What increases during pregnancy. Weight gain during pregnancy. Changes in the body during pregnancy: the cardiovascular system, blood pressure and blood composition

Since the birth of life on earth, the purpose of a woman is the continuation of the human race. The structure of her internal organs suggests the possibility of functioning in the state of bearing a child. The body quickly adapts to increased stress and changes, creating favorable conditions for the development of the fetus and the subsequent resolution of pregnancy. Many processes in a woman's body are rebuilt, the organs change their size and location, they adapt to new, temporary conditions. In the third trimester of pregnancy, the internal organs of a woman, due to the growth of the fetus, become crowded. Increasing, the uterus presses and displaces more and more internal organs small pelvis.

1. From the first days of pregnancy, a woman feels signs of change. are changing taste sensations: The expectant mother has a craving for salty, sour or sweet foods. Non-acceptance by the body of some products, and vice versa, an acute desire to consume specific foods, such as chalk or soap. Including a sharply negative reaction to various odors.
2. Pregnancy often manifests itself in increased appetite. This is not surprising, because the growth of a new life requires building material, vitamins and various nutrients. In addition, there is a global change hormonal background, which can manifest itself in the form of nervousness, irritability and sudden emotional swings.
3. Without a doubt, external signs manifestations of the pregnancy process are evident, but this is only the tip of the Iceberg, because the reason for this is global internal changes.

Uterus and external genitalia

1. First of all, after conception, the organs of the reproductive system of the mother begin their changes. Immediately after the implantation of the fetal egg, the uterus begins to increase in size. If in the normal state its weight is from 19.8 to 26 g, then in the middle of the term it reaches up to 50 g, and on recent weeks up to 1 kg and in height reaches top edge sternum. By the time of delivery, its internal volume increases by more than 500 times.
2. By the end of the first month of pregnancy, the uterus is the size of a chicken egg, and at the end of the term it looks like a filled bag. Its outer part, visible with the help of mirrors, pale pink with a smooth surface. The inside of the uterus during pregnancy, which can be seen with the help of photos taken with an endoscopic device for examining internal organs, looks velvety and loose.
3. During childbirth, the uterus contracts dynamically, which contributes to the birth of a child. Spasms occur through muscle fibers, the number and length of which increases rapidly from the moment of conception.
4. The inner mucous surface of the uterus loosens during pregnancy, its walls become elastic and supple.
5. The outer labia also lend themselves to change, become elastic, increase in size, change color.

All these changes are aimed at facilitating the appearance of the child and its unhindered passage through the birth canal.

Changes in the circulatory and cardiovascular system

heart during pregnancy

1. No matter how strange it may sound, but the circulatory and cardiovascular systems are also involved in the process of fetal development. During the gestation of the baby in the mother's body, a second full-fledged circulatory system is formed - the placental.
2. The amount of blood circulating in the vascular system of a woman increases. Since the fetus needs nutrients and oxygen, the heart of a pregnant woman works with additional loads. For 9 months, the volume of blood circulating in the body of a woman increases by about 1.5 liters, and the pulsation frequency increases to 100 beats per minute and higher. Such changes lead to an actual increase in heart muscle mass and a more frequent heartbeat.
3. The dynamic work of the heart indicates that the child does not have enough oxygen, so the muscle begins to pump blood more intensively in order to make up for its lack in the mother's body. If you feel an increase in the rhythm of the muscle, lie on your back and raise your legs. So you will improve the supply of oxygen to the placenta.
4. Since it is the heart, as one of the most important and fragile internal organs, that experiences a lot of stress during childbirth, it must be spared. When carrying a child, do not carry weights, try not to overwork and exclude power sports during pregnancy. Otherwise, after the birth of the child, weakness of the heart muscle, hypertension and the associated deterioration in the quality of life may develop.

Arterial pressure

1. Blood pressure directly depends on the functioning of the circulatory system. In the first weeks of pregnancy, women often experience a decrease in pressure, and in the last, on the contrary, there is a tendency to a planned increase in its indicators.
2. Often during pregnancy is a decrease in hemoglobin in the mother's blood. This phenomenon is caused by a lag in the growth of the mass of erythrocytes from the growth in the volume of blood circulating in the vascular system. In this case, prescribe drugs containing iron.
3. Arterial pressure - important factor affecting the health of the expectant mother, pregnancy and fetal development. That is why its level is an object close attention doctor for all 9 months, up to childbirth. Each scheduled visit to the gynecologist begins with a blood pressure measurement. Small deviations indicators do not cause concern, but significant deviations are signs of a violation of the normal process of pregnancy.

The venous system during pregnancy

1. The venous system of a pregnant woman is under tremendous stress. Every day, the child presses more and more on the inferior vena cava, which is responsible for blood circulation in the uterus, pelvic organs and legs, than deforms it, especially when a woman sleeps lying on her back.
2. Without control, this process can contribute to the development of severe postpartum complications, such as varicose veins veins and hemorrhoids. Many successful mothers suffer from this disease for years after the birth of the baby.
3. To prevent such pathological changes women in position are forbidden to sleep on their backs, and to improve blood flow under their feet, it is recommended to put a small pillow under their feet.

Respiratory system

1. The respiratory system of the expectant mother must provide the fetus with enough oxygen.
2. The lungs function in unusual conditions, the diaphragm is under ever-increasing pressure from the increasing size of the uterus, their volume increases, and the mucous membrane enveloping the bronchi swells. The compressed organs make it difficult to breathe, which becomes more frequent and deeper.
3. To restore a measured breathing process, women during pregnancy are prescribed a mandatory set of exercises for the lungs. Such gymnastics is a prophylactic against the development of inflammatory processes in the organs of the respiratory system. Daily walking and moderate physical activity have a beneficial effect on the respiratory system.
4. By the end of pregnancy, the volume of the lungs is reduced by about a quarter, but before delivery, the pressure on the respiratory organs weakens, and the diaphragm descends, as the child, preparing for childbirth, descends lower to the birth canal.

