting colors. Cutting out a silhouette develops spatial imagination, abstracting from insignificant details, helps to reveal the shape of an object.
Works performed on the topic "Symmetrical cutting" are related to mathematics and artistic views works. They also help develop logical thinking and a sense of harmony in children.
However, to solve the above tasks, it is necessary to carefully consider the tasks and ways of presenting them to students. So that the work is not carried out mechanically, thoughtlessly, it is necessary to set tasks for the children that require intellectual and emotional stress.
According to the type of application, applications can be divided into flat and voluminous.
Flat applique is performed by cutting out parts from paper, other materials and sticking them on the base. In some cases, the paper is torn off, the edges of such parts are uneven. This method is good for depicting animals, trees, fluffy snow, fur hat. The torn edges of the details give the impression of fluffiness, roughness.
Paper applique can be made as single-layer or multi-layer.
Volume application increases the artistic possibilities of student work, expands the creative possibilities of its implementation, it feels space, image, style, grace, composition. It is rich in content and holistic in perception.
Great importance in working with the application is given to the selection of colors, the combination of which determines the expressiveness, contrast, rhythm. The figures on the application can be somewhat simplified, only emphasizing the characteristic profile. The combination of color ratios is the color. To teach children the selection of color combinations, use various sets of colored paper. In the first lessons, students get acquainted with the primary colors: red, yellow, blue - and obtaining by mixing the entire palette of colors and shades. It is necessary to distinguish between warm and cold colors, smooth and contrasting, correct and unsuccessful combinations.
The development of artistic taste, the ability to select color combinations in their works is facilitated by observation, comparison, comparison of various natural objects during excursions.
WORKING WITH PAPER AND CARDBOARD
Paper(historical reference, material for conversation). Paper has not always existed. Once, a very long time ago, people did not know writing, did not know how to write. primitive people they made their drawings on the walls of caves, carved them on the rocks. These drawings are still found and studied by scientists.
With the invention and spread of writing, people began to write on wet clay tablets. They wrote with special pointed sticks, similar to stacks, which are used when sculpting from clay and plasticine. In order to write down the text of the book, sometimes it was necessary to use tens and hundreds of tablets. It was difficult to store and transport such books.
In some countries, people have learned to write on palm leaves. But palm trees do not grow everywhere. So I had to look for other materials. So, in Russia they began to write on birch bark. Letters on birch bark - birch bark letters - are still found during excavations in the north of the country.
In southern countries, clay tablets were replaced by papyrus, a writing material made from a plant of the same name. Papyrus grows in the swampy areas of Ethiopia and Egypt. This plant is similar to sedge, reed, reed. It was peeled and cut into very thin narrow strips, which were then glued together so that a layer of strips in one direction overlapped with a layer of strips in the other direction. This increased the strength of the material. After drying, the surface of the sheets was polished with pumice stone and carefully smoothed out. The resulting papyrus sheets had a light brown color.
Letters, manuscripts, documents written on papyrus were rolled up on wooden sticks round in cross section, receiving the so-called scrolls, which were stored in special covers and cases.
After many, many years, papyrus was gradually replaced by a strong and durable writing material - parchment.
one that was made by processing animal skins in a special way - sheep, goats, calves. These skins were glued together into long, wide scrolls. Like papyrus, parchment was written by hand. The production of one book often required several large scrolls of parchment or up to 250-300 animal skins.
At the very beginning of our chronology, that is, almost 2000 years ago, paper replaced papyrus and parchment. There are several legends about the invention of paper. According to one of them, paper was invented in China at the beginning of the 2nd century BC. n. e. (they even indicate exactly the year - the 105th) Tsai Lun (according to other sources, Chai Lun or Tsai Lun), whom grateful descendants even ranked among the gods and in whose honor temples were built.
According to another Chinese legend, paper was invented by a slave from East Turkestan (in our time - the territory of the Uzbek SSR). To keep the secret of making paper a secret, the Chinese emperor ordered the inventor to be killed.
The raw materials for making paper were mulberry and bamboo. The word "paper" comes from the word "bambigo" - the so-called paper made from bamboo. Used for the manufacture of paper and rags, textile waste.
Paper appeared on the territory of the USSR several centuries earlier than in Western Europe. Documents of the 8th century were found in Tajikistan, which were written on paper.
For centuries, paper has been made by hand. After the invention of the first paper machine by the Frenchman Robert (1761 - 1828), the production of paper and cardboard made a sharp leap forward. The production of paper increased continuously and with great rapidity, its assortment improved, more and more new areas of its application appeared. Paper began to be used not only for writing and printing books, for packaging goods, but also in construction, the instrument-making industry, agriculture, and electrical engineering.
In Russia, the first paper machine was installed at a paper mill in Peterhof (now Petrodvorets).
Before the October Revolution, the consumption of paper in Russia significantly outpaced the growth rate of its production. A significant amount of paper had to be imported from abroad. During the years of Soviet power, many powerful pulp and paper mills and individual factories producing paper and cardboard were built in the country. Paper-making machines are installed at these factories, on which a wide (several meters wide) tape of cast paper moves at high speed (600-750 m per minute). In terms of the amount of paper produced, in terms of the total circulation of newspapers, magazines and books produced, the Soviet Union came out on top in the world.
Paper and cardboard(materials for conversation)
The following materials can be used by the teacher to supplement and integrate students' knowledge of paper and cardboard. Depending on the subject and content of the next educational tasks, the preparation of children and the specific tasks of educational work in this class, the teacher sets out those or other facts, reports information, illustrating them, if possible, with samples of materials, methods of their processing and finishing, typical samples of paper and cardboard products. Big
Benefits for replenishing the polytechnical knowledge of students are brought by comparison; comparison of the most important properties of paper and cardboard with the properties and scope of other materials known to students: wood, metals, plastics, natural materials.
What is paper? Paper - sheet material, consisting mainly of plant fibers, closely intertwined and formed a kind of felt or felt.
In order to bring students to such a definition, without mastering which it is impossible to understand the features, basic properties of paper and the competent use of knowledge of these properties, the teacher conducts special conversations in labor lessons, organizes observations and simple experiments. Carefully examining samples of paper of various types And varieties directly and through the light, tearing the paper in different directions and at the same time finding out the features of its structure along the lines of the breaks, the teacher leads the students to the conclusion: paper is a fibrous material and, when viewed under a magnifying glass, looks like felt. This similarity is especially noticeable when examining loose, weakly glued paper - blotting, filtering. Such paper is much easier to tear than thick, well-glued drawing or drawing paper of the same thickness. Hence the conclusion: sizing increases the strength of the paper, its resistance to tearing.
