Specific gravity of normal urine. Specific gravity or relative density. Hyperstenuria in pregnant women
1. Amount of urine
Diuresis - the volume of urine formed over a certain period of time (daily or minute diuresis).
The amount of urine delivered for general analysis (usually 150–200 ml) does not allow any conclusions to be drawn about violations of daily diuresis. The amount of urine delivered for general analysis affects only the ability to determine the specific gravity of urine(relative density).
For example, to determine the specific gravity of urine using a urometer, at least 100 ml of urine is required. When determining the specific gravity using test strips, you can get by with a smaller amount of urine, but not less than 15 ml.
2. Urine color
Normal urine is yellow.
Saturation yellow color urine depends on the concentration of substances dissolved in it. With polyuria, the dilution is greater, so the urine has a lighter color, with a decrease in diuresis, it acquires a rich yellow tint.
Color changes upon admission medicines(salicylates, etc.) or the use of certain food products(beets, blueberries).
Pathologically altered urine color occurs with hematuria (a type of meat slop), bilirubinemia (the color of beer), with hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria (black), with leukocyturia (milky white).
3. Clarity of urine
Normally, freshly passed urine is completely transparent..
Turbidity of urine is due to the presence in it of a large number of cell formations, salts, mucus, bacteria, and fat.
Cloudy urine can also indicate microhematuria, but in most cases it is a sign of infection (i.e., bacteriuria). Note: A visual urine test can be used as a preliminary test for infection. urinary tract in asymptomatic patients. In the course of the studies, it turned out that the sensitivity of visual examination of urine samples for the diagnosis of bacteriuria is 73%.
4. The smell of urine
Normally, the smell of urine is not sharp, nonspecific..
When urine is decomposed by bacteria in the air or inside Bladder, for example, in the case of cystitis, an ammonia smell appears.
As a result of putrefaction of urine containing protein, blood or pus, for example, with bladder cancer, the urine acquires the smell of rotten meat.
If present in urine ketone bodies the urine has a fruity odor, like that of rotting apples.
5. Urine reaction
Normally, urine is acidic..
Fluctuations in the pH of urine are due to the composition of the diet: a meat diet causes an acidic reaction of urine, a vegetable one - alkaline. With a mixed diet, mainly acidic metabolic products are formed, therefore it is believed that the normal reaction of urine is acidic.
Store urine until general analysis it is necessary in a cold room and no more than 1.5 hours. With prolonged standing in a warm room, urine decomposes, ammonia is released and the pH shifts to the alkaline side. Alkaline reaction underestimates the relative density of urine. In addition, leukocytes are rapidly destroyed in alkaline urine.
Alkaline urine reaction is characteristic of chronic urinary tract infection, and is also noted with diarrhea, vomiting.
The acidity of the urine increases with febrile conditions, diabetes, tuberculosis of the kidneys or bladder, kidney failure.
6. Specific gravity of urine (relative density of urine)
Normally, the morning portion of urine should have a specific gravity in the range of 1.018-1.024.
The relative density of urine (the density of urine is compared to the density of water) reflects the functional ability of the kidneys to concentrate and dilute and can be used as a screening test for mass examinations of the population.
Morning urine relative density values equal to or greater than 1.018 indicate normal renal concentrating ability and exclude the need for its study using special methods. High or low numbers of specific gravity (density) of morning urine necessarily require clarification of the reasons for these changes.
Deciphering the analysis
High specific gravity of urine
The relative density of urine depends on the molecular weight of the particles dissolved in it. Protein and glucose increase the specific gravity of urine. For example, diabetes mellitus can be suspected only by one general urinalysis with relative density figures of 1.030 and higher against the background of polyuria.
Low specific gravity of urine
The process of urine formation is regulated by the concentration mechanism of the kidneys and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced by the pituitary gland. In the presence of antidiuretic hormone, more water is absorbed and a small amount of concentrated urine is produced as a result. Accordingly, in the absence of antidiuretic hormone, water absorption does not occur and large volumes of diluted urine are excreted.
There are three main groups of reasons for the decrease in the proportion in the general analysis of urine:
- excess water consumption
- neurogenic diabetes insipidus
- nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
1. Excessive water intake (polydipsia) causes a decrease in the concentration of salts in the blood plasma. To protect itself, the body excretes large volumes of diluted urine. There is a disease called involuntary polydipsia, which, as a rule, affects women with an unstable psyche. The leading signs of involuntary polydipsia are polyuria and polydipsia, low relative density in the general analysis of urine.
2. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus- insufficient secretion of an adequate amount of antidiuretic hormone. The mechanism of the disease is the inability of the kidneys to retain water through the concentration of urine. If the patient is deprived of water, diuresis almost does not decrease and dehydration develops. The relative density of urine may decrease below 1.005.
The main causes of neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
Hypopituitarism is an insufficiency of the function of the pituitary or hypothalamus with a decrease or cessation of the production of tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland and antidiuretic hormone.
- The most common reason for a decrease in the specific gravity of urine is idiopathic neurogenic diabetes insipidus. Idiopathic neurogenic diabetes insipidus is most often found in adults in young age. Most of the underlying disorders leading to neurogenic diabetes insipidus can be identified by associated neurological or endocrinological symptoms (including cephalgia and visual field disturbance or hypopituitarism).
- Other common cause decrease in the specific gravity of urine - damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary region due to head trauma, neurosurgical intervention in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. Or damage as a result of a brain tumor, thrombosis, leukemia, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, encephalitis after acute infection and etc.
- Reception ethyl alcohol accompanied by reversible suppression of ADH secretion and short-term polyuria. Diuresis occurs 30-60 minutes after taking 25 g of alcohol. The volume of urine depends on the amount of alcohol taken in a single dose. Continuous use does not lead to sustained urination despite the existence of a constant blood alcohol concentration.
3. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus- a decrease in the concentration ability of the kidneys, despite the normal content of antidiuretic hormone in the blood.
The main causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are:
- The most numerous subgroup among patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are those with parenchymal kidney disease (pyelonephritis, various types of nephropathy, tubulointerstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis) and chronic renal failure.
- Metabolic disorders:
- Conn syndrome- a combination of polyuria with arterial hypertension, muscle weakness and hypokalemia. The relative density of urine can range from 1003 to 1012).
- hyperparathyroidism- polyuria, muscle weakness, hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis, osteoporosis. The relative density of urine decreases to 1002. Due to the significant content of calcium salts, urine often has a white color.
- Rare cases of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The relative density of urine may decrease below 1.005.
They can fluctuate within fairly wide limits, and these fluctuations can be physiological or pathological. Physiological fluctuations are a variant of the norm, and pathological fluctuations reflect a disease.
An increase or decrease relative to the norm of any indicator cannot be assessed unambiguously, and it is impossible to draw a conclusion about the presence of a disease. The results of the analyzes can help to find out the possible cause of the disorders, which can only be at the stage of the syndrome, and not the formed disease. Therefore, timely detection of deviations in the analyzes will help to start treatment and prevent the progression of the disease. Also, test indicators can be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.
Consider probable causes changes in various indicators of the general analysis of urine.
Reasons for changing the color of urine
In the presence of pathology, urine can change its color, which indicates a certain syndrome and disease.The correspondence of urine colors to various pathological conditions of the body is reflected in the table:
| pathological color urine | Possible disease (cause of discoloration of urine) |
| Brown, black |
|
| Red (color of meat slop) |
|
| Dark brown frothy (urine color beer) |
|
| Orange, rose red |
|
| Brown (color of strong tea) |
|
| Colorless or white-yellow |
|
| Dairy (color of milk, cream) |
|
Data color variations help you navigate, but to make an accurate diagnosis, you should take into account data from other examination methods and clinical symptoms.
Causes of turbidity in the urine
Violation of the transparency of urine is the appearance of turbidity of varying severity. Turbidity in the urine can be represented by a large amount of salts, epithelial cells, pus, bacterial agents, or mucus. The degree of turbidity depends on the concentration of the above impurities.From time to time, every person has cloudy urine, which is formed by salts. If you are unable to pass this urine to analysis to the laboratory, then you can conduct a test to determine the nature of the turbidity.
To distinguish salts in urine from other variants of turbidity at home, you can slightly warm the liquid. If the turbidity is formed by salts, then it can either increase or decrease until it disappears. Turbidity, formed by epithelial cells, pus, bacterial agents or mucus, does not change its concentration at all when urine is heated.
Causes of change in the smell of urine
The smell of fresh urine is normal - not sharp and not irritating.Most often, the following pathological odors of urine are noted:
1.
The smell of ammonia in the urine is characteristic of the development of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the urinary tract (cystitis, pyelitis, nephritis).
2.
