Total protein in pregnant women is normal. The norm of total protein in the blood in pregnant women

It is with disorders of protein metabolism, with protein deficiency, that many complications during pregnancy are associated. Below you will see why.

Hthat provide proteins during pregnancy:

Growth and development of the baby, placenta, uterus and mammary glands of the mother (building role), as well as supplies to be used during breastfeeding

Transport of nutrients, vitamins, microelements (including iron), calcium (transport role)

Immune protection, since antibodies against bacteria and viruses are proteins (protective role)

Optimal work of the coagulation and anticoagulation systems (no bleeding or blood clots occur) (from 4-5 months of pregnancy, the content of fibrinogen, prothrombin, blood coagulation factors V, VII, VIII, X - all these are proteins)

Maintaining the osmotic pressure of the plasma; this is a property that does not allow the liquid part of the blood to leave the vascular bed, thereby preventing the occurrence of edema and blood thickening;

with normal plasma osmotic pressure, the volume of blood is sufficient to provide nutrition and respiration for both the mother and the child, and the fluidity of the blood ensures the best blood supply; for that essential quality albumin proteins and sodium chloride, that is, table salt, are responsible.

It is easy to understand what protein metabolism in the body depends on:

1. from the intake of proteins with food

2. from their digestion and absorption into gastrointestinal tract(mainly in the stomach and small intestine)

3. from the function of the liver (it is it that produces the main necessary proteins -construction, protective, necessary for folding)

4. on the intensity of decay and loss of proteins (this applies to increased physicalstress and some kidney diseases).

Here is how protein deficiency manifests itself during pregnancy:

1. most early signs- insufficient weight gain and an increase in hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (Ht); pay attention - a high hemoglobin level (above 120 g / l) in the second and third trimester is a reason not to be happy, but to be wary, as it usually indicates a thickening of the blood as a result of a lack of protein and a decrease in the volume of circulating blood

2. delay prenatal development child (according to measurements of the height of the fundus of the uterus and the circumference of the abdomen, as well as ultrasound), its malnutrition

3. the appearance of edema (due to a drop in the osmotic pressure of the plasma, the liquid part of the blood leaves the vessels into the tissues)

4. increase in blood pressure (this is a “reaction of despair” - due to a decrease in the volume of circulating blood, the body is forced to reduce the lumen of the vessels and increase the pressure in them so that the remaining blood circulates more intensively)

5. an increase in liver enzymes, indicating liver suffering due to protein starvation

6. preeclampsia and eclampsia (expressed in headache, increased reflexes, blurred vision and, finally, convulsions) are the most formidable complications of preeclampsia, requiring urgent hospitalization in a hospital

For reference: normal rate total protein blood serum: 65-85 g / l, its decrease to 60 g / l already indicates severe preeclampsia; serum albumin is normally 35-55 g / l, with its decrease to 30 g / l, edema develops; normal hematocrit 0.36 - 0.42 l / l; weight gain of 2.3-4.5 kg during the period from 24 to 28 weeks is normal and indicates an adequate increase in circulating blood volume.

The most common causes of protein deficiency are:

1. Dietary protein intake may not be enough

due to lack of appetite (including due to depression, unwanted pregnancy, bad living conditions and family relationships)

due to the fact that the food contains few proteins or they are of poor quality ("starvation in abundance")

due to the fact that they are not used to eating right and generally attaching any importance to the way of eating

due to the fact that there is no time to eat and no time to cook (a typical situation for working women and mothers of large families)

because of low level life and unwillingness to "eat a family"

because of the unwillingness to get better and spoil the figure (a woman came to the author of these lines, who set herself the goal of not gaining weight during pregnancy AT ALL)

due to the fact that a woman knows from doctors, friends and from literature: a large increase in body weight is dangerous

2. Dietary protein intake may be relatively insufficient:

when a woman has few carbohydrates in her diet (then proteins are burned instead of fuel, and they are not enough for construction)

when a woman is pregnant with two or more children

When future mom has a lot of physical activity or is in a situation of stress

3. The intake, digestion and absorption of proteins can be hindered by various painful conditions stomach and intestines, of which the most common are:

Lack of appetite

Nausea

Vomit

Heartburn

4. Liver Disease Can Prevent It From Making Essential Proteins

There were no cases of intrauterine fetal death. In women from the second subgroup, plasma osmotic pressure dropped by 9%, and only two out of five had a decrease in blood pressure.

