How to remove rust from colored clothes. How to clean with household chemicals. How to clean rust stains on white terry towels or bathrobe - video

Poor-quality zippers and buttons, forgotten paper clips in pockets - all this can cause rust stains on your favorite blouse or skirt. And if you throw things in the wash little son, forgetting to turn out all the hidden pockets, then you will definitely have to think about how to remove the red traces. Because the boys just love to stock up on all sorts of coins, carnations and other small pieces of iron that strive to leave unnecessary pollution.

Of course, you will not be able to remove a stubborn stain quickly and effortlessly. But you should not despair. Firstly, a huge number of different stain removers are sold in stores, among which you can certainly find something suitable. Secondly, any chemist will prove to you that the attack is absolutely powerless in front of acids. And every housewife will surely have at least two of them: vinegar and lemon. Let's start with them.

How to remove rust with home methods: 5 ways to help remove stains

Majority folk recipes designed to remove rust stains on white clothing. If you want to rehabilitate colored thing, to begin with, test the product on some inconspicuous area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe fabric, for example, on the inside seam or on an additional patch, which is often attached to the wrong side of the product. If you don't, the acid can kill the item itself.

  1. Traces on a white cloth are well removed with the following solution: pour 20 g into half a glass of water citric acid. Heat it up, but don't bring it to a boil. Now dip the soiled item in the hot solution for 5 minutes. The stain should dissolve.
  2. If citric acid is not at hand, you can replace it with a slice of lemon. Cut off a small piece, peel it and wrap it in clean cheesecloth. After that, place it on the stain and iron it with a hot iron. Important: from below it is better to put a few paper napkins so that they take the main "blow". After the procedure, wash the product in warm water.
  3. Acetic acid, or rather 70% essence, will also be a good helper in the fight. Add 2 tablespoons to a glass of water and heat the resulting solution well, but do not let it boil, as is the case with citric acid. Then place the contaminated part of the item in it for 5 minutes. Rinse thoroughly in water with ammonia (0.5 tablespoon of alcohol per liter of water).
  4. Instead of essence, you can use vinegar. Only it will have to be mixed with table salt so that a thick slurry is obtained. Apply the mixture generously to the stained area and leave for half an hour. Then wash in warm water.
  5. For colored fabrics, use wine vinegar. Just dilute a teaspoon of the product in a glass of cold water and soak the stain for 5-10 minutes. Then rinse the item.

How to choose the right stain remover in the store

When buying a rust remover at your local supermarket, keep in mind that simple bleach or any other primitive bleach will not work on white fabric. Instead of removing the red marks, they will simply turn them brown or brown, and then you will not be able to get rid of them. Choose substances that include acetic or oxalic acid. Read the packaging carefully to understand if this product is right for your clothes.

Any household chemicals should be used with gloves. To remove the stain once and for all, apply the product to the stained area, rub until foam forms and rinse under running water. If the manufacturer advises to keep the mixture on clothes for a while, do so. Only the oldest and most stubborn footprints can withstand such a procedure.

Video on the correct use of such tools

Both folk and industrial facilities especially good for fresh dirt. If the problem is not detected immediately, you may have to tinker a little longer. But you will definitely succeed!

Any metal objects (zippers and buttons, paper clips, coins, bolts, nails in the pocket) can leave rust stains that are difficult to remove on clothes, which will remain with a simple wash without prior removal. We will consider proven folk remedies for rust control on different types fabrics.

General Tips:

  • first, test the selected product on an inconspicuous area of ​​\u200b\u200bclothes (especially colored ones), if after 10-15 minutes the item has not changed color, the fibers have remained intact and not deformed, proceed to the treatment of contamination;
  • almost all rust stain removers contain acids, so only wear rubber gloves to protect your hands;
  • try to get rid of the stain as quickly as possible so that the rust is not deeply absorbed into the structure of the fabric fibers;
  • when heated, acids emit harmful caustic fumes, so protect your respiratory organs with a mask or respirator before the procedure;
  • do not use chlorine-containing agents against rust, they leave brown spots;
  • if none of the suggested methods helped, take the item to a dry cleaner.

How to remove rust stains from white clothes

Natural white cloth normally tolerates the effects of acids, so removing rust from white things is much easier than from colored ones. Available methods:

1. Dissolve 20 grams of citric acid in 175 ml of water (half a glass), heat, but do not bring to a boil. Dip the soiled item in the hot solution for 5 minutes, the rust should lag behind.

