As evidenced by the yellow color of the skin. Causes and symptoms of yellowing of the skin. Which doctors to contact if yellow skin color occurs

Hello dear reader. Do you love yellow? I do not like him. More to the point, I'm afraid of him. It is not only a symbol of separation, but also a color unhealthy face. Yellow facial skin - the causes of its occurrence and how to deal with it - that's what I will talk about in this article.

Remember the question from school geography: what race is called "yellow"? Of course, this is a Mongoloid race. For its representatives, indeed, a yellow complexion is characteristic. But what to do if this color "sneaked" into the face of a representative of the Caucasian race? I'll tell you straight - you need to declare war on him! And as soon as possible!

It's all Mr. Bilirubin's fault

The causes of yellowness of the face can be different. But the most common is an excess of bilirubin in the body. It is formed due to the decomposition of red blood cells in the liver. Actually, “jaundice”, so familiar to everyone since childhood, is nothing more than liver disease. It happens both in an adult (for example, due to taking a large amount of medication), and in a child. Watch the video, Dr. Komarovsky will talk about jaundice.

Yellow card for malnutrition

In football, a yellow card is “awarded” to a player who has violated the rules of the game, this is a kind of warning - if you get more, you will fly out. How football is like life!

The yellowness that appeared on the surface of the face, and sometimes the hands, is a signal of our body! SOS! I won't last that long! Stop eating that... food!!!" he screams at the top of his lungs. What does "malnutrition" mean? This is, first of all, food, "pressing on the liver."

Remember one axiom: our epithelium is stained pale yellow only by order of the liver! The production of a large amount of bile acid, for some reason not dissolved in the stomach, is also the source of the yellowness of the skin.

For example, if you consume too many oranges or tangerines for your body at one time, then the stomach simply may not be able to cope with excess acidity. There will be a release of bile from the pancreas into the blood, and this, in fact, is already poisoning. So respect the desires of your liver.

Other Important Factors

• A yellow tint on the face may appear as a result stress . This is a kind of body defense.
• The smoke of menthol cigarettes - maybe someone likes it, but you can hardly find a person whose skin would be delighted with it all over the world.

Pay attention to smokers with experience. Why is this happening to the color of their hands and faces? Although ... ladies skillfully hide their flaws with the help of cosmetics, and some were lucky enough to get universal remedy for any skin type facial massager.

Alcohol and the liver - there are, perhaps, no worse enemies than these two.

What diseases cause yellow skin

• With it, yellowness may also appear near the eyes, and sometimes throughout the body. Contact your doctor immediately! It is not good! This is wrong and not normal!
• If a person turned yellow not only the epithelium, but also the whites of the eyes, then perhaps this serious illness liver, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.
• With oncology, spots all over the body are added to all the symptoms listed above.

What hair color to choose

The topic is extremely complex and unpleasant. Good, as they say, is not enough. And, in order not to end on a minor note, I decided to tell you about what hair color to choose. Many stylists advise choosing hair dye so that it matches not only the color of the eyes, but also the skin tone.

Hair is the hallmark of any woman. Their health and brilliance is a sign of her superiority over other ladies. In the following articles, I will tell you more about how to make hair and eye color, as well as makeup, blend and harmonize perfectly, including if you have yellow skin. A number of articles on hair care can be read.

The time for parting has come

That's all that fit in this article. In it, I talked about the causes of yellowness. As you can see, they are easy to remember: diseases, malnutrition, bad habits. If the article seemed interesting to you, write comments and please share with it on the pages of social networks. Take care of yourself and your loved ones and loved ones. Until we meet again... Always yours...

Yellow skin in a person is a sign of serious dysfunction internal organs. This phenomenon in medicine is associated with an excessive accumulation of bilirubin in the blood, as a result of which it appears on the surface of the skin with yellow spots and slight swelling.

Yellow palms and back indicate an increased concentration of carotene in the human body.

So-called "citrus diets" also often lead to yellowing of the skin. However, these are only the most relatively harmless factors that cause a similar reaction in the body. In addition to them, there are a number of severe and very dangerous pathologies that can threaten health, and in more serious cases even the patient's life.

What are these ailments? And how to deal with them in order to achieve maximum effect from therapy?

Causes of yellowing of the skin and varieties of jaundice

If the yellowness of the skin is in no way associated with a deterioration in the function of removing bilirubin from the human body, then in this case, 3 types of jaundice are divided in medicine.

Hemolytic jaundice develops when indirect bilirubin is converted into direct bilirubin too slowly. This process occurs due to the fact that the hemoglobin in the human blood breaks down too quickly, so the liver simply does not have time to cope with it. As a result, a person may notice the appearance of yellow spots on his skin. The presence of associated symptoms depends on how severe the ailment is.

Hepatic jaundice develops against the background of diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver enlargement due to regular use alcoholic beverages, chronic or acute hepatic colic, cholecystitis, leptospirosis, etc. Such jaundice is caused by reabsorption of direct bilirubin into the blood due to liver dysfunction. This pathology becomes one of the main causes of yellowing of the skin, as well as itching throughout the body.

Cholestatic jaundice is provoked by clogging of the ducts through which bile flows. Due to such a failure, it cannot circulate normally and accumulates in the liver tissues. This is what causes yellow skin. If you notice suspicious ones in yourself, consult a doctor immediately: liver problems are often fatal, especially in cases where the patient puts off going to the doctor and tries to self-medicate.

Why is human skin yellower: dangerous diseases and other factors

A yellowish skin tone is observed in people who suffer from pathologies such as:

Factors that can also cause yellowness of the skin of the whole body are:

• Drug poisoning.
• Alcohol intoxication.
• Poison poisoning.
• Extensive and deep burns (especially 3-4 degrees).
• Hemorrhages.

Whatever causes a yellow skin tone, a person will not be able to figure out the situation on his own. In this case, a medical consultation is indicated:

1. Gastroenterologist.
2. Hematologist.
3. Infectionist.

After passing the tests prescribed by the attending physician, it will be possible to judge what exactly caused the yellow color of the face and other parts of the body.

Yellowish complexion and body, not associated with the work of the liver and biliary tract

Doctors say that if a person's hands turn yellow, then this is a clear sign of illness. They should not be neglected in order to prevent severe pathology. However, it is worth noting that yellow skin can appear not only in an adult, but also in a baby. What does this mean, and what anomaly is it a sign of?

Neonatal jaundice is one of the most common phenomena found in infants. This fact frightens many new parents, because they do not know why the skin of a child who has just been born turns yellow.

In fact, there is nothing wrong with this. Newborn jaundice is a kind of reaction of the child's body to abrupt change habitat. After all, throughout long period time, the baby grew and developed in his mother's tummy, without experiencing any adverse external influences. amniotic fluid he was reliably protected, and when this protection disappeared, the body of the newborn had to urgently adapt to completely new living conditions.

As a rule, such jaundice disappears within 2-3 weeks, although there are cases when it lasts much longer. This is due to the fact that the production of bilirubin by the infant organism occurs in very large quantities, and its small and still poorly developed liver simply does not have time to cope with the breakdown product of hemoglobin. At the same time, parents notice the yellowish color not only of the child's skin, but also of the whites of his eyes.

There is no reason to panic if the baby does not feel worse, cough, vomit, cramps or pain in the right side. If you find such symptoms, do not postpone a visit to a neonatologist - he will tell you which doctor you should contact to prevent development dangerous disease liver or biliary tract in a newborn baby.

Violations at work thyroid gland can also be a reasonable explanation for why the hands are yellow. At the same time, jaundice can also affect the face and the whole body, located in its areas in the form of spots or continuous stripes. If yellowing of the epidermis is accompanied excessive sweating, dizziness, thirst, then you should contact the endocrinologist - similar symptoms may indicate diabetes.

How to get rid of yellowness on the skin?

A yellow face is not only dangerous, but also ugly, so you need to get rid of it as soon as possible. However, before making any decisions and taking decisive action, you need to determine the exact cause, and only a doctor can do this.

To find out what failure caused the yellowing of the palms of the hands or the whole body, you will need to take a blood test from a finger for sugar or cholesterol, a urine test, blood from a vein. These are the most frequent clinical studies, although doctors often prescribe several additional ones to make sure that the preliminary diagnosis is correct.

If the patient has a suspicion of cirrhosis or other liver diseases, he is sent for an ultrasound scan. In extreme cases, a biopsy of the liver tissue is performed: a thin needle is inserted into the organ, and with its help a small piece of tissue is rejected, which later undergoes a thorough examination under a microscope.

Not always the skin turns yellow due to some kind of disease. Sometimes yellowness disappears as suddenly as it appeared, and a person does not have to take any measures for this. But if the yellowing of the epidermis was provoked by an ailment, then therapy is prescribed exclusively by the attending physician, depending on the diagnosis.

Yellowish skin color associated with liver diseases is treated with special preparations aimed at restoring its normal functions and cell renewal: Enerliv, Karsil, Gepabene.

If there is a significant increase in cholesterol, statins are prescribed for its treatment: Lovastatin, Fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, etc.

When diabetes with a low level of insulin, medications are prescribed to compensate for its deficiency (for example, Humodar).

With stones in gallbladder held surgical intervention. If the situation is not yet too serious, conservative treatments are used, which involve taking drugs based on ursodeoxycholic acid. It dissolves stones if there are no more than 3 of them, and if they are no larger than 1 cm in diameter.

As you can see, getting rid of yellowness in all parts of the body directly depends on what pathology provoked their appearance. If you turn to a specialist for help in time, serious complications can be avoided, and no diseases will no longer threaten the health and normal functioning of the human body.

The beauty of a person is judged by his face: the cut and symmetry of the eyes, the shape of the nose and eyebrows, the fullness of the lips - all this should add up to a holistic and harmonious picture, then the person will be considered pretty or beautiful. The color of the skin of the face is something on the basis of which we judge the health: our own or another person.

A change in skin color in medicine is called dyschromia. It occurs most often due to some kind of internal disease (we will look at them below), and a cosmetologist or dermatologist is the last specialist to visit about this.

A change in complexion towards a paler or redder should serve as a basis for grabbing a tonometer and then counting your own pulse instead of grasping cosmetic corrective agents. If you describe the color as yellow, green or bluish, you should not hesitate to consult a doctor: conditions that change the complexion to such shades are life-threatening.

About skin

The human skin is an organ with the most large area. On average, in an adult, it occupies 2 square meters, and its total weight is more than 10 kilograms. The main task of the skin, available from birth: to protect the underlying tissues from the penetration of microbes and chemicals into them. In addition, it protects them from high and low temperatures, ultraviolet and other rays, for which the subcutaneous tissue and muscles are clearly not designed. The skin also performs other very important functions: it participates in respiration, thermoregulation, synthesizes some vitamins, enzymes and bioactive substances, conveys information about pain, tactile sensations and temperature to the spinal cord. It can absorb substances applied to it, delivering them to the systemic circulation.

From 3-4 months of life, another important function of the integumentary tissue, which is related to our topic, develops - excretory. The skin removes part of the products, both formed during the normal functioning of organs, and arising from the neutralization of toxins by our main "filters".

The color of a person's face depends on:

• combinations of pigments in it;
• thickness of the stratum corneum;
• the depth of the vessels in it and their filling;
• on the rate of metabolism in the body.

Changing each of the parameters leads to a change in complexion. Let's consider all this in more detail.