Digestive system during pregnancy

1. Changes during pregnancy also affect the digestive system of a woman. In addition to visible changes, such as an increase in appetite and adjustment taste preferences, the digestive system undergoes more global internal metamorphoses.
2. The dynamically growing uterus displaces the intestines, first it rises, and then moves apart and goes to the sides, passing the uterus with the fetus down to the birth canal. Such metamorphoses cannot but affect the work of the intestines. The tone of the rectum decreases, emptying becomes difficult. To alleviate the condition, doctors prescribe plenty of fluids, a schedule of regular physical activity and a special dietary schedule with enough fiber. To combat constipation, pregnant mothers are advised to use prunes, previously soaked in water, as well as flaxseed as a laxative.
3. The stomach suffers more than other organs from the pressure of the growing uterus, especially in the later stages, this is very noticeable for the female body. Experiencing increasing fetal pressure, the ajar sphincter allows gastric juice to pass into the esophagus, which leads to heartburn. Get rid of discomfort burning can be done with mineral water, as well as taking food in small portions and, if possible, not at bedtime.

urinary system during pregnancy

1. The bladder also reacts to pregnancy. An increase in progesterone in a woman's blood helps to relax the muscles of the sphincter Bladder, which, combined with uterine pressure, leads to frequent urge to urinate, even in the early stages.
2. Since the uterus presses on the bladder, it does not allow it to empty completely. In the later stages, pregnant women are advised to slightly raise the tummy when urinating, in this case, the emptying of the bladder will be more complete, and you will have to go to the toilet less often.

Breasts during pregnancy

Some women at the beginning, and the vast majority in the middle of pregnancy, feel changes in the mammary glands. The general hormonal restructuring leads to an increase in the level of prolactin, estrogen and progesterone, which causes metamorphoses with breast size and nipples in particular. Before childbirth and immediately after childbirth, the mammary glands begin to produce colostrum, and then milk.

liver during pregnancy

1. The liver is the main filter that regulates metabolism in the body. It cleanses the blood of decay products, thereby neutralizing toxins and preventing harm to the fetus.
2. Like all other organs, the liver, experiencing the pressure of the uterus, shifts sideways and upwards. In this regard, the expectant mother may experience difficulties with the outflow of bile and, as a result, periodic colic in this area.
3. Rigid nutrition in such conditions helps the liver to cope with the stress of pregnancy. Failure to comply with the recommended standards is fraught with consequences in the form severe itching throughout the body. In this case, it is necessary to undergo a course of special treatment.

Kidneys during pregnancy

1. The kidneys during pregnancy, although they do not change their position, but also experience increased stress, working for two organisms at the same time.
2. In women with one kidney, the function of both organs is replaced by one. It should be remembered that the reserves of renal activity are not infinite. In this case, it does not really matter which kidney is missing, although it is the right side that is subject to major changes during pregnancy.
3. Expectant mothers with one kidney are given Special attention because they belong to the group increased risk. In such women, during pregnancy, polyhydramnios and weakness of labor can develop. Although with proper observation and management of pregnancy, the child is born completely healthy, with normal weight body.

The skeletal system during pregnancy

1. The hormones progesterone and relaxin, accumulating in the blood, lead to a gradual leaching of calcium from the mother's body.
2. Forming bone tissue, the fetus also consumes a large number of mineral. This process is extremely important, since a lack of calcium can lead to pathologies in the development of the child, as well as to unpleasant consequences in the mother's body: tooth decay, problems with the spine and bones. It is during this period that the pelvic bones and their joints become elastic.

Endocrine glands during pregnancy

The process of pregnancy also affects the activity of the endocrine glands. In addition to an increase in size, the hormone prolactin begins to be produced, intended for the formation of colostrum, and subsequently breast milk.

Ultrasound of the internal organs during pregnancy

1. ultrasound abdominal cavity during pregnancy reveals violations of the structure of internal organs. Ultrasound monitoring of pregnant women is carried out from the earliest dates and up to childbirth.
2. Specialists monitor the correct development of the child, his condition, determine the gender, warn possible pathologies, can determine or exclude malformations, and also calculate the date of birth.
3. In case of pain in the abdominal cavity, ultrasound of the internal organs during pregnancy is indicated for the timely detection of pathologies and their elimination.

Mother Nature is wise and prudent. She created the woman's body in such a way that the loads endured during pregnancy were justified and prevented. Changes in the size and position of the internal organs during pregnancy are completely natural and are due to physiological processes in the changing body of a woman. All these changes are aimed at preserving the child and its full development. Sometimes pregnancy gives a woman discomfort, discomfort and even pain, but this is a temporary phenomenon. After the successful resolution of childbirth, the woman's body quickly returns to normal.

In this case, the nerve endings embedded in the walls of the uterus are irritated. Mechanical irritation is converted into electrical impulses that enter the central nervous system through the centripetal nerves; the “information” received from the receptors is analyzed, after which certain “commands” are sent to various organs and systems via the centrifugal nerves. This is the beginning of various physiological changes in a woman's body, aimed at facilitating the functioning of organs and systems in new conditions for them. With the onset of pregnancy, the activity of the endocrine glands also changes somewhat; there are certain hormonal changes that cannot but affect the body. Gradually, the body of a pregnant woman, as it were, is rebuilt. But adapting to new conditions is not the only goal of the "perestroika process"; changes that occur in various systems and organs are also necessary for the woman's body to gain additional opportunities: a new organism has been born, which must be provided with oxygen and nutrients and from which carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products must be removed in a timely manner. In other words, the restructuring in the mother's body is also aimed at ensuring the vital activity of the organism of the embryo, the fetus.

Pregnancy and childbirth are a big burden on the body, which naturally can and should a healthy body of a woman. But if health is undermined, then certain difficulties may arise, which, if possible, are corrected by physicians.

It is clear that with age we do not get younger or healthier, especially if we did not take care of our health in advance.

Theoretically, any extragenital pathology (Extragenital pathology - deviations in the functioning of organs and systems that are not related to the sexual sphere.) Can negatively affect the reproductive function of a woman, because during pregnancy our body works in a special mode.