R. Ross in 1935 found that the incidence of eclampsia is extremely high in areas where beriberi, pellagra and other malnutrition diseases are common. "We were shocked how many malnourished women had eclampsia."

In 1938, researchers E. Dodge and T. Frost radically prevented eclampsia by prescribing a high protein diet. The condition of women with late toxicosis, who were on a diet of 6 eggs, 1-1.5 liters of milk, meat and legumes daily, improved before our eyes. According to these authors, the average plasma albumin level among women with late toxicosis was 21% lower than among women who were on a diet with a high protein content and did not have toxicosis.

Researcher V. Tompkins (1941) also managed to reduce the incidence of late toxicosis by correcting the diet. He concludes that "the so-called toxemia of pregnancy is actually a state of malnutrition."

The cause of low blood protein during pregnancy is most often malnutrition women, but this may also indicate serious illnesses. However, during pregnancy, seemingly harmless "malnutrition" will lead to certain intrauterine pathologies in the development of the baby and will cause complications during pregnancy and childbirth.

total blood protein

Proteins are essential substances for life. It is the basic building block of all cells. They make up about 20% of the tissue mass. Proteins are the main component of all known enzymes. Most hormones are either proteins or polypeptides in nature. Some of the proteins are involved in the manifestations of allergies and immunity in general. Others are involved in the transport of oxygen, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, hormones, and medicinal substances in the blood.

Total blood protein is the concentration of all proteins in the blood serum.

Physiological hypoproteinemia - low total protein in the blood, not associated with diseases, is observed in children early age, pregnant women, especially in the third trimester, while breastfeeding.

Indications for testing

Total blood protein is determined in each woman several times during pregnancy. Do it within biochemical analysis blood. This study of blood composition is carried out:

In the listed terms, women take blood tests without any deviations in their condition. The doctor will prescribe blood tests more often if the pregnant woman has health problems:

• tumors;
• diseases of the liver and kidneys;
• acute and chronic infections;
• systemic diseases.

Data on the dynamics of the content of total protein in the blood help to assess the condition of the pregnant woman, to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

Carrying out the procedure

Blood for analysis is taken strictly on an empty stomach. It is better if at least 8 hours pass between eating and taking an analysis. Coffee, tea, juice - also food, you can only drink water.

Before the procedure, you can not physically strain (climbing stairs, gymnastics), emotional arousal is undesirable. Before the procedure of taking blood, you should rest for 10 minutes, calm down.

You can not donate blood after massage, physiotherapy.

For blood sampling, a tourniquet is usually applied just above the elbow, in some laboratories this is not done. Blood is usually taken from a vein in the antecubital fossa.

Blood for the determination of total protein is taken in test tubes with red caps. These tubes are needed to obtain serum. The total protein is determined, as well as other biochemical indicators, in biochemical analyzers. Usually a set of reagents is used to use the biuret method.

Errors in sampling can lead to false elevated level total protein. For example, prolonged application of a tourniquet, exercise stress, a sharp rise from a prone position.

Decryption

To express the content of total protein in the blood, mass concentration is used, showing the mass in 1 liter of blood (g / l). The amount of protein 60-80 g/l (6-8%) is considered normal. In pregnant women, the indicator is slightly lower - 55-65 g / l. The protein in the blood of a pregnant woman is especially noticeably lowered in the third trimester. The following standards have been adopted:

• first trimester - 62-76 g / l;
• second trimester - 57-69 g / l;
• third trimester - 56-67 g / l.