The smell of fruits (apples) in the urine develops in the presence of ketone bodies in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
Causes of changes in the acidity of urine
The acidity of urine (pH) can change into an alkaline and into an acidic region, depending on the type of pathological process.The reasons for the formation of acid and alkaline urine reflected in the table:
Causes of changes in the density of urine
The relative density of urine depends on the function of the kidneys, therefore, a violation of this indicator develops with various diseases this organ.Today, the following options for changing the density of urine are distinguished:
1.
Hyperstenuria - urine with a high density, more than 1030-1035.
2.
Hypostenuria - urine with a low density, in the range of 1007-1015.
3.
Isosthenuria - low density of primary urine, 1010 or less.
A single excretion of urine with high or low density does not give grounds for identifying the syndrome of hypostenuria or hyperstenuria. These syndromes are characterized by prolonged urine output during the day and at night, with high or low density.
pathological conditions, disturbing urine density are shown in the table:
| Hyperstenuria | Hypostenuria | Isosthenuria |
| Diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2 (the density of urine can reach 1040 and above) | diabetes insipidus | Chronic renal severe insufficiency degree |
| Acute glomerulonephritis | Resorption of edema and inflammation infiltrates (the period after the inflammatory process) | Subacute and chronic jade severe |
| congestive kidney | Nutritional dystrophy (partial starvation, deficiency nutrients etc.) | Nephrosclerosis |
| nephrotic syndrome | Chronic pyelonephritis | |
| Edema formation | chronic nephritis | |
| Convergence of edema | Chronic renal failure | |
| Diarrhea | Nephrosclerosis (degeneration of the kidney tissue into connective) | |
| Glomerulonephritis | ||
| Interstitial nephritis |
Determination of chemicals in urine for various diseases
As we can see, the physical properties of urine in the presence of any diseases can change quite significantly. Except change physical properties, various chemical substances, which are normally absent or present in trace amounts. Consider, in which diseases there is an increase in concentration, or the appearance in the urine of the following substances: - protein;
- bile acids (pigments);
- indican;
- ketone bodies.
Causes of protein in the urine (proteinuria)
The appearance of protein in the urine can be caused by various reasons, which are classified into several groups, depending on the origin. An abnormal increase in the concentration of protein in the urine above 0.03 g is called proteinuria. Depending on the protein concentration, moderate, moderate and severe degrees of proteinuria are distinguished. Moderate proteinuria is characterized by a loss of protein up to 1 g/day, medium - 1-3 g/day, severe - more than 3 g/day.Types of proteinuria
Depending on the origin, there are the following types proteinuria:- renal (kidney);
- congestive;
- toxic;
- feverish;
- extrarenal (extrarenal);
- neurogenic.
| Type of proteinuria | Reasons for the development of proteinuria |
| Renal (kidney) |
|
| stagnant |
|
| toxic | Application of the following medical preparations in very high doses: salicylates, isoniazid, painkillers and gold compounds |
| feverish | A severe increase in body temperature caused by any disease |
| Extrarenal (extrarenal) |
|
| neurogenic |
|
Causes of glucose (sugar) in the urine
The presence of glucose in the urine is called glucosuria. The most common cause of glucosuria is diabetes mellitus, but there are other pathologies that lead to this symptom. So, glycosuria is divided into the following types:
1.
Pancreatic.
2.
Renal.
3.
Hepatic.
4.
Symptomatic.
Pancreatic glucosuria develops against the background of diabetes mellitus. Renal glucosuria is a reflection of the pathology of metabolism, and occurs from an early age. Hepatic glucosuria can develop with hepatitis, traumatic organ damage, or as a result of poisoning with toxic substances.
Symptomatic glucosuria is caused by the following pathological conditions:
- concussions;
- hyperthyroidism (increased concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood);
- acromegaly;
- Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome;
- pheochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal glands).
Causes of bilirubin in urine
Bilirubin in the urine appears with parenchymal or obstructive jaundice. Parenchymal jaundice includes acute hepatitis and cirrhosis. Obstructive jaundice is various options obstruction of the bile ducts with an obstruction to the normal outflow of bile (for example, cholelithiasis, calculous cholecystitis).Reasons for the appearance of urobilinogen in the urine
Urobilinogen at a concentration exceeding 10 µmol / day is determined in the urine with the following pathologies:- infectious hepatitis;
- chronic hepatitis;
- cirrhosis of the liver ;
- tumors or metastases to the liver;
- hemoglobinuria (hemoglobin or blood in the urine);
- hemolytic jaundice (hemolytic disease of the newborn, hemolytic anemia);
- infectious diseases (malaria, scarlet fever);
- fever of any cause;
- the process of resorption of foci of hemorrhage;
- volvulus;
- bile acids (pigments);
- indican.