Skin structure

Our covering tissue, the skin, consists of two layers. The top layer is called the epidermis. This is the same epithelium as the one that forms all the mucous membranes of the internal organs. Its difference is in the number of cell layers. The latter, gradually turning into dead plates from the lower layer to the upper one, still remain on the surface of the skin and protect it from adverse external influences. Between the usual cells of the epidermis are those that, being the owners of the coloring pigment, provide the skin with brownish and yellowish shades.

The deep layer of the integument is represented by the dermis. There are fibers from proteins that are responsible for the elasticity of the skin and the possibility of straightening it when forming a fold from it. The intercellular substance located between them is responsible for moisturizing the skin and the ability to properly “cooperate” with the mimic muscles - to straighten without the formation of wrinkles after demonstrating another emotion.

The dermis is that layer of the skin that contains blood vessels: many blood vessels and some lymphatic ones. The hemoglobin in them gives the cover a pink color.

Pigments

Healthy color is provided by a combination of four pigments:

1. melanin;
2. carotene;
3. oxyhemoglobin;
4. reduced hemoglobin.

Melanin

It's a pigment Brown. Its task is to protect the skin from dangerous oncogenicity, the ability to cause burns and oxidative stress (and with it early aging) ultraviolet rays. Therefore, when exposed to the sun, our cover becomes brown, and people living in conditions of increased solar activity are the owners of swarthy or even black skin.

Melanin is produced in special cells of the epidermis - melanocytes. Through special processes, vesicles with pigment are delivered to other cells - keratinocytes, where they accumulate. Some of it is dissolved in the dermis.

The accumulation of vesicles with melanin in the main cells of the skin is dictated not only by genetic, but also by constitutional factors. So, some localizations darken strongly under the influence of ultraviolet rays, while others remain practically unchanged, while others are brown, regardless of radiation. Genetics, on the other hand, “dictates” to some people in spring and summer to become very swarthy. Others - this disorder is called albinism - do not sunbathe under any circumstances, maintaining a milky-white skin color.

The process of formation and accumulation of melanin is regulated by two main enzymes - copper-containing and zinc-dependent. With a deficiency in the body of each of them, there is nothing to absorb ultraviolet rays.

Carotene

This is the name of the yellow pigment dissolved in the dermis of the skin. It is a natural antioxidant that protects the skin from the harmful effects of oxygen radicals. The same is found in carrots and some algae, from where, when they are eaten, it penetrates into the skin.

In the Caucasian race, carotene is almost invisible - it is hidden by melanin. But in the Mongoloids, it is visible and stains their skin yellowish.

Hemoglobin and its types

This pigment is not located in the skin itself, but in the vessels lying in the dermis. Its main task is to carry oxygen to the tissues, and take carbon dioxide from them. When it transports oxygen (it's called oxyhemoglobin), it's pink. When hemoglobin is saturated with carbon dioxide, it stains blood vessels dark red or bluish. How much hemoglobin present in the vessels will stain the skin will depend on:

• the number of blood vessels in the skin;
• proximity of dermal capillaries to the surface layer of the skin;
• filling of these capillaries, which depends on the pressure in the larger arteries. This is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and the hormone system. The filling of small vessels of the skin is also affected by the amount of fluid in the vascular bed;
• thickness of the stratum corneum.

pathological pigments

The skin can be dyed not only by those available in physiological conditions pigments, but also those substances that penetrate here in pathology. Sometimes these are pathological substances - such as iodine or silver. But more often these are products formed from hemoglobin:

1. Bilirubin, which is formed during the breakdown of red blood cells. There is a lot of it in the body either when large quantities of red blood cells are destroyed at once, or when hemoglobin metabolism in the liver is disturbed. It turns the skin yellow and the resulting condition is called jaundice. We'll talk more below.
2. Saturated dark, almost blue skin color occurs when human hemoglobin changes its structure, becoming methemoglobin. Such a substance, having iron of a different valency in its composition, does not tolerate oxygen, and if there is a lot of it in the vessels, it is deadly.
3. Brown color can be caused not only by the accumulation of melanin. This shade of the skin acquires as a result genetic disease called "porphyria", when sunlight enters the hemoglobin that is in the process of transformation, contained in the vessels of the skin.

Thus, skin color depends on the combination of coloring pigments in different layers of the skin, as well as its thickness. An even complexion is obtained when all parameters - the saturation of pigments, the thickness of the stratum corneum, and the distribution of blood vessels - are the same in any areas.

This is affected by:

• the work of the autonomic nervous system (it is she who regulates the lumen of the vessels);
• quality of facial skin care;
• human lifestyle: nutrition, bad habits;
• ecological situation of the place of residence;
• chronic diseases.

Color darkening

This word can describe the complexion in various diseases.

Adrenal insufficiency

Evenly dark color faces, when the skin can be described as bronze or too dark, is characteristic of adrenal insufficiency - usually primary, when the paired endocrine organ itself suffers. In this case, it will not be the face that will darken at first, but the parts of the body that are not protected by clothing, those that rub against the details of clothing and those that are already pigmented (the areola, genitals, armpits). In addition, there will be weight loss, indigestion, and sometimes changes in the sexual sphere.
.

Thyrotoxicosis

When dark coloring covers the face not evenly, but with blurry brown spots, this indicates an increased work of the thyroid gland. Additional signs that speak in her favor will be hot to the touch skin, irritability, increased appetite and at the same time weight loss.

Hepatic pathologies

Bacterial endocarditis

The word "dark color" can also be used to describe light brown, which is also called "coffee with milk". This complexion is characteristic of prolonged septic endocarditis, a disease in which bacteria settle on the valves of the heart, leading to the development of polypous overlays and ulcers here.

This pathology is characterized by a slow deterioration in the condition of a person who has long been diagnosed with valvular heart disease. He starts to get tired faster, more often he wants to lie down. Appear in the heart discomfort or minor pain. The same vague and unexpressed pains are noted in the joints.

Body temperature rises: usually to low numbers, with chilling and palpitations. Later, it rises to 39 degrees, chills appear, the person sweats a lot. Sometimes the temperature immediately rises to high numbers, an attack of the heartbeat develops, then one or the other composition hurts. In some cases, the temperature remains elevated to 37.8 for a long time, and against this background, its “jumps” up to 39 and above are periodically noted.

Septic endocarditis is a life-threatening disease: masses of the endocardium “processed” by bacteria “fly off” from the valves, which were located here in the form of polyps. Such emboli are able to clog the vessels of organs: the brain, kidneys, spleen, limbs, skin. Kidney damage is manifested by darkening of urine, the appearance of blood in it, a decrease in its amount. With an embolism of the cerebral vessels, clouding of consciousness, dizziness, double vision, muscle twitching or convulsions occur. There may be a sudden loss of consciousness with respiratory failure, which leads to death if help is not provided urgently.

Bleeding occurs in the skin, which looks like blood soaks in larger or smaller areas (bruises irregular shape), the center of which is whitish. They do not rise above the skin, and often affect only the skin of the legs and the conjunctiva of the lower eyelid. Also, the disease is characterized by such a symptom - the appearance on the palms or soles of red dense and painful nodules, which resolve after 2-3 days.

Hemochromatosis

Here, grayish-brown or dark brown spots merging with each other appear on the skin, which can serve as a reason for making a preliminary diagnosis of chronic adrenal insufficiency. An accurate diagnosis is made with a skin biopsy in stained areas, when deposits of hemosiderin and melanin are detected here.

Early systemic scleroderma

Here, at first, numbness, coldness of the hands appear, accompanied by a feeling of crawling "goosebumps". These symptoms have been disturbing the patient for several years, without being supplemented by anything else. Then dark spots appear on the hands, face and feet, or only in a separate localization. They are dense, seem to consist of thick skin, spread to free areas, hinder movements by the mimic muscles of the face. The diagnosis is made by the determination in the blood of antibodies to RNA polymerase, topoisomerase I or histone (one of the types of antibodies is detected in each patient), as well as antinuclear factor (it is determined in 90-95%).

tardive cutaneous porphyria

With the development of this disease after exposure to the sun, as well as when drinking alcohol, blisters appear on open areas of the body, the skin becomes brittle and fragile, darkens, but may also lighten. After the slightest injury to the skin, the same thing happens. The conjunctiva of the eyes swells and turns red, while the throat does not turn red, there are no other symptoms of a cold. Ultrasound shows damage to the liver.

This is how variegated porphyria manifests itself. Only doctors distinguish them.

Neurofibromatosis Recklinghausen

In this case, different diameters appear on the body brown spot(colours "coffee with milk") - one or many. The disease debuts in childhood. It is also characterized by premature puberty, high blood pressure.

Similar symptoms are also characteristic of two other diseases that manifest themselves from childhood - Watson's syndrome and Albright's syndrome. Only doctors can tell them apart.

Dysplastic nevus syndrome

appear on the skin dark brown spots with a clear border. Papules that have an elevation above the skin, whose color is variegated, can also develop. There are usually no other complaints.

Syndrome "leopard"

Spots are found everywhere on the skin, having dark brown color. And although other symptoms are not subjectively disturbing, various types of changes are noted during the ECG. Ultrasound of the heart reveals a decrease in the lumen (stenosis) of the pulmonary artery.

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

Multiple dark brown spots appear on the lips and fingers. Besides, periodic pains in a stomach (closer to a navel) disturb. When examined by a gastroenterologist or during an X-ray examination of the intestine with a preliminary intake of contrast (barium), polyposis of the small intestine is detected.

blackening of the face

If the skin has turned black, this is a sign that you need to urgently see a doctor, as this is dangerous. Such staining may appear with the following diseases.

Meningococcal infection

This life-threatening disease most often affects children: in adults, the meningococcus bacterium most often does not cause illness, but forms a carrier state by settling in the nose (such people are contagious to their loved ones without knowing it).

The disease occurs acutely: the body temperature rises, spots appear on the skin. At first they may be red, then they turn purple, brown or black, merge. No emergency medical care the rash merges, forming large areas of black color, while the person becomes lethargic, drowsy, there may be vomiting, after which it does not become easier. An ambulance should be called as soon as possible.

kidney disease

If a person develops a kidney infection or Bladder, he may develop a black coloration of the skin of the face - mainly in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe cheekbones and the root of the nose. Additional symptoms there is a change in the color of urine, back pain, nausea, fever, painful urination.

Pellagra

This is a disease when there is not enough B vitamins in the body, especially vitamin PP (nicotinic acid). It usually occurs after intestinal infection, against the background of chronic alcohol consumption, with frequent exposure to the ultraviolet rays of the sun or solarium, and also if a person has increased losses of this vitamin during pregnancy, lactation or hard work against the background of chronic malnutrition.

The main symptoms of the disease will be: general weakness, burning sensation in the mouth, persistent diarrhea and pain in the abdomen. On the skin of the face and exposed parts of the body, red spots or blisters with a cloudy liquid first appear, then a dark color appears here. The skin in these places is shelled.

In addition to skin manifestations, a person notes mental status disorders: fatigue, depression, sometimes psychoses with hallucinations.

Pigmented xeroderma

This is a hereditary disease in which the integumentary tissue is hypersensitive to ultraviolet rays. When exposed to this radiation, areas of redness appear on the skin of open areas, including the face, spider veins and large, merging dark spots dark, almost black.

Excessive melanoblastosis

It appears in newborns. At the same time, lesions of the nervous system come to the fore: drowsiness, vomiting not associated with food, strabismus, low tone of the hands, and some others. This is due to the deposition of melanin in the nuclei of the cranial nerves. The same pigment is deposited in the skin, which turns it black.