Only a qualified doctor should deal with the interpretation of a blood test. Even if a low protein content is detected, and the expectant mother feels well, she should still consult a doctor, there is no need to wait until signs of illness appear. Such an overlooked pathology will have time to harm the growing baby.

Causes of low blood protein during pregnancy

At healthy person the content of protein in the blood serum can fluctuate under the influence of various factors.

During pregnancy, total protein in the blood is always lowered. This is due to an increase in blood volume, while the same amount of protein remains in the blood, thus a relative decrease in concentration is obtained.

Low protein in the blood during pregnancy can cause:

• insufficient intake;
• increased loss;
• violation of protein synthesis in the body.

A combination of the above reasons is also possible.

Low protein in the blood in pregnant women is most often recorded with insufficient intake from food while following a vegetarian diet or starvation. A deficiency can be caused by a violation of the absorption of amino acids in the intestinal mucosa, for example, with inflammation or tumors in it.

Large protein losses occur with kidney disease (especially accompanied by nephrotic syndrome), blood loss, and neoplasms.

Protein synthesis can be limited by a lack or absence of essential amino acids - building blocks that are not synthesized in the body, but come from food of animal origin - meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products. Synthesis disorders are possible with liver failure - cirrhosis, hepatitis, dystrophy.

The list of conditions accompanied by low blood protein during pregnancy indicates non-specificity this indicator. Therefore, the total protein content is taken into account not for differential diagnosis diseases, but to assess the severity of the patient's condition and the choice of treatment.

Low protein

Protein in the blood below normal during pregnancy is not a specific indicator. Therefore, the biochemical analysis of blood includes the determination of fractions - albumins and globulins.

Informative is the determination of plasma fibrinogen. Its decrease occurs in cases of pregnancy with placental abruption, amniotic fluid embolism, may indicate meningococcal meningitis, leukemia, acute or chronic liver failure.

The biological role of proteins during pregnancy

During pregnancy, proteins provide:

• The growth and development of the baby, as well as the placenta and mammary glands, since proteins are the main building material.
• Transport of many nutrients, micro and macro elements, vitamins, since it is proteins that carry these substances in the blood.
• The child's innate immunity because antibodies are proteins.
• The balance of the coagulation and anti-coagulation systems, since the substances that provide blood clotting (which will be extremely important to prevent bleeding during childbirth) are proteins.
• Normal osmotic pressure of blood plasma because proteins attract water. When there are enough of them in the blood, the fluid is attracted to the vascular bed and does not accumulate in the tissues, which prevents blood clotting and edema.

Possible consequences of protein deficiency during pregnancy

Reduced blood protein during pregnancy is often due to malnutrition. According to studies, if a woman does not get enough protein with food, then due to an improper diet, she also receives insufficient calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamins, and albumin.

The lack of proteins in the diet is one of the causes of perinatal morbidity and fetal mortality. One of the most common syndromes of the perinatal period is intrauterine growth retardation, which complicates the course of many diseases.

The lack of vitamins seriously harms the health of the child, reduces resistance to infections, leads to prematurity, congenital deformities, and the birth of weakened children.

In women with low protein in the blood during pregnancy, the lactation period is reduced to 3.5 months. The child has to be transferred to artificial nutrition.

According to studies, all women with low total protein in the blood during pregnancy had various complications of its course:

• iron deficiency anemia (76%);
• chronic placental insufficiency (63%);
• late gestosis (33%);
• threat of abortion (27%);
• fetal growth retardation syndrome (16%).

In pregnant women with a lack of protein in the diet, complications during childbirth are also noted:

• ruptures of the birth canal;
• early effusion amniotic fluid;
• weakness of labor activity.

The average weight of children born to mothers with low blood protein during pregnancy is approximately 2900 g.

Normalization of nutrition and restoration of protein levels in the blood by correcting nutrition significantly reduces the risk of pregnancy complications (anemia, fetoplacental insufficiency, late gestosis, developmental delay syndrome), as well as neonatal asphyxia.