Causes of Bile Acids and Indican in Urine
Bile acids (pigments) appear in the urine with an increase in the concentration of direct bilirubin in the blood above 17-34 mmol / l.Causes of bile acids in urine:
- Botkin's disease;
- hepatitis;
- obstructive jaundice (calculous cholecystitis, cholelithiasis);
- cirrhosis of the liver.
Causes of ketone bodies in urine
Ketone bodies include acetone, hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid.Reasons for the appearance of ketone bodies in the urine:
- diabetes mellitus and high degree gravity;
- fever;
- severe vomiting;
- therapy with large doses of insulin for a long period of time;
- eclampsia of pregnant women;
- hemorrhage in the brain;
- traumatic brain injury;
- poisoning with lead, carbon monoxide, atropine, etc.
Deciphering the microscopy of the urinary sediment
One of the most informative fragments of a general urine test is sediment microscopy, in which the number of different elements in one field of view is counted.Leukocytes, pus in the urine - possible causes of the appearance
An increase in the number of leukocytes more than 5 in the field of view indicates pathological process inflammatory nature. An excess of white blood cells is called pyuria - pus in the urine. Causes, causing appearance leukocytes in urine:
- acute pyelonephritis;
- acute pyelitis;
- acute pyelocystitis;
- acute glomerulonephritis;
- treatment with aspirin, ampicillin;
- heroin use.
Sometimes, urine is stained to clarify the diagnosis: the presence of neutrophilic leukocytes is typical for pyelonephritis, and lymphocytes for glomerulonephritis.
Erythrocytes, blood in the urine - possible causes of the appearance
RBCs in urine may be present in various quantities, and at their high concentration they speak of blood in the urine. By the number of erythrocytes in the urinary sediment, one can judge the development of the disease and the effectiveness of the treatment used.Reasons for the appearance of red blood cells in the urine:
- glomerulonephritis (acute and chronic);
- pyelitis;
- pyelocystitis;
- chronic renal failure;
- injury (bruise, rupture) of the kidneys, urethra or bladder;
- tuberculosis of the kidney and urinary tract;
- tumors;
- taking certain medications (sulfa drugs, urotropin, anticoagulants).
Cylinders in the urine - possible causes of the appearance
Among all types of cylinders, the appearance of hyaline is most often noted in the urinary sediment. All other types of cylinders (granular, waxy, epithelial, etc.) appear much less frequently.The reasons for the detection of various types of cylinders in the urine are presented in the table:
| Type of cylinders urinary sediment | Causes of the appearance of cylinders in the urine |
| hyaline |
|
| grainy |
|
| waxy |
|
| Erythrocyte |
|
| epithelial |
|
Epithelial cells in the urine - possible causes of the appearance
Epithelial cells are not just counted, but also divided into three types - squamous epithelium, transitional and renal.Squamous epithelial cells in the urinary sediment are detected in various inflammatory pathologies of the urethra - urethritis. In women, a small increase in squamous cells in the urine may not be a sign of pathology. The appearance of squamous epithelial cells in the urine of men no doubt indicates the presence of urethritis.
Transitional epithelial cells in the urinary sediment are detected with cystitis, pyelitis, or pyelonephritis. hallmarks pyelonephritis in this situation is the appearance of transitional epithelial cells in the urine, combined with protein and a shift in the reaction to the acid side.
Cells of the renal epithelium appear in the urine with a serious and deep lesion of the organ. So, most often, renal epithelial cells are detected with nephritis, amyloid or lipoid nephrosis, or poisoning.
Pathologies leading to the release of salts into the urine
Crystals of various salts may appear in the urine and are normal, for example, due to dietary characteristics. However, in some diseases, the excretion of salts in the urine is also noted.Various diseases that cause the appearance of salts in the urine are presented in the table:
The table shows the most common salts that have diagnostic value.
Mucus and bacteria in the urine are possible causes
Mucus in the urine is determined with urolithiasis or long-term chronic inflammation of the urinary tract (cystitis, urethritis, etc.). In men, mucus may appear in the urine with prostatic hyperplasia. The appearance of bacteria in the urine is called bacteriuria, It is caused by an acute infectious and inflammatory process that occurs in the organs of the urine. excretory system(for example, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, etc.).
A general urinalysis provides a sufficiently large amount of information that can be used to make an accurate diagnosis in combination with other methods. However, remember that even the most accurate analysis does not allow diagnosing any disease, since this requires taking into account clinical symptoms and objective examination data.
