National vaccination calendar for children. Vaccination against pneumococcal infection. Child vaccination calendar

Infant vaccinations in Russia are carried out according to a standard schedule, which is called the vaccination calendar. It is necessarily approved at the legislative level and is used by all medical institutions in our country. The Russian vaccination calendar is considered the most comprehensive in the world. In addition to the routine vaccinations included in it, there are others that are given during an epidemic according to doctors’ indications. Scheduled injections are considered mandatory, but despite this, each parent has the right to refuse vaccination by providing such a refusal in writing. How many of them will there be in total? Below we will consider in detail the answer to this question.

Laws governing vaccinations for children under one year of age

The vaccination calendar is approved by several Federal laws. These legislative documents describe full procedure vaccination of the child, including recommended vaccinations and a description of complications that may occur after them. The vaccination campaign for children under one year old, starting from the time they are in the maternity hospital, includes injections against many diseases. How many are there? Children are usually vaccinated against:

whooping cough;
tetanus;
tuberculosis;
polio;
hemophilus influenzae infection;
viral hepatitis;
diphtheria;
mumps;
rubella;
measles

Russian doctors have developed a special vaccination schedule that maximally protects newborns from serious illnesses. A timely vaccination can save your baby from many problems in the future. WHO recommends that all parents follow this calendar schedule, especially if the child is under 12 months of age.

Russian vaccination calendar for children under 12 months

Baby's age	Childhood vaccinations
1 day	I-Viral hepatitis B
1 Week	Tuberculosis
1 month	II-Viral hepatitis B
3 month	I-Whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria
	I-poliomyelitis
	Haemophilus I infection
5 month	II-Whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria
	II-poliomyelitis
	II-hemophilic infection
6 months	III-Whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria
	III-poliomyelitis
	III-hemophilic infection
	III-Viral hepatitis B
year	Mumps, rubella, measles

The first three months of life: a detailed vaccination calendar

In the first three months after the baby is born, he will receive about 6 vaccinations. The first vaccination of a newborn occurs against tuberculosis and viral hepatitis B while still in the maternity hospital. What consequences may appear after these vaccinations in newborns? How many times will they be made? What is the schedule for these vaccinations? The answers to these questions are a little lower.

BCG

Tuberculosis is a fairly common and well-known disease of infectious etiology throughout the world. Its causative agent is considered to be Koch's bacillus. To prevent the baby from becoming ill with severe forms of this disease, a BCG vaccination is given in the first 3-6 days. Even in a maternity hospital, in completely sterile conditions, there is a risk of catching this infection.

The BCG vaccine contains weakened pathogenic bacteria, which help young children quickly develop immunity to such a serious disease. Many parents are afraid that infection may occur during vaccination, but this is far from the case.

The bacteria included in the vaccine are so weakened that they are not able to provoke the disease.

BCG is given even to children born in the maternity hospital ahead of schedule and with low weight. A vaccine was developed especially for them, containing a reduced number of microbial bodies - BCG-M. Such children are also given it in the maternity hospital.

Reaction to vaccination

Any mother, especially in the maternity hospital, is concerned about the question, what consequences should be expected from vaccination? Each child reacts to the injected drug differently. The skin where the vaccine was administered may become red or slightly swollen. Some time after vaccination, the newborn’s temperature may rise to high levels. An abscess sometimes forms at the injection site and itching occurs. Such reactions to the vaccine are considered slight deviation from the norm and do not require any serious intervention from doctors. However, after vaccination, the child may develop severe complications. They are usually encountered by children who have congenital problems with the immune system.

As mentioned above, the first BCG is given to children in the maternity hospital. The vaccination mark in the form of a small scar is monitored throughout the first year of life. The Mantoux reaction is also important. If after the first injection the child does not have a scar, and the Mantoux reactions are negative, then the baby will need revaccination in the future. Such children, except in the maternity hospital, are re-vaccinated at the age of seven.

Hepatitis B

Viral Hepatitis B is a fairly serious infectious disease that causes severe liver damage. This disease has several forms:

acute with the appearance of jaundice;
asymptomatic carrying of the virus;
liver failure;
cirrhosis or cancer.

This disease is not transmitted through household or droplet transmission; children are infected through blood. The sooner you get vaccinated, the lower the risk of catching this unpleasant disease.. That is why they try to administer drugs to newborn children in the first days or month of life.