First of all, women with low blood protein during pregnancy should normalize their diet - bring the ratio of BJU into line, Special attention pay attention to the amount of protein foods, vegetable fats, vegetable foods. It is necessary to make a balanced diet, only it can fully satisfy the needs of the expectant mother.

Nutrition in the first half of pregnancy

During this period, the body of the expectant mother needs as many nutrients as before conception. In the first trimester, all the baby's organs are laid, so at this time it is extremely important to ensure the intake of complete proteins, as well as vitamins, macro- and microelements in the body. the right ratio and quantity.

depending on the mass, motor activity, nutritional status, a pregnant woman should receive protein 60-90 g / day, fat 50-70 g / day. and carbohydrates 325-450 g / day. The calorie content of the diet is 2200-2700.

The diet should be complete and varied. Physiologically justified five meals a day. At nine o'clock in the evening - the last meal - a glass of yogurt. Dinner should have no more than 20% of calories, and it is better to eat fatty and protein foods in the morning. Pregnant women should not rest lying down after eating.

Nutrition in the second half of pregnancy

In the second half of pregnancy, the nutrient needs of the future mother increase due to the increase in the size of the baby, the beginning of the functioning of its organs - the kidneys, liver, intestines and nervous system. A woman needs 80-110 g of protein, 50-70 g of fat and 325-450 g of carbohydrates per day. That is, the need for protein increases, the amount of necessary fats and carbohydrates does not increase. Moreover, the protein must be at least 60% of animal origin. 30% of the protein should come from meat or fish proteins, 25% from milk and fermented milk products, 5% - eggs. The calorie content of the diet should increase to 2300-2800 kcal.

Diet to increase blood protein during pregnancy

Every day, the expectant mother should receive:

• meat and fish - 120-150 g;
• milk or kefir - 200 g;
• cottage cheese - 50 g;
• egg - 1 pc.;
• bread - 200 g;
• cereals and pasta - 50-60 g;
• potatoes and other vegetables - 500 g;
• fruits and berries - 200-500 g.

It is necessary to consume foods containing complete proteins: milk, yogurt, kefir, mild cheese, low-fat cottage cheese. These products contain not only complete proteins containing all the amino acids necessary for a person, but also calcium.

If in the blood of pregnant women the total protein is lowered, nutritionists recommend increasing in the diet:

• meat and fish up to 180-220 g;
• cottage cheese up to 150 g;
• milk and kefir up to 500 g.

It is better to boil fish and meat, especially in the second half of pregnancy. It is necessary to abandon mushroom, meat and fish broths, gravy, as they contain a lot of extractive substances. It is better to cook vegetable or milk soups.

Expectant mothers take a lot of tests: a biochemical and general blood test during pregnancy, for antibodies, a general urinalysis, a vaginal smear, ultrasound and others. A blood test during pregnancy is given when a woman is registered and its results give an idea of ​​​​the work of the organs of the expectant mother. They will show what microelements the expectant mother needs.

Blood test during pregnancy and its interpretation

Based on the results of the treatment, the doctor draws up a transcript of the blood test. In pregnant women, the level of hormones in the blood changes, affecting the content of many different components in the blood. Possible reduction or slight increase glucose levels, which is associated with the hormonal activity of the placenta. The volume of circulating blood increases and this leads to a decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, and can lead to an increase in ESR. The number of leukocytes may increase, due to the restructuring of immunity. Grade biochemical indicators important for the diagnosis of pathologies in pregnant women.

Consider the main indicators of a biochemical blood test during pregnancy:

• total protein - characterizes protein metabolism, reflecting the amount of proteins in the blood. During pregnancy, this figure may decrease (55-65 g/l instead of 63-83 g/l). Protein increases with thickening of the blood and dehydration due to fluid loss;
• lipids (fats). Cholesterol is the most important indicator of lipid metabolism. During pregnancy, a physiological increase in cholesterol is possible (from 3.15-5.8 to 6.0-6.2 mmol / l), due to an increase in the formation of endogenous (produced by the liver) cholesterol, which is necessary for building the vessels of the fetus and placenta;
• Glucose is a component of vital activity and a source of energy for body cells. In pregnant women, a decrease in glucose is possible (3.5-4.0 mmol / l at a rate of 3.9-5.8 mmol / l) due to the need of the growing fetus for glucose. An increase in glucose levels is possible with gestational diabetes(pregnancy diabetes). Therefore, all pregnant women at 24-28 weeks are recommended to conduct a blood glucose test.
• alanine aminotransferase (ALT) - the norm is up to 32 U / l. Aspartate aminotransferase (ACT) - the norm is up to 30 IU / l. A slight increase in indicators is typical for gestosis of medium and mild degree gravity. An increase in ALT (100 IU / l) and AST (160 IU / l) is characteristic of a severe form of gestosis and shows that the liver cannot withstand the load;
• elevated bilirubin level (more than 3.4-17.2) - an indicator of jaundice;
• in pregnant women, a decrease in creatinine (up to 35-70 µmol / l) is possible at a rate of 53-97 µmol / l.

The content of various trace elements is very important:

• a decrease in the level of iron in pregnant women (below 8.95 - 30.4 μmol / l) is a hidden indicator of iron deficiency anemia, characteristic of expectant mothers;
• an elevated sodium level (above 136-145 mmol / l) is possible with toxicosis;
• a decrease in the level of potassium (below 3.5-5.5) characterizes renal failure and drug overdose;
• calcium deficiency (below 2.20 - 2.55) is possible during pregnancy, which can be explained by the baby's need for bone formation. If the level of calcium decreases, then it should be replenished by taking medications;
• an increase in the content of phosphorus in the blood (more than 1.0-1.4 mmol / l) indicates an overdose of vitamin D, renal failure.

A biochemical blood test during pregnancy is carried out twice: when they are registered and at week 30, if not needed more often. Blood is taken from a vein on an empty stomach in the morning.

The indicators that need to be investigated, the doctor determines for each mother individually.

The expectant mother needs to pass a large number of various tests. To evaluate the work of various organs (liver, kidneys, pancreas) allows a biochemical blood test in pregnant women. It will also help to learn about trace elements that the female body lacks. This analysis plays important role in diagnosing various pathological conditions that occur during pregnancy.

Biochemical blood test - normal indicators:

In fact, a biochemical blood test is not at all difficult to decipher.

total protein- This is an indicator of protein metabolism, it indicates the content in the blood serum of all possible types proteins. Normally, the concentration of protein in pregnant women is 63-83 g / l. If it is slightly reduced, this is not a pathology. Increased concentration in the blood serum of the protein indicates a thickening of the blood due to dehydration of the body.

Lipids There are four types of lipids in the blood: fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids. In young women, the norm for cholesterol is 3.15-5.8 mmol / l. As for expectant mothers, the cholesterol content in their blood often reaches 6.0 - 6.2.

Carbohydrates are the main sources of energy for the body.

Glucose is a source of energy and important element for the whole organism. The normal amount of glucose in the blood of adults is 3.9-5.8 mmol / l. During pregnancy, its level, as a rule, decreases to 3.5-4 due to the consumption of this substance by a growing fetus.

Enzymes- their number, as a rule, is in the hundreds. Important enzymes for diagnosis are:

- alkaline phosphatase- its norm indicators in the blood of adults should be 150 U / l, but during pregnancy it can rise to 240 U / l. On diseases of the bones and liver may indicate increased activity phosphatase in the blood.

- amylase pancreatic- the norm of content in the blood - up to 50 U / l. If its level in pregnant women is increased, this may serve as evidence of pathologies that are associated with the work of the pancreas.

- alanine aminotransferase- the norm for women is 32 U / l, and the content of this substance increases due to damage to the kidneys and liver by viruses or some chemicals.