The relative density of urine is considered a rather important diagnostic indicator, especially in nephrology. In certain pathological conditions the specific gravity of urine is increased or decreased.
Low urine density - what does it mean?
Sometimes, to determine the degree of performance of the renal structures, it becomes necessary to conduct such specific studies as the Zimnitsky, Nechiporenko test, etc. It is during a laboratory study of urine that hypostenuria or reduced urine density is detected, which is determined by the concentration of substances present in it (urea and various salts) .
Usually, such a detailed study of urine is prescribed for suspected pathologies of the kidneys or other structures of the genitourinary system. Yes, and with somatic disorders, urine tests are indispensable, because the specific gravity of urine is one of the main functional indicators of renal activity.
In addition, the determination of this value helps to reveal the filtration capacity of the kidneys. Why is that? The point is the mechanisms of urine formation.
Urine is formed in several stages:
- First, primary urine is formed in the renal glomeruli. Under pressure, the blood is filtered, cleared of various toxins and other waste products.
- Then the primary biomaterial is reabsorbed through the nephron tubules, and useful material from it they return to the body again, while the remaining liquid, containing ammonia impurities and urea, uric acid components and sulfates, chlorine and sodium, forms urine of the secondary type. It is sent to the bladder structures, from where it is then brought out.
The determination of the specific gravity of urine is carried out using a special device - a hydrometer (or urometer). The development of hypostenuria is said to be if in all portions of urine during the Zimnitsky test, the specific gravity is below 1.010.
Values
The value of urinary density is determined by the content of salts and urea in it. As a rule, this indicator is not constant and throughout the day it constantly changes, which depends on the food and drink consumed, on the loss of fluid through sweat, etc.
- For adults, the norm is 1.015-1.025.
- In newborns, these values are 1.002-1.020.
- In the future, the level of urine density gradually increases and by the age of 5 it normally reaches 1.012-1.020;
- Starting from the age of 12, this figure is the same as that of an adult, i.e. 1.011-1.025.
So, the following indicators are considered normal:
Causes
Decreased urine gravity, or hypostenuria, is diagnosed when the urinary density falls to 1.005-1.010. Such a decrease may indicate a low concentration of renal function, which is regulated by antidiuretic hormonal substances. If such hormones are present in abundance, then water in the body is absorbed much more actively, so urine is concentrated little. If there is no antidiuretic hormone or there is too little of it, then a lot of urine is formed, and its specific gravity decreases. There are many reasons for reducing the share.
In pregnant women
In women in a normal position, the specific gravity of urine is 1.010-1.025.
Hypostenuria in pregnant women is usually detected due to:
- renal pathologies;
- Hormonal disorders;
- With excessive urination;
- With toxicosis of pregnant women.
In children
In newborns, a decrease in the proportion is usually recorded immediately after birth, but soon all indicators return to normal. On average, for newborns in the first weeks of life, the characteristic maximum density values are 1.016-1.018. Relative hypostenuria is considered normal even in healthy child in the first year of life.
If the relative density of urine is lowered by more than long term, then they talk about disorders in the renal activity associated with organ failure.
In adults
In the adult population pathological causes Reduced urine density is caused by conditions such as:
- Chronic kidney failure;
- Diabetes insipidus type (nephrogenic, central or idiopathic);
- Chronic pyelonephritis;
- Chronic nephritis;
- Resorption of edematous zones and infiltrates of inflammatory origin, which is usually observed during recovery period after any inflammation;
- The degeneration of healthy kidney cells into connective tissue structures, characteristic of nephrosclerosis;
- Nutritional dystrophy due to lack of nutrients and starvation;
- Glomerulonephritis;
- Acute tubular lesions;
- Lack of antidiuretic pituitary hormone, in which there is no proper absorption of water, resulting in dilute urine with low density;
- Involuntary polydipsia, characteristic of persons prone to different kind neurotic disorders and having an unstable psyche (mainly in women);
- Abundant drinking regimen or taking diuretic drugs, etc.
A physiological decrease in the specific gravity of urine occurs against the background of alcohol abuse, but soon, if the patient stops drinking, the indicators return to normal.
In parallel with a decrease in density, patients may observe signs of kidney failure such as:
- Hyperedema all over the body;
- chronic fatigue;
- Pain in the area of the lower abdomen and lumbar;
- Changes in the color characteristics of urine (darkening or the appearance of bloody impurities);
- Decreased total urine output.