Due to the high risks, hepatitis vaccination was included in the vaccination schedule. How many times will it be installed before a year? For children it is done in the maternity hospital, then at one month and then at 6 months. If for some reason it was not possible to carry out vaccinations on time, then depending on the health status of the children, they will be carried out later. There is nothing wrong with this, but still, the sooner this is done, the better for the health of newborns.

Side effects of the hepatitis vaccine

Usually, a vaccination given to a child is tolerated normally. Small lumps may appear at the injection site. Sometimes parents note a slight rise in temperature, but similar symptoms completely unafraid.

Children who have undergone vaccination require rest and dietary nutrition.

Usually minor reactions go away on their own within about a day after vaccination.

Serious consequences after vaccination against hepatitis B in children under one year of age are quite rare. They are characterized by a rise in children's temperature to high numbers, which can lead to an allergic reaction. To avoid anaphylactic shock, in this case, it is necessary to urgently show the child to a doctor.

DTP

The vaccination schedule includes vaccination against such serious diseases as tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough. It is done for the first time for babies who have passed the third month of life. All of these diseases are of infectious origin and have serious consequences for the child’s body. This kind of vaccination is not given in the maternity hospital..

DPT is a mixed vaccine included in the vaccination schedule. It contains inactive pertussis bacteria, as well as purified diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. The components of the drug cannot cause disease, however, they are able to form an army of antibodies that recognize and neutralize harmful bacteria that have entered the body. How many times do you need to give DTP?

Up to a year, mandatory DTP vaccinations are done three times. The following stages are provided for this: at 3 months, at 6 months and the last at 12 months.

Complications after vaccination

Compared to other vaccinations included in the schedule, DTP is much more difficult to tolerate. The pertussis component has a greater influence. TO side effects Vaccinations include the following symptoms:

swelling and painful sensations at the site of vaccination;
temperature increase;
lethargy, sleep disturbances;
loss of appetite.

These are standard side effects, usually in children under one year old they disappear within the first day and do not require special treatment. At high temperatures, newborns are given an antipyretic. However, more serious complications may occur after vaccination. On the background high temperature convulsions and a serious allergic reaction appear. With such problems, children under one year of age should be hospitalized.

How to prepare a child for vaccination?

The vaccination calendar includes many stages of vaccination; it is necessary to prepare for each administration of the drug. The child must be completely healthy. It is necessary to exclude such childhood diseases in babies under one year old as acute respiratory viral infections, allergies, intestinal infection. Before such a procedure, doctors measure the temperature of all children and check their necks.

If the mother is breastfeeding, then a week before vaccination, new foods should not be introduced into the mother’s diet. Also, children under one year old who are on artificial feeding, it is not recommended to change the mixture. It is not recommended to make long trips during this important period for the child.

Vaccination of children in Russia is carried out according to a certain schedule, which is called the vaccination calendar. Our national vaccination calendar is one of the most comprehensive in the world. It is approved at the legislative level and is used throughout the country. In addition to routine vaccinations, there are vaccinations for epidemic indications, which are given in some regions when there is a threat of an epidemic.

Despite the thoroughness of the vaccination calendar, vaccinations are not mandatory. Parents may well refuse to vaccinate their child by providing a written refusal. Read more about the vaccination schedule, vaccines and vaccination rules, as well as about refusing it.

What laws govern childhood vaccinations?

There are several laws behind the development of the vaccination schedule and vaccination of children:

Federal Law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”.
“Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on protecting the health of citizens.”
Law of the Russian Federation “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.”

These documents describe the entire vaccination procedure, including a list of recommended vaccinations and possible complications after them. So, vaccination of children under one year of age involves vaccinations against the following diseases:

Viral hepatitis;
Tuberculosis;
Whooping cough;
Diphtheria;
Tetanus;
Haemophilus influenzae infection;
Polio;
Measles;
Rubella;
Mumps.