- aspartate aminotransferase- normally it should be no more than 30 U / l, and it is detected for detection various pathologies heart, liver and nerve tissues. If the pregnancy proceeds without complications, these indicators should not change. Their increase several times indicates an excessive load on the liver.

pigments- These are organic substances that have a certain color. Bilirubin and urobilinogen (bile pigments), as well as red pigments - porphyrins, are of importance in the diagnosis. Bilirubin, formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin, is a component of bile. During pregnancy, the norm of bilirubin is 3.4 - 17.2 µmol / l. With pathologies of the biliary tract and liver, its concentration increases.

- urea- it is determined in order to correctly assess the work of the kidneys. The norm is 2.5-6.3 mmol / l.

- creatinine- its norm is 53-97 µmol / l. Its increased level may indicate a decrease in kidney function.

trace elements – chemical substances which play an important role in all body processes.

- iron- it provides oxygen transportation, and normally it should be 8.95-30.4 µmol / l. Since iron is an integral part of hemoglobin and some enzymes, with its deficiency, Iron-deficiency anemia(this pathology occurs most often in pregnant women). In view of the fact that at normal hemoglobin the level of iron can be lowered, for all pregnant women a biochemical blood test must be carried out.

- sodium- a very important extracellular component that regulates the distribution of water in the body. Its norm is 136-145 mmol / l. With a reduced level of sodium, a woman feels weak, her nervous system is disrupted. With dehydration, diarrhea and toxicosis with vomiting, an increase in its level is observed.

- potassium is an essential intracellular element. Normally, its content in the blood of a healthy person is 5.5 mmol / l. Increases in drug overdose kidney failure. Dehydration, diarrhea and vomiting lead to a decrease in the content of the substance in the blood. As a result, a woman's muscle tone and there is weakness.

- calcium is the main component of bone tissue. The norm of a biochemical blood test for calcium in young women is 2.20 -2.55 mmol / l. Calcium provides the process of secretion of various hormones, as well as muscle contractions. Expectant mothers have a calcium deficiency, which is due to the fact that the baby's body needs material for the structure of bones, and special preparations are necessary to replenish calcium.

- phosphorus- mainly present in bone tissue. For a pregnant woman, the norm can be 1 - 1.4 mmol / l. Phosphorus levels tend to increase with kidney failure and excess vitamin D.

Biochemical analysis should be carried out 2 times during the entire pregnancy: at the beginning of pregnancy and for a period of thirty weeks. Blood should be taken on an empty stomach, from a vein, no earlier than 12 hours after a meal. Well, an experienced doctor can correctly decipher your tests and compare them with the norm. You, for the sake of complacency, can check your data and normal indicators.

Parents Forum:

The norm of blood during pregnancy

During pregnancy, a woman has to take a lot of tests, the material of which, very often, becomes blood. It can be blood from a finger or from a vein. Sampling usually takes place early in the morning on an empty stomach, although there may be exceptions. All the changes that occur in a woman's body during this important period, are necessary for adaptation not only of the whole organism, but also for the life support of the embryo. Therefore, the norms in various blood tests differ from the norms of an ordinary person.

The most common analyzes are: laboratory research:

1. Complete blood count.
2. Biochemical analysis.
3. Analysis for glucose.

Norms of indicators of various blood tests during pregnancy.

1. Norms of indicators general analysis blood:

1. Hemoglobin (Hb). The norm of this indicator is 110 - 140 g / l. A decrease in this indicator below the norm leads to various disorders in the fetus: developmental delay, hypoxia, etc.

2. Hematocrit (Ht). The norm is 35-45%. Higher than normal values ​​may indicate dehydration, while low values ​​indicate anemia.

3. Leukocytes. The norm is considered to be indicators in the interval 3.2 - 10.2 # 215; 109 / l. Exceeding these indicators may indicate the beginning inflammatory process, low about exhaustion. On recent months a slight overestimation is sometimes recorded in a pregnant woman, but in other periods they should be within the normal range.

4. Platelets. 180 - 320 #215; 109 / l - the norm of platelets. The reduction in performance may be due to viral infection, allergies, late toxicosis or in violation of the coagulation system. High performance often seen with dehydration.