If the reason that the density of urine is below normal is diabetes, when blood sugar increases, then patients involuntarily begin to drink more fluids and urinate more often.
Regardless of the reasons that provoked the density of urine less than normal, appearance pathological signs requires medical examination. Each of the factors, if left untreated, can cause complications, therefore, it needs mandatory treatment.
The specific gravity of urine is defined as the ratio of its density to the density of plain distilled water. The density of urine is often not constant throughout the day, as it depends on the total amount of fluid consumed by the person, as well as the metabolic rate.
However, the relative gravity of urine can give physicians some indication of problems in the human body.
The specific gravity of urine is also called its relative density. These indicators indicate problems in the functioning of the kidneys, since it is these organs that are responsible for diluting and concentrating urine.
When the body performs its functions normally, the relative density varies depending on the amount of food taken, the volume of liquid.
Fluctuations in the specific gravity of urine are detected using several types of tests. The most commonly used methods are Zimnitsky test, a test with a dry diet and a test with a water load.
Only by evaluating the density of urine excreted during the collection of each of the samples can average data be derived that will help doctors understand the reasons for the decrease or increase in urine density.
Norm and deviations
The process of developing urine density usually consists of three stages. The first of them - filtration. Second stage - reabsorption. It implies a process that is the reverse of absorption. It occurs in the tubules of the nephron, into which urine enters.
Third stage - tubular secretion. During this process, toxic metabolic products are released from the blood under the influence of special enzymes.
Thus, substances that change its density enter the urine.
The specific gravity of urine varies depending on the total volume of substances that are dissolved in it. The higher the concentration of urine, the greater its density. The latter indicator is determined by salts, as well as protein, leukocytes, bilirubin and others.
IN different times days normal performance densities may vary from 1001 to 1040 g/l. In this case, only a doctor can calculate deviations by interviewing the patient and roughly finding out what is the reason for the increase or decrease in concentration.
If the analysis is carried out on the basis of a study of the morning portion of urine, then its normal density varies from 1015 to 1020 g/l. However, in the morning, urine can be very saturated, since no liquid enters the human body at night.
Deviations in the density of urine can be caused not only by features on the part of the human body. Quite often, the cause can be even simple seasonal changes. IN winter time the density of urine in a healthy person is usually lower, while in summer the density of urine is higher.
Specific gravity of urine 1010 g/l
The indicator of urine density in 1010 g / l is borderline. Quite often it is used as a guide.
If, upon receipt of test results, the density of urine does not exceed 1010 g/l, this may indicate hypostenuria.
If the density of urine over 1010 g/l, this speaks of hyperstenuria.
If the density of urine and the density of blood are the same- 1010 g / l, then the doctor may suspect isosthenuria.
Relative density in women
In women, unlike men, the density of urine is somewhat lower, but it can also fluctuate depending on individual features body during the day.
Normal indicators of urine density in women and girls from 12 years old vary from 1010 to 1025 g/l.
Any changes in urine density should be discussed with your doctor as they may be due to external factors rather than as a result of health problems.
In pregnant women
Pregnant women may experience an increase in urine density during toxicosis, when the body quickly loses fluid without having time to restore its balance. But a sharp decrease in density can also be noticeable, especially at those moments when the edema that developed during the previous day subsides by morning.
If the expectant mother is not susceptible to toxicosis, usually the density of her urine can vary from 1010 to 1030 g/l. But this indicator is not a benchmark.
Normal indicators in a child up to a year
The density of urine in newborns is quite low. indicators are considered normal. from 1008 to 1018 g/l.
In six-month-old children, normal urine density values are in the range from 1002 to 1004 g/l.
In children from six months to a year, indicators are considered normal from 1006 to 1010 g/l.
It can be quite difficult to obtain the required amount of urine, especially in children in early age. A minimum of 50 ml of urine is required to pass the test.
The density of urine in children at 2 years
At the age of 2-3 years in children, the boundaries of the normal density of urine shift slightly. That is, indicators within the framework of from 1010 to 1017 g/l.
But it should be borne in mind that, as in adults, these indicators can change during the day, as well as when consuming a large or insufficient amount of liquid.
In children from 3 years
In children from 3 to 5 years, density is considered the norm. from 1010 to 1020 g/l.
A child from 7 to 8 has normal density indicators - from 1008 to 1022 g/l.
Closer to 12 years, and more precisely from 10 to 12 years, the density of the urine of a child approaches the normal values for an adult. indicators are considered normal. from 1011 to 1025 g/l.