Occupational melasma

If a person works with oil distillation products (tar, pitch) for a long time, substances are absorbed into the skin that enhance the effect of ultraviolet radiation on it.

Blue face

Blue color accompanies either life-threatening heart or lung diseases, or covers the face when taking certain drugs.

Blue face as a result of treatment

A drug such as Kordaron can stain the face blue. In this case, you need to consult a cardiologist about reducing the dosage of the medication.

The second reason for ceruloderm (as doctors call blue skin) is the use of silver preparations, mainly for antiseptic purposes, for example, with a runny nose. Also sick people involved in the processing of silver. This condition is called argyria and usually affects the bone marrow, eyes, kidney failure and damage to the nervous system - silver salts accumulate not only in the skin, but also in all internal organs, vessel walls, mucous membranes, sclera of the eyes, and remain there for life.

If a person stops taking medicines containing silver salts, the symptoms of damage to the internal organs will go away, but the blue color of the skin will remain.

Methemoglobinemia

This is the name of the state when normal hemoglobin is replaced by an altered one - methemoglobin, in which iron is not two-, but trivalent, and cannot carry oxygen. This disease most often appears when poisoning with hemolytic poisons. For example, it occurs with an overdose of Paracetamol, the use of long-stored Phenacetin and sulfonamides, as well as in cases where a large amount of nitrates and nitrites are ingested (they are found in well and tap water, in canned meat, in fruits fertilized with nitrate-nitrite fertilizers and vegetables). There are also hereditary forms pathology.

In any form of the disease, the symptoms will be as follows:

• the skin acquires a gray-blue tint;
• the nail phalanges do not change their shape (with damage to the heart or lungs, the nail-bearing phalanges expand, acquiring the appearance of "drumsticks");
• physical activity is accompanied by shortness of breath and fatigue;
• frequent and severe headaches.

Cardiopulmonary diseases

These pathologies cause both generalized cyanosis, when the whole body acquires a bluish tint, and regional cyanosis, manifested by blue skin under the nails, tip of the nose, lips and nasolabial triangle.

This condition develops when various diseases:

• heart failure. In this case, there are pains in the heart during physical exertion, shortness of breath at rest, aggravated by physical exertion, edema, localized mainly on the legs. By ECG or ultrasound of the heart, you can determine the disease that caused this pathology.
• Asthma attack. Here, the appearance of an attack can be associated with a meeting with an allergen (for example, plant pollen or household chemicals), there is a dry cough, it becomes difficult to exhale, sometimes wheezing is heard from afar.
• pneumonia. It is not always, but often manifested by cough and fever. In addition, there is shortness of breath, a feeling of lack of air, weakness, nausea.
• Cyanotic variant of erythrocytosis.
• Tuberculosis. At the same time, a cough is noted: it is dry, sometimes a certain amount of mucous sputum is released during a cough attack. The temperature rises to low (up to 38 degrees) numbers, weakness and fatigue are noted.
• Thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery: when in one or more branches of the vessel going from the heart to the lungs, a “congestion” or blockage is formed by a blood clot, fat, gas, or masses detached from the inflamed heart valves. The disease develops abruptly: often after straining or performing heavy physical work in a person with varicose veins, heart defects or aneurysm, weakness, shortness of breath with a feeling of lack of air appear sharply. A little later, a cough and pain in one of the halves of the chest joins.
• Any kind of shock, manifested by a sharp decrease in blood pressure. Shock can develop with significant dehydration, ingestion of a large number of bacteria, blood loss, severe pain during trauma, anaphylaxis.
• Heart defects. Often subjectively felt only fast fatiguability, there may be rhythm disturbances, headaches. The upper half of the body may differ in color from the lower.
• Chronic bronchitis. It is manifested by cough, fever, sometimes - a feeling of lack of air. If this disease has existed in a person for a long time, his fingers change: the nail phalanges thicken, becoming like “drumsticks”. The nails also change: they become dull, furrows cover them (they call such nails "watch glasses").
• Pleurisy. This condition develops after suffering pneumonia. It is characterized not only by the development of cyanotic skin coloration, but also by a repeated increase in body temperature that has already returned to normal, chest pain when breathing, chills, weakness, and night sweats.
• Pneumothorax. This term characterizes the condition when, due to an injury to the lung, air enters the cavity surrounding it. If the amount of air increases, then the lung itself and the heart lying nearby are squeezed by it. Is it dangerous. Pathology develops acutely, usually after physical effort or a coughing fit. On the side of the damaged lung appears strong pain, which increases with deep breath, coughing and movement. There is also shortness of breath, a feeling of lack of air.

Redness of the skin

A red complexion is not always a sign of alcohol abuse, as previously thought. This is a sign of the following diseases:

• arterial hypertension(increased blood pressure), which may accompany hypertension, develop as a result of diseases of the kidneys or adrenal glands. Reddening of the face develops against the background of a headache, "flies" before the eyes, pain in the heart.
• Carbon monoxide poisoning. This happens in people with stove heating, located in an unventilated room.
• Erythrocytosis a, in which there is too much hemoglobin and red blood cells., which does not improve oxygen transport at all, but is dangerous in terms of increasing thrombosis. Here the face and shoulders are bright red. This is aggravated after taking a bath, and with it, itchiness appears.
• allergic reaction: for medicines, food, household chemicals, the introduction of worms into the intestines and other things. In addition to redness, there is often also a dry cough, sneezing, and there may be diarrhea. Improvement is observed if the action of the allergen is eliminated.
• Rosacea. Initially, the skin turns red only on the action of heat or cold, gradually the face ceases to return to its normal color. Usually, pathology develops in women during menopause. It must be distinguished from the reddening of the face characteristic of this period, which accompanies the feeling of "tide".
• Tuberculosis. Here the cheeks are constantly red, but this color is not bright. In addition, the nasolabial triangle is bluish in color, there is also a cough, constantly elevated temperature; the person sweats a lot.
• scarlet fever: the face turns red, and the nasolabial triangle becomes pale. In addition, the temperature rises, and a red rash spreads throughout the body.
• pneumonia when one cheek turns red. There is also a feeling of difficulty breathing, coughing, weakness, fever.
• Sinusitis. One cheek is also painted here - on the side of the lesion. At the same time, the head hurts, the temperature is elevated, the nose is blocked, and when it is instilled, a large amount of secretion is released, often mucopurulent.
• Both cheeks and the back of the nose turn red with a disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
• Redness of the cheeks against the background of an intestinal infection or acute respiratory infections in a child is a sign that the underlying disease in him was complicated by the development of acetonemic syndrome. This is a state when the body uses not glucose as energy substrates, but fats, the breakdown products of which have a toxic effect on the brain.
• Great for this person dose of atropine or scopolamine.
• Poisoning with hallucinogens.

Also, the face - especially if a person suffers from vegetative-vascular dystonia - changes its color to red with any illness that is accompanied by fever.

earthy color

If the face suddenly acquired an unhealthy sallow color, this may indicate chronic lack of sleep, lack of fresh air, unbalanced diet, excessive sunburn and smoking. But most often this shade indicates a pathology. For example:

• Poor thyroid function. In this case, the face becomes not only dull, but also swollen. At the same time, the skin is dry, and the hair is brittle, split and fall out. There is also excess weight with reduced appetite and poor nutrition.
• Oncological disease(cancer) of any localization, including leukemia.
• HIV infections. At the same time, the staging of the disease is noted: at first, a slightly elevated temperature lasts for several months, then it increases and a large number of lymph nodes begin to be felt. Only then the color of the skin fades, a person often begins to suffer from pneumonia, each small violation of the integrity of the skin heals for a long time, long-term illnesses develop, the cause of which cannot be found immediately.
• sepsis(blood poisoning). In this case, at first there are symptoms of some bacterial disease: inflammation of the kidneys, lungs, festering wounds, abscesses, sinusitis, and so on. Then, after a short-term improvement, the temperature rises again, weakness, headache and nausea appear. This is complemented by symptoms of kidney or liver damage.

Pallor

Pale or unhealthy white color speaks of various diseases in which:

a) acute or chronic blood loss is noted:

• endometriosis;
• ectopic pregnancy;
• peptic ulcer;
• internal bleeding;

b) skin vessels spasmed so that there was enough blood for the central organs:

• angina;
• oncological diseases of any localization;
• heart defects;
• aortic aneurysm;
• fat embolism;

c) diseases that occur with intoxication, due to which vasospasm occurs: SARS (especially influenza), an asthma attack, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases;

d) there is not enough melanin, due to which the skin becomes more “transparent”. If this occurs throughout the skin, melanin is also lacking in the iris of the eye, then this is albinism or phenylketonuria. With the appearance of individual white spots on the skin, we can talk about vitiligo - a disease that has many causes;

e) deficiency of substances from which hemoglobin is formed: iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, proteins, glutathione, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. These are different types of anemia - deficient and hypoplastic. The latter may occur due to kidney disease;

f) vegetative regulation of vessels is disturbed (vegetative-vascular dystonia). This can be said if pale color occurs with stress, fear, nervous experiences;

g) hormonal regulation of vascular tone is disturbed: diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism;

h) edema, due to which the vessels of the skin are poorly visible: hypothyroidism, kidney disease, loss of proteins in exudative enteropathy, burns, malabsorption syndrome.

gray face

Gray color is described under such conditions:

• Leukemia. These pathologies are very insidious, masquerading as SARS: weakness, drowsiness appear, body temperature rises. Most often they are discovered when prescribed general analysis blood.
• Diseases digestive system : pancreatitis, cholecystitis. At the same time, nausea, bloating, stool disorders, pain in the upper abdomen when consuming spicy, smoked or fatty foods, alcohol are noted.
• Smoking and stress.
• After severe illness.

Green or olive skin color

Olive or green color facial skin is typical for:

• severe intoxication, especially with acute respiratory infections and poisoning;
• oncological diseases;
• (but it can also be earthy and the color of wet asphalt, and when exacerbated, it can also be lemon yellow);
• kidney diseases.

Jaundice

Diseases in which a yellow complexion is observed have a common name - jaundice. This color is sometimes given by carotene if a person has overeaten carrots. In this case, only the palms and feet are painted. In other cases, yellowness is obtained when too much bilirubin is formed - a product that is formed from the hemoglobin of red blood cells, and then is metabolized in the liver. A lot of bilirubin is obtained, either when a lot of red blood cells break down, or when the liver is disturbed.

Erythrocytes disintegrate either due to the weakness of their own membrane, or when a substance enters the blood (for example, anti-Rh antibodies or poisons) that destroys blood cells. Conditions caused by a violation of the membrane have a common name - hemolytic jaundice. There are many types of them, which only a hematologist can distinguish. Poisoning with hemolytic poisons is carried out by toxicologists who have an artificial kidney apparatus in their arsenal. When red blood cells are destroyed due to burns, treatment takes place in the Combustiology Units.

There is another type of jaundice - caused by diseases of the liver and biliary tract:

• blockage of the bile ducts by tumors, stones or inflammation;
• hepatitis: viral, toxic (including medicinal), alcoholic;
• cirrhosis of the liver.

Jaundice will also manifest itself as inflammation of the pancreas, directly related to the liver and gallbladder.

Bilirubin is a dangerous substance that can destroy the brain. Therefore, when yellowness of the skin appears, it is urgent to call " ambulance". On their own, a person can only drink "Activated charcoal" or another sorbent preparation. It is also important to tell doctors what you have eaten or drunk. In this case, the further health of a person depends on the urgency of the assistance provided by toxicologists.