Here we will briefly talk about changes in the body of the expectant mother in general; Let's look at these changes system by system. In the future, talking about the course of pregnancy by months, we will talk about specific physiological changes in dynamics.

Changes in the nervous system of a woman during pregnancy

The nervous system of a woman during pregnancy is tuned to bear a baby, and childbearing function becomes a priority. The excitability of the uterus decreases, which contributes to its relaxation until the onset of childbirth, when this organ becomes more excitable again to provide tribal activity. The work of other systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, excretory) is strongly stimulated by the nervous system to perform the task of bearing a child.

It is clear that if a woman is stressed, her nervous system will also not be able to work harmoniously and adequately on the task of bearing a child, and various failures in her work are possible (the tone of the uterus, for example, due to negative emotional experiences may intensify).

As pregnancy progresses, the excitability of the cerebral cortex changes; excitability decreases somewhat around the middle of pregnancy, then this excitability begins to gradually increase, and twelve days before birth, the excitability of the cerebral cortex decreases again. The excitability of the spinal cord and the reflex excitability of the brain, on the contrary, increase by the middle of the pregnancy period, then slowly become smaller and increase again about two weeks before the birth. The longer the gestation period, the more interoreceptors become in the uterus, and the sensitivity of these interoreceptors increases. The tone of the autonomic nervous system changes. As a result of all the described changes, a woman during pregnancy may have frequent change moods, opposite emotions can often replace each other; a woman is often irritable, at the same time, she is characterized by a state of drowsiness; sometimes she is disturbed by mild pains of a neuralgic nature; there are cramps in the calf muscles; there may be nausea, which ends with vomiting; take place various changes taste, increased salivation (hypersalivation), constipation may occur.

Changes in the endocrine system of a woman during pregnancy

During pregnancy, the amount of hormones released changes. It should be said that other hormones are released only during pregnancy. Thanks to hormones, certain changes in metabolism occur; hormones affect the growth of the uterus, the preparation of the mammary glands for the secretion of milk, etc. Significant changes are undergoing such an important endocrine gland as the pituitary gland. The course of pregnancy is greatly influenced by adrenocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropic hormones and lactogenic hormone, which are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. In the ovaries after the end of ovulation, the so-called corpus luteum; it is a gland that produces progesterone - a hormone under the influence of which a woman's body prepares for pregnancy. The mucous membrane of the uterus under the influence of progesterone becomes loose and moist, it accumulates nutrients; under the influence of the same hormone, the excitability of the uterus decreases; corpus luteum hormone affects mammary glands- it is under its influence that changes occur in the glands that prepare them for the process of milk formation. The corpus luteum functions actively for about twenty-four weeks of pregnancy, then the gland regresses; however, with a decrease in the activity of the corpus luteum, the activity of the placenta increases. The thyroid gland increases its activity with the onset of pregnancy, however, during the second half of pregnancy, activity thyroid gland falls. The parathyroid glands during pregnancy function somewhat more actively than usual. There is a significant increase in the adrenal glands during pregnancy; the size of the adrenal glands increase due to an increase in the number of cells and due to the accumulation of lipoids, in particular cholesterol. Due to changes in the activity of the adrenal glands, many tissues in the body of a woman during pregnancy increase the tone.

Changes in a woman's metabolism during pregnancy

Under the influence of changes in the nervous and endocrine systems in the body of a pregnant woman, the course of metabolic processes (metabolism) changes. The activation of all metabolic processes. The body quickly accumulates proteins; they are needed for the growth of the uterus, mammary glands and, of course, for the growth of the fetus. The accumulation of carbohydrates is also very active; these substances are deposited not only in the liver and muscles (as usual), but also in the walls of the uterus and in the placenta. Accumulate in the body of the expectant mother and fats - mainly in the subcutaneous tissue. Vitamins (A, groups B, C, E, D) are retained. macro- and microelements necessary for the growth and development of the fetus - salts of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, iodine, zinc, etc. In the second half of pregnancy, water begins to be more actively retained in the woman's body.

Changes in the respiratory system of a woman during pregnancy

Gradually, the load on the respiratory system increases. This is due to the fact that as the fetus grows, it needs more and more oxygen, and at the same time, more and more carbon dioxide is required to be released. The following circumstance is also important: the uterus grows rather quickly and over time puts more and more pressure on the internal organs from below, and they, in turn, put pressure on the diaphragm; therefore, the diaphragm can no longer take in the act of breathing the former active participation; in this regard, the excursion of the lungs is significantly reduced. In order to adapt to the changed conditions and ensure a sufficiently intense gas exchange, a woman has to breathe more often; in addition, her chest expands somewhat - by the end of the second half of pregnancy, this becomes more and more noticeable.

By the end of pregnancy, the need for oxygen in the expectant mother almost doubles, and in childbirth it becomes even higher. The volume of oxygen consumed increases, the respiratory muscles work in an enhanced mode to provide the pregnant woman and the baby with oxygen, the chest expands. Therefore, any chronic acute diseases respiratory tract women are more likely to make this function difficult. The frequency of respiratory movements remains the same during pregnancy (16-18 times per minute).

Changes in the cardiovascular system of a woman during pregnancy

The load on the cardiovascular system increases with the course of pregnancy. This happens for several reasons: firstly, an additional circle of blood circulation appears in the body, which is called placental, and this circle becomes larger as the fetus grows and the placenta develops; secondly, in the body of a woman, the volume of blood gradually increases; thirdly, the network of blood vessels that feed the uterus grows strongly; fourthly, with the growth of the uterus, the heart experiences more and more pressure from the abdominal cavity, from the diaphragm. As a result of all these changes in the body of the expectant mother, new conditions are emerging, to which the heart has to adapt. The number of heart contractions increases, the muscular layer of the heart hypertrophies. Some women change during pregnancy arterial pressure(however, these changes are of a short-term nature) - in the first months of pregnancy, blood pressure rises slightly, and in recent months pregnancy - slightly increased. However, it should be said that in most women during pregnancy, blood pressure is stable.