5. ESR. Indicators up to 45 mm / h are considered the norm. An increase can occur in the presence of infectious processes, anemia, kidney disease, and also due to the body's reaction to external factors e.g. on hot days.

2. Norms of biochemical analysis of blood.

1. Total protein. The norm is considered to be indicators that are in the range of 65 - 85 g / l. An increase in total protein can occur due to blood clotting or dehydration. A slight decrease in total protein can occur during pregnancy. Too much reduction is a sign various diseases liver, kidneys, in case of poisoning and other pathologies.

2. Protein fractions:

Albumen. Norm from 25 to 50 g/l
Globulin. The norm is 35-45%.

A decrease in albumin and globulin levels can occur due to malnutrition, liver problems, and burns.

3. Nitrogen metabolism:

Urea. The norm is from 2.5 to 8.4 mmol / l. High level observed at various problems with kidneys. Low performance urea during pregnancy may decrease by physiological reasons, with vegetarianism, as well as in the presence of problems with the liver and digestion.
Creatinine The norm is from 45 to 115 mmol / l. When the level of creatinine is elevated, kidney failure is usually suspected.

The norm is from 3.3 to 6.2 mmol / l. Exceeding the norm twice is dangerous for the fetus and requires urgent action.

The norm of this indicator is from 3.3 to 4.4 mmol / l. A high blood glucose level indicates the presence of diabetes.

ALT. The norm of this enzyme is from 7 to 40 units / l. A deviation is an increase in indicators that usually appear with preeclampsia or liver problems.
AST. The norm is from 10 to 30 IU / l. A large number of AST often talks about problems in cardiovascular system.
Alkaline phosphatase. limits allowable rate from 25 to 90 IU / l. High levels of alkaline phosphatase can occur with problems with the kidneys, liver, and damage to the placenta.
Amylase. The norm is considered to be indicators up to 50 IU / l. Exceeding this limit is often observed with problems in the pancreas.

There are the following norms for bilirubin fractions:

General. The norms during pregnancy are from 3.3 to 17.2 mmol / l.
Straight. The norm is from 0.3 to 3.0 mmol / l.
Indirect. Normal indicators are in the range of 1.7 - 13.1 mmol / l.

Violation of bilirubin metabolism occurs when there is a violation of the liver, gallbladder.

8. Norms of various trace elements.

Potassium: 3.4 - 5.6 mmol / l.
Calcium: 1.15 - 1.30 mmol/l.
Sodium: 130 - 150 mmol/l.
Phosphorus: 0.87-1.45 mmol/l.

3. Norms of analysis for glucose.

Blood for glucose is taken both from a vein and from a finger.

The norm of blood from a finger for glucose is the range from 3.3 to 5.8 mmol / l. Blood taken from a vein during pregnancy can normally be in the range from 4 to 6.1 mmol / l.

The blood norms of any of the listed tests may differ depending on the laboratory in which they are performed. Therefore, in case of deviation from the norm, it is best to get the opinion of a specialist.

The material was prepared specifically for the site KID.RU

Proteins are high molecular weight organic compounds that are called the basis of life. The terms "proteins", "polypeptides" are synonymous with the concept of "protein". The absence of polypeptides in the human diet causes severe disturbances in its metabolism. If the protein in the blood during pregnancy in the expectant mother is reduced, then this can lead to complications in the development of the fetus.

Proteins are composed of α-amino acids connected by peptides. There are twenty varieties of amino acids significant for humans. The absence of even one of the twenty amino acids in a person's diet can disrupt his health. Part of them human body synthesizes itself, and a part can only be obtained with food containing proteins - these are meat, fish, poultry, nuts, dairy, beans, grains. In fruits, vegetables and berries, protein is much less. Mushroom polypeptides are not absorbed by humans at all.

In the early thirties in the United States, laboratory studies of plasma osmotic pressure in pregnant women showed its relationship with the amount of protein consumed by women in food. Scientists M. Strauss and R. Ros, who conducted research, found that the threat of eclampsia and miscarriage increase significantly if the protein levels in the blood of pregnant women do not correspond to the norm. Later, the results of the research of scientists were tested and confirmed - dependence normal development fetus on the level of protein in the blood of the expectant mother has become a medical fact.