Diagnostics

How to determine what caused the change in complexion, the therapist will say. When prescribing his own tests or recommending a consultation with a narrower specialist, he will proceed from the new shade of your cover.

So, with pallor of the face, you will be assigned:

• a general blood test with the obligatory determination of reticulocytes - the ancestors of erythrocytes;
• osmotic resistance of erythrocytes;
• coagulogram;
• liver tests.

If you are concerned about yellowness, the therapist sends you to an infectious disease specialist, and he, focusing on the history of your life and this disease, as well as ultrasound of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas, liver tests and markers for viral hepatitis, decides whether he, a gastroenterologist or hematologist.

An olive complexion requires the attention of a gastroenterologist who will examine, feel and listen to your stomach, prescribe an abdominal ultrasound (it is performed after preparation) and FEGDS (here you will have to swallow the probe).

Black or blue shades, which arose overnight, especially if they have a feeling of lack of air, require an ambulance call. These specialists will figure out who should advise or treat you. If you are concerned about black spots, but there are no other symptoms, it is advisable to contact the staff of the Department of Dermatology for a consultation.

The reasons for the red color will help cardiologists determine. A tonometer for measuring pressure and ECG will come to the aid of these doctors. They will also likely need an ultrasound of your kidneys and adrenal glands to find out the cause of the high blood pressure, as well as an ultrasound of your heart.

How to restore color to the face

A healthy color will be if you follow the rules for maintaining the requirements of your physical body:

• No smoking.
• Get enough sleep.
• Do not eat junk food: many diseases come from careless eating and harmful foods.
• Eat more vegetables, berries and fruits.
• Drink at least 30 ml / kg of body weight. Water is needed for the normal functioning of enzymes, on which all processes in the body depend.
• In spring and autumn, consult with a therapist about the advisability of taking vitamin tablets.

If your complexion has changed, you should not trust cosmetic sites that say how well miracle masks or procedures will help improve your complexion. The fact is that a change in the color of the integumentary tissue is a distress signal that our self-renewing organism gives. If he could speak, he would say the following: “Start helping me, remove the interfering factor - and I will recover myself.

Then, if there is a desire, go to a beautician or do home mask but first, take measures to eliminate the disease. You should not postpone a visit to a specialist in the most extreme case: doctors are not magicians, and if the disease has already affected several organs, then it is more and more difficult to save them.

Treatment for discolored facial skin depends on the cause of the condition. It is completely different, and without looking at the person and not listening to his complaints, it is difficult to say anything about his treatment even to the most venerable professor.

Yellowness of the skin depends on the level of bilirubin, extends to the skin of the face, as well as the eye proteins. Skin tone varies from lemon to earthy.

Yellowness of the skin is a sign of pathologies of the liver, biliary tract, gallbladder, pancreas.

If the cause of the yellowness of the skin is hepatitis, fatigue and vomiting may occur.

Yellow skin color is a symptom of serious diseases:

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Yellowness of the skin

Diseases in which the skin turns yellow

Symptoms of jaundice are not only yellowing of the skin, but also of the mucous membranes, the whites of the eyes, the lower region of the tongue, arms and hands, in which a special substance, bilirubin, gradually accumulates.

• Yellowness of the skin
• Diseases in which the skin turns yellow
• Causes of yellowing of the skin
• Causeless jaundice - how not to turn yellow? (video)
• Physiological jaundice in infants
• How to eliminate a symptom
• yellow skin
• Related diseases:
• Comments
• Yellowness of the skin
• Diseases that have a symptom of yellowness of the skin
• Similar symptoms:
• yellow skin
• How does yellow skin appear?
• Why does yellow skin appear?
• How to get rid of yellow skin?
• What disease causes a greenish tint of the skin. Yellowness of the skin
• Symptoms of diseases by skin tone
• The most common causes of jaundice.
• Types of jaundice:
• What are the dangers of folk remedies for jaundice
• What to do when jaundice appears
• Which doctors to contact for jaundice
• Symptoms
• Difficulties
• What are your reactions
• How can a doctor help
• What could be the reason
• Causes of yellow skin that you can influence
• Eliminate yellow tint from skin
• Causes of yellowing of the skin and varieties of jaundice
• Why is human skin yellower: dangerous diseases and other factors
• Yellowish complexion and body, not associated with the work of the liver and biliary tract
• How to get rid of yellowness on the skin?
• Jaundice. Causes, types and symptoms. Treatment of jaundice
• What is jaundice?
• Causes of jaundice
• The pathogenesis of jaundice
• The content of bilirubin is normal
• The severity of jaundice
• Types of jaundice
• Mechanical jaundice
• Hemolytic jaundice
• Hepatic jaundice
• Jaundice in newborns
• Physiological jaundice of newborns
• Pathological neonatal jaundice
• Prevention of jaundice in newborns
• Symptoms of jaundice
• Urine and feces for jaundice
• Itching with jaundice
• Skin with jaundice
• Differential diagnosis of jaundice
• Bilirubin and other tests for jaundice
• Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) for jaundice
• Treatment of jaundice
• Treatment of obstructive jaundice
• Treatment of hepatic jaundice
• Treatment of jaundice in newborns
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Violation of its metabolism, or rather an excess in the blood, is associated with many pathologies:

• hepatitis;

Pathological yellowness of the skin can be a consequence of oncology, and yellow irises of the eyes and eyelids can be a defect in fat metabolism and excess cholesterol.

Causes of yellowing of the skin

The main and obvious causes of yellowing of the skin are disorders in the liver and gallbladder, as a result of which the concentration of bilirubin increases. Damage to the work of the liver filtering cells, the cessation of the removal of excess red enzyme from the tissues occur as a result of:

• hepatitis;

With pathologies of the gallbladder, when the correct outflow of bile in the gastrointestinal tract is disturbed, stones appear, and yellowing of the sclera and skin also occurs. You should immediately consult a doctor if not only yellowness of the skin has appeared, but also fever, itching, digestive disorders, bad breath, urine has become dark in color, pain has appeared in the side.

Causeless jaundice - how not to turn yellow? (video)

Why does yellowness of the skin and eyes appear? How to cure such a pathology and eliminate its causes? We learn from the video.

Physiological jaundice in infants

After being born in the first days, the skin of 50% of babies turns yellow, sometimes the whites of the eyes. At the same time, the color of urine, feces does not change. Ultrasound does not show enlargement of the spleen or liver. This is not a disease, but a physiological process associated with the restructuring of the child's body after birth. Usually yellowness goes away by itself in 5-7 days. Babies born ahead of schedule, with jaundice should be under the supervision of doctors.

In order for the process of gradual withdrawal of excess bilirubin to be as safe as possible for the baby, it should be applied to the breast more often so that the milk flushes out the pigment cells. With a child, it is necessary to walk more often in the air with scattered sunlight. Babies are shown sunbathing so that vitamin D, produced in the skin, helps to remove coloring pigment from the skin.

How to eliminate a symptom

To normalize the liver, hepatoprotectors, antispasmodics, antiviral, choleretic, anti-inflammatory drugs and homeopathy are prescribed:

• "Essentiale Forte"

With a yellow complexion, you can not eat fatty fish, smoked meat, eggs, smoked meats, canned food, cocoa, radishes, legumes, mushrooms. It's better to give up white bread, alcohol, muffins, black tea and confectionery, salads with mayonnaise and carbohydrate products. It is better to replace them with low-fat varieties of poultry, fish, mild cheese, steam dishes with meat, low-fat dairy products, fresh non-acidic fruits.

• lemons and other citrus fruits;

To prevent jaundice, vaccination is carried out, it is forbidden to use common manicure items, visit dubious dentists, use someone else's razor, combs and other items on which someone else's blood or saliva may remain. Hands should be washed after the street, especially for children.

Source: leather

Yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes is especially noticeable on the eye sclera, the lower surface of the tongue (if the tongue is raised to the upper palate), and also on the palms. It is here that yellowness manifests itself in the first place. Yellowing of the skin is also accompanied by darkening of the urine - urine "color of beer"; this symptom appears first.

There is false jaundice, when only the skin (not mucous membranes) is stained, due to the accumulation of carotenes in it with excessive consumption of carrots, oranges, pumpkins, drugs (acrychin, picric acid).

Also, yellowing of the skin is observed with

1. Liver diseases:

2. Diseases of the biliary tract:

• stones of the gallbladder and biliary tract.

3. In case of poisoning with drugs, alcohol, poisons, with extensive burns, hemorrhages.

Related diseases:

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The information published on the site is for informational purposes only. The described methods of diagnosis, treatment, traditional medicine recipes, etc. it is not recommended to use it on its own. Be sure to consult with a specialist so as not to harm your health!

Source: leather

(yellow skin, yellow skin color)

Yellowness of the skin (jaundice) occurs from excessive pigment, which appears in the body due to the decomposition of red blood cells in the liver.

Depending on the diagnosis, the doctor will prescribe the appropriate treatment, which consists of medications and adherence to dietary recommendations. The yellowness of the skin disappears after recovery.

Diseases that have a symptom of yellowness of the skin

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Source: leather

Yellow skin of the face, hands, and other parts of the human body can be observed in various diseases associated with the activity of the internal organs of a person.

How does yellow skin appear?

The yellow color of the skin is associated with the production of bilirubin, a pigment that is part of the blood. Bilirubin is a product of the breakdown of hemoglobin proteins contained in red blood cells and performing a transport function in the body (moving carbon dioxide and oxygen). Bilirubin is excreted from the human body with the stool. If, due to certain reasons, a lot of it accumulates in the human body, then yellow spots on the skin may be the result.

Due to the increase in the content of bilirubin in the body, the skin turns yellow in the first place. A person may have yellow skin on the legs, yellow skin under the eyes, yellow skin around the nails, etc. The whites of the eyes, palms, and the lower surface of the tongue may also turn yellow. At the same time, urine darkens in a person, it acquires the color of beer.

If the skin on the body or on the hands is yellow, then this may be due to a high level of carotene in the blood. Most often, yellow skin around the mouth or yellow skin around the eyes is observed in people who have been on an orange or diet for a long time, use certain medicines.

If yellowing of the skin is still associated with impaired excretion of bilirubin from the body, then in this case three types of jaundice are determined.

Hemolytic jaundice is diagnosed when hemoglobin breaks down too quickly. In this case, a very large amount of bilirubin is formed, and the liver cannot effectively process indirect bilirubin into direct one. As a result, the level of indirect bilirubin increases.

The development of hepatic jaundice is associated with liver damage due to viral hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, alcohol exposure, etc. this case the amount of direct bilirubin in the blood increases.

Cholestatic jaundice develops due to violations of the movement of bile, as the bile ducts are clogged in the human body. In the blood, there is an increase in the amount of direct bilirubin.

Why does yellow skin appear?

The causes of yellowness of the skin should sometimes be sought in the condition and functioning of the human biliary tract. In this case, a comprehensive examination will help answer the question of why the skin color is yellow. In addition, yellowing of the skin can occur with alcohol intoxication, poisoning with medicines or toxic substances, with serious hemorrhages and burns. However, if even after the examination the question of why the skin is yellow remains open, then a person should definitely pay attention to the general lifestyle. After all, sometimes yellowing of the skin occurs with malicious smoking, with a person’s almost constant stay indoors. It is imperative to reconsider the diet, as an excess of sweet and dry foods in the diet can lead to yellowness of the skin.