Changes in the hematopoietic system, in the blood of a woman during pregnancy

With the course of pregnancy, the blood-forming organs work more and more intensively. The total volume of blood in a woman's body increases quite significantly (up to 20%). The number of erythrocytes increases, and with them the amount of hemoglobin, the number of leukocytes increases. But basically, the mass of blood becomes larger due to the plasma.

Changes in the digestive system of a woman during pregnancy

The restructuring of the functioning of the nervous system and the system of endocrine glands, which occurs from the very beginning of the pregnancy period, has, let's say so, some by-effect. It is expressed in the appearance of nausea and vomiting in a woman, in certain changes in taste perception, in a violation of appetite, etc. After the restructuring of the activity of organs and systems is completed, the side effect also disappears by itself. During pregnancy, under the influence of the nervous and endocrine systems, the tone of not only the smooth muscles of the uterus decreases, but also the tone of the smooth muscles embedded in the intestinal wall; as a result, the peristaltic activity of the intestine slows down significantly, which can lead to constipation. The glands that produce digestive juices do not change their activity. The liver of a woman during pregnancy works with a slightly greater load, since metabolic by-products (which are toxic) are retained and neutralized in it, not only from the body of the mother herself, but also from the body in utero developing fetus. Due to the increase in the size of the uterus, the organs of the digestive system are somewhat mixed in the abdominal cavity, but this does not have any noticeable effect on their functions.

Changes in the female urinary system during pregnancy

During pregnancy, the load on the kidneys gradually increases. The larger the fetus becomes, the greater the load on the mother's kidneys (due to the more intensive activity of the kidneys, water exchange not only in the mother's body, but also in the body of the fetus; the kidneys also remove metabolic products from the body of the expectant mother and from the body of the fetus). The volume of urine excreted by a pregnant woman during the day is approximately one and a half liters. Over time, the growing uterus takes up more and more space in the abdominal cavity, so the kidneys and bladder are somewhat displaced. As a result of some displacement of the bladder, the urethra is slightly stretched and straightened. There is also distension of the bladder. These changes are especially significant towards the end of the gestation period.

Changes in the skin of a woman during pregnancy

A very noticeable change in connection with pregnancy is the appearance of pigmentation. IN most the pigment is deposited in the skin of the face, in the areola (nipple circles) and in the abdomen - along the so-called white line. Cause increased pigmentation- in the intensive activity of the pituitary gland and the adrenal cortex. Due to rapid growth pregnant uterus and an increase in the abdomen, pregnancy stripes appear on the skin of the abdomen, which are also called stretch marks (the skin is stretched, its connective tissue and elastic elements are separated). Pregnancy streaks occur in most women, but these streaks are most pronounced in women with insufficient elastic skin. The color of the pregnancy stripes varies from reddish to bluish-pink, the stripes do not have a specific direction. Similar stripes can occur on the skin of the mammary glands, and on the skin of the thighs; the reason for the appearance of these bands is different - an increase in fat deposits in the subcutaneous tissue.

Changes in the subcutaneous tissue of a woman during pregnancy

In the subcutaneous tissue, a gradual accumulation of fat occurs - provided, of course, that the woman's nutrition is well organized and sufficient. The main places of fat deposition are subcutaneous tissue in the abdomen, thighs and mammary glands. The role of fat deposits is very significant; they are energy source stocks and building material stocks; in addition, fat deposits successfully perform a protective function - they protect the pregnant uterus, various internal organs and mammary glands from injury, soften the mechanical impact; Also body fat help the body of a woman to keep warm, and hence the energy that is spent on heating the body.

Changes in the skeletal system and in the ligamentous apparatus of a woman during pregnancy

A very important change associated with pregnancy, on the part of the supporting apparatus, is a rather significant increase in mobility in the joints. pelvic bones. The reason for the phenomenon is in the serous impregnation and loosening of the symphyseal cartilage and in the simultaneous serous impregnation, stretching of the so-called synovial membranes, ligaments of the joints. In addition, osteophytes appear on the inner surface of the frontal bone - pathological bone growths of insignificant size; osteophytes also appear on the inner surface of the parietal bones. These growths arise and develop as a result of local productive inflammation of the periosteum. There are no symptoms of osteophytes. Having reached a certain size, they stop growing and for quite a long time (many years) remain without any changes. There is no need for osteophyte therapy. If a woman does not eat properly during pregnancy, if she does not have enough foods in her diet that are sources of calcium and phosphorus salts, sources of vitamin D for the body, then this woman may experience softening of the bone tissue. The reason for the phenomenon is simple: these substances are necessary for the proper growth and development of the fetus, and if these substances do not enter the mother's body in the right amount(the physiological need for them is not covered), then they are simply “washed out” from the mother’s bone tissue; the inorganic component of the bones becomes smaller, and they soften; while the teeth suffer greatly.

Changes in the mammary glands of a woman during pregnancy

Already in the first trimester of pregnancy, some changes in the mammary glands may occur. These changes, we recall, are not the last in the series presumptive signs pregnancy. In the mammary gland, the number of glandular lobules gradually increases, the lobules themselves increase somewhat in size, so the gland at first seems to become more tense, but then the increase in the size of the gland is more and more noticeable. As the gland grows, it needs more nutrition; therefore, the vascular network is intensively developing - the blood vessels become wider, their network branches out and becomes more dense. Through the skin covering the mammary gland, dilated saphenous veins shine through with bluish strands. Nipples get bigger over time. Since the smooth muscles in the nipples become more excitable, it is noted hypersensitivity nipples when touched. The pigmentation of the areola is gradually increasing. On the surface of the areola circles, special nodules, known as Montgomer's glands, protrude. When you press on the mammary glands, colostrum is released from the nipples - a thick, sticky yellowish liquid.