Considering, under the guidance of a teacher, samples of paper of different types and varieties, comparing them, students establish that paper can be thin and thick, smooth and rough, loose and dense, white and colored, colored on one side and colored, as they say, in bulk (when dyes are added to the raw paper pulp during paper making).
Such conversations gradually lead students to the conclusion that certain properties, qualitative features of each type and grade of paper are specially given to this paper during manufacture and depend on its purpose. Writing paper should be thick and smooth so that the pen and pencil slide easily over its surface, so that the ink does not smear and soak through it. Blotting paper, on the contrary, should be loose and absorb and pass moisture and ink well. This paper, according to the existing classification, is classified as absorbent paper.
Not all paper is suitable for printing: printed paper must be smooth and well "accept" printing ink. Drawing paper should be white and thick, allow for repeated erasing of pencil lines with an eraser and staining with watercolors and gouache.
Some types of papers should be transparent, others should not let water or grease through, and others should have high strength or a beautiful, colored front surface. All these and many other qualitative features and properties are imparted to paper during its manufacture at paper mills.
What are b u m a g u made of? The main material for making paper is pulp obtained from wood and pulp, which is made from this pulp. wood. used mainly spruce. In recent years, pine wood and some hardwoods, mainly alder, have also been used for this purpose. In addition to wood, white clay (kaolin), talc, and various adhesives, such as silicate and rosin, are used to make paper. In order to save wood, reeds and straw are used in the production of cardboard. For the same purposes, in the production of paper and cardboard, waste paper is widely used - old, used paper and cardboard. The collection of waste paper makes it possible to save many millions of mature trees every year or to use the wood for other purposes.
How is paper made? Paper was invented almost 2000 years ago. At first, it was made by hand from mulberry wood and bamboo. This work required a huge investment of effort and time, and the paper was very expensive.
It seems that it is not enough, and the quality was low. Paper was available only to very rich people.
Nowadays, paper is made in paper mills. For this, special paper machines are used - the most complex structures with high productivity. The length of some machines reaches 100 meters or more. The machines produce a paper tape several meters wide at a speed of 600-750 m/min. In one day alone, with continuous operation, each such machine produces 400 tons of newsprint. It is interesting to note that each such machine is serviced by only a few skilled engineers and workers.
The paper pulp, prepared on other machines and thoroughly mixed, is fed into the paper machine in a continuous stream. This mass is prepared from spruce wood, which is first crushed into small chips, and then boiled for a long time in special solutions, adding finely ground chalk, white clay, and glue to it. In the paper machine, this mass is continuously cast into a fast moving paper strip, from which water is removed on the go. Special rolls compact the paper strip, dry it and smooth its surface. It remains only to cut the paper into narrower strips, wind them into rolls or cut them into sheets and send them to consumers: factories, factories, construction sites, printing houses and shops.
What is made from paper? What is not made of paper in our time: both thin yarn and beautiful mesh fabric for summer hats, and washable wallpaper, and leather substitutes for pasting book bindings, and beautiful durable finishes for tables, cabinets and other furniture and subway escalators. Paper is used to make special punched cards and punched tapes for calculating machines, insulation for appliances and electrical machines.
Photo paper, sanding, emery (glass) paper are made on a paper basis, metallized paper for packaging tea, coated paper for printing portraits and reproductions of paintings.
But most of all, paper is produced for printing books, newspapers, magazines, posters, calendars, letterheads, as well as for writing (notebooks, notepads, notebooks).
Paper money, loan bonds, lottery tickets, passport forms, membership cards, diplomas, certificates and other government documents are printed on special document paper.
Everyone needs paper: a student of the 1st grade and a gray-haired academician, a worker and an astronaut, a salesman and a housewife, an architect and a grain grower, a tourist, an artist, an accountant, a soldier, a student, a teacher, a builder - everyone! And everyone chooses to
paper of the desired type and grade, of a certain quality.
Where and how does a person use paper? A person uses paper all his life, at home and at school, on the street, in production.
Even a small child is bought cubes and screens with pictures, children's books. For their manufacture, paper specially designed for color printing was used.
The child went to school. Here he constantly encounters paper, and this paper is different: in notebooks - writing, blotting and cover; in textbooks for elementary school - printed; in the album - drawing; in training tables - offset, for multi-color printing.
The deadline has come, a person joined the Komsomol, received a Komsomol ticket. This document is printed on special smooth and durable watermarked paper. Important documents and paper money are printed on such paper.
A person grew up, graduated from school, and then a technical school or institute, became a worker or teacher, doctor or engineer, salesman or collective farmer. And here he can not do without paper. And everyone needs a certain paper: the teacher - writing and printing; engineer - drawing; artist - drawing; the seller - wrapping, glassine (for packing butter, ham and other fatty foods), as well as paper twine, which is made from narrow strips of very strong paper.
What is cardboard and what is cardboard made of? To lead students to answer these questions, the teacher begins a story or conversation by demonstrating specially selected samples of paper and cardboard and clearly shows what is common to these materials that children can establish by examining, feeling these samples, tearing them, cutting them with scissors, wetting them with water. . Conclusions are formulated: cardboard, like paper, is a sheet material. It is white (for example, wood cardboard used to make boxes for confectionery, sugar packaging), brown, brown, blue. The surface of cardboard, as well as the surface of paper, can be rough and smooth, glossy. Both paper and cardboard are made of fibrous mass: the fibers on the tear lines of the cardboard are especially visible.
In the conversation, some differences in the qualitative features of paper and cardboard are also established. Cardboard is much thicker than paper and generally not as flexible and resilient - it often breaks when bent. The fibers that make up mainly paper are small, thin and flexible, while in cardboard they are heterogeneous in size, coarse and brittle. This is explained by the fact that carefully processed spruce wood is used to make paper, and in the production of cardboard, usually coarser and cheaper materials are used - straw and reeds, cheap glue.
During conversations, the teacher, by posing special questions, leads students to understand how important it is to use paper for its intended purpose, how much the quality of manufactured products increases and their cost decreases.