In the event of an epidemic of other diseases, vaccinations may be given unscheduled. The situation regarding infection outbreaks is constantly monitored and regions falling into the “risk zone” are under the control of the Ministry of Health.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations for children under one year of age

Every year the vaccination calendar changes slightly, and some additions are made to it. They mainly concern the procedure for vaccination, and the vaccination schedule remains the same:

Age	Name of vaccination	Vaccine	Notes
1 day(newborn)	— First vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech	It is especially necessary for newborns whose mothers are carriers of the virus or have acute or chronic hepatitis.
3-7 days(newborn)	— Vaccination against tuberculosis	BCG-M	Not to be confused with the Mantoux reaction. Mantoux is not a vaccination, but a test for the presence of immunity; it is carried out after a year. If there is no immunity, the BCG vaccination is repeated.
Baby at 1 month	— Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech
Baby at 2 months		Engerix V, Combiotech	It is given only to children at risk.
Baby at 3 months	— First vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim	Each vaccination has its own vaccine, but all 3 vaccinations can be given in “one shot” if you use the combined Pentaxim vaccine.
	— First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	— First polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
Baby at 4.5 months	— Second vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim
	— Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	— Second polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
Baby at 6 months	— Third vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DPT, Infanrix, Pentaxim, Bubo-Kok	Vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus can be given in “one shot” with a vaccine against hepatitis, if you use the combined Bubo-Kok vaccine.
	— Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	— Third polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
	— Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech, Bubo-Kok
Baby at 12 months	— Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps	MMR II, Priorix
Baby at 12 months	— Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech	Only for children at risk.

The next vaccinations await the baby at 1.5 years and at 1 year and 8 months. - This is a revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, as well as against polio.

About vaccines

Before one year of age, a child will have to receive 14 vaccinations (taking into account the fact that some vaccinations are given in several stages), and mothers will have to learn the many names of vaccines and decide which vaccine to give their child. Let's try to figure out what vaccines are.

Hepatitis vaccine. It contains individual proteins of the hepatitis B virus. There is no genetic material of the virus. In response to the introduction of a vaccine, immunity is formed; it is impossible to get sick in this way.
Vaccine against tuberculosis. Contains weakened bovine tuberculosis bacteria. In humans, they do not cause disease, but lead to the formation of stable immunity. To develop stable immunity, the tuberculosis bacillus must be in the body constantly.
Vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. The most serious thing about these diseases is the poisoning of the body with toxins. The vaccine contains toxins, but in a very weakened form. They do not cause disease, but the body develops immunity.
Polio vaccine. There are two types: live and inactivated. A live vaccine is the polio virus itself in a very weakened form. This vaccine comes in drop form and may cause light form polio in a child. An inactivated vaccine contains only the protein shells of viruses. It is administered subcutaneously and cannot cause disease, but its effect is lower. Since the polio vaccine is given in 2 stages, sometimes the inactivated vaccine is given first and the second shot is given live.
Vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps. Contains weakened viruses that cause these diseases. The vaccine is safe, that is, it is impossible to get sick from it, and immunity is developed.

How to vaccinate correctly - what mothers need to know

What scares parents the most is likely consequences vaccinations, among which there are very serious complications:

Anaphylactic shock;
Strong allergic reactions(Quincke's edema, Steven-Johnson syndrome);
Poliomyelitis (after polio vaccination);
Encephalitis, meningitis, neuritis and other central nervous system lesions;
Generalized infection, osteitis, osteomyelitis after BCG vaccination;
Chronic arthritis after rubella vaccine.

The likelihood of such complications, of course, frightens young parents. To reduce the risk of complications, vaccination must be carried out in compliance with all rules.

Basic Rules

1. The vaccination schedule is the recommended vaccination schedule for your baby. It can be changed if there are reasons to delay or even cancel vaccination. The reason for temporary medical withdrawal may be:

Malaise, cold, fever;
Exacerbation of chronic diseases;
Recent blood transfusion;
Prematurity.

In each case, the duration of medical withdrawal is determined individually, usually a period from a week to 1 month. Indication for complete cancellation vaccinations are:

Allergic reaction to a previous vaccination;
Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency.

2. Vaccination can be given only after a thorough examination by a doctor. The doctor’s task is not only to thoroughly examine the child, measure the temperature and ask the mother about the characteristics of the baby’s body. Another important point is informing the mother about the vaccination itself. The doctor must tell you what vaccine will be given, how it works, what vaccine will be administered, and what complications are possible after vaccination. Good to know! — .

3. The mother can choose which vaccine to give her child. At the clinic, all vaccinations are given free of charge, but if parents do not want to receive the vaccine purchased at the clinic, they can buy their own. This is usually done if they want to supply a higher quality imported vaccine or do a complex vaccination.