Changes in the genitals of a woman during pregnancy

The uterus undergoes the most significant changes in the genital organs in connection with pregnancy. If before pregnancy the length of the organ is about 6-8 cm, and the width is within 4-5 cm, then by the end of pregnancy the uterus can reach a length of 40 cm and a width of 27 cm. If before pregnancy the weight of the uterus rarely exceeds 100 grams , then at the end of the pregnancy period, the weight of the organ can be from 900 to 1200 grams. The size and weight of the uterus increase due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the smooth muscles embedded in its walls. Muscle fibers become longer and thicker many times over, in addition, the number of smooth muscle fibers increases. As the uterus increases in length and thickness, the blood and lymphatic vessels that feed the organ increase, and the number of nerve elements increases. The ligaments fixing the uterus become thicker and longer. TO upcoming birth prepares the cervix. Its tissues loosen and soften, thereby increasing the extensibility of the neck. Similar processes - loosening and softening - take place in the walls of the vagina, as well as in the external genitalia. These processes are possible due to fluid retention in the tissues. Blood flows to the vagina and external genitalia, so the color of these organs noticeably changes; they become bright red, may even acquire a bluish tint. Due to the influx of fluid, the external genitalia become more and more edematous; swelling is most pronounced at the end of the pregnancy period. Take place characteristic changes and in the ovaries; these organs are somewhat enlarged during pregnancy. In one of the ovaries, the corpus luteum functions - usually until the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy; then the corpus luteum regresses. During pregnancy the fallopian tubes thicken. As the uterus grows, the tubes straighten, at the same time their position changes - from somewhat inclined to almost vertical.

Changes in a woman's immune system during pregnancy

Immunity is the body's immunity to foreign (carrying other genetic information) agents.

There are two main types of immunity:

• congenital (or specific); is passed on to us by inheritance, protects against diseases that are unusual for humans, and also introduces some individual features of the immune response to the disease;
• acquired, which we receive in the process of life year after year, faced with certain alien microorganisms. Such immunity is acquired naturally when we can directly encounter some kind of disease, as well as artificial way in the form of a vaccine against a particular disease (all well-known vaccinations).

When foreign proteins enter our body, having discovered their difference from our own, it immediately reacts and begins to produce special cells (antibodies) to fight uninvited guests.

Spermatozoa and the fertilized egg are also foreign cells to the female body that must be fought, but under normal circumstances it does not.

The process of fertilization and implantation of the egg is an immune phenomenon, as our body rejects all foreign cells, except for spermatozoa and the fertilized egg!

This is such a mystery of nature that allows us to become pregnant and give birth to children.

Obviously, a woman must have a good immune system that can not fail at a crucial moment and ensure the implantation of a fertilized egg, its growth and development.

A woman's immunological problems can contribute to miscarriage.

Increased load on the excretory system of a woman during pregnancy

Due to the increasing load on the excretory system in a woman during childbearing, changes in the work of the kidneys are noted. They begin to function with an increased load, since it becomes necessary to remove from the mother’s body not only the products of her metabolism, but also the products of metabolism. developing baby. Such a "double" load can lead to the appearance of inflammatory diseases. excretory system(infections urinary tract, pyelonephritis).

During pregnancy, both the anatomy and function of the kidneys change: their size increases, the renal pelvis and ureter expand, the tone of the ureters and bladder decreases, and the filtration of the kidneys increases.

The body of a healthy woman copes well with such loads, but if a woman has some kind of kidney pathology, this can affect the course of pregnancy and the condition of the expectant mother.

Not only the kidneys, but also the liver are involved in the excretion of the metabolic products of the mother and baby from the body. Therefore, if a woman had any problems with the liver before pregnancy, it is necessary to inform the doctor about this. Also pay attention to your own condition, if you feel heaviness in the right hypochondrium and aching pain tell your doctor about this.

The first changes that occur in the body of a pregnant woman at the same time help about the very fact of pregnancy. And if some signs can only be seen by a doctor during examination (cyanosis of the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix, a slight increase and softening of the uterus), then most of the changes are noticeable to the expectant mother herself.

First of all, this is the cessation of menstruation. Delay is one of the main signs of pregnancy. In rare cases, menstruation does not stop in the first few months, but if bleeding occurs after pregnancy is confirmed, this is an occasion for immediate medical attention, especially if it is accompanied by pain in the lower abdomen.

In the first weeks, the breast increases in size and becomes heavier, it becomes more sensitive, pain or tingling in the mammary glands may be noted.

Changes in hormonal levels cause changes in the work of the intestines and bladder - urination becomes more frequent, but many women complain of constipation.

Pregnancy may be indicated by increased basal body temperature body. If the temperature usually rises during ovulation and decreases before the onset, it rises slightly with the onset of pregnancy and remains so even in later ones.

Everything you can't see with your eyes

Women's mood swings are proverbial. Due to changes in hormonal levels, a woman can feel overwhelmed, tired, and even the joy of her new condition cannot always smooth it out. Emotional condition women during this period easily changes and sadness to inexplicable fun. Often, expectant mothers note that they become more nervous and even whiny.

Sensitivity to smells changes, habitual perfumes may dislike, the sense of smell becomes unusually sharp. Often aversion to certain types of food and desire certain products or unusual combinations. The craving for salty and sour foods has been known for a long time - sometimes the desire for pickled or pickled cucumbers betrays pregnancy before the advent other signs.

Toxicosis with nausea and weakness usually begins at 6-7 weeks of gestation and disappears by the end of the first trimester. Some women do not suffer from it at all or experience mild nausea in the morning, but others suffer from repeated vomiting throughout the day. Frequent vomiting is dangerous because it can lead to dehydration, so it’s better to consult a doctor - he will explain, with toxicosis, and if frequent vomiting advised to go to the hospital.

Often there is low blood pressure, leading to drowsiness, weakness, dizziness and even fainting. Possible tachycardia associated with an increase in blood volume.

In the early stages, existing chronic diseases and sluggish infections may worsen. If you did not pay attention to treatment during pregnancy planning, the first one is not the most right time for reception medicines and some medical procedures. If you cannot do without them, the doctor will select the most sparing treatment regimen for you.
Pregnant women are often annoyed by pain in the lower back, lower abdomen, joints or headaches. Pain in the abdomen can be explained by an increase in the sensitivity of the uterus and stretching of the ligaments that support it. In some cases, there is hypertonicity of the uterus - the lower abdomen seems to be "". In this case, you need to move less, perhaps the doctor will recommend taking safe antispasmodics.