Why doesn't it make sense to print newspapers on writing, drawing or drawing paper? Newspapers live only one day and there is no need to spend durable and expensive paper on them, especially if you take into account the huge circulation of newspapers.
Why is thin and smooth poster (ticket) paper used for printing theater posters and bus, tram and trolleybus tickets? Posters hang for several days, and tickets are used only for 10-20 minutes, so the paper for posters and tickets is used the simplest, thinnest and cheapest. The text on this paper is printed on one side only, so it makes no sense to make both sides of the paper smooth.
Why are they trying to replace wooden and plywood boxes for packing and transporting various goods with cardboard boxes? At the same time, a large amount of wood is saved, which means that it is not necessary to cut down trees and reduce forests. In addition, cardboard boxes are cheaper than boxes, they are much lighter, they are more convenient to carry and transport.
What gives the economical use of paper and cardboard, the organization of the collection and recycling of waste paper? Careful, economical use of paper helps to make good use of wood. Recycling the collected waste paper into cardboard and paper is cheaper than making them from wood.
Paper, its properties. Paper as a material that has a very diverse application in all areas of modern life, has different, often specific properties, determined by the purpose and conditions of use of each type and grade of paper. From writing paper, the presence of some properties is required, from newsprint - others, from drawing - third. Wrapping paper differs in its properties from colored or transmissive paper, and photographic paper does not look like poster or corrugated paper.
Even within the same type (or class) of paper, its qualitative features change quite fundamentally. So, wrapping paper used in trade for packing bulk food products should have some quality features, paper for packing large and bulky goods - others, and for wet goods (cottage cheese, berries) - third. Fats (butter, ham, margarine) require glassine (grease-proof paper) for packaging, and metallized paper is used for packaging tea.
Magu, well preserving the specific aroma of this food product.
Primary school students need to know the most important properties of the most common types and grades of paper in order to choose the right material for each educational product and avoid gross mistakes.
The whiteness of the paper is determined by direct comparison of the test sheet of paper with sheets of paper - the reference.
Water permeability is the ability of paper to resist the passage of water to some extent. Some types of papers, such as filter paper, blotting paper, pass water well. Special waterproof types of paper, such as waxed paper, do not let water through and do not get wet.
Fading - see paper lightfastness.
Humidity is determined by the amount of water in the paper. At high humidity, its strength decreases. When moistened, the paper lengthens: less in the longitudinal direction, more in the transverse direction. Some papers curl when wet. As it dries, it shrinks. Uneven shrinkage causes warping of product parts.
Gloss depends on the condition of the paper surface. An even, smooth, shiny surface of paper is called glossy, and an uneven, grainy one is called matte.
Deformation - a change in linear dimensions (linear deformation) and twisting of paper when it is moistened and then dried.
Fat permeability - the ability of paper to pass vegetable, animal and mineral oils, fats. Some types of papers, due to special processing, acquire the ability to keep oil and grease out - grease resistance. Such papers include subparchment, paper parchment and glassine, used for packaging butter, margarine, ham and animal fat, lard.
Paper direction. There are two directions of paper: machine, corresponding to the direction of movement of the paper web when it is cast on a paper machine, and perpendicular to it - transverse. The vast majority of pulp fibers are stretched along the machine direction during casting, which is commonly referred to as the longitudinal or longitudinal direction. Differences in the structure of the paper, caused by the specified arrangement of fibers, are reflected in the properties of the paper in the manufacture of various products. For example, the tensile strength of paper in the longitudinal direction is higher than in the transverse direction. A strip of paper cut in the longitudinal direction will bend less under load than a strip of the same width and length cut in the transverse direction. When a sheet of paper is moistened, its dimensions increase in the transverse direction more than in the longitudinal direction.
When processing paper - marking out parts, cutting them out and gluing them - these properties must be taken into account and taken into account in order to prevent errors and defects.
Cloudiness of the paper - see the uniformity of the structure of the paper.
The homogeneity of the structure of the paper is determined by examining a sheet of paper in the light (a sheet of paper is placed between the researcher's eye and - an electric lamp, a window). If, during the production of paper, the paper pulp was carefully ground and mixed with well-ground fillers, and during casting it was distributed on the machine grid in a uniform layer of the same thickness, then the paper is homogeneous in structure. In a paper that is heterogeneous in structure, when viewed through the light, dark spots and bundles of fibers are visible - the paper has a high cloudiness. The less cloudiness, the better the quality of the paper. Large cloudiness in wrapping and packaging paper.
Bulk weight - the mass of 1 cm3 of paper in grams. The greater the volumetric weight of the paper, the higher its density and rigidity, the lower the porosity, the smoother its surface.
Plasticity - the property of paper to retain deformation after the load is removed. As the moisture content of the paper increases, its plasticity increases. This property is used when working with papier-mâché. The paper used to glue the papier-mache layer is moistened to increase its plasticity, which makes it possible for it to accept and retain all the features of the original relief, its shape and not form wrinkles and folds.
Density - the mass of 1 m2 of paper in grams.
The transparency of paper depends on its composition, finishing method and thickness. The more cellulose in the paper and the less fillers, the more transparent it is. As the thickness increases, the transparency decreases. For writing and printing paper, transparency is a disadvantage: these papers should not be translucent. Tracing paper, on the contrary, must be extremely transparent so that drawings can be copied and then printed on light-sensitive paper. Under the conditions of labor lessons, it is possible to achieve transparency by special processing of writing paper (for example, in the manufacture of a screen for a shadow theater).
Sizing - the degree of water resistance of paper. The simplest test of the degree of paper sizing is to draw lines on it with ink with an ordinary steel pen. If the lines do not blur. Several lines are sequentially drawn on paper, the thickness of which increases each time by 0.25 mm. If a line with a thickness of 0.5 mm does not blur, and the line following it, with a thickness of 0.75 mm, blurs, then the sizing of this paper is considered equal to 0.5 mm.
Strength is the resistance of paper to tearing. In the primary grades, an exact definition of strength is not given, but some idea is formed among students. So, by simple observations and experiments, students establish that the strength of paper in the longitudinal (machine) direction is greater than in the transverse direction, and also that the strength of dry paper is higher than that of wet paper.