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4. The vaccine can only be stored and transported in the cold, at a temperature of 2-8C. This rule applies, first of all, to the situation when the mother buys the vaccine herself, since in the pharmacy and clinic all storage and transportation rules are observed unconditionally. When purchasing a vaccine at a pharmacy, you need to buy a cold pack (“snowball”) for it and be sure to take a receipt. This may be needed at your pediatrician's office to confirm that the vaccine is fresh and has been stored correctly.

5. The vaccination itself is given to the child by a nurse in the treatment room. She enters all the information about the vaccination (date, name of the vaccine) into the card. After vaccination, the parents’ task is to monitor the baby’s condition and take action if the vaccination produces a reaction. The most common occurrence- temperature increase. How to control your reaction child's body and what to do if the temperature rises - read here (link).

Important:

How to refuse vaccination

Vaccinations are not mandatory, so if parents are against vaccinations for fear of complications, they can write a written refusal. An application can be written by one of the parents addressed to the head physician of the children's clinic (or maternity hospital, if the refusal to vaccinate occurs there). There is no clear form for the statement, but here is a good example of what it should be:

Statement:

I, (full name), living at the address: (...) declare that I refuse all preventive vaccinations (including vaccinations against hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, hemophilus influenzae, measles, mumps, rubella) and anti-tuberculosis care for my child (full name) until he reaches 15 years of age.

This refusal is a deliberate decision, and is fully consistent with the norms of current legislation, including:

1) Art. 32 (on consent to medical intervention) and Art. 33 (on the right to refuse medical intervention) “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1;

2) art. 5 (on the right to refuse vaccination) and Art. 11 (on vaccination with the consent of the parents of minors) of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” dated September 17, 1998 No. 157-FZ;

3) art. 7, part 3 (on providing anti-tuberculosis care to minors only with the consent of their legal representatives) of the federal law “On preventing the spread of tuberculosis in Russian Federation" dated June 18, 2001 No. 77-FZ.

I ask you to ensure that medical documentation for my child is completed unconditionally, without requirements for vaccination. In form 063, please note that there are no vaccinations based on Art. 5 and 11 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”.

If you refuse, a copy of this application and my complaint will be sent to the relevant authorities and organizations to take measures to suppress your illegal actions.

________________(date) ________________ (signature)

Refusal of vaccinations should be a truly thoughtful decision, made not only on the basis of horror stories from the Internet, but also on the basis of consultation with a specialist whom you personally trust.

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The vaccination calendar that exists in Russia is one of the most extensive in the world. By 2017 he was in Once again revised by the Ministry of Health, some amendments were introduced. For example, in the new calendar of preventive vaccinations, the number of children at risk has been increased. The schedule is relevant for the entire territory of the country; its modification is possible only in those regions where high epidemiological indicators for any type of infection will be identified.

The national vaccination calendar is compiled in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 229 “On the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications”, as well as Law No. 157-FZ “On immunoprophylaxis”. Both documents are available for review on the Ministry of Health website.

Many parents are interested in the question: “Is it mandatory to vaccinate a child?” The answer to this is stated in Article 5 Federal Law No. 157 and confirmed by order No. 229. In paragraph one of this article, in addition to other rights during immunization, it is noted that citizens have the right to refuse preventive vaccinations. There are no mandatory vaccinations in our country. Paragraph three obliges the refusal to be confirmed in writing, that is, by submitting an application.

When deciding to refuse vaccination, you must remember that this will entail a number of restrictions:

if mass infectious infections break out or the threat of an epidemic is declared, a child without vaccinations may be temporarily denied access to an educational (health) institution;
Travel to countries where international agreements and health regulations require certain vaccinations will be prohibited.

Medical and educational institutions Today it is focused on mass vaccination. Therefore, school management literally “drives” entire classes into the treatment room, without being interested in the wishes of the child and parents regarding vaccination. Therefore, it is important for the student to know that no one in any organization has the right to give him injections, give him medicine, examine him or perform other medical procedures without the consent of parents or guardians.

If a child is under pressure from teachers or health workers, he may simply go home. Parents must first submit an application for refusal addressed to the head, and keep a copy of this document for themselves.

If the child is small and cannot defend his rights on his own, you will have to not only formalize the refusal (order No. 229), but also verbally warn your immediate circle (teachers, nurses, midwives) about it. It is important that the copy left in hand is signed by the responsible person and notarized.