External changes

Barely seeing two stripes, a woman expecting her first child is already peering intently into the mirror in anticipation of changes appearance.

In the first weeks of pregnancy external changes insignificant. First of all, this is a change in the color of the areolas - the areas around the nipples noticeably darken. Later, pigmentation of the white line of the abdomen leading from the navel to the pubis may appear. Spots on the face, which women often fear, appear much later, if they appear at all.

Fluctuations in hormonal levels and a decrease in immunity, characteristic of early pregnancy, can spoil the appearance for a while - the skin and hair sometimes become more oily and dull, the face swells. This is a temporary condition, usually by the end of the first trimester it passes, the hair becomes thick and lush.

In rare cases, pregnant women notice an increase in body hair growth. This may be due to increased level male hormones and requires consultation with an endocrinologist.

The abdomen until the second trimester of pregnancy, and sometimes longer, is almost invisible. However, other women notice that the stomach has nevertheless increased in volume, but this is not due to an increase in the uterus, but to fluid retention in the body and intestinal hypotension.

All the metamorphoses that occur in the body of the expectant mother are due to one single reason: her body is trying to provide everything for the emerging new life. the necessary conditions for harmonious growth and development.

When do changes begin in a woman's body during pregnancy?

Changes in the body begin to occur from the very first day after conception. A woman may not be aware of her interesting position at all, since nothing changes, except for the level of hCG.

Reference! HCG (Chronological gonadotropin) is a hormone that begins to be produced by the chorion tissue on the 6-8th day from the moment of cell fertilization. This is one of key indicators successful conception.

First weeks of pregnancy pass for each woman individually: some do not feel any changes at all, others suffer from drowsiness and apathy, others, on the contrary, become too sensitive and receptive. All this speaks of the restructuring of the hormonal background.

In the first two months a pregnant woman may experience the following changes:

• Toxicosis - is expressed by bouts of nausea and increased susceptibility to odors. Sometimes, against the background of vomiting, a woman slightly loses weight.
• Frequent urination - the general level of fluid in the body rises, the uterus begins to put pressure on the bladder.
• Swelling of the mammary glands - the level of estrogen and progesterone increases, the breast becomes larger and more sensitive. The halo around the nipples also darkens and increases. Sometimes the vascular network becomes noticeable.

On the third month the external parameters of the body almost do not change, with the exception of a small increase in weight (1 - 1.5 kg). Toxicosis subsides, health improves. Frequent need to go to the toilet for small needs is now due not only to the pressure of the uterus on the bladder, but also to the formation of the excretory system in the fetus. Of the inconveniences in the third month, uncontrolled changes in appetite can be noted, from hunger to complete aversion to food. Headaches become more frequent.

On the fourth month the stomach begins to round out, and the expectant mother should think about purchasing looser and more comfortable clothes. The gait becomes more angular (the stomach moves forward, and the back bends back). The uterus begins to put pressure on the intestines, which causes digestive disorders. Puffiness becomes more noticeable, especially on the face and ankles.

Fifth month for many expectant mothers, it is remembered as a time when the lack of calcium in the body is felt in full. Teeth may begin to crumble, old fillings fall out, nails break and hair is split. In some cases, muscle cramps appear. Due to the increase in body weight, veins in the legs (varicose veins) come out.

At the beginning of the sixth month a woman with joy for herself feels the first movements of a baby inside the womb. The way her hips and stomach are rounded is noticeable even to those around her.

Note! During this period, many pregnant women may begin to experience so-called practice contractions (Brexton Geeks contractions). They are not painful and do not cause harm.

On the seventh month the uterus rises so high that it begins to prop up the diaphragm. The whole body is under intense stress. Many women suffer from severe back pain and also notice an increase in natural secretions from the vagina. In some cases, stretch marks appear on the body.

At eight months the uterus becomes very sensitive to all the movements of the child, and the woman feels this with muscle tension. Many begin "late toxicosis." Of the inconveniences of this period, shortness of breath, swelling, sluggishness and chronic fatigue can be noted.

Ninth and final month- This is a period when a woman's body is experiencing tremendous overload. severe pain in the back and big belly force the expectant mother to walk strongly leaning back. Colostrum begins to ooze out of the nipples.

What changes can be observed in the body during pregnancy:

To understand what changes occur in the body of a pregnant woman, it is worth decomposing them into points and considering each one separately.

- body weight and metabolism

For the entire pregnancy, a woman gains weight by 8 - 18 kg. Do not be afraid of this figure, because all the weight is dispersed according to the following principle:

• Fetus, amniotic oxen, placental membranes - from 4 to 4.5 kg.
• Uterus- the weight of the uterus increases from 50-100 grams to 1 kg.
• Blood- during the bearing of a child in the body of a pregnant woman, about 1 liter of blood is added.
• Adipose tissue and tissue fluid - about 5 kg.

Reference! In the first half of pregnancy, the weight increases by about 4 kg, in the second - 2 times more.

The metabolism of a woman is being rebuilt taking into account the fact that another small person grows and lives in the womb. The production of digestive enzymes is doubled. A woman should make herself such a menu so that, along with food, a sufficient amount of nutrients, vitamins and microelements enter her body.

- nervous system

The first 4 months of pregnancy are accompanied by inhibition of the nervous system. In most cases future mother becomes lethargic, sleepy and lethargic. Thus, her body creates all the conditions for fertilized egg fixed, and the embryo began to develop.

Things change after 4 months radically: appear abrupt shifts mood, aggravated reaction to mental and physical stimuli. In some cases, neuralgic pains in the lower back appear.

- respiratory system

On last dates the growing uterus shifts the diaphragm upward, however, this does not affect the volume of inhaled and exhaled air. The respiratory rate remains the same. Physiological changes are minimal.