The skin can also turn yellow due to eating a large amount of carrots and dishes from it, as well as with the constant addition of cumin and vinegar to food, the effect of which provokes the accumulation of bile vapor in the blood.

If a pale yellow skin color is noted, and at the same time there are yellow spots on the iris of the eye and on the eyelid, then it can be suspected that the body is disturbed. lipid metabolism resulting in an increase in cholesterol levels.

Sometimes the yellowness of the skin may indicate the progression of an oncological disease in the human body. Yellowness of the skin with cancer is noticeable on the face, while there is a "waxy" bloodless skin tone.

If the shade of the skin becomes orange, then this may be a symptom of hypothyroidism. With this disease, the functioning of the thyroid gland is disrupted. With such a pathology in the body, there may be an insufficient amount of those substances that process beta-carotene. As a result, there is an accumulation of carotene in subcutaneous fat, which leads to a change in skin color. In this case, the endocrinologist will tell you how to get rid of the yellowness of the skin after establishing an accurate diagnosis.

If a yellow skin color is observed in a newborn baby, then this phenomenon may be associated with the reaction of his body to serious changes, that is, a change in the environment. In this case we are talking about the so-called physiological jaundice. In a baby, bilirubin is produced in very large quantities. Around the third week of life, skin color gradually becomes normal. However, you still need to consult a doctor in order not to miss the development of pathological jaundice.

How to get rid of yellow skin?

Before practicing any methods of treating this condition, it is necessary to determine the cause of the yellowing of the skin. With severe yellowness of the skin, you should contact an infectious disease specialist, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist, hematologist.

The treatment of a person who has yellow skin of the hands, face or other areas of the body is carried out depending on the diagnosis that was established by the specialist. Sometimes, in the absence of serious diseases, the yellowness of the skin may disappear on its own after a while, without treatment.

As a rule, for diseases of the liver, biliary tract, complex treatment is prescribed. Already in the first days of therapy, the yellowing of the skin, as a rule, decreases. Comprehensive treatment may include medication, physiotherapy, surgery.

In newborns, signs of physiological yellowing of the skin disappear a few weeks after birth. However, the doctor must monitor the child's health in order not to miss the development of liver pathology. Sometimes newborns are given phototherapy: for a while, the baby is exposed to the glow of a fluorescent lamp. Under its action, bilirubin is destroyed and excreted from the body.

To prevent yellowing of the skin, one should be attentive to the state of health and consult a doctor at the first symptoms of diseases. Measures should be taken to prevent infection with viral hepatitis (protected sex, good hygiene).

Education: Graduated from the Rivne State Basic Medical College with a degree in Pharmacy. Graduated from the Vinnitsa State Medical University. M.I. Pirogov and an internship based on it.

Experience: From 2003 to 2013, she worked as a pharmacist and head of a pharmacy kiosk. Awarded with certificates and distinctions for long-term and conscientious work. Articles on medical topics were published in local publications (newspapers) and on various Internet portals.

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All materials presented on the site are for reference and informational purposes only and cannot be considered a method of treatment prescribed by a doctor or sufficient advice.

Source: what disease greenish skin tone. Yellowness of the skin

Skin is the largest organ in the human body. The skin is also the fastest growing organ. There are about a million cells for every square centimeter of skin.

Every hour we shed about 400 grams of skin particles per year. By the age of 70, we manage to throw off about 28 kilograms of skin from ourselves.

Consider some of the symptoms of diseases by skin tone.

Symptoms of diseases by skin tone

Pale skin tone is a symptom of anemia

Have you been often told lately that you are pale as a ghost? Do not be criminally frivolous. This pallor may be a symptom of anemia, in which the blood contains a reduced number of red blood cells. Although there are many types of anemia, the most common is iron deficiency anemia, which occurs when there is not enough iron in the diet. It is rare in men, but up to 20% of women and a huge number of pregnant women suffer from anemia - about 50%.

Another clear sign of anemia is fatigue, which is why this pathology is called “tired blood”. Other symptoms of anemia include weakness, shortness of breath, irritability, and brittle nails. The whites of the eyes (sclera) acquire a bluish tint. Although most often anemia in women is associated with diets or heavy menstruation, this disease occurs in men and women during menopause, with internal, especially gastrointestinal, bleeding. Anemia can be caused by bleeding from an ulcer or improper use of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In some cases, anemia develops as the first symptom of leukemia and other cancers, especially those associated with the stomach, colon, or esophagus.

Skin with a blue tint is a symptom of what disease?

Have you noticed that the skin has acquired some kind of bluish tint? This may be a sign of cyanosis - lack of oxygen in the blood. Oxygenated blood has a bright red color. As it loses oxygen, the color changes to slightly purple; if there is very little oxygen, the skin takes on a bluish tint. External changes can appear on the lips, nails, sometimes feet, nose and ears.

Sometimes cyanosis is provoked by external factors - for example, prolonged exposure to the cold or in cold water, or at high altitude. But a bluish skin tone that does not go away can warn of a variety of systemic disorders that block the access of oxygen to the blood. Including - about lung diseases: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Cyanosis also develops in cardiac pathologies.

Skin with a yellow tint is a symptom of what disease?

If the skin has acquired a yellowish tint, this is most likely a symptom of jaundice, in which the whites of the eyes turn yellow first. The yellow color appears due to an excess of bilirubin in the body - a yellow substance - a breakdown product of red blood cells. But if the skin has turned yellowish-orange, it may be due to carotenemia - a large amount of beta-carotene or vitamin A coming from dietary supplements or foods, such as carrots.

In some cases, yellowish skin tone is inherited in a non-hazardous form of jaundice called Gilbert's syndrome. But most often, such a change indicates pathologies such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver or pancreatic cancer. Jaundice is a symptom of hypothyroidism or infectious mononucleosis, a viral disease also known as "kissing disease."

Some people experience discoloration of areas of their skin that have been covered with perfume or cologne when exposed to the sun. The resulting spots in many cases remain forever. Signs of hyperthyroidism may be too dry skin, split ends and exfoliating nails.

Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes, which is especially noticeable on the sclera of the eyes, the lower surface of the tongue (if the tongue is raised to the upper palate), and also on the palms. It is here that yellowness manifests itself in the first place. Yellowing of the skin is also accompanied by darkening of the urine - urine "color of beer" - this symptom appears first.

Yellowing of the skin is most often a sign of high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Sometimes the skin turns yellow with an increased content of carotene in the blood, which happens when carrot or orange diets are abused.

Bilirubin is a blood pigment that is a breakdown product of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin, in turn, is an iron-containing protein that carries out a transport function for oxygen and carbon dioxide and is found in erythrocytes - red blood cells.

Bilirubin is either direct or indirect.

Formed after the breakdown of hemoglobin, bilirubin binds to a protein in the blood plasma. Such bilirubin is called indirect, it is not soluble in water and cannot be excreted from the body with urine or bile.

Indirect bilirubin enters the liver, where it undergoes a series of biochemical reactions, which leads to the formation of direct bilirubin. Direct bilirubin is freely excreted in the bile into the intestines, as well as in the urine.

The most common causes of jaundice.

Types of jaundice:

Depending on the level at which the process of removing bilirubin from the body suffers, 3 types of jaundice are distinguished:

Hemolytic jaundice occurs with the accelerated breakdown of hemoglobin, when so much bilirubin is formed that the liver does not have time to turn indirect bilirubin into direct. Therefore, with this type of jaundice, indirect bilirubin is increased.

Hepatic jaundice is caused by damage to the liver under the influence of any causes: viral hepatitis, drug or toxic liver damage, cirrhosis of the liver, alcohol damage, leptospirosis, pseudotuberculosis, etc. In this case, the content of direct bilirubin in the blood most often increases, which is explained by its reverse absorption into blood flow due to the inability of liver cells to process it.

Cholestatic jaundice. It is a consequence of a violation of the movement of bile due to blockage of the bile ducts. This can occur when the bile ducts or gallbladder are blocked by a stone or tumor. With cholestatic jaundice, direct bilirubin also increases to a greater extent, which is associated with its excessive accumulation in the bile ducts and reabsorption into the blood.

The most common causes of infectious jaundice are viral hepatitis A, B or C. In acute viral hepatitis, jaundice may be accompanied by fever, various dyspeptic symptoms - abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and impaired stool.

What are the dangers of folk remedies for jaundice

Do not try to treat jaundice yourself, it can lead to negative consequences. In the literature (including on the Internet) there are often folk recipes for the treatment of jaundice. There are those who recommend treatment with choleretic decoctions, but if jaundice is caused by stones in the gallbladder and bile ducts, then given treatment aggravate the condition. Don't expect complications! The sooner treatment begins under the supervision of a doctor, the easier it will be to cope with jaundice.

What to do when jaundice appears

When yellow staining skin, sclera of the eyes, palms, you must consult a doctor to find out the cause. If the condition is acute (poisoning, burns, etc.), it is necessary to call an ambulance.

Which doctors to contact for jaundice

emergency doctor

At the first sign of yellowing of the skin or mucous membranes, as well as dark urine, you should immediately consult a doctor!

If you begin to notice that your skin takes on a yellow tint, or the sclera becomes the same color, then you probably have contracted jaundice. Jaundice has never been an independent disease, and is more likely to be understood as a condition that indicates that something is wrong in the body and you need medical attention. Yellow "coloration" of the skin and sclera shows the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubins are yellow pigments or products of the natural breakdown of red blood cells that are in the liver.

Most often, bilirubin combines with the contents of the digestive system and "leaves" the body. However, if it was not completely eliminated, it accumulates, which will indicate the presence of infection, blockage of bile ducts, or other liver complications.

Symptoms

The sclera and skin acquire a yellow tint. Urine becomes dark brown (may resemble tea). Pale chair. You are feverish, chills. Frequent discomfort in the right upper abdomen. You lose your appetite, and maybe weight.

Difficulties

Newborns stop "sick" jaundice after a short period. But sometimes there is an inability to remove bilirubin from the body, which can lead to anemia, which can then become the beginning of an insufficient supply of blood to the tissues and cells of the body. As a result, it can lead to physical and mental retardation in development.

What are your reactions

Go less and even more so dine in cafes / restaurants where their cleanliness is questionable, also use contraception when having sexual relations with a partner who is infected.

Call your doctor if you notice even one sign of jaundice.

The medicine should be taken only as prescribed by your doctor and consult with him about any disorders or deterioration in health. Follow the execution of all instructions of the doctor, they must be fulfilled. You may not realize that the treatment process may change due to the causes of jaundice, but it's true. When you feel much better, the yellow skin tone may disappear.

How can a doctor help

We recommend that you consult a doctor, and the sooner the better for your health. Jaundice can be cured different ways, and it depends only on the causes of the disease. Your doctor will tell you to take a blood test, check your liver function, take a liver biopsy, and sometimes give you special radiation to identify the cause of the disease and decide on the best treatment. Treatment may include medication, surgery, depending on the cause of the jaundice. If you use phototherapy, then due to radiation, bilirubin breaks down and becomes much better excreted. In some cases, neonatal jaundice is due to atresia of the bile ducts (lack of gaps). In this case, an operation is necessary during the first six weeks of the child's existence, it is this period and methods that can help achieve significant improvements in the child's condition.