Light fastness - stability, invariability of the color and color shade of paper when exposed to diffused daylight or direct sunlight. Paper containing a lot of lignin quickly turns yellow in the light and to a large extent loses its mechanical strength and becomes brittle. The higher the content of cellulose in the paper, the greater its light strength. The light transmission of colored papers largely depends on the light resistance of the dyes used to color them.
Paper aging - irreversible changes in the properties of paper, especially mechanical strength and color. With prolonged storage, the strength of the paper decreases, the paper becomes brittle, its color darkens. The aging of paper occurs especially intensively in sunlight. Therefore, books, drawings, documents must be protected from sunlight.
Sides of paper - the top side of the paper and the opposite mesh side, which, during the casting of paper, comes into contact with the mesh of the paper machine.
The thickness of paper in production is determined in microns using a special measuring tool - a micrometer. In the process of practical work using paper and cardboard, younger students determine their thickness approximately, by touch, limited only by approximate characteristics: very thin, thin, thick, very thick, etc. It is useful to teach children to get a more accurate idea of the comparative thickness of paper indirectly. by - counting the number of sheets of paper contained in a stack, 1 cm thick.
Elasticity - the ability of paper to bend or compact (within certain limits) under the action of a load, and after the pressure is stopped, restore its original shape and dimensions.
The color of the paper used in the practical work of students in labor lessons may be different. In preparatory and first grades, it is recommended to use paper of the most common bright and rich colors: white, black, red, blue, yellow and green. Only then the color gamut of the used colored papers gradually expands. Students are introduced to the names of different color shades learn to name them correctly.
Varieties of paper. The paper industry of the Soviet Union produces several hundred varieties of paper, differing in names, quality features, areas of application, and importance in human life. Paper of each type, in turn, is divided into grades depending on its specific properties. Below is a list of the most common types of paper that a teacher and students may encounter in labor lessons and in the process of extracurricular activities.
Landscape - smooth colored writing paper.
Poster, or ticket i am thin, usually smooth on one side only, white or colored (light colors) paper. It is used for printing theater and concert posters, tram, bus and trolleybus tickets.
Velvet - colored paper, the front side of which is covered with paper pile. It is used in decorative works, applications, for finishing cardboard products.
Ticket - see poster.
Blotting - blotting paper, usually of considerable thickness.
Whatman paper is the highest grade of drawing paper. fat,
thick and durable paper.
Verger - high-quality writing, postal, drawing or other paper with watermarks in the form of longitudinal and transverse translucent lines.
Newsprint - one of the varieties of printed (printing) paper used for printing newspapers.
Corrugated, or rep, crepe, crepe, is a colored paper used for making paper flowers, decorations, garlands.
Gummed - colored paper, covered on the wrong side with a thin layer of dried glue (like postage stamps and postal envelope flaps). It is used for the manufacture of applications and design work.
Bond - top quality printed paper, usually with watermarks. Apply to printing paper money, government bonds, lottery tickets and the production of blank documents, passports, membership cards, etc.
The paper has a good sizing, and if they blur, then the sizing is weak. In production, instead of a pen, a drawing pen is used and special ink is used.
Tracing paper - transparent paper used for copying drawings and inscriptions and their subsequent reproduction on photosensitive paper.
Cartographic - high quality printed paper, small bones. It is used for printing maps, guides.
Card stock - thick and dense, smooth paper of white or yellowish color. Used for printing index cards, board games, postcards.
Book and magazine - all types of printed paper used for printing books, magazines in other printed matter.
Copy - thin tissue paper, on the front side of which a thin layer of mastic is applied, usually black or blue. It is used for carbon copy writing and in typewritten works to obtain copies of printed text. To copy designs onto fabric, for example, when preparing it for embroidery, carbon paper is available in red, yellow and green. In the works of younger students, carbon paper is used to copy drawings.
Kraft paper - paper of high strength, which is used to make bags for packing cement and other bulk materials, bags and packages for postal correspondence.
Crepe - see corrugated paper.
Laminated - paper pasted over on one side with the thinnest waterproof elastic film. Used for packaging dairy products instead of glassware.
Lederin paper - thick durable paper, the front side of which is colored and embossed. It is used in bookbinding and cardboard works as a substitute for binding fabrics: leatherette, calico and granitol.
Lithographic - paper intended for lithographic printing in the manufacture of tables, posters, color illustrations, labels.
Moroccan - colored paper, embossed like morocco.
Coated - paper coated on one or both sides with a special composition that allows you to give it whiteness and increased smoothness, gloss. It is used for printing illustrated publications, art products, reproductions of paintings, sculptures, portraits, certificates of honor, art postcards, brochures, etc.
Metallized - paper coated on one side with a thin layer of metal, usually aluminum. Used for packing tea bags. On sale under the same name there is paper dyed using the finest powders of aluminum bronze and golden bronze (respectively, silver and gold colors) as pigments.
Millimeter (graph paper) - drawing paper with a grid of mutually perpendicular lines printed on the front side. Usually orange and blue. The presence of a grid allows you to quickly draw drawings, patterns, and developments of product parts in the right scale.
Marble - one of the varieties of binding papers with a marble-like pattern of different colors. It is used for pasting the sides (covers) of bindings of books, folders, pasting boxes, cases, board games, etc.
Emery, or skin, is thick paper on the front side of which emery powder with one or another grain size is pasted. It is used for grinding the surface of product parts during their finishing.
Desktop-thick, dyed in the mass or on the front side of the paper, intended for covering desks. In children's work, it is often used instead of cardboard.
Musical - a kind of thick writing and printed paper with printed musical rulers (stave).
Wrapping - paper used for packaging goods. Available in different thickness, density and sizing.
Cover - paper on which the covers of books, magazines, notebooks are printed.
Wallpaper (wallpaper) - paper of different thicknesses and densities, on which wallpaper is printed for pasting walls.
Offset - paper specially designed for printing newspapers, books, tables on it in an offset way.
Cigarette - thin translucent paper, sometimes with watermarks (filigree). In children's work, it is used to cut out jewelry, paper flowers.
Waxed - paper impregnated with paraffin to make it waterproof. It is used for the manufacture of paper containers for packaging milk, kefir, cream and other dairy products.
Paper parchment, glassine is a thin translucent paper, which has been given the property of not letting fat through by special processing. It is used for packaging butter, margarine, lard, ham and other fatty foods.
Bound - thick and strong, well-glued paper, on the front side of which a color pattern is printed. It is used for pasting bookbinding and cardboard products - sides of bindings, boxes, frames, board cardboard games, folders, notepads.