Forced vaccination violates RF Law No. 157, Order No. 229 and may be a reason to contact the Prosecutor's Office.

Vaccination calendar for 2019

7 years Revaccination against tuberculosis
Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, BCG
ADS

Age	Name of vaccination	Vaccine
Newborns (in the first 24 hours of life)	First
Newborns (3-7 days)		BCG-M
1 month	Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B
2 month	Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) First
3 month	First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus First First	DTP
4.5 months	Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae Second vaccination against polio Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection	DTP
6 months	Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae Third vaccination against polio Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B	DTP
12 months	Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) Vaccination against chickenpox before entering kindergarten educational organizations, children of orphanages
15 months	Repeated vaccination against pneumococcal infection
18 months	First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk groups)	DTP
20 months	Second revaccination against polio
3-6 years	Vaccination against hepatitis A for children before entering preschool educational organizations
6 years	Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps
6-7 years	Revaccination against tuberculosis Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus
Girls 12-13 years old	Vaccination against human papillomavirus
13 years	Vaccination against viral hepatitis B (not previously vaccinated)
14 years	Third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus Third revaccination against polio	ADS BCG
Adults	Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the date of the last revaccination	ADS

Additional immunization of the population against hepatitis B, rubella, inactivated polio vaccine and influenza

Age	Name of vaccination	Vaccine
Children from 1 to 18 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated	Vaccination against viral hepatitis B
Children from 1 to 18 years old, not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella; girls from 18 to 25 years old, not sick, not previously vaccinated	Immunization against rubella
Children early age With clinical signs immunodeficiency state (frequent pustular diseases); HIV-infected or born from HIV-infected mothers; with an established diagnosis of oncohematological diseases and/or receiving immunosuppressive therapy for a long time; children who are at the 2nd stage of nursing and have reached 3 months of age; children from orphanages (regardless of health status); children from families where there are patients with immunodeficiency diseases	Vaccination against polio with inactivated vaccine
Children from 6 months of age, children attending preschool institutions, students of grades 1-11, students of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, medical workers, employees of educational institutions, adults over 60 years old	Flu vaccination

Vaccination Notes

There are additional conditions for the administration of some vaccines:

Vaccination against hepatitis B is given to absolutely all children in the first day of life, including those born healthy women, as well as newborns from risk groups.
Vaccination of newborns against tuberculosis is carried out with the drug BCG-M. In regions of Russia where the incidence rate exceeds 80 cases per 100,000 population, and in cases where tuberculosis patients are identified in a child’s family, BCG is used for vaccination.
Vaccinations against hepatitis B are given according to the scheme 0-1-2-12. The first vaccine is administered on the first day of life, the second at 1 month, the third at 2 months, and the fourth at a year. The scheme is the same for all children, including newborns from risk groups.
Vaccination against hepatitis B - according to the 0-3-6 scheme. The first vaccine is administered at the time determined by the doctor, the second - three months after the first, the third - six months after the first. This scheme is used for all newborns and children not included in risk groups.
For vaccination against polio, an inactivated vaccine is used, which is administered three times to all children under one year of age.
Tuberculosis revaccination is intended for tuberculosis-negative (those without tuberculosis bacteria) children aged 7 and 14 years with BCG.
In regions of Russia with an incidence rate of less than 40 cases per 100,000 population, tuberculosis revaccination at 14 years of age is carried out with BCG for children who were not vaccinated at 7 years of age and do not have tuberculosis bacteria.
All vaccines presented in the calendar of preventive vaccinations for children in 2017 were produced in Russia and in foreign countries. They are registered and approved for use in our country, subject to compliance with the prescribed procedure and instructions for use.
It is recommended to vaccinate children under one year of age against hepatitis B with a drug that does not contain the preservative thiomersal.
All vaccines of the national vaccination calendar presented in the table above, with the exception of BCG and BCG-M, are allowed to be administered with a break of a month or simultaneously, but using separate syringes and in different places.
If the start date for vaccination is missed, it is carried out according to the schedule provided for in the compulsory vaccination calendar and in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines.
Vaccination of children whose mothers are HIV-infected is carried out according to the calendar of preventive vaccinations for children, but according to an individually drawn up schedule and taking into account the instructions for the use of toxoids and vaccines.
When vaccinating children born from HIV-infected women, it is necessary to take into account: the type of vaccine, the presence or absence of immunodeficiency in the child, age, concomitant pathologies.
All children born to HIV-infected mothers are given inactivated and recombinant drugs, regardless of whether the child himself is infected and at what stage of the disease he is.
After diagnosis to exclude immunodeficiency, children with HIV infection are given live preparations for vaccination. If immunodeficiency is not detected, then live vaccines are given in accordance with the schedule of vaccinations for children in the National Calendar. If immunodeficiency is detected, the use of live vaccines is prohibited.
Six months after the first vaccination of HIV-infected people with a live vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella, the amount of antibodies is determined. If they are absent, then a repeat vaccine is administered.