I am shocked and upset - my child and I have yellow skin. Not everywhere, but in spots: yellow skin on the face, the child has a yellow ear, a large uneven yellow spot on the arm, yellow skin on the stomach and on the leg. All my fingers and palms are yellowish, and there are spots on my face. I am horrified, I discovered all this now in the evening after a walk. Why can the skin turn yellow, what to do? Oh, I'm afraid of the worst - jaundice. But none of us got sick with it and there were no contacts with outsiders, and jaundice is transmitted through the hands, as far as I know. I don’t want to call an ambulance, it’s better to wait for the district police officer tomorrow from the clinic, but I won’t sleep all night for sure, I’ll tear my hair out.

Or is an ambulance better? What to do, who has experience?

1. Massage the inside of your palm.

2. Yawn. In this way, you will get more oxygen and relax your facial muscles.

3. Prepare a decoction of viburnum. This drink is very relaxing.

4. Do a contrast shower. This helps to "reboot" your body.

5. Listen to relaxing music.

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Skin color was originally determined by the race to which a person belongs. And if you are the owner fair skin, With pink tint and a blush on the cheeks, which means that the appearance of an unusual and frightening yellowish color of the epidermis indicates some kind of malfunction in the body.

What could be the reason

As a rule, the yellow color of the skin is associated with problems that occur in the body. Usually, a yellow tint of the skin appears with an excessive amount of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a blood pigment that is part of its composition. It is a breakdown product of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein that has a transport function in the body, it also binds oxygen molecules, so yellow facial skin is usually associated with hepatitis, a liver disease. Perhaps there was a blockage of the bile ducts.

If the eyelids and iris of the eyes turn yellow, most likely, lipid metabolism is disturbed or cholesterol is elevated.

Thyroid dysfunction can also lead to yellowing of the skin. There is simply a lack of enzymes that break down beta-carotene.

Some diseases of the digestive or excretory systems cause yellow skin.

Sometimes yellowish skin indicates a developing cancer.

Perhaps, apart from the unnatural color, nothing else bothers. However, if you suddenly notice that your skin has acquired an unusual yellow tint, you should immediately consult a doctor, as this may be a sign of an illness even before pain occurs.

In any case, you cannot make a diagnosis on your own, but it is risky, especially under such circumstances. A medical examination will be required. Don't wait more than a few days.

Causes of yellow skin that you can influence

However, sometimes the yellow color of the skin can have a completely different explanation, which is not associated with dysfunction of individual organs or diseases. There are simply too many foods containing beta-carotene in the human diet, which causes increased skin pigmentation. There is a lot of beta-carotene in raw carrots, and a large intake of it can give the skin a yellow tint. Oranges and pumpkins can also cause yellowing of the skin.

When using products with a high content of carotenes in home cosmetics, it is possible to get this specific shade. Some medicines can make the body yellow.

Eliminate yellow tint from skin

Having found out the causes, you can begin to get rid of the consequences. If the examination showed some kind of health problem, first of all, you need to direct all your efforts to treatment. Usually during treatment, simultaneously with recovery, the yellow color of the skin goes away by itself. And in addition to this, you can make some efforts to return a normal and healthy skin color.

In the absence of diseases that could cause such a nuisance, you can relax for a while and begin to eliminate yellowness.

This can help:

• rejection of bad habits;
• walks in the open air;
• an active lifestyle, in which there is a place for regular physical activity;
• avoid stressful situations;
• proper sleep and rest;
• a balanced diet that excludes unhealthy foods;

replenishment of the diet with some products that are directly related to an increase in the level of hemoglobin in the blood. For example, cabbage, onion, garlic and radish, figs, soft-boiled eggs and meat with blood, adding pepper and dill, cloves and calamus to food, and a little wine.

Learn to enjoy every day of your life and stay positive, this also helps to improve the complexion.

Yellow skin in a person is a sign of the presence of serious dysfunctions of internal organs. This phenomenon in medicine is associated with an excessive accumulation of bilirubin in the blood, as a result of which it appears on the surface of the skin with yellow spots and slight swelling.

Yellow palms and back indicate an increased concentration of carotene in the human body.

So-called "citrus diets" also often lead to yellowing of the skin. However, these are only the most relatively harmless factors that cause a similar reaction in the body. In addition to them, there are a number of severe and very dangerous pathologies that can threaten the health, and in more serious cases, even the life of the patient.

What are these ailments? And how to deal with them in order to achieve the maximum effect of therapy?

Causes of yellowing of the skin and varieties of jaundice

If the yellowness of the skin is in no way associated with a deterioration in the function of removing bilirubin from the human body, then in this case, 3 types of jaundice are divided in medicine.

Hemolytic jaundice develops when indirect bilirubin is converted into direct bilirubin too slowly. This process occurs due to the fact that the hemoglobin in the human blood breaks down too quickly, so the liver simply does not have time to cope with it. As a result, a person may notice the appearance of yellow spots on his skin. The presence of associated symptoms depends on how severe the ailment is.

Hepatic jaundice develops against the background of diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver enlargement due to regular use of alcoholic beverages, chronic or acute hepatic colic, cholecystitis, leptospirosis, etc. Such jaundice is caused by reabsorption of direct bilirubin into the blood due to liver dysfunction. This pathology becomes one of the main causes of yellowing of the skin, as well as itching throughout the body.

Cholestatic jaundice is provoked by clogging of the ducts through which bile flows. Due to such a failure, it cannot circulate normally and accumulates in the liver tissues. This is what causes yellow skin. If you notice suspicious ones in yourself, consult a doctor immediately: liver problems are often fatal, especially in cases where the patient puts off going to the doctor and tries to self-medicate.

Why is human skin yellower: dangerous diseases and other factors

A yellowish skin tone is observed in people who suffer from pathologies such as:

Factors that can also cause yellowness of the skin of the whole body are:

• Drug poisoning.
• Alcohol intoxication.
• Poison poisoning.
• Extensive and deep burns (especially 3-4 degrees).
• Hemorrhages.

Whatever causes a yellow skin tone, a person will not be able to figure out the situation on his own. In this case, a medical consultation is indicated:

After passing the tests prescribed by the attending physician, it will be possible to judge what exactly caused the yellow color of the face and other parts of the body.

Yellowish complexion and body, not associated with the work of the liver and biliary tract

Doctors say that if a person's hands turn yellow, then this is a clear sign of illness. They should not be neglected in order to prevent severe pathology. However, it is worth noting that yellow skin color can appear not only in an adult, but also in an infant. What does this mean, and what anomaly is it a sign of?

Neonatal jaundice is one of the most common phenomena found in infants. This fact frightens many new parents, because they do not know why the skin of a child who has just been born turns yellow.

In fact, there is nothing wrong with this. Newborn jaundice is a kind of reaction of the child's body to a sharp change in the environment. Indeed, over a long period of time, the baby grew and developed in his mother's tummy, without experiencing any adverse external influences. The amniotic fluid reliably protected him, and when this protection disappeared, the newborn's body had to urgently adapt to completely new living conditions.

As a rule, such jaundice disappears within 2-3 weeks, although there are cases when it lasts much longer. This is due to the fact that the production of bilirubin by the infant organism occurs in very large quantities, and its small and still poorly developed liver simply does not have time to cope with the breakdown product of hemoglobin. At the same time, parents notice the yellowish color not only of the child's skin, but also of the whites of his eyes.

There is no reason to panic if the baby does not feel worse, cough, vomit, cramps or pain in the right side. If you find such symptoms, do not postpone a visit to a neonatologist - he will tell you which doctor you should contact to prevent the development of a dangerous liver or biliary tract disease in a newborn baby.

Thyroid disorders can also be a reasonable explanation for why the hands are yellow. At the same time, jaundice can also affect the face and the whole body, located in its areas in the form of spots or continuous stripes. If the yellowing of the epidermis is accompanied by excessive sweating, dizziness, thirst, then you should consult an endocrinologist - such symptoms may signal diabetes mellitus.

How to get rid of yellowness on the skin?

A yellow face is not only dangerous, but also ugly, so you need to get rid of it as soon as possible. However, before making any decisions and taking decisive action, you need to determine the exact cause, and only a doctor can do this.

To find out what failure caused the yellowing of the palms of the hands or the whole body, you will need to take a blood test from a finger for sugar or cholesterol, a urine test, blood from a vein. These are the most frequent clinical studies, although doctors often prescribe several additional ones to make sure that the preliminary diagnosis is correct.

If the patient has a suspicion of cirrhosis or other liver diseases, he is sent for an ultrasound scan. In extreme cases, a biopsy of the liver tissue is performed: a thin needle is inserted into the organ, and with its help a small piece of tissue is rejected, which later undergoes a thorough examination under a microscope.

Not always the skin turns yellow due to some kind of disease. Sometimes yellowness disappears as suddenly as it appeared, and a person does not have to take any measures for this. But if the yellowing of the epidermis was provoked by an ailment, then therapy is prescribed exclusively by the attending physician, depending on the diagnosis.

Yellowish skin color associated with liver diseases is treated with special preparations aimed at restoring its normal functions and cell renewal: Enerliv, Karsil, Gepabene.

If there is a significant increase in cholesterol, statins are prescribed for its treatment: Lovastatin, Fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, etc.

In the case of diabetes mellitus with low insulin levels, medications are prescribed to compensate for its deficiency (for example, Humodar).

Surgery is performed for gallstones. If the situation is not yet too serious, conservative treatments are used, which involve taking drugs based on ursodeoxycholic acid. It dissolves stones if there are no more than 3 of them, and if they are no larger than 1 cm in diameter.

As you can see, getting rid of yellowness in all parts of the body directly depends on what pathology provoked their appearance. If you turn to a specialist for help in time, serious complications can be avoided, and no diseases will no longer threaten the health and normal functioning of the human body.

The cardiovascular system is a vital organic mechanism that provides various functions. For diagnosis, various indicators are used, the deviation of which may indicate the presence.

Source: Causes, types and symptoms. Treatment of jaundice

What is jaundice?

Causes of jaundice

The pathogenesis of jaundice

• obstruction of the biliary tract and gallbladder;
• pathology of the liver hepatitis, cirrhosis);
• premature destruction of red blood cells.

Obstruction of the biliary tract

Total or partial obstruction of the biliary tract is one of the most common causes jaundice. At the same time, jaundice develops, which is called mechanical or subhepatic. The name of jaundice in this case reflects the cause of the disease. With obstructive jaundice, an increase in the concentration of bilirubin in the blood occurs due to blockage of the ducts. Blockage of the biliary tract can be triggered by various pathologies.

• stones of the gallbladder or biliary tract;
• pancreas cancer;
• cyst localized in the head of the pancreas;
• tumors of the bile ducts;
• stenoses ( narrowing) biliary tract.

These and many other pathologies can cause complete or partial blockage of the biliary tract. This, in turn, leads to a violation of the outflow of bile and its accumulation in the biliary tract. Over time, the pressure in the ducts increases, and bile, trying to find an outflow path, begins to saturate the walls of the gallbladder. As a result, bilirubin and bile acids are released into the blood. The content of bilirubin in the blood plasma begins to exceed the norm. The skin and mucous membranes quickly become icteric.

Various liver diseases provoke the development of true or so-called "parenchymal" jaundice. Most often, parenchymal jaundice is based on an infectious or toxic lesion of liver cells ( hepatocytes).

• acute hepatitis;
• exacerbation of chronic hepatitis;
• cirrhosis of the liver, including primary biliary cirrhosis;
• systematic use of alcohol;
• mushroom intoxication;
• sepsis;
• mononucleosis;
• leptospirosis;
• exposure to certain viruses, poisons.