Punched card - for counting machines. Very good as a material for the simplest technical models of younger students.
Printed - a large group of papers used in printing for printing books, newspapers, magazines, tables, posters, posters, tickets, calendars, etc.
Writing - white or colored, thin, well-glued, non-translucent, smooth or lined paper used for writing with a pencil, ink and pastes (ballpoint pens). It is used for the manufacture of notebooks, notepads, notebooks, postal envelopes, various forms and other products that are commonly called chalk.
Poluvatman - high quality drawing paper for making drawings in pencil and ink. Allows repeated erasing of the applied lines without damaging the surface, preventing the continuation of work. In the works of students it is used for the manufacture of technical models and models, carnival decorations, details of cardboard products.
Consumer - paper intended for writing with a pencil or use for typewriting.
Postal - writing paper, smooth or lined in one line and cut into sheets of small format, convenient for writing letters, private correspondence.
Blotting, or throughput, is loose paper used to blot text written in ink. Excellent material for papier-mâché.
Drawing - thick, dense, well glued, White paper. The main purpose is for drawing. In the practical work of primary school students, it is used for the manufacture of technical models and layouts, in bookbinding and cardboard products, for mounting and designing wall newspapers, albums, applications.
Rotary - white paper, cut into sheets of stationery format. Purpose - production of a large number of copies on duplicators.
Blackout - black, thick and durable, smooth paper designed for blackout.
Photosensitive - paper coated with a photosensitive composition and used for printing blueprints from originals made on tracing paper or wax paper.
Glass - sanding paper (skin) used for grinding the surface of parts made of wood, papier-mâché.
Packing - paper for packaging of various products. Its quality varies widely depending on the purpose.
Filter paper - loose, thick, white paper designed for filtering various liquids in order to free them from suspended solids.
Photographic - paper coated with a thin layer of photosensitive emulsion and intended for printing photographs.
Color - dyed in the mass or on the front side of thin paper with a glossy or matte surface. It is used in bookbinding, for the manufacture of toys, appliqués, board cardboard games, carnival decorations, teaching aids.
Floral - tissue paper dyed in different colors. The main purpose is the manufacture of paper flowers, stained-glass windows, garlands, lanterns.
Receipt - thick paper for cash registers.
Drawing - paper for making drawings and making picturesque drawings. At labor training lessons it is used for technical models and layouts, templates, substrates for applications, edging or mounting collections, exhibits of exhibitions. It is beautifully painted with watercolors, tempera, gouache, ink solutions and colored inks.
Shagreen (shagreen, shagreen) - colored matte paper with leather embossing. It is mainly used for pasting cardboard products and edging flat products under glass.
Grinding skin - paper, on the front side of which a thin layer of glass or emery powder with one or another grain size is pasted. It is used for grinding the surface of parts made of wood, metals, papier-mâché, plastics and other materials.
Paper and cardboard for labor lessons. In labor lessons, white and colored paper of different quality is widely used. Of the colored papers, glossy, matte, shagreen, desktop, velvet, colored gummed and flower are often used. These papers go on sale in special sets, in which the paper is cut into sheets of standard sizes of a small format, convenient for use in labor lessons, where the details of the products are not large. The use of paper of small format sets contributes to its better conservation: it is less wrinkled and torn, less dirty.
The disadvantages of produced paper sets include, as a rule, a poor choice of paper colors, the absence of bright paper in sets, rich colors and shades. Therefore, it is recommended that as soon as possible, replenish sets of colored papers with paper that is sold in sheets. These sheets are best cut into rectangles of the same size.
Rules for folding and folding paper
Fold and fold the paper on the table, not on weight. At the same time, the workpiece is laid in front of itself so that the resulting fold line is located from left to right and in order to bend the material it is necessary to bend away from you
When bending thick thick paper and cardboard at an angle so that the resulting ribs, i.e., the lines of intersection of the edges of the product, are clear, the material is pre-cut along these lines with a knife to a depth equal to about half its thickness (paper parts can be cut with a sharp the end of the scissors or push through the edge of the trowel). These incisions are made on the outside of the ribs. At the same time, the attention of students is fixed on the fact that in this case they deviate from the general rules of marking and perform the latter on the front side of the products.
When folding paper at an angle, it is first folded along the same fold line, and then installed, mounted at the desired angle.
Incision of paper and cardboard with a knife is performed on a metal ruler, best of all on a folded ruler.
Origami is the art of folding various objects, especially animals, from sheets of thin colored paper.
This art has become widespread and universally recognized in Japan, where famous artists and craftsmen practice it, and where special manuals are published, sets of colored papers are produced.
Like appliqué work, origami contributes to the development of aesthetic taste, creativity to work, perseverance, accuracy.
paper cutting- one of the types of work, widely used in the labor education of preschoolers and younger students. The features of paper as a structural and artistic and decorative material allow students to make products from it for various purposes, of varying complexity and labor intensity, and the teacher to organize individual and collective work of children and set interesting cognitive and educational tasks for them.
Unlimited options for choosing the subject of educational paper products make it possible to organize the simultaneous solution of problems of communicating systematic knowledge to students and developing their skills in designing simple products and their details. Students practically get acquainted with the basics of paper processing technology, master labor techniques, in which the basis is the cutting of more or less complex contours, silhouettes.
Preparation for cutting and cutting out various parts of products, their developments and patterns help to consistently develop spatial representations And students' imagination, improve eye, coordination movements. Paper cutting exercises importance for the development of polytechnical general labor skills and abilities, since many labor techniques acquired by students are then transferred to the processing of other materials and are used in other working situations.
Cutting paper with scissors should be done in compliance with the following rules.
Scissors are held correctly during operation. The grip of the scissors is shown. Scissors in which the ends of the blades have a different shape.
Scissors with blades of the same width (both blunt or both pointed) are held so that the slot on the head of the hinge screw of the scissors is on their left side.
Large sheets of paper when cut with scissors do not lift above the table. Small sheets of paper are held in the left hand, slightly bent with a groove so that the paper does not sag and the marking lines are completely and clearly visible.
Cutting paper and cardboard is carried out, as a rule, along pre-planned marking lines, trying to cut so that the marking line of all contour lines remains on the cut parts. This makes it easier for students to self-control and improves the quality of work.