At the age of 12 years, the normal density of urine in a child becomes the same as in an adult, that is from 1010 to 1022 g/l.
If the density of urine is below normal
A decrease in urine density below normal in 1010 g / l indicates the following diseases:
- diabetes insipidus;
- kidney failure.
In some cases, this effect occurs when taking diuretics and drinking plenty of water. Usually, a decrease in the specific gravity of urine is called hypostenuria. This phenomenon implies a violation of the concentration function.
Hypostenuria may also occur in healthy people, after alimentary dystrophy or when edema subsides.
If the density is above normal
If the density of urine is higher than normal, that is, above the upper limit of 1030 g/l, there may be several reasons for this phenomenon.
First of all, it can be diseases such as:
- diabetes;
- glomerulonephritis;
- pyelonephritis;
- cystitis;
- other diseases of the kidneys or urinary tract.
Often, the density of urine increases in cases where a person takes antibiotics or diuretics in large doses.
Also, increased urine density is observed with low, insufficient fluid intake, with its sharp loss, due to vomiting, diarrhea, or with profuse sweating.
An increase in urine density is called hyperstenuria.
The specific gravity of urine is an indicator by which doctors receive important information about the proper functioning of the kidneys. The relative density index constantly fluctuates and takes different meanings during the day. It depends on the nature of the food taken, the amount of fluid consumed and the amount of extrarenal losses. Deviations from the norm indicate a violation in the functioning of the excretory system.
Treatment of any pathology begins with a thorough examination and laboratory tests, the results of which show how well this or that body system functions. If the value of the specific gravity of urine is above or below the norm, experts recommend conducting additional examinations to determine the cause of deviations in the analyzes. It is not worth delaying the diagnosis, since many conditions that cause such deviations can threaten human health.
Urine specific gravity refers to the concentration of urine
Under the specific gravity of urine is understood the ability of the kidneys to increase or decrease the level of urine concentration. In this case, it absolutely does not matter how much liquid has entered the human body during the day. Thanks to permanent job paired organ, all products formed in the process of metabolism leave the body naturally. With a small amount of liquid drunk, urine will contain a high concentration of minerals. In this case, the specific gravity of urine increases. This state called hyperstenuria and it occurs in the following cases:
- with insufficient blood circulation;
- persistent diarrhea and vomiting;
- significant blood loss;
- severe burns covering most of the skin;
- intestinal obstruction;
- swelling;
- abdominal trauma.
Hypostenuria is a phenomenon in which there is a reduced density of urine. This condition may occur due to damage to the renal tubules, chronic renal failure and various types diabetes insipidus.
Thanks to modern technologies and developments, it is not a problem to establish the density of urine. Analysis of urine for specific gravity is carried out using a special device - a urometer. It helps to determine the adequate functioning of the kidneys. This indicator depends on many factors and changes during the day under the influence of factors affecting it:
- the presence in the human diet of spicy, fried, salty and fatty foods;
- fluctuating amount of fluid drunk or consumed;
- intense sweating due to an increase in body temperature (during illness) or due to an increase in the temperature of the external environment;
- fluid loss during respiration.
It is possible to say that the specific gravity of urine is normal if the value of this indicator is in the range of 1.010-1.030. These figures are the same for both women and men. However, during the bearing of a child for a woman, the value of 1.005-1.030 is considered the norm. In the first months of pregnancy, many expectant mothers have a low specific gravity of urine. The reasons may be associated with toxicosis, which often manifests itself through vomiting. The body during this period loses a lot of fluid, which causes such indicators.
Normal urine values are between 1.010-1.030
In order for the analysis of urine to be as accurate and informative as possible, it is morning urine that is surrendered. In a dream, a person’s breathing slows down, the process of sweating decreases, and there is no replenishment of fluid reserves in the body. All of these factors contribute to obtaining accurate data on how the kidneys are functioning.
When the specific gravity of urine is increased, this is a kind of signal from the body about the presence of pathologies and health problems. Hyperstenuria often manifests itself through edema due to kidney failure. The reason for the deviation from the norm of this indicator is often hormonal disbalance. Experts observe a certain relationship between problems with the production of hormones and a decrease in fluid in the body.
The reasons for the increase in the density of urine may be as follows:
- significant blood loss
- vomiting due to poisoning or toxicosis in pregnant women;
- prolonged diarrhea;
- burn injury large area skin;
- intestinal obstruction;
- the presence of pathologies and diseases of the excretory system, occurring in acute or chronic form;
- a long course of antibiotic treatment or antibiotic treatment uncontrolled by a doctor in excess of permissible dosages.