These diseases are based on a violation of the metabolism, capture and transport of bilirubin in hepatocytes, which leads to the development of cytolytic and cholestatic syndrome. The first syndrome reflects the process of cell destruction ( cyto-cell, lysis - destruction), which occurs with the release of bilirubin. Cholestatic syndrome is characterized by stagnation of bile and a decrease in its flow into the intestine. These two syndromes determine the clinical picture of parenchymal jaundice. The color of the skin in this type of jaundice is reddish ( "red jaundice"). As with other types of jaundice, the sclera, the soft palate, and then the skin are stained first. As a result of the destruction of hepatocytes ( which already contain pigments) bilirubin enters the lymphatic and blood vessels. Once in the bloodstream, bilirubin stains the skin and sclera yellow.

thymoleptics ( mood stabilizers)

Premature destruction of red blood cells

Premature destruction of red blood cells underlies hemolytic or suprahepatic jaundice. In this case, an increase in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood occurs due to the intensive breakdown of erythrocytes and, as a result, excessive production of indirect bilirubin ( since erythrocytes contain indirect bilirubin). The phenomenon of massive breakdown of erythrocytes can be observed in the pathology of the spleen, namely in primary and secondary hypersplenism. Anemia can also be the cause of the intense breakdown of red blood cells.

Depending on how high the level of bilirubin is, there are several degrees of severity of jaundice.

The severity of jaundice

• a mild form of jaundice with a bilirubin concentration of up to 85 micromoles per liter;
• moderate form of jaundice with a concentration of bilirubin from 86 to 169 micromoles per liter;
• a severe form of jaundice with an increase in the level of bilirubin over 170 micromoles per liter.

How bright is the staining of the skin and mucous membranes ( intensity of jaundice), depends on skin color, bilirubin concentration and tissue blood supply. Initially, the visible mucous membranes, that is, the sclera, are stained. That is why, if a liver pathology is suspected, the doctor initially examines the patient's sclera.

Types of jaundice

• mechanical jaundice ( subhepatic);
• hemolytic jaundice ( suprahepatic);
• hepatic jaundice ( parenchymal).

Mechanical jaundice

• severe itching;
• icteric coloration of the skin and mucous membranes;
• weight loss.

Severe itching

Since obstructive jaundice releases a large amount of bile acids into the blood ( bile components), there is a pronounced pruritus. It significantly impairs the patient's quality of life, often causing sleepless nights. Skin itching with obstructive jaundice is due to irritation of nerve endings by bile acids.

The intensity of jaundice depends on the concentration of bilirubin in the blood. As a rule, with obstructive jaundice, the increase in the concentration of bilirubin occurs very quickly. Therefore, the coloring of the skin is always expressed very brightly. A feature of obstructive jaundice is a greenish tint of the skin.

Due to the fact that bile does not enter the intestinal lumen, there is no absorption of fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. Recall that bile performs essential role during the digestion of food. It breaks down fats into small molecules, facilitating their absorption. Also, thanks to the components of bile, vitamins A, D, E and K are absorbed. Therefore, often with obstruction of the gallbladder ( or other mechanical reason) patients quickly begin to lose weight.

As a rule, the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice is not difficult. Very often the cause is gallstones or cholangitis ( inflammation in the bile ducts). In this case, Charcot's triad is observed - pain in the right hypochondrium, fever and jaundice. The pain that the patient complains about is very severe, almost unbearable. The patient rushes about, cannot sit down. The main method of diagnosis is usually ultrasonography (ultrasound). characteristic feature blockade of the biliary tract on ultrasound is the expansion of the bile ducts ( biliary hypertension).

Hemolytic jaundice

The reasons for the massive breakdown of red blood cells can be anemia, the ingestion of various poisons and toxins that lead to the destruction of red blood cells.

• jaundice bright lemon color;
• splenomegaly;
• blood changes.

With hemolytic jaundice, the skin is distinguished by its bright lemon color. The degree of yellowness is moderate. The reason for staining the skin yellow is the circulation in the blood increased amount indirect bilirubin. As with other types of jaundice, the mucous membranes stain first ( sclera and soft palate), and then the skin itself. Hemolytic jaundice is always accompanied by anemia, as there is a breakdown of red blood cells. If anemia is very severe ( hemoglobin concentration decreases by less than 70 grams per liter), then jaundice may be inferior to pale skin. Itching is moderate or absent.

Splenomegaly is a syndrome characterized by an enlarged spleen. The increase in the size of the spleen depends on the intensity of hemolysis ( destruction of erythrocytes). Often splenomegaly is accompanied by hepatomegaly ( liver enlargement). Urine and feces with hemolytic jaundice acquire an intensely dark color.

In the blood with hemolytic jaundice, the concentration of indirect bilirubin sharply increases, while the level of direct ( related) remains within the normal range. Also, a large number of young and immature erythrocytes appear in the blood, which replace the destroyed ones. This phenomenon is called reticulocytosis ( young forms of red blood cells are called reticulocytes) and is characteristic of all hemolytic jaundices. Another indicator hemolytic jaundice is elevated level serum iron. Liver tests and cholesterol were within normal limits.

Hepatic jaundice

• infectious and toxic hepatitis;
• viral hepatitis B, C, D;
• biliary cirrhosis of the liver;
• drug intoxication.

As a result of the destructive action of a virus or drug ( depending on the cause of jaundice) liver cells are destroyed. From the destroyed hepatocytes, bile pigments, including bilirubin, enter the lymphatic and blood vessels. Most of the bilirubin enters the urine and stains it dark. Less bilirubin enters the intestine, so the stool with parenchymal jaundice is always light.

The clinical picture of parenchymal jaundice is determined by its causes. If jaundice is based on intoxication, then symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain will be present. Jaundice in this case is characterized by a saffron hue, as a result of which the patient's skin becomes red. If the course of jaundice is delayed, and there is no adequate treatment, the skin may acquire a greenish tint. Parenchymal jaundice is also associated skin itching, however, it is less pronounced than with obstructive jaundice. In the blood, the level of all liver enzymes increases - aminotransferase, aldolase, phosphatase. Urine turns dark shade of beer). On palpation, the liver is enlarged, dense and painful. Often hepatic jaundice can be complicated by hemorrhagic syndrome.

Jaundice in newborns

Physiological jaundice of newborns

The cause of icteric staining of tissues in newborns is the immaturity of the systems that are responsible for the exchange and excretion of bilirubin ( substance resulting from the breakdown of red blood cells). In the human body, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted naturally. At the time of intrauterine development, the mother's body "helps" to process the fetal bilirubin. After birth children's body does not cope on its own with the "neutralization" of the entire volume of the bile pigment. In addition, after birth, the level of bilirubin in the blood increases significantly. This happens because at intrauterine development the fetus needs more red blood cells, and after birth, the need for them decreases. Red blood cells begin to break down, forming bilirubin. The increased amount of bilirubin, combined with the immaturity of the child's liver, leads to the fact that the pigment begins to accumulate in the body of the newborn. There are a number of factors that increase the likelihood of a newborn developing physiological type jaundice.

• unbalanced diet of the expectant mother;
• use of tobacco products and other bad habits of a woman;
• the presence of diabetes in a pregnant woman;
• iodine deficiency during gestation;
• the use of certain drugs;
• general unsatisfactory physical state women.

All these moments negatively affect the development of the fetus, as a result of which the child is born with an unformed enzymatic system, and his body cannot cope with the removal of bilirubin.

The only symptom of physiological jaundice is a yellowish tint to the skin. At the same time, the child's behavior corresponds to the norm - he is active, does not act up, eats well. Sometimes, with a pronounced staining of the skin, the baby may be too sleepy, lethargic to eat. The level of hemoglobin during testing is normal, feces and urine have a natural color.

Physiological jaundice does not require medical attention. In some cases, the newborn is given intravenous glucose. Most effective method treatment for this condition is breast-feeding. Breast milk is especially effective in the first days after birth, as it has a mild laxative effect, as a result of which the bile pigment is more quickly excreted along with feces.

Physiological jaundice does not pose any threat to the further growth and development of the newborn.

Pathological neonatal jaundice

Regardless of the cause that provoked pathological jaundice, there are a number of common symptoms this state.

• in the pathological form of jaundice, skin staining is more intense;
• icteric shade can be observed on visible mucous membranes ( e.g. in the mouth) and eye sclera;
• in addition to yellowness, petechial hemorrhages and bruises may be present on the skin;
• The hallmark of pathological jaundice is its undulating course ( skin color may begin to recover and then become icteric again);
• the child's behavior is inhibited and lethargic, he refuses food or eats reluctantly;
• there may be increased muscle tone, monotonous crying;
• often urine becomes darker, and feces, on the contrary, become discolored;
• with the progression of pathological jaundice, symptoms such as convulsions, slowing of the heart rate, severe piercing crying can also develop;
• in severe cases, the newborn may fall into a stupor or coma.

In addition to the general symptoms, there are some specific signs pathological jaundice, the nature of which is determined by the cause that provoked this condition.

To date, there are more than 50 factors that can result in pathological jaundice.

• Abnormal structure of erythrocytes. It is a congenital disease in which yellowness of the skin is accompanied by an increase in the liver and spleen. Subsequently, the child develops anemia.
• Incompatibility of the Rh factor, blood group or other blood parameters of the mother and fetus. It provokes an increased breakdown of red blood cells, as a result of which pathological jaundice develops, in which the skin acquires a pronounced yellow tint.
• Cephalhematoma ( accumulation of blood under the periosteum of the cranial bones). A hematoma is formed due to injuries that a child can receive when passing through the birth canal or due to wrong position in the womb. When the hematoma resolves, hemoglobin breakdown products enter the bloodstream, as a result of which the skin acquires a characteristic shade.
• Gilbert's syndrome. In this disease, the process of removing bilirubin from the body is disrupted due to the abnormal structure of hepatocytes ( liver cells). Often such pathological jaundice is diagnosed as physiological.
• Crigler-Najjar syndrome. Serious disease inherited, in which the nervous system of the child is affected. Jaundice manifests itself in the first hours after birth.
• Dubin-Johnson Syndrome. Congenital pathology, which is characterized by a violation of the process of removing bilirubin from the liver. Staining of the skin is weak or moderate, the liver may be slightly enlarged.
• Features of the composition of breast milk. In some cases, breast milk contains increased concentration fatty acids and other substances that disrupt the process of removing bilirubin in a newborn. Unlike other forms of pathological jaundice, in this case, skin staining occurs on day 3 and persists for 1 to 2 months. When transferred to artificial feeding, the manifestations of jaundice are significantly reduced.
• Hormone deficiency in a newborn. With insufficient thyroid function in a child, the maturation of enzymes that are responsible for the proper metabolism of bilirubin is blocked. Yellow skin tone persists long time, in some cases up to 20 weeks. Pathological jaundice is accompanied by dry skin, swelling, lethargy. Also, this pathology is characterized by an increase in the abdomen, digestive disorders ( constipation or diarrhea), low temperature body, low rough voice.
• Liver damage of a viral or bacterial nature. Yellowness can appear both immediately after birth, and after a few weeks. In addition to the main symptoms, there are signs such as bloating, vomiting, enlargement and hardening of the liver.
• Abnormal structure of the biliary tract. With this pathology, the lumen of the biliary tract is narrowed or completely clogged. Because of this, the outflow of bile is disturbed, and bilirubin enters the bloodstream. Initially yellow skin gradually acquires a greenish tint. At the same time, the liver significantly increases in size, dilated veins appear on the abdomen.