When cutting paper and cardboard in straight lines, the scissor blades are not spread very wide and their ends are not brought together. At the same time, they look at the cutting line in front of the ends of the scissor blades. When cutting parts that have a curvilinear outline, the scissor blades are spread wide and cut with a small section directly adjacent to the hinge axis. At the same time, the worker's gaze is directed to the point where the material is being cut at the moment.
All other things being equal, preference should be given to cutting away from oneself, for which, if possible, the material is rotated. When cutting small parts, you can also turn the scissors.
All parts are cut out along the outer contours in the direction opposite to the clockwise direction, and along the inner contours - clockwise.
When cutting paper folded in two or more layers, the scissors are slightly tilted to the right so that the layers do not move, and the cut parts are exactly the same in shape and size.
Techniques for cutting paper with scissors: A- marking lines remain on the cut out parts; B- cutting directions along the outer and inner contours are detailed; IN- cutting out small parts; G - cutting out details from paper folded in two or more layers
The folded sheet is placed at an angle of 70-80° to the front edge of the table. Insert the blade of a sharpened knife inside the fold and, holding the knife almost horizontally and at an acute angle to the fold line, lead it along this line away from you. At the same time, the paper being cut is held with the palm of the left hand, preventing its displacement. It is impossible to cut paper with a knife, as students often try to do. The knife must move along the cutting line parallel to itself.
The knife for cutting paper along the fold lines must be sharpened on both sides.
The paper is cut along the fold lines only when there are no special requirements for the quality of the cutting line.
Cutting paper and cardboard with a knife. If paper or cardboard needs to be cut accurately, evenly and in a straight line, for example, when cutting bound notebooks, books, notepads or cutting strips of paper for edging tables, then do this with a sharp knife along the ruler on the cutting board.
It is advisable to sharpen it on one, right chamfer, and edit it on both sides in the process.
The ruler is used only metal, quite massive. It is best to use a folding ruler: a special ledge (fold) along its working edge reliably protects the fingers of the left hand from cuts. The same ledge gives the ruler the necessary rigidity, and it does not bend during operation, evenly pressing the paper along its entire length.
Cutting is carried out on a scoring board made of homogeneous wood, such as birch. The material to be cut is placed on the scoring board so that the cutting line coincides with the direction of the wood fibers of the board: this improves the quality of work and does not spoil the board itself. For the same reasons, several sheets of unnecessary paper should be placed under the material being cut: old newspapers, wrapping paper, etc.
The ruler in the process of cutting paper and cardboard is strongly pressed with the left hand so that during operation it does not move from its place, and the material being cut is well pressed.
When cutting paper, hold the knife handle on top with four fingers so that forefinger lay on the edge of the knife. Another grip of the tool is also used - the knife is held in the same way as a pencil or ballpoint pen when writing. During cutting, the blade skin fits snugly against the working edge of the ruler and moves in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the scoring board. The axis of the knife when cutting paper should be inclined to the cutting line and make an angle of 35-45 ° with it.
When cutting cardboard, the knife handle is held in a fist (Fig. 12). The knife moves in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the scoring board, and its axis is only slightly tilted in the direction of movement.
They cut paper and cardboard along the ruler with a slight pressure on the knife, since with strong pressure it can deviate to the side and ruin the work. It is better to pass the knife several times without strong pressure along the same line than to try to cut the material at once.
The cutting board is placed on the desktop so that it is necessary to cut either from left to right, or towards you. If paper or cardboard needs to be cut under a square on all four sides, then first one of the longitudinal sides is cut, then two short ones at right angles to it, and finally the second longitudinal. This procedure improves the quality of work, its accuracy.
Risovka - cutting cardboard and thick, thick paper along the fold lines in the manufacture of bulk products. Due to the curving, the fold lines (ribs) of the products are straight and clear.
Ricing is done with a knife along a metal ruler (preferably with a folded ruler). Cut the material to approximately half of its thickness. Instead of a knife, you can use scissors. When using thin cardboard, notching can be replaced by forcing the material along the fold lines with the blunt side of the end of the knife (back) or the end of the awl.
In production, scoring is performed with a special roller or using a scoring machine, stamps.
Notches should be located on the outer sides of the ribs
is compensated, as a rule, by the subsequent pasting of the product with paper or cloth.
Paper sticking. When moistening the paper or spreading it with a paste, which relatively easily gives up part of the moisture contained in it, the paper lengthens, stretches. This elongation is not the same in different directions: across the main direction of the fibers, the paper is elongated more than in the longitudinal direction. This property of paper must be taken into account when gluing paper parts.
If the paper smeared with paste is immediately pasted onto cardboard, then as a result of the ongoing process of wetting it and the elongation associated with it, wrinkles will appear on the paper, which will spoil the appearance of the product. To avoid this, after applying the paste, the inside of the part should be allowed to lie down for one and a half to two minutes. After such an exposure, during which the paper gets wet and stretches, the part is placed in place.
Parts made of colored glossy, matte, pebbled and landscape paper are best glued with glue, not with paste: the high water content in the latter adversely affects the color and gloss of the paper, causing stains on it. However, the use of thick, fast-curing glue requires working skills: you need to spread the parts quickly, without gaps, and just as quickly put the parts in place. If the parts are small, then younger students can cope with such work. Working with large parts is difficult for them. Good results in this case, it gives the use of a combined adhesive, in which there is more water than in the adhesive, but significantly less than in the starch paste.
When gluing paper, observe the following rules:
1. The part to be smeared is placed on a sheet of unnecessary paper - newsprint, wrapping, etc. As these backing sheets are stained with glue, they are replaced
2. The adhesive solution (paste or glue) is selected depending on the quality of the paper: thick glue is used to stick thick and thick paper and cardboard. Plain paper is best glued using a paste or combined glue. Photographs and thin colored paper should not be pasted with adhesives that cause stains.
3. Glue or paste is always smeared on the part to be glued, and not on the substrate (the part to be glued on).
4. The entire surface of the part is smeared with adhesive solution completely, without gaps, with an even layer of the same thickness.