Vomiting due to poisoning, with toxicosis or diarrhea can affect the density of urine
All factors causing an increase in the specific gravity of urine are divided into pathological and physiological. The table lists in more detail the reasons for which there is a high density of urine.
If pathological causes are dangerous to human health and require the mandatory intervention of a doctor, then physiological ones are completely natural processes, and therefore should not cause concern.
Symptoms of hyperstenuria
Regardless of what factors provoked a deviation from the norm of urine indicators, the following symptoms are characteristic of hyperstenuria:
- a noticeable decrease in the amount of urine during each urination;
- urine acquires a dark and saturated color;
- Availability bad smell urine, which was not there before;
- the appearance of edema of the limbs, face;
- constant feeling of weakness, drowsiness and fatigue;
- appearance or abdomen.
Since each organism is individual, there may be other symptoms and conditions that were not previously characteristic of a person. To determine the nature of the sensations that have appeared, it is necessary to contact specialists.
The appearance of hyperstenuria in children and in diabetes mellitus
If a child has an increase in the specific gravity of urine in the tests, this may indicate congenital or acquired diseases of the urinary system. Since the immunity of babies is not fully formed, and there is also a high vascular permeability, children have a tendency to intestinal and gastric infections. This leads to vomiting, diarrhea and hyperstenuria.
If a patient has diabetes mellitus, an increase in the level of glucose in urine is characteristic. Analyzes will show increased density in the event that there is increased concentration proteins and their degradation products. To determine the exact reason why there are abnormalities in urine specific gravity tests.
In diabetes, the level of glucose in the urine rises.
Patients who have experienced the problem of increased urine density in the past are advised to purchase special test strips from the pharmacy. With their help at home, it is easy to determine deviations in this indicator. If the test showed values \u200b\u200bthat are different from the norm, you should come for an examination to the doctor.
Patients who have been treated for diseases of an infectious nature or diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, doctors recommend consuming fluids in large quantities to replenish the body's reserves. This leads to the development of hypostenuria - a decrease in the relative density of urine below normal. A factor such as drinking plenty of water, for example, during the hot season, refers to physiological factors, so a decrease in the amount of dry residue does not apply to deviations. A similar deviation from the norm also occurs due to the intake of natural or medicinal diuretics.
In addition to physiological, there are pathological causes, which mainly take the form of diabetes insipidus of various origins:
- neurogenic character. In the absence of competent treatment, the patient experiences constant dehydration;
- nephrogenic character. With this type of disease, the urinary system is disrupted due to a lack of response to antidiuretic hormone;
- in pregnant women. This disease disappears after the birth of a child;
- on the basis of nerves. Develops due to nervous breakdowns. Favorable conditions for the onset of the disease are considered prolonged depression, constant exposure to stressful situations;
- the presence of problems in the work of the excretory system of a chronic nature. Due to such diseases, the processes of filtration and excretion of urine from the body fail;
- or other inflammatory kidney disease.
Nervous breakdowns and prolonged depression cause low urine density
If in the analyzes the specific gravity of urine is lowered, that is, it is less than 1.015, specialists have every reason to talk about the presence of hypostenuria. With this diagnosis, a thorough examination is required to establish the factors provoking a decrease in the activity of the paired organ and their function in terms of the concentration of dry residue.
There are several laboratory tests that can be used to evaluate functional state kidneys. Since the density of urine changes during the day an arbitrary number of times, samples are taken several times a day. different time days.
Zimnitsky's test
With the help of this analysis, the functional activity of the paired organ is assessed while maintaining the usual drinking regime. To get the maximum complete information the patient collects material for analysis every three hours. As a result, after 24 hours, 8 separate urine samples should be collected from the patient.
Urine test according to Zimnitsky
The analysis is carried out with a special device - a urometer.
concentration test
From the name of the test, you can understand that the analysis is based on the restriction of fluid intake, that is, for 24 hours the patient is not allowed to take any liquid. To eliminate the feeling of hunger, eat food rich in protein. Not every person can withstand a whole day without drinking, so some patients are given an indulgence in the form of a few sips of water.
For the concentration test, urine samples are collected every 4 hours. If the density values deviate from normal values, which means that the kidneys do not cope with their functions of concentrating urine.
Patients who have experienced kidney disease are advised to monitor their health and regularly undergo examinations, as well as take urine tests. Identification on early stages diseases, increases the chances of a full and quick recovery.