Consequences

In the absence of timely and correctly prescribed treatment, pathological jaundice can lead to various serious complications. The consequences of such a condition can manifest themselves both within a short time and at an older age.

• Toxic poisoning. With an excess of bilirubin, this substance begins to accumulate in adipose tissue and other body structures, which can lead to intoxication.
• Albuminemia. High level bilirubin leads to a decrease in the amount of albumin protein in the blood. This condition is accompanied by severe swelling, diarrhea.
• Bilirubin encephalopathy. Damage to the brain, which develops as a result of exposure to bilirubin. Accompanied by convulsions, hearing impairment, paralysis and can lead to mental and physical development child.

Prevention of jaundice in newborns

• the woman's age is less than 18 or older than 40;
• the presence of abortions and / or miscarriages in history;
• previously transferred premature birth;
• smoking and other bad habits during pregnancy;
• diabetes mellitus in a pregnant woman;
• intrauterine infections;
• negative Rh factor of blood;
• jaundice in previously born children.

Women who are part of the group increased risk, it is necessary to be observed by a doctor from the moment of planning and throughout the entire period of pregnancy. At negative Rh factor special drugs are prescribed to bind Rh antibodies. During pregnancy, a woman should follow a balanced diet, limit the influence of stress and other factors that may have adverse effect on fetal development.

Symptoms of jaundice

In addition to the main symptoms for jaundice, the symptoms of the disease that causes jaundice are also characteristic.

• discoloration of urine and feces;
• change in skin color;
• skin itching;
• changes in the blood picture.

Urine and feces for jaundice

Stool is light or discolored

Beer-colored urine, bilirubin and urobilin are present.

Dark brown, bilirubin present.

Urine acquires a dark color due to the content of urobilinogen and stercobilinogen in it.

Itching with jaundice

Skin with jaundice

However, even before the staining of the skin, the visible mucous membranes, namely the sclera, initially turn yellow. Often the patient, being very attentive to his appearance, may himself notice that the sclera of the eyes have changed their color. After the mucous membranes, the skin is already stained.

Differential diagnosis of jaundice

• skin itching;
• digestive difficulties;
• a sharp decrease in body weight;
• yellowing of the skin;
• pain in the right hypochondrium.

The doctor carefully asks the patient how these symptoms evolved, when they appeared, how quickly they developed, what preceded them, whether the patient ate food rich in carotene.

Examination of the patient begins with a more detailed study of his mucous membranes ( soft palate and sclera) and skin. Next, the doctor proceeds to palpation of the abdomen, liver and spleen. The abdomen of a patient with jaundice may be slightly swollen and tender. Next, the liver and spleen are palpated. With hemolytic anemia, the spleen is always enlarged due to the breakdown of red blood cells, and with hepatic jaundice, the liver is enlarged. With obstruction of the gallbladder, local tenderness may be detected.

Bilirubin and other tests for jaundice

Increased concentration of direct bilirubin.

Increased concentration of indirect bilirubin.

The concentration of ALAT and ASAT was significantly increased.

Significantly increased all enzymes - alkaline phosphatase ( AP), ALAT, ASAT.

Enzymes are moderately elevated.

An increase in the number of leukocytes ( leukocytosis), an increase in ESR.

Anemia, reticulocytosis, increased ESR.

Decreased in severe hepatitis.

Ultrasonography ( ultrasound) with jaundice

Treatment of jaundice

• The cause is treated, that is, the underlying disease, not the symptom. If the pathology is based on viral hepatitis, then antiviral agents are prescribed. In the case of obstructive jaundice, only surgical intervention will help the patient. The operations used for obstructive jaundice are varied and depend on the cause and level of bile outflow obstruction. If the cause of jaundice is toxic medications, then they are urgently canceled.

• Diet is the mainstay of treatment. The intake of fats and triglycerides is limited to 40 grams per day.
• Enzymes are also mandatory. Creon is the standard for enzyme therapy. In parallel with enzymes, fat-soluble vitamins are prescribed - A, D, E, K. The dose of prescribed vitamins depends on the degree of their deficiency in the body.
• With non-obstructive cholestasis ( that is, with stagnation of bile without the presence of stones) Ursodeoxycholic acid is prescribed. It is produced under the name Ursosan, Ursofalk.
• All patients are required to be hospitalized.

The treatment of jaundice can also be attributed to the treatment of this disease with the help of special dietary supplements of the world famous Tianshi Corporation. To date, this system of treatment is divided into three stages. The first stage involves the use of such bioadditives as Cordyceps, Holican, Chitosan. The second stage is based on the application of San-gao, Weikang and Ant Powder. And, finally, during the third stage of jaundice treatment, you will need to purchase such dietary supplements as Biocalcium, Zinc Plus and Digest natural. Correct use all of the above supplements will help to detoxify the body, overcome the virus, restore the membranes of liver cells, and also restore disturbed metabolic processes to normal. There are a lot of treatments for jaundice. Which of them will be offered to a particular patient will be decided directly by the specialist doctor.

Treatment of obstructive jaundice

• endoscopic methods with lithotripsy ( destruction of stones), lithoextraction ( extraction of stones) and drainage of ducts;
• percutaneous cholangiostomy with external or internal drainage;

Direct surgical interventions

• laparoscopic drainage, can be performed through a cholecystostomy hole;
• reconstructive operations on the biliary tract with the imposition of bilio-intestinal anastomoses ( connections between the bile ducts and intestines).

Radical surgery

Laparotomy with removal of the gallbladder is performed only when the above methods have proven to be ineffective.

The second stage of treatment includes intensive fluid therapy and forced diuresis ( urine output). For this purpose, an intravenous drip infusion of glucose solutions with insulin, saline solutions, hemodez and blood substitutes is carried out. Also conservative treatment includes vitamin therapy and drugs that improve liver function. These include cocarboxylase, sirepar, Essentiale. Amino acids are also prescribed methionine) and metabolic stimulants ( pentoxyl). Some experts consider it appropriate to prescribe prednisolone.

Treatment of hepatic jaundice

• carsil;
• heptral;
• hepabene;
• essentiale.

• lamivudine;
• tenofovir;
• entecavir.

Viral hepatitis B, C.

• pegasis;
• pegintron.

Viral hepatitis B, C, D.

Treatment of jaundice in newborns

For phototherapy sessions, an ultraviolet lamp is used, under the influence of which the process of breakdown and excretion of bilirubin is accelerated. Fluorescent lamps may also be used. To achieve maximum effect, it is advisable to use both types of lamps.

• The light source is placed above the bed or couveuse ( special camera) child. The eyes and genitals of the child are covered with a special bandage.
• The session time depends on the amount of bilirubin in the blood. At low and medium rates, phototherapy is carried out intermittently. With high values ​​of bilirubin, the child is constantly under the lamp until his condition improves.
• During the session, the child should not remain in one position. Therefore, every hour the health worker turns the newborn over.
• The child's body temperature is checked every two hours. This will prevent overheating of the newborn.
• The amount of fluid a child consumes during phototherapy should be increased by 20 percent. This is necessary to prevent dehydration. It is also recommended to continue breastfeeding during treatment.

In some cases, during phototherapy, phenomena such as increased dryness of the skin, peeling, rash are observed. Feces can change color due to the withdrawal of a large amount of bilirubin. Often the child becomes more drowsy, lethargic.

Infusion therapy is the introduction into the body, most often intravenously, of various medicinal solutions. Such treatment is prescribed during phototherapy to restore fluid volume, if it is not possible to water the child naturally. Infusion therapy is also indicated for vomiting and frequent regurgitation, and in other conditions in which the newborn loses a lot of fluid.

In some cases, the introduction of a solution of glucose and sodium chloride is prescribed in order to eliminate the consequences of intoxication and speed up the process of removing the bile pigment. With a decrease in the level of protein in the blood, the introduction of an albumin solution is indicated.

aim drug therapy is the acceleration of the process of removing bilirubin from the body of a newborn. For this, various adsorbents, drugs that improve the functionality of the liver, and drugs to stimulate metabolism are used.

• Activated carbon. One of the most affordable sorbents. Long-term use of the drug is not recommended, as activated charcoal particles can injure the intestinal mucosa.
• Enterosgel. Sorbent based on organic silicon, which has a pronounced detoxification effect.
• Polysorb. An effective drug with a sorbent ( absorbent) action, made on the basis of silicon dioxide.
• Magnesia. It is prescribed both inside and in the form of electrophoresis on the projection area of ​​the liver. Has a choleretic effect.
• Hofitol. It is made from artichoke leaves and is prescribed to improve liver function and activate metabolic processes.
• Hepel. A medicine based on 8 herbal ingredients. It is prescribed to normalize the functioning of the liver and gallbladder.
• Ursofalk. The drug is made on the basis of ursodeoxycholic acid, which has a pronounced choleretic effect. Also, the drug stimulates immune function.

P.S.: If you suddenly find symptoms of jaundice, contact your doctor immediately.

After discharge on the 3rd day, the eye sclera turned yellow again. What could it be?

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Yellow complexion is a consequence of an excess of bilirubin in the body. This is a pigment formed as a result of the decomposition of dead red cells in the liver. Most often, yellowing of the skin indicates problems with liver function. But sometimes this phenomenon is the body's reaction to changes in the diet. What else does a yellow complexion mean and is it always dangerous to health?

Yellow complexion due to malnutrition

A common cause of a pale yellow complexion is unlimited consumption of salads high in carrots and carrot juices. Yellowness of the skin can also appear with an excess of carotene in the body. This happens if you eat a lot of yellow fruits and vegetables that contain this substance, such as tangerines and oranges. The accumulation of bile is caused by such spices as tumin and cumin. Do not use them in large quantities in cooking.

Very often, a yellow complexion is observed with starvation and alcoholism. People also face this problem after:

• strong physical exertion;
• prolonged depression;
• regular lack of sleep;
• prolonged exposure to direct sunlight.

What diseases lead to yellowing of the skin on the face?

Be sure to consult a doctor if you have bruises under the eyes and a yellow complexion - the causes of this phenomenon may be associated with serious diseases. This symptom indicates a violation of the functioning of the biliary tract. Severe yellowing of the skin of the face is also observed with:

• poisoning with medicines or toxic substances;
• hemorrhages;
• burns.

If the skin color is pale yellow and there are yellow spots on the iris, most likely lipid metabolism is disturbed in the body and cholesterol is significantly increased. Yellowness also occurs in oncological diseases.

In cases where the shade of the skin becomes yellow-orange, you should consult an endocrinologist. This may be a symptom of hypothyroidism. With this disease, the functioning of the thyroid gland is disrupted and an insufficient amount of substances that process beta-carotene is noted in the body. As a result, carotene accumulates in subcutaneous fat. Hypothyroidism has no other obvious signs, so patients do not understand why they have a yellow complexion, and do not go to the doctor for a long time, which leads to serious complications.

Slight jaundice is commonly seen in patients with splenic and gastric involvement and in those who are obese.

Yellow complexion in liver disease

A bright yellow and yellow-green complexion appears in various diseases of the liver. Most often, this symptom indicates:

• hepatitis (acute or chronic);
• cirrhosis;
• Gilbert's syndrome.

As a rule, with these ailments, in addition to yellowing of the skin, the patient has pale stools, abdominal pain and dark urine.

One of the common causes of a yellow complexion is diseases of the hepatic veins. These include:

• Budd-Chiari syndrome;
• intrahepatic arteriovenous fistulas;
• portal hypertension;
• pylephlebitis (purulent inflammation of the portal vein).

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