5. Smear the item quickly. When gluing large sheets of paper, use large brushes or wide flutes.
6. Spreading is done by laying the part in a large dimension from left to right. Holding the part with your left hand by the left edge, apply horizontal strokes of glue with a brush, starting from the top. Then the applied adhesive solution is leveled with strokes going obliquely from the middle of the sheet up and to the right. After that, the applied glue is leveled with freehand strokes on the right edge of the part to be smeared, the adhesive solution is applied with horizontal strokes directed from the middle to the left. In order for the edges and corners of the sheet of paper to be well smeared, the brush must in all cases slide off onto the backing sheet. Excess glue, lumps and foreign inclusions are immediately carefully removed from the surface to be smeared. The fingers of the left hand, smeared with glue, are immediately wiped with a dry cloth.
7. Paper parts smeared with starch or flour paste, i.e., an adhesive solution containing a lot of water, “stand” for one and a half to two minutes and only after that they are laid in place, glued, putting the part to be glued in place and checking the correct position, cover detail with a clean sheet of paper and carefully rub from the middle to the edges. In all cases, when the design of the product and the organization of work allow, all freshly glued products and their parts are placed under the press for some time, shifting them with sheets of unnecessary paper. It is advisable to keep the products under pressure until completely dry. To reduce or completely eliminate the warping of paper and cardboard products, it is useful to glue the parts on both sides at the same time.
Glueing narrow strips and small parts using the “from the board” method
Pasting cardboard sheets with paper. In various design work, for example, in the manufacture of tablets for mounting photographs, a passe-partout for portraits and reproductions for sheets of home-made photo albums in large format, it often becomes necessary to have cardboard pasted over with paper on one or two sides. If the dimensions of the cardboard sheets are relatively small (no more than 300X400 mm), pasting them does not present any particular difficulties: a sheet of paper is smeared with thick paste or combined glue, laid on cardboard, covered with a sheet of newspaper on top and rubbed from the middle to the edges with a clean rag.
A pasted sheet of cardboard is placed to dry between several layers of newspapers under a press - board or plywood sheet with some kind of load.
Photo sticking. When designing classroom and school wall papers, photo albums, october corners, some teaching aids in the classroom and extracurricular activities, in the extended day group and in the circle " Skillful hands» children have to stick pictures on paper and cardboard. Most of all, a special photo-adhesive paste is suitable for this purpose. You can use thick dextrin glue, combined glue, rubber glue, Orthofix glue-paste. The use of all kinds of office adhesives is not recommended, as they usually contain substances that cause spots on photographs.
Photographs are cut with a photo cutter or a knife along a folding ruler. Small pictures are cut with scissors, having previously marked the cutting lines. Glue is quickly smeared on the entire reverse side of the picture completely, without gaps (it is not necessary to spread glue only on small areas or corners of the photograph, as is often done: the pictures are warped from this).
In the right edge of the part to be smeared, an adhesive solution is applied with horizontal strokes directed from the middle to the left. In order for the edges and corners of the sheet of paper to be well smeared, the brush must in all cases slide off onto the backing sheet. Excess glue, lumps and foreign inclusions are immediately carefully removed from the surface to be smeared. The fingers of the left hand, smeared with glue, are immediately wiped with a dry cloth.
7. Paper parts smeared with starch or flour paste, i.e., an adhesive solution containing a lot of water, “stand” for one and a half to two minutes and only after that they are laid in place, glued, putting the part to be glued in place and checking the correct position, cover detail with a clean sheet of paper and carefully rub from the middle to the edges. In all cases, when the design of the product and the organization of work allow, all freshly glued products and their parts are placed under the press for some time, shifting them with sheets of unnecessary paper. It is advisable to keep the products under pressure until completely dry.
In appliqué work, edging tables, it is necessary to glue strips of paper, long narrow parts and parts of small sizes, but of complex shape. It is very convenient to spread such parts with glue in a way that is called the “from the board” or “through the board” method. Pre-prepared parts are laid with the wrong side on a special board, the surface of which is preliminarily smeared with a thin, even layer of glue or paste. Before gluing, each next part is carefully removed from the board, while its wrong side is covered with an even continuous layer of adhesive solution
Glueing narrow strips and small parts
way "from the board"
To work according to this method, you can use a well-planed board or a piece of plywood, thick glass, a piece of oilcloth. The figure shows such a board with parts laid on a layer of glue.
Pasting cardboard sheets with paper. In various design work, for example, in the manufacture of tablets for mounting photographs, a passe-partout for portraits and reproductions, or sheets of large-format home-made photo albums, it is often necessary to have cardboard pasted over with paper on one or two sides. If the dimensions of the cardboard sheets are relatively small (no more than 300X400 mm), pasting them does not present any particular difficulties: a sheet of paper is smeared with thick paste or combined glue, laid on cardboard, covered with a sheet of newspaper on top and rubbed from the middle to the edges with a clean rag.
If the sheets of pasted cardboard are large, it is more convenient to work together. One of the workers picks up a sheet of paper smeared with paste by the ends of the longitudinal side closest to it and passes it to an assistant who stands at the opposite side of the table. Then the first worker takes a sheet of paper for both bottom corner and pulls it towards him. The side of the paper smeared with paste is at the bottom. This sheet is transferred together to a sheet of cardboard lying next to it. The first worker lays it with a longitudinal edge on cardboard, after which his partner gradually, avoiding distortions and wrinkles, lowers this sheet onto cardboard. The paper is immediately covered from above with an old newspaper and carefully rubbed from the middle to the edges with a rag.
Photographs are cut with a photo cutter or a knife along a folding line. Small pictures are cut with scissors, having previously marked the cutting lines. Glue is quickly smeared on the entire reverse side of the picture completely, without gaps (it is not necessary to spread glue only on small areas or corners of the photograph, as is often done: the pictures are warped from this).
hands on the right edge of the part to be smeared, apply the adhesive solution with horizontal strokes directed from the middle to the left (Fig. 13.5). In order for the edges and corners of the sheet of paper to be well smeared, the brush must in all cases slide off onto the backing sheet. Excess glue, lumps and foreign inclusions are immediately carefully removed from the surface to be smeared. The fingers of the left hand, smeared with glue, are immediately wiped with a dry cloth.
7. Paper parts smeared with starch or flour paste, that is, with an adhesive solution containing a lot of water, “hold” for one and a half to two minutes and only after that they are put in place, glued8. Having laid the part to be glued in place and checking the correctness of its position, cover the part with a clean sheet of paper and rub it carefully from the middle to the edges (Fig. 13, E).