Failure to comply with the vaccination schedule

The vaccination table of the National Calendar determines vaccination by age. But these figures only approximately indicate the start of drug administration. Need to remember: optimal age to start vaccination is determined individually. The pediatrician has the right to deviate from the calendar if the child has developmental disorders, the acute course of any disease, or allergic reactions.

The vaccine may be given to a child whose development is advanced or if there is a tense epidemiological situation before the scheduled time. In other words, when there are infected people in a family or in a school class, it is worth giving the vaccine without waiting for the scheduled day.

It is necessary to reschedule the vaccination if the child has recently had any illness. infectious disease. In order to understand whether he has fully recovered, you need to wait several weeks, in the case of acute respiratory infections and flu - about a month. Only after this can the vaccine be given. But this does not mean that a frequently ill child may not be vaccinated at all. Due to a weakened immune system, the risk of contracting an infection is much greater.

Contraindications for vaccination include some congenital diseases, chronic inflammatory processes. It should be noted that with a qualified and prudent approach to the procedure, a child with contraindications can also be vaccinated.

In this case, with the consent of the parents, use A complex approach, including preparation for the administration of the drug, the administration itself and measures to neutralize complications (if necessary).

For school age The number of vaccinations is decreasing. Vaccinations against viral hepatitis and rubella have been added to the 2017 vaccination calendar in Russia, but they are optional.

The total number of scheduled vaccinations is calculated per child with weak immunity. In most children today it is reduced. Statistics show that the number of children falling ill has increased, despite vaccinations. That is, their the immune system was unable to develop antibodies even after vaccination. But there is also positive point, all these children recovered from the disease without complications.

You can deviate from the vaccination schedule if the child has a strong immune system. In this case, vaccination with the same vaccine is possible more rarely. But in order to determine how strong the immune system really is, you need to go through a series of diagnostic procedures, which are held in large medical centers privately. Such services are not provided in children's clinics.

The national vaccination calendar is designed in such a way that the vaccines included in it have a pronounced negative influence They cannot help the child. The body's reaction to the administered vaccine is much safer and easier than the disease itself.

Changes and additions to the childhood vaccination schedule occur annually. Updates are approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation based on data practical work doctors. The document is always focused on the current state of children's health.

When working with the vaccination schedule for 2017, forecasts of an increase in the total number of carriers of infections were taken into account and a resolution part of the procedures was created based on indicators of the epidemiological situation.

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Due to the epidemic situation, the Russian Ministry of Health made changes to the national vaccination calendar in 2016. Let's find out what they are.

Changes in the preventive vaccination calendar

Changes in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations in 2016 concern age limits for vaccination. According to the decree, the age of people subject to routine vaccinations against, and has been increased.

Vaccinations followed by revaccination against these infections are mandatory for following categories of people.

Children aged 1–18 years.
Adults at risk are now vaccinated up to and including 55 years of age. These include employees of educational and medical institutions, transport, trade, social and public utilities. This also includes employees customs services at checkpoints across the border of the Russian Federation, if these persons were not sick, were not vaccinated, or received a single vaccination.
Women 18–25 years old who have not been previously ill or unvaccinated, and also have no information about vaccination.

Although the incidence of measles in Russia has decreased, there is real risk importation of infection from neighboring countries.

Changes in the calendar due to epidemic indications

Epidemiological statistics of ARVI revealed increased risk the occurrence of pneumococcal infection in citizens over 60 years of age. Therefore, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation made amendments to the national vaccination calendar by order No. 370 of June 16, 2016. According to the decree, the list of persons for vaccination against pneumococcal infection has been expanded.

After amendments to the calendar, persons aged 60 years and older who suffer from chronic pulmonary infections must undergo compulsory vaccination.