Protein as a medical indicator

You can find out the protein level using a general blood test by looking at the “hemoglobin” column, but this type of analysis is not very informative when it is necessary to more thoroughly understand the health status of a pregnant woman. In such cases, a special blood test is used, focused on determining the amount of key types of protein - a proteinogram.

The proteinogram shows indicators for following types polypeptides:

• Albumins
• Globulins (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2, gamma)

The column of the proteinogram "total protein" shows the total level of albumins and globulins in the blood.

Normal protein level

The calculation of the protein index is based on the weight, age and sex of a person and averages 65-85 g / l. In men, the total content of polypeptides is slightly higher than in women, but with age the gap becomes smaller and, in general, the level of polypeptides decreases.

The indicator of the normal content of proteins in a woman in position is different from that of a woman in her normal state. During pregnancy, the norm of the total protein content in a woman is 60-75 g / l. If the proteins are below 60 g / l, this is considered a sign of "low protein", if above 75 g / l - "high". As pregnancy progresses, protein levels drop, which is especially noticeable in the third trimester. This is due to an increase in the costs of maternal body proteins, which play the role building material in fetal development.

Important! The figures given in this section are given as an example and cannot be a direct justification for the conclusion about the state of human health. There is a direct relationship between the weight, age of the expectant mother and the rate of protein in the blood. Racial, regional, individual characteristics, as well as a history of illnesses suffered by a woman. Correct calculation normal level proteins in the blood specific person performed by a specialist.

Protein deficiency in pregnant women - causes and signs

An indicator of low blood protein during pregnancy is not necessarily a sign that a woman is sick or that the fetus is in danger. But, as you know, a pregnant woman should pay attention to any, even minor changes in her health, so it is important to diagnose reduced protein and know possible reasons this phenomenon.

Signs of a protein deficiency

• Insufficient weight gain in a woman during pregnancy, especially between the end of the second and beginning of the third trimester.
• Increased hemoglobin (above 120 g / l) in the third trimester.
• Decreased intrauterine development of the fetus. Protein during pregnancy is used female body as a building material for the fetus, and the lack of its development indicates a deficiency of proteins.
• Increased arterial pressure. Erythrocytes are blood cells that transport oxygen and nutrients all over the body. This is made possible by a protein called hemoglobin. If there is little hemoglobin in the body, then the body is forced to increase blood flow by increasing blood pressure.
• An increase in the production of enzymes by the liver.
• Eclampsia (complication of preeclampsia).

Causes of Protein Deficiency

• Psychological (I don't want to eat) or physiological (I can't eat) dietary restrictions. Psychological reasons may be due to personal motives, stress or depression, and physiological - disability, diseases of the digestive tract and genitourinary system.
• Nervous shocks and stresses. Intense nervous activity requires a large expenditure of energy. Proteins and carbohydrates serve as energy sources. With a lack of carbohydrates, the body begins to burn proteins. Protein reserves are restored worse than carbohydrate reserves, and therefore a protein deficiency quickly occurs in the body.
• The content of polypeptides can be reduced by food with a low content of amino acids necessary for a person.
• A woman is carrying twins or triplets. Pregnancy with two or more children increases the burden on the female body.

How to increase the content of proteins?

The increase in the level of polypeptides in the body of a pregnant woman depends primarily on the woman herself - on how seriously she takes her health, as well as the health of the unborn child. You need to constantly monitor your well-being, take everything on time necessary tests, be attentive to the words of the attending physician. It is necessary to balance your diet, do not give up protein-rich foods, eat vegetables, fruits and cereals, drink enough fluids (at least 1.5 liters per day). IN without fail required to be excluded bad habits– alcohol and smoking! We must carefully take care of our psyche, try to avoid stress and nervous shocks, and always keep calm if possible.

If these tips do not help increase blood protein, you should immediately seek the help of a qualified specialist.