- cardiovascular system, blood pressure

Unlike respiratory, cardiac vascular system undergoing significant changes:

• The volume of circulating blood increases: at about 32 weeks, it becomes 35% more than before pregnancy. This meets the increased requirements of the uterus and fetus, protects against hypotension syndrome in the supine position and critical blood loss during childbirth.
• The composition of the blood changes. The number of erythrocytes decreases slightly, the level of folic acid in plasma, the concentration of hemoglobin and the value of hematocrit decrease. This increases the number of leukocytes, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the concentration of fibrinogen.
• The blood pressure changes. In the first half of pregnancy, blood pressure decreases, and in the second, on the contrary, it rises. It is important to ensure that pressure surges are not accompanied sharp deterioration well-being.
• Increased venous pressure in the legs as well as compression of the central nerve trunks. This can provoke varicose veins, severe swelling of the limbs, and in some cases even hemorrhoids.

- digestive and excretory organs

Many expectant mothers notice changes in the digestive tract with the first signs of toxicosis - increased salivation, susceptibility to smells, nausea and vomiting. Unusual eating habits or aversions to familiar foods appear. Beyond the obvious:

• metabolism is accelerated;
• the liver begins to work in an enhanced mode, providing dehydration of decay products;
• there is a tendency to constipation or diarrhea, due to the fact that the growing uterus presses on the intestines.

- urinary organs

The urinary system works for two, which is why the expectant mother is forced to visit the ladies' room twice as often. In addition, as the uterus grows, more and more pressure on the bladder, which also leads to frequent urination.

Reference! During pregnancy, the tone of the muscle layers of the urinary organs is significantly reduced.

- endocrine system

The endocrine system is a kind of "conductor" reproductive function. The normal functioning of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovaries ensures the development of the egg and contributes to successful conception, and the hormones produced by the endocrine gland are responsible for the formation of bone tissue and the brain of the embryo.

Changes in the functioning of the organism of the expectant mother are caused by the influence of the endocrine glands. The ovaries slightly increase, and one of them contains a functioning corpus luteum up to 4 months.

Then, the placenta takes over the production of progesterone and estrogen. Gradually, the number of blood vessels expanding and braiding the uterus increases.

- skin, hair and nails

No matter how much the expectant mother would like to look perfect while carrying a child, this does not always work out due to natural physiological changes.

Due to a hormonal surge, the skin on the face can become more oily and covered with small pimples, as a rule, this is a normal and reversible process.

Reference! There is a sign according to which damage to the skin on the face and deterioration of the hair is a sign of bearing a girl.

Not only the face gets hit - the chest and stomach can become covered with brown pigment spots. The reason for this is a change in the activity of the adrenal glands. If the skin is not elastic enough, stretch marks appear on the abdomen and hips.

As for hair and nails, their condition is strongly influenced by the level of calcium in the body. As mentioned earlier, its deficiency becomes especially noticeable in the fifth month of pregnancy. Hair can begin to fall out, split, and nails can break and exfoliate. The situation can be corrected by adding calcium-containing products and vitamin-mineral complexes to the diet.

It is noteworthy, but the loss of hair on the head can be accompanied by hair growth in completely unexpected places: the chin, the coccyx, the “path” from the navel to the groin, etc.

- the immune system

For clarity, it can be imagined that the body of a pregnant woman works in a resource-saving mode so that its reserves are enough to ensure the life of both the mother and the embryo growing in her womb.

Specific (acquired immunity) is significantly reduced, while non-specific, on the contrary, increases. This process can be tracked by the composition of blood cells and plasma proteins.

Important! It is twice as easy for a pregnant woman to catch an airborne disease. Therefore, before going outside during the cold season, wear a medical mask.

How does pregnancy affect a woman's health?

If a woman carefully monitors her own condition and promptly eliminates existing ailments, then only frequent, multiple births, between which her body does not have time to recover, can cause significant harm to her. But, unfortunately, not all women in labor are different. good health, and therefore, at the planning stage, it is worth considering all possible risks and consequences:

• Excess weight: during pregnancy, many women gain excess weight, which is quite difficult to eliminate without systematic exercise and diet correction. Not all young mothers have the time and energy for this. In addition, if a woman is genetically inclined to be overweight, pregnancy can become a “trigger” for the development of obesity.
• Changes in the shape of the breast. Breasts, especially large ones, may sag somewhat. In addition, there is a risk of injury to the nipples during feeding.
• Stretch marks. If the skin is not elastic enough, dark stripes stretch marks can remain on the abdomen and thighs for life.
• Anemia as a result of large blood loss during childbirth.
• postpartum depression. Occurs in women who have difficulty accepting their new status.

But, in addition to the negative aspects, it is worth noting the positive ones. For example, post-pregnancy has a positive effect on the outcome of endometriosis and reduces the risk of developing ovarian cancer.

Conclusion

A woman who carries a child under her heart carefully listens and looks at all the changes in her well-being and appearance, especially if the pregnancy is the first. We hope that our article helped you deal with your feelings.

Especially for- Elena Kichak

During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes significant physiological changes that provide proper development fetus, prepare the body for the upcoming birth and feeding. During this difficult period, the load on all organs and systems of a woman's body increases significantly, which can lead to an exacerbation of chronic diseases and the development of complications. That is why you should register as early as possible in antenatal clinic, go through all the necessary specialists and pass tests. This will allow you to take adequate preventive measures and prepare for childbirth.

Heart

The cardiovascular system during pregnancy performs more intense work, as an additional placental circle of blood circulation appears in the body. Here the blood flow is so great that every minute 500 ml of blood passes through the placenta. The heart of a healthy woman during pregnancy easily adapts to additional loads: the mass of the heart muscle and cardiac output of blood increase. To meet the growing needs of the fetus in nutrients, oxygen and building materials in the mother's body, the volume of blood begins to increase, reaching a maximum by the 7th month of pregnancy. Instead of 4000 ml of blood, 5300-5500 ml circulates in the body now. In pregnant women with heart disease, this load can cause complications; that is why at 27-28 weeks they are recommended to be hospitalized in a specialized maternity hospital.