Let us remind you that compulsory vaccinations are given free of charge.

Is it possible to refuse mandatory vaccinations?

According to the national vaccination schedule, persons who refuse vaccination are administratively liable for violating the health order. They may be fired from their jobs. They will be denied employment in general education or medical institution. Refusal to vaccinate is regarded as a violation of labor and sanitary-epidemiological laws. Moreover, enterprise managers also bear responsibility for employee refusal to immunize. In case of infection of employees by an unvaccinated colleague, the director of the institution bears judicial responsibility. They refuse to admit an unvaccinated child. childcare facility. Legal refusal of vaccination is possible only with a medical exemption with a doctor’s certificate.

The jump in mortality from complicated influenza in 2016 forced changes to the vaccination schedule. By order of the Ministry of Health, changes were made to the calendar of scheduled vaccinations and according to epidemiological indications. The list of persons for vaccination against measles, rubella and pneumococcal infection has expanded. The vaccination age has increased.

Each country uses its own schedule of preventive vaccinations. You can create a kind of hierarchy of the document: national, regional, children's and adults. The document presents a plan for all mandatory and optional vaccinations for the population. Let us consider in more detail what features the vaccination calendar has by age and region.

Functionality and purpose of the population vaccination calendar

A calendar of preventive vaccinations of the population is necessary in every country. Different epidemiological thresholds for diseases, climatic features, living conditions of the population and other factors influence the choice of vaccines in developed countries. Without a vaccination calendar, it would be difficult for doctors to determine which vaccination should be given and in what period. This is an official document legalized by the legislation of the country.

This document is required for several reasons:

Everyone age groups The population needs vaccination, especially for children under 14 years of age.
The calendar considers the frequency of vaccinations by age.
Some vaccinations can be combined, while others, on the contrary, require periodicity. Using the calendar, the doctor can easily view the main stages and prescribe an injection.
The document identifies drugs that are included in the register of acceptable drugs in each country.
Any adult can determine for himself when he needs to get his next vaccination.

Conventionally, the document can be divided according to age characteristics:

childhood vaccination calendar;
Adult vaccination schedule.

In the regions, the vaccination schedule has minor additions. For example, in Rostov-on-Don an optional vaccine is added to the main vaccines - against tick-borne encephalitis. The reason for this is the high epidemiological threshold for encephalitis in the region.

You can get vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis in any region for free, just go to the clinic at your place of residence. The same applies to vaccination against lichen and rabies.

What vaccinations do the population need?

Each country has its own national vaccination calendar. In Russia, the document was approved and amended in 2014. It includes mandatory vaccination against diseases: hepatitis B, meningitis, rubella, whooping cough, mumps, tuberculosis, measles. The document shows the frequency with which vaccinations are given. The Russian Ministry of Health calculates the budget for vaccines according to the calendar and plans its distribution by region. Let's consider Russia's vaccination plan for 2014–2015. The table will help the reader to more clearly imagine the frequency of injections:

Age group	Vaccination	Vaccination stage	Drugs recommended in Russia for vaccination of the population
Children first 24 hours after birth	Hepatitis B	1	Euvax, Engerix, Regevak
3–7 days	Tuberculosis	1	It is done using drugs based on a weakened stick (BCG and BCG-M)
1 month	Hepatitis B	2 for children at risk	_
2 months	Hepatitis B	3 for children at risk	_
3 months	Hepatitis B	2	_
	DKS	1	DTP
	polio	1	Pentaxim
4.5 months	DKS, polio,	2	DPT, Pentaxim, Infanrix
6 months	Hepatitis B, DCS, polio	3	_
1 year of life	Hepatitis B	4 children at risk	_
1 year of life	KKP	vaccination	Priorix, ZhKV, ZhPV
1.5 years of life	DKS, polio	1 revaccination (RV)	DPT, OPV, Pentaxim, Infanrix.
1 year 8 months	Polio	2 RV	OPV
2 years	Pneumococcal infection, chickenpox	vaccination	Pneumo 23, Prevenar, Varilrix, Okavax
3 years	Group A hepatitis (viral)	vaccination	Havrix 720
3 years 8 months	Group A hepatitis (viral)	RV	Havrix 720
6 years	KKP	RV	Priorix, ZhKV, ZhPV
7 years	DS	2 RV	ADS-M
	Tuberculosis	RV	BCG-M
12–13 years old	Human papillomavirus (done only for girls)	vaccination three times every 1 month.	Vaccination against human papillomavirus
14 years	Diphtheria, tetanus	3 RV	ADS-M
	Tuberculosis	RV	BCG
	Polio	3 RV	OPV
Adults	Diphtheria, tetanus	RV every 10 years	ADS-M
All population groups	Flu	once a year	Available vaccines without preservatives.