9. In all cases where the design of the product and the organization of work allow, all freshly glued products and their parts are placed under the press for some time, shifting them with sheets of unnecessary paper. It is advisable to keep the products under pressure until completely dry.
10. To reduce or completely eliminate the warping of paper and cardboard products, it is useful to glue the parts on both sides at the same time.
In appliqué work, edging tables, it is necessary to glue strips of paper, long narrow parts and parts of small sizes, but of complex shape. It is very convenient to spread such parts with glue in a way that is called the “from the board” or “through the board” method. Pre-prepared parts are laid with the wrong side on a special board, the surface of which is preliminarily smeared with a thin, even layer of glue or paste. Before gluing, each next part is carefully removed from the board, while its wrong side is covered with an even continuous layer of adhesive solution. Glueing narrow strips of small parts using the “from the board” method
To work according to this method, you can use a well-planed board or a piece of plywood, thick glass, a piece of oilcloth. The figure shows such a board with parts laid on a layer of glue.
Pasting cardboard sheets with paper. In various design work, for example, in the manufacture of tablets for mounting photographs, a passe-partout for portraits and reproductions of sheets of home-made photo albums in large format, it often becomes necessary to have cardboard pasted over with paper on one or two sides. If the dimensions of the cardboard sheets are relatively small (no more than 300X400 mm), pasting them does not present any particular difficulties: a sheet of paper is smeared with thick paste or combined glue, laid on cardboard, covered with a sheet of newspaper on top and rubbed from the middle to the edges with a clean rag.
If the sheets of pasted cardboard are large, it is more convenient to work together. One of the workers picks up a sheet of paper smeared with paste by the ends of the longitudinal side closest to it and passes it to an assistant who stands at the opposite side of the table. Then the first worker takes a sheet of paper by both lower corners and pulls it towards himself. The side of the paper smeared with paste is at the bottom. This sheet is transferred together to a sheet of cardboard lying next to it. The first worker lays it with a longitudinal edge on cardboard, after which his partner gradually, avoiding distortions and wrinkles, lowers this sheet onto cardboard. The paper is immediately covered from above with an old newspaper and carefully rubbed from the middle to the edges with a rag.
A pasted sheet of cardboard is placed to dry between several layers of newspapers under a press board or plywood sheet with some kind of load.
Photo sticking. When designing classroom and school wall newspapers, photo albums, October corners, some teaching aids in the classroom and extracurricular activities, in the extended day group and in the Skillful Hands circle, children have to stick photographs on paper and cardboard. Most of all, a special photo-adhesive paste is suitable for this purpose. You can use thick dextrin glue, combined glue, rubber glue, Orthofix glue-paste. The use of all kinds of office adhesives is not recommended, as they usually contain substances that cause spots on photographs.
Photographs are cut with a photo cutter or a knife along a folding line. Small pictures are cut with scissors, having previously marked the cutting lines. Glue is quickly smeared on the entire reverse side of the picture completely, without gaps (it is not necessary to spread glue only on small areas or corners of the photograph, as is often done: the pictures are warped from this). Inscriptions in graphic aids, posters, posters, wall newspapers, albums, on exhibition tablets and stands).
At labor lessons, classes in groups and after-school classes, in the “Skillful Hands” circles, primary school students make applications in the form of patterns, ornaments such as mosaics from small elements of various geometric shape, as well as generalized, stylized silhouette images of elements of plants (leaves, flowers, twigs) and animals. Often they perform applique images of landscapes, still lifes, scenery and props for cardboard and puppet theater, plot pictures on the themes of children's compositions, illustrations for fairy tales, fables, poems, stories (“Gingerbread Man”, “Crow and Fox”, “Grey Neck”, etc. . P.).
For the manufacture of applications from paper, it is convenient to use special colored gummed paper, back side which is covered with a thin layer of dried glue. The details of applications cut from such paper are moistened from the inside with water and laid in place. Gummed colored paper younger students can prepare on their own in the classes of the "Skillful Hands" circle.
In appliqué work, skillful selection of the color and texture of paper for cut-out parts and the background on which these parts are pasted is of great importance. In the absence of colored papers of the desired colors, you can independently dye white writing or drawing paper in the required colors.
On paper appliqués, details cut out of white and yellow paper work well with dark blue or blue backgrounds. Yellow and brown details usually work well with red, dark red and cherry red backgrounds, while white and red details stand out clearly and look beautiful against black and dark gray backgrounds.
When making applications, certain rules are followed. The contours of the parts to be cut are marked on the wrong side of colored paper. Before spreading with glue and laying each part in place, carefully mark this position on the product with one or two barely noticeable dots. Small parts it is convenient to spread applications with glue using the “from the board” method. Such parts are usually put in place with tweezers. After laying in place, each part is immediately covered on top with clean paper and carefully rubbed. After finishing the work on gluing the details, the application is placed under the press, covered with several layers of clean, dry paper. Kept under pressure until completely dry.
When mounting appliqués depicting landscapes, still lifes and other paintings in which a perspective should be shown, they follow a strict sequence in gluing details, first they paste everything that is far away, in the background, then they paste the contours of objects located in the foreground.
The specific features of the manufacture of applications using fabric, natural and artificial leather as the main materials are discussed in the relevant sections of the handbook.
From a pedagogical point of view, a kind of application from colored paper is very interesting, in which all elements of a pattern, drawing, portrait are not cut out with scissors according to the D preliminary cut - pH mark, but are pulled out, while performing small movements with the fingers of both hands. The contours of the torn parts are uneven, which gives the image a special appeal.
Younger schoolchildren are very interested in the possibility of replacing the cutting out of details by tearing them out, when the applications are made in the form of a mosaic, that is, when the contours of all the objects they depict are filled with small, different in shape and color pieces of paper. By careful and skillful selection of the size, location and color of the scraps of paper, one can achieve great picturesqueness and expressiveness of the image. Practical work of this kind contributes to the development of artistic taste, accuracy, accuracy and coordination of movements, small muscles of the fingers. Cardboard, or cardboard products, are products made of cardboard or mainly cardboard. Depending on the shape of the products, flat and volumetric cartoning is distinguished. Plane cartoning includes flat products having a relatively small thickness of one a layer of cardboard. From educational products, performed at labor lessons, we can name, for example, the following: cards with didactic materials on the Russian language and mathematics, dividers for the card file of the class library, frames for photographs.