Arterial pressure

Blood pressure during a normal pregnancy practically does not change. On the contrary, in women who have its increase to or in early dates pregnancy, in the middle of pregnancy it usually stabilizes and is in the range of 100/60-130/85 mm Hg. This is due to a decrease in the tone of peripheral blood vessels under the action of the hormone progesterone.

However, in last trimester During pregnancy, blood pressure can rise to very high values. High blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg and above) is one of the signs of late toxicosis of pregnant women. This condition is very dangerous and may require an emergency delivery.

Lungs

Due to the increase in the woman's body's need for oxygen during pregnancy, the activity of the lungs increases. Despite the fact that as pregnancy progresses, the diaphragm rises and restricts the respiratory movements of the lungs, their capacity increases. This is due to the expansion chest and also due to the expansion of the bronchi. Increasing the volume of inhaled air during pregnancy facilitates the removal of used oxygen by the fetus through the placenta. The respiratory rate does not change, remains 16-18 times per minute, slightly increasing towards the end of pregnancy. Therefore, if shortness of breath or other respiratory disorders occur, a pregnant woman should definitely consult a doctor.

kidneys

The kidneys during pregnancy function with great stress, as they remove the metabolic products of the pregnant woman herself and her growing fetus from the body. The amount of urine excreted varies depending on the amount of liquid drunk. A healthy pregnant woman excretes an average of 1200-1600 ml of urine per day, while 950-1200 ml of urine is excreted during the daytime, the rest at night.

Under the influence of the hormone progesterone, the tone of the bladder decreases, which can lead to stagnation of urine. Under these conditions, the introduction of infection into the urinary tract is facilitated, therefore, in pregnant women, an exacerbation of pyelonephritis often occurs. An infection of the urinary tract is indicated by the appearance of leukocytes in urine tests - more than 10-12 per field of view.

In addition, the pregnant uterus, turning slightly to the right, can cause difficulty in the outflow of urine from the right kidney. In this case, the risk of hydronephrosis increases, that is, the expansion of the pelvis and cups due to excessive accumulation of urine in them.

Digestive organs

In the first 3 months of pregnancy, many women experience changes in the digestive organs: nausea and often vomiting in the morning (signs early toxicosis), taste sensations change, there is an attraction to unusual substances (clay, chalk). As a rule, these phenomena disappear by 3-4 months of pregnancy, sometimes in more late dates. Under the influence of placental hormones, intestinal tone decreases, which often leads to constipation. The intestine is pushed up by the pregnant uterus, the stomach is also shifted upward and squeezed, while part of its contents can be thrown into the esophagus and cause heartburn (especially in the second half of pregnancy). In such cases, it is recommended to take antacids(eg, Maalox, Rennie), eating 2 hours before bedtime, and positioning in bed with a raised head end.

The liver during pregnancy works with a greater load, as it neutralizes the metabolic products of the woman herself and the fetus.

joints

During pregnancy, women experience some looseness in the joints. The joints of the pelvis become especially mobile, which facilitates the passage of the fetus through it during childbirth. Sometimes the softening of the pelvic joints is so pronounced that there is a slight divergence of the pubic bones. Then the pregnant woman has pain in the womb, a "duck" gait. This should be reported to the doctor and receive appropriate recommendations.

Mammary gland

During pregnancy, the mammary glands are prepared for the upcoming feeding. They increase the number of lobules, adipose tissue, improves blood circulation. The mammary glands increase in size, the nipples become rough.

Sex organs

The greatest changes during pregnancy occur in the genitals and concern mainly the uterus. The pregnant uterus is constantly increasing in size, by the end of pregnancy its height reaches 35 cm instead of 7-8 cm outside of pregnancy, the weight increases to 1000-1200 g (without a fetus) instead of 50-100 g. The volume of the uterine cavity by the end of pregnancy increases by about 500 once. The change in the size of the uterus occurs due to an increase in the size of muscle fibers under the influence of placental hormones. Blood vessels expand, their number increases, they seem to braid the uterus. Irregular contractions of the uterus are observed, which become more active towards the end of pregnancy and are felt as a "squeeze". These so-called Braxton Hicks contractions, which are normal from the 30th week of pregnancy, are considered as training before the real contractions in childbirth.

The position of the uterus changes according to its size. By the end of the 3rd month of pregnancy, it goes beyond the pelvis, and closer to the birth it reaches the hypochondrium. The uterus is held in position by ligaments that thicken and stretch during pregnancy. Pain that occurs on the sides of the abdomen, especially during a change in body position, is often caused by tension in the ligaments. The blood supply to the external genital organs increases, varicose veins may appear in the vagina and on the labia (the same varicose veins may also appear on the lower extremities and in the rectum).

Weight gain

The growth of the fetus and physiological changes in the body of a pregnant woman affect her body weight. In a healthy woman, by the end of pregnancy, body weight increases by an average of 12 kg with fluctuations from 8 to 18 kg. Usually in the first half of pregnancy, it increases by 4 kg, in the second half - 2 times more. Weekly weight gain up to 20 weeks is approximately 300 + 30 g, from 21 to 30 weeks - 330 + 40 g and after 30 weeks before delivery - 340 + 30 g. In women with underweight before pregnancy, weekly weight gain may be even more more.

Psychology of a woman

In addition to physiological changes in the body, a pregnant woman's mental state changes.

A woman's attitude to pregnancy and childbirth is influenced by various factors, including social, moral and ethical, economic, etc., as well as the characteristics of the personality of the pregnant woman herself.

In the first half of pregnancy, most women are more concerned about their own health, and in the second half, especially after the appearance of fetal movements, all the thoughts and concerns of the expectant mother are directed to the well-being of the fetus. A woman can address a child with affectionate words, she fantasizes, giving him individual features. Along with this, many women deliberately give up certain attachments and habits for the sake of the upcoming motherhood.

Also, pregnant women may have various fears and fears. During this period, a woman may be concerned about changes in appearance, loss of attractiveness, relationships with her husband. Close relatives (especially the husband) should become a reliable support for the pregnant woman and try to provide the woman with psychological comfort. For severe anxiety, depressed state pregnant women are advised to seek advice from a specialist.