2. Peel and pit a small piece of lemon, wrap the pulp in gauze and place on the stain. Iron with an iron, after laying a few paper napkins at the bottom. Under the influence of high temperature, the rust stain will move to the napkins. After removing, wash the item in warm water.

3. Add 2 tablespoons of vinegar essence (70%) to a glass of water, heat the solution to a temperature of 70-75 ° C, soak clothes with rust for 5 minutes, then rinse in the solution ammonia(half a tablespoon per 1 liter of water).

4. Mix table vinegar with table salt until a thick slurry is obtained. Apply the resulting product to the stain, leave for 25-30 minutes, then rinse in warm water and wash as usual.

5. To remove traces of rust from white jeans, mix tartaric acid (available at a pharmacy) and edible salt in equal proportions, add water to make a homogeneous gruel. Apply the product to the stain and leave in the sun until complete drying. Remove the remaining salt, then wash the jeans.

6. Dilute 15 grams of hyposulfite (sodium salt and thiosulfuric acid) in a glass of water, heat the solution to 62-64 ° C, wet the cloth and leave until the rust stain is completely eliminated, then rinse thoroughly in warm water. Hyposulfite can be purchased at a pharmacy.

7. To clean a fabric that is resistant to discoloration, apply 2% hydrochloric acid solution to the rust or soak the fabric. Rinse after 5 minutes aqueous solution ammonia (15 grams per 1 liter).

How to remove rust from colored clothes

Colored fabric under the influence of concentrated acids changes color, therefore, in this case to fight rust, you have to use sparing substances. At home, glycerin is most often used in a mixture with other detergents and absorbent substances.

1. Wipe the stained area with toothpaste applied to an old, unnecessary brush, rinse with water after 10 minutes. The tool is effective only against light pollution, but it is the safest.

2. Apply a mixture of equal proportions of glycerin and dishwashing detergent to the stain. Leave for a couple of hours, then wash as usual.

3. Squeeze the juice from ripe tomatoes and apply it to the rust. Wash off after 20 minutes warm water and wash the item in soapy water. The disadvantage of the method is that the tomato itself can leave traces.

4. Dilute a teaspoon of wine vinegar in a glass of water, soak the stain in the solution for 5 minutes, then rinse with cold running water.

5. Mix in equal proportions glycerin, chalk and water. Apply the product to the stained area and rub it well into the fabric. Wash clothes after drying.

6. Heat a teaspoon of water to 30°C, add 4-5 oxalic acid crystals, stir. Soak a cotton swab in the resulting solution and treat the stain, starting from the edges. If necessary, replace the cotton and repeat the procedure. Rinse the item well with cold water.

7. Mix in equal parts grated soap, glycerin and water. Treat the stain and leave for 24 hours, then wash in warm water.

8. Suede shoes or gloves, wipe off rust marks with a brush dipped in a solution of ammonia (1 part to 5 parts of water), then wipe with a dry cloth and dry in the sun.

Shop products for rust stains

For cleaning white fabrics, choose acetic or oxalic acid stain removers, since chlorine-based products do not remove rust stains, but only make soiled areas brown or brown.

To remove rust from jeans, apply bath detergent to the stained area, leave for 15 minutes, then scrub the stain with a stiff bristle brush and wash with powder. During the mashing process, bad smell, This is fine.

Oxygen stain remover. Works well with rust on colored fabrics. The main thing is to strictly follow the instructions on the etiquette, observing the concentration and application temperature, otherwise the product will not work.

Rust stains on clothes are among the most difficult to remove. They can appear after drying on an old battery, washing with coins that accidentally got into the machine, and so on. Many modern cleaners have a very mild formula and are unable to cope with such difficult pollution. In this case, time-tested folk methods come to the aid of housewives.

Universal folk remedies

  • A very effective rust cleaner is a mixture of glycerin, tooth powder and water. Mix all components in equal proportions. Apply the resulting mass to the contaminated area and leave for 24 hours. Then remove the remnants of the mixture, and wash the thing.
  • Neutralizes quickly and effectively rust spots with clothes, a combination of acetic acid and table salt. Mix the acid and salt to a pulp, apply the product on the stain and wait half an hour. Then rinse off the rest of the mixture with warm water and wash the item of clothing. This composition copes well with pollution on dense fabrics.
  • To help get rid of rust stains from clothes can and ordinary toothpaste. Moisten the stained area with warm water, use a brush to apply the paste on the stain and wait 10-15 minutes. After that, rinse the item and wash. A huge plus of this method is the fact that toothpaste is guaranteed not to spoil appearance textiles, while with other means this point remains controversial.
  • If a rust stain appears on suede, you can remove it with ammonia. Soak a clothes brush in a weak solution of ammonia (1 part alcohol to 5 parts water) and gently go over the stain several times.
  • A mixture of acetic and oxalic acids will help remove old rusty stains. Dilute 5 g of each acid in 200 ml of water, warm the resulting solution slightly. Soak the stained area in the solution for 2-3 hours. Then rinse and wash the item.

Removing stains from white fabrics

Rusty stains on clothes made of white fabrics are quite difficult to remove, because in addition to removing the stain, it is also necessary to achieve crystal whiteness. So, you can try to remove the stain with citric acid. Mix about 20 g of acid with 100 ml of water in an enamel bowl and bring the mixture to a boil. Place the area of ​​clothing with the stain into the resulting solution and wait 5 minutes. After that, rinse the item in cool water. If the procedure did not give tangible results on the first attempt, it can be repeated.

White clothes can be saved from rust stains with a mixture of tartaric acid and salt. Mix acid with salt and apply this gruel to the contaminated area. Lay out the thing under the straight lines sunbeams and wait until the stain is completely gone. Then rinse the item and wash it.

WITH white cotton rust can be removed by purchased funds for cleaning plumbing. Apply to stain and lather. Rinse the item in several waters and wash as usual.

Removing stains from colored fabrics

Removing stains from colored clothes is complicated by the fact that in addition to removing the stain, you need to take care of maintaining the brightness of the fabric. For these purposes, suitable means that do not corrode the paint. So, mix an equal amount of crushed chalk and glycerin. Dilute the mixture with water to a state of thick sour cream. Apply the product on the stain and leave for a day. After that, wash the item.

Acetic acid is often used to dye fabrics, so it can be safely used to remove stains. difficult spots from clothes. Dilute 5 tablespoons of acid in 7 liters of warm water and soak the stained item in the resulting solution for 10-12 hours. After soaking, simply wash the clothes.

Rust stains are much easier and faster to remove if they are fresh. Prompt response in this case will play into your hands and facilitate the cleaning process. And do not forget about safety - many rust removers are very aggressive, when using them, it is necessary to protect the skin of the hands with rubber gloves.

To remove rust, housewives use stain removers. Some prefer to clean the old fashioned way with lemon juice, glycerin and toothpowder, oxalic or acetic acid, or sodium hydrosulfite. For leather items and furniture upholstery, it is better to use gasoline or soap with glycerin. And now more about how to remove rust from clothes at home.

From time to time, housewives have to practice removing unfamiliar stains. Even if you are not a car mechanic by profession, rust can still appear on your things. Keys accidentally forgotten in a wet jacket, a favorite blouse washed with a blouse, on which metal buttons or a zipper are rusty, and you never know what else ...

You can remove rust from clothes using stain removers or using improvised means.

Stain removers

Rust Remover

There is a special rust cleaner based on phosphoric acid Rust Remover, it is designed to remove rust from metal, wood, stone surfaces, as well as for washing work clothes. You can buy it at a hardware or auto store.

To avoid misunderstanding, we will warn you right away that Rust Remover- this is not a product of any one company, but the general name of rust remedies. Some of them are designed only for cleaning metal parts, others are more versatile. Read the instructions carefully and ask the seller questions you are interested in.

The stain remover perfectly washes traces of potassium permanganate, rust, blood. Apply directly to the stain, rinse off with water after 5 minutes. The fabric is washed with soap and look at the result. When heavy pollution the procedure is repeated 3-4 times.

Warning: Rust Remover is a strong acid (pH-1.5), therefore it is recommended to store the cleaner away from food products. It is desirable to have a special box for dangerous household chemicals, which you could lock with a key so that children and pets cannot get to it. Work with the substance in a well-ventilated area, avoiding contact with the skin and mucous membranes (gloves, overalls). Not suitable for all fabrics, therefore, before use, the product is tested on an inconspicuous area.

Other rust removers

The modern industry offers many stain removers. Some only remove rust, others are more versatile. Funds vary in price and quality. When purchasing a new stain remover, do not pour directly onto the stain. First, read the instructions and try on an inconspicuous area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe fabric, if everything is in order, you can use it. If this simple condition is not met, then the thing may be irretrievably damaged.

Here are some of the stain removers we recommend: FeedBack OXY Color , Dr. Beckmann (from rust and traces of deodorant), ARENAS-exet 3 , Stain Ex 3 , Dr.CLEAN etc.

Folk remedies

High-quality stain removers are not cheap, in addition, it happens that they cause allergies in someone at home, in which case “grandmother's methods” will come in handy.

Soap, glycerin and water

This method is not fast, but it is ideal for colored linen, does not spoil the structure of the fibers and does not corrode the paint. It is necessary to dilute grated laundry soap and glycerin in warm water, the ingredients should be equal. Mix thoroughly and apply the mass to the stain. Exposure time - 24 hours After which the product can be washed.

Tooth powder and glycerin

It is necessary to mix tooth powder, glycerin and water in equal proportions, apply the resulting slurry to the stain and leave for a day. Wash clothes in the usual way.

Lemon juice

Acids work effectively different spots, we already wrote about how to use lemon, and now we'll tell you how to remove rust from clothes.

There are three options for using this product:

  1. hot way
  2. Removing stains with citric acid
  3. Cleansing with lemon juice

hot way

Cut a circle of lemon and wrap it in gauze and put it on top of the stain, heat the iron well and iron for a few minutes. After processing, wash the product by hand or in washing machine. This method cannot be used for viscose, nylon, nylon and other melting fabrics; it is better to wash them with citric acid or juice.

Lemon juice

It is often used to remove tough stains, remove mold and scent laundry. Just like , squeeze half a glass of lemon, add water to make a full glass. Treat the stain with the resulting solution and leave for an hour. After that, soak the product in liquid agent for washing clothes for 15 min. and wash as usual. It is especially good at washing jackets made of polyester, acrylic, polyamide and others with this composition. artificial materials.

Surely you will be interested to know which stuck to the clothes.

Lemon acid

A forty-gram package of citric acid is taken into a glass of water, the resulting solution is heated almost to a boil, the soiled item is placed in it for 5-10 minutes. Inspect the product: if the stain has not gone away, then repeat the procedure again, if it disappears, wash it.

organic acids

For work, you need a container that you can’t put food later on, it can be an enameled bowl, a ceramic or clay bowl. It is necessary to prepare a solution of oxalic acid in a proportion of 2 tbsp. l. to a glass of water. And immerse the soiled area of ​​fabric. Exposure time 5 min.

Prepare composition No. 2 for rinsing: dissolve half a tablespoon of ammonia in a liter of water and rinse the fabric well. If a small trace of rust remains, then the procedure should be repeated. Oxalic acid can be purchased at any hardware store or horticultural store, where it is sold as a fertilizer for plants. Oxalic acid is easily replaced by acetic acid.

Advice. When working with ammonia (ammonia), always open windows or turn on the hood. Vapors of this substance are poisonous, in large doses cause acute poisoning, burns and swelling of the mucous membrane. respiratory tract. For the same reason, it is recommended to remove children and pets from the room where ammonia is being cleaned. To make it clear: a large dose is a few minutes of working with the drug in a closed room.

Vinegar

Plain or wine, whichever you have in your closet. Just dilute a tablespoon of vinegar in a glass of water, heat almost to a boil, lower the contaminated area there for a couple of minutes, and then rinse. If a trace of a rusty object remains, repeat the procedure.

For fabrics labeled with a washing temperature below 80°C, this method is not suitable. Try soaking the fabric in cold acetic solution, increasing the concentration (2-3 tablespoons per glass) and exposure time (10-15 minutes).

Did you know that you can fix paint with vinegar? textile product And ?

Salt and acetic acid

The ingredients are mixed in equal proportions and rubbed into rusty marks with light movements. Be careful not to damage the fabric. The mixture is left for 30 minutes. then rinse off.

Toothpaste

The product is suitable for fresh traces of rust on leather, leatherette products, outerwear made from artificial materials. The method of application is simple: the toothpaste is squeezed out of the tube, applied to the problem area and cleaned with a soft toothbrush with the addition of water. Leave for 10 minutes and wipe with a damp cloth.

Removing rust from white

Method number 1

To get rid of rust on white linen or cotton fabrics, we will prepare a bleaching composition, according to the recipe of our grandmothers. We need two large enamel pots or enamel buckets. Pour into each 4-5 liters. water and put on fire, as soon as the water boils, turn off the gas. While the water is heating, we rub a quarter of the bar laundry soap. Pour the soap into the first saucepan and stir thoroughly. In the second we put a few grains of potassium permanganate, the water should turn pink, the color in intensity is approximately the same as a compote of red berries. The water should not be purple.

We merge both solutions into one container and immerse the soiled things in it for 8 hours. As practice shows, this method can remove not only rust, but also make things snow-white. Also, traces of ballpoint pens, herbs, juices, chocolate, etc. Be careful, this method will not work, because hemoglobin is fixed in the tissue fibers under the influence of high temperature.

Method number 2

How to remove rust on clothes white color? A 2% solution of hydrochloric acid will help, you need to soak the fabric with which the metal came into contact with it and wait until the stain completely disappears. Next, you need to rinse the product in water with ammonia (3 tablespoons per glass of water) and wash in the usual way.

Method number 3

This method is suitable for white: linen and cotton products, home textiles, sheets, towels made of natural fabrics. A teaspoon of hydrosulfite is taken per liter of water, the resulting solution is heated to 70 ° C and the product is lowered into it. After a few minutes, you can remove the item and rinse, and then wash as usual.

Attention! This method cannot be used to bleach fabrics made of artificial fibers and matter that cannot withstand high temperatures. clothes to avoid silly mistakes. Hydrosulfite is not used for colored linen, because it discolors the paint.

Clean upholstery furniture

Sometimes upholstered furniture also gets dirty with rust, it is more difficult to clean it than linen, but it is also possible. The methods described above for cleaning with lemon or oxalic acid are suitable.

Contamination on clothes can be obtained in the most ordinary situations. Walk, trip to public transport, a respite on a bench in the park will easily leave a mark in the form. Some species in fresh are removed by normal washing, others may take longer to remove and require the use of special equipment. Rust is a hard-to-remove contaminant.

How does rust appear?

A trace of metal corrosion on products appears in several ways:

  • after drying on heaters, metal batteries with peeling paint;
  • when washing things with metal objects in pockets;
  • rust on clothes is due to poor-quality decor;
  • when products come into contact with rust on various objects.

Pollution of this type does not pass from one wardrobe item to another, the type of fabric will not play a role.

Removing rust from white and colored fabrics is not easy, sometimes the procedure is carried out several times to achieve the desired result.

To clean a thing, you should be patient and use several processing methods, the means are not universal, each type of fabric will need its own.

How to clean with household chemicals

Rust stains from white clothes can be removed with stain removers and bleaches. different basis. There are a lot of products for this purpose in stores, it is difficult to choose the right, suitable one. When choosing funds, the reference point is kept according to the following parameters:

  • Most modern bleaches contain bleach at their core; it is forbidden to use for color. After using bleach with chlorine, we get a thing with blurry colors. White products do not always respond well to chlorine-containing products, the treated area may darken or turn gray, the wardrobe item will take on an unpresentable appearance.
  • It is preferable to use rust removers based on oxalic and acetic acids. They will effectively remove dirt without harming the fibers. The brightness of the color will be fixed, the impurities will fall out.
  • Before buying, study the instructions in detail, the manufacturers indicate on the packaging which contaminants are removed, on which fabrics. Look for a description of non-recommended fibers.

Getting rid of rust with improvised means

Rust stains on clothing can be removed in several ways, it is important to do this with fresh track. In case of contamination, they are not at hand store funds, the rust will go away from folk ways. Many products will be able to remove pollution from the house, the use is safe and effective.

How to remove rust from clothes at home? There are several ways:

  1. Citric acid will be a great helper. How to remove pollution with citric acid quickly? A bag of substance (20 g) and 100 g of water are mixed, heated. The solution must not be boiled. Soak the damaged area of ​​clothing in the liquid, leave for 10-15 minutes, rinse. For achievement best effect the procedure is repeated, fresh is enough one.
  2. Citric acid is replaced by hyposulfate, the quality of trace removal is the same. 20 grams of the substance is diluted in a glass of water and heated, further actions completely identical with the use of citric acid.
  3. Rust from a white shirt will come off after tartaric acid and salt. From equal parts of the proposed ingredients and a small amount of water, a mushy mixture is prepared, the contamination is abundantly smeared, and exposed to the sun. Under the influence of direct rays of the luminary, the trace splits. After rinse and wash.
  4. You can remove traces with a 2% hydrochloric acid solution. Remove rust stains from white stains by soaking in a solution, 15-20 minutes is enough. Rinse is carried out in a liquid of 3 tbsp. l. ammonia and a liter of water. After washing is carried out. This method is not suitable for color, hydrochloric acid will blur the paint.
  5. Helps remove rust from clothes oxalic acid, two spoons are poured with a spoonful of potassium carbonate and a glass of water. The damaged product is soaked in the solution for 5-7 minutes, washed in an automatic machine.
  6. How qualitative? Old and fresh will not resist lemon juice and salt from the kitchen. The method of disposal is lengthy, but highly effective. Traces on white clothes are moistened with lemon juice, rubbed with grains of salt, left for a day. Rinse in cold water, washing will fix the result.
  7. How about white linen clothes? Tools for plumbing cotton pad put on traces on a short time are watching closely. As soon as the trace dissolves. rinse in cold water, wash.
  8. Will help remove rust of an old type vinegar essence. The product is diluted with water, heated to vaporization, do not boil. The dirty part of the thing is placed in a hot solution, left for 20 minutes, washed.

The proposed means did not have the desired result, contact the dry cleaner. You can try the lemon method. Pollution is covered with lemon slices, covered with a napkin, ironed or heated with a hairdryer. Rinsing, washing will fix the result.

Removing rust from colored fabric

Traces of rust can be removed in different ways, the quality of the fabric, colors are taken into account. For colored linen, a small amount of funds is suitable, it is important to maintain the brightness of colors, remove dirt.

It is advised to remove rust from colored rust as follows:

  • A rusty strip will relieve 9% vinegar, 2 tbsp. l. diluted with a glass of water, heated. Soak part of the product with contamination, the more and older stain the longer it will take to process. After the disappearance of traces, it is imperative to rinse in a solution of a liter of water and 0.5 tbsp. l. ammonia.
  • The crushed chalk and glycerin will cope even with old pollution. The ingredients are mixed in equal proportions, a little water is added to make a thick mass. The paste is smeared with a rusty trace and left for a day, rinsed, washed.
  • Marks from jeans will go away after applying a gruel of salt and vinegar. Lubricate the problem area with a freshly prepared mixture and leave for several hours, rinse, fix the result by washing in the machine.
  • How to remove rusty stains from clothes that are not the first freshness, tightly ingrained in the fibers? Only a strong mixture of acids can cope. In two liters of water, 5 g of oxalic and acetic acid are diluted, heated to 90 degrees, untidy marks are soaked for several hours. As soon as the stain is gone, rinse the product, fix what has been achieved by washing in the usual way.
  • Dishwashing detergent and glycerin will cope with traces of this nature. Delicate fabrics they will easily release rust if a mixture of these ingredients is applied. Mix them in equal proportions and process the products. Wash off after a few hours.

Toothpaste can remove a rust stain from a wardrobe item, dilute it a little with water and smear the pollution abundantly. Wash off after 40-50 minutes. This method is effective for fresh stains.

Learn how to remove rust stains from clothes. In order not to spend a lot of time cleaning, do not send the product to dry cleaning, follow these simple rules:

  • Remove dirt as soon as you find it, don't waste time.
  • Do not wash things with stains, as the situation will only worsen.
  • Means with acids are quite aggressive, do not forget about safety precautions. Wear gloves, process in a ventilated area or on fresh air.
  • Outerwear before processing, clean from dust and dirt.
  • Any of the proposed means test on a piece of cloth or in an inconspicuous place.
  • First, use products with acids, they will decompose the pollution into water-soluble components.

Do not be discouraged if the applied remedy does not work. Apply it again or use something else.

There have been quite a few proposals on how to remove a rust stain on clothes. Enjoy.