* DKS - Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus; MMR - measles, rubella, mumps.

Vaccination of the population according to the vaccination calendar is planned for a year in advance. Deadlines are regulated by laws in each state. So, we start doing DTP at three months. And in developed countries, DPT is done immediately after birth.

Distinctive features of the Russian vaccination calendar

Distinctive feature Russian calendar vaccinations from documents from other developed countries is an early vaccination against tuberculosis. This is facilitated by the high epidemiological threshold in our country for tuberculosis among the population. Hemophilus influenzae infection is also not always diagnosed, and connections with sanctions in 2015 do not make it so. The fact is that there are no domestic vaccines against this disease, and imported ones have been banned from import.

Vaccinations and schedule by age depend on several factors:

level of disease in different age groups;
the course and severity of the infection;
features of immune development in different age groups;
side effects from various vaccines;
risks of the disease at each age.

Our vaccination schedule focuses on childhood vaccinations. The fact is that our children get sick more often and more severely. Poor ecology and climate contribute to the development of congenital diseases, and the high epidemiological threshold for tuberculosis and hepatitis makes it possible to classify 90% of the population as a risk group.

Features of childhood vaccination

Children's calendar preventive vaccinations in our country were changed at the end of 2014. If we compare it with the document before 2000, then changes have appeared in the calendar:

Vaccination of children against hepatitis B used to be done immediately after birth, now in the first 24 hours of the child’s life. The baby is allowed to adapt and there is more time to identify congenital diseases. Some genetic abnormalities appear in the first hours after birth, and if you vaccinate hepatitis B into a weakened child, there will be many complications.
Those who were not vaccinated against hepatitis B were previously vaccinated at the age of 13; today it has been developed new scheme 0/1/2/6.
The time between vaccinations against diphtheria and polio has increased to 6 weeks; previously, injections 1 and 2 were given with an interval of 4 weeks.
The third revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus was postponed from 7 years to 14 years.
Polio last time done at 14 years old, previously it was at 7 years old.
Girls at the age of 13 are vaccinated separately against rubella. It is necessary for a woman to develop strong immunity by the time she reaches childbearing age.

Our childhood vaccination calendar is based on 10 vaccinations: polio, whooping cough, hepatitis B and A, tuberculosis, tetanus, rubella, measles, diphtheria, mumps.

Some vaccinations must be given separately from others, some are triple (DPT, measles, rubella, mumps).

DTP gets the most feedback from moms. The negative is that the child may get sick after the vaccine. This is wrong. DPT is harmless, and only an already infected child gets sick. Before DTP, we recommend giving the child an antihistamine. Healthy children tolerate DTP well.

Features of adult vaccination

The adult vaccination schedule consists of mandatory ones: tetanus and diphtheria. They are done once every 10 years. Adults receive a flu shot once a season, but most of the population Lately they refuse it. The reasons were reviews that after vaccination, most of the population got sick. You should not think that vaccination will protect the population 100% of the time. The population is vaccinated with one strain of influenza, but no one knows which one will come to the locality. But scientists have proven that a person gets a mild form of illness after getting a flu shot.

The adult vaccination plan includes vaccinations that only a portion of the population needs. The most common of them:

Rabies is only given to people who work in the forest or with animals, as well as dog handlers and dog owners.
Tick-borne encephalitis - introduced in regions with a high epidemiological threshold: Kirov region, Republic of Karelia, Mari El, Rostov region, Nizhny Novgorod Region.
Ringworm - people who work with animals, public utility workers.

Medical workers, educators and teachers are required to be vaccinated against all types of diseases.

Vaccination for the population in all countries is carried out according to plan. But this depends on the outbreak of a particular infection. Vaccination can be carried out unscheduled only during a pandemic of one or another type of disease. But thanks to vaccinations, the last hepatitis B pandemic was registered in the early 90s.

Vaccination schedule for adults - vaccination schedule National vaccination calendar from birth to old age Vaccination table by age from birth to 14 years Vaccination calendar